869:) will be floated up, to foster an interbank money market. From 2013 to 2014, the most widely used informal black market rate will be completely eliminated. The informal exchange rates are used for most daily transactions, while the overvalued official exchange rate is used to calculate government revenue and state-owned enterprises. There are other informal exchange rates, such an exchange rate used by UN agencies and international NGOs (450 kyat to US$ 1 in 2010), a customs rate, and an official market rate. Such discrepancies have distorted national accounts (since firms are required to report all transactions in Burmese kyat at the official rate) and reduced transparency and accountability. According to some banking sources, the official exchange rate will be raised and set at 820 kyat per USD. On 2 April 2012, the
886:
86:
683:, said that the country was undergoing a 3-step process in reforming the media regulation: (1) relaxation of regulations to allow individual publications to exercise self-censorship and accountability, (2) promulgation of a new print media law, (3) regulation of print media through the new print media law. On a similar note, Yi Htut, the Information and Public Relations Division's Director-General stated that the new media law would avoid the extremes of the past, outline journalists' rights and responsibilities and that he was in consultation with
956:. The legislation seeks to set "'benchmarks and guidelines' on sanctions relief by calling on the U.S. Secretary of State to assess and make recommendations regarding modifying or lifting sanctions, with a focus on issues such as democracy and ethnic reconciliation." The legislation would also authorize humanitarian aid; authorize economic aid to support Burmese civil society groups; create a Burma-America Development Fund to foster private-sector investment; and authorize limited military-to-military relations.
993:"Ultimate power still rests with the army so until we have the army solidly behind the process of democratisation we cannot say that we have got to a point where there will be no danger of a U-turn. Many people are beginning to say that the democratisation process here is irreversible. It's not so. We must wait until after the elections to find out whether or not there have been real changes. And depending on these changes, there should be suitable changes in policy."
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36:
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794:-approved legislation that allows for labour unions with at least 30 members, the right to strike, given 2 weeks' notice. This law, effective 9 March 2012, also provides for punishment of employers who dismiss workers on strike or unionised workers with up to a year in prison and a fine of 100,000 kyat, as well punishment of workers who stage illegal strikes, with up to a year in jail and a fine of 30,000 kyat.
3467:
606:, a weekly news journal published an article that highlighted 6 ministries: the Ministry of Information, Ministry of Mines, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Ministry of Industry 1 and Ministry of Industry 2, as misusing funds and misstating finances, based on internal parliamentary audit reports. Two days later, the Ministry of Mines announced that it would file a lawsuit against the journal.
626:. Although the discussions were not publicised, the state media reported that "the two sides have agreed to set aside the differences and work together in matters of common interests that will really benefit the country and the people" Aung San Suu Kyi's ability to travel freely throughout the country is seen as an improvement compared to her trips in 2003 which met with a
553:
2405:(14 September 2016): "The Obama administration has done much to reward Myanmar, also known as Burma, for its transformation. The White House restored full diplomatic relations in 2012 and rolled back many of the sanctions. Most significantly, U.S. companies may now do business with companies in Myanmar, with some exceptions."
876:
In March 2012, a draft foreign investment law emerged, the first in more than 2 decades. This law would oversee unprecedented liberalisation of the economy. Foreigners will no longer require a local partner to start a business in the country, because they will be able to legally lease land. The draft
809:
of planting bombs, destroying bridges and trading in illegal drugs. Insurgent groups have resumed fighting since a 2008 ceasefire in opposition to the new constitution of
Myanmar that requires all armed forces be under the control of the national Defense Service. Peace talks were held in November to
633:
Aung San Suu Kyi's party, National League for
Democracy boycotted the 2010 election. The election law enacted by the SPDC did not allow ex-prisoners to become members of registered political parties. If NLD decided to register, it would have to expel its members who were imprisoned. But in November,
699:(NHRC) consisting of 15 retired bureaucrats and academics. Analysts have questioned the panel's will and ability to challenge the government, but the commission has challenged the President's claims that there are no political prisoners in Myanmar, calling for all political prisoners' release.
1073:
Myanmar lacks an independent, impartial and effective judiciary, which is not only essential for its transition to democracy but also necessary to uphold the rule of law, ensure checks and balances on the executive and the legislative, and safeguard human rights and fundamental freedoms in
1038:
and failing to meet international standards. The law requires would-be protesters to seek permission from township police five days in advance, including such details on the demonstration as the slogans to be used, and gives authority arbitrary powers to deny citizens the right to protest.
944:
to the country, the U.S. announced several initiatives, including the removal of some curbs on foreign aid, aimed at re-engagement with
Myanmar, a step toward the restoration of full diplomatic relations. In January 2012, following the release of prominent political prisoners including
492:
held on 1 April 2012 after the government abolished laws that led to the NLD's boycott of the 2010 general election. She led the NLD in winning the by-elections in a landslide, winning 41 out of 44 of the contested seats, with Aung San Suu Kyi herself winning a seat representing
1094:
and
Burmese government soldiers. According to the report, forced labour and military conscription, blockage of international aid, attacks on civilians and private properties, rape and torture, as well as use of landmines, continue to be practised in the country.
653:, said that censorship is incompatible with democratic practices and should be abolished. A presidential adviser has indicated that press censorship will be abolished in 2012 under new media legislation. In September 2011, several banned websites including
676:(National Parliament), borrows some language from similar laws in Cambodia, Indonesia and Vietnam. The draft law, which is adapted from the 1962 Printers and Publishers Registration Law, will not be submitted during the second parliamentary session.
804:
The government has however, denied the presence of other human right issues such as alleged army abuses against ethnic minorities, claiming that in ethnic areas, only local insurgent groups violate human rights. The government has accused the
864:
is currently embarking on a plan to unify the country's multiple exchange rate system. From April 2012 to April 2013, the official exchange rate of 6.4 kyats to US$ 1 (a rate that has not changed since 1977, when it was pegged to the IMF's
648:
The government has relaxed press and internet censorship laws, for example allowing photographs of Aung San Suu Kyi to be published on the front page of local newspapers. Tint Swe, the head of the country's censorship authority, the
1918:
838:(Burmese currency) by about 25 percent. In response, the government relaxed import restrictions and abolished export taxes. Despite current currency problems, the Burmese economy is expected to grow by about 8.8 percent in 2011.
924:
have called for further action, such as the unconditional release of all political prisoners, as a prerequisite for the lifting of international sanctions on the
Myanmar government. The United States appointed a special envoy,
1110:. However, many human rights activists and people in Burma believe that this ethnic hatred is a direct result of military rule, as the military promoted an extreme form of Burman nationalism during the years 1962–2011.
722:
remained in prison. The government also approved the NHRC's suggestion to relocate political prisoners so that their family members can easily contact them. There are varying definitions of "political prisoner", but
787:, there are currently 176 political prisoners, in Burmese prisons. On 23 July 2013, another amnesty was announced and 73 political prisoners were released, but about 100 political prisoners were still remained.
539:
and advance voting. Nevertheless, on 15 May 2008, the junta announced that the constitution had been approved by 92.4% of voters, claiming a 99% turnout in the two-thirds of the region that had held the vote.
595:(US$ 38), along with a daily wage increase of 1,100 to 2,100 kyat ($ 1.40–$ 2.70) for full-time employees, purportedly to tackle corruption in the government. The law will be effective 1 April 2012, when the
543:
An election was held in 2010. The military backed Union
Solidarity and Development Party declared victory. The United Nations and Western countries expressed concerns about the conduct of the elections.
2725:
2340:
1015:
Despite these initial signs of progress, it remained unclear how far the reforms would go, and numerous conflicts between the government and the country’s ethnic minority militias remained unresolved.
1011:, the country's civil liberties rating improved from 7 to 6, because of increased public discussion and news and politics media coverage, and reduced restrictions on education. The report also noted:
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law also stipulates that
Burmese citizens must constitute at least 25% of the firm's skilled workforce, and with training, increased in increments of 25% up to 75% in subsequent years.
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702:
Two general amnesties were held in 2011 releasing between 10,000 and 40,000 prisoners, although only about 300 of them are considered political prisoners by monitor groups such as the
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Experts caution that the reforms will be disproved by the hardliners and probably lead to counterrevolution. But, Minister U Kyaw Hsan said there is no intention to retract reforms.
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has observed that military representatives and MPs have not necessarily voted on party lines on important issues, noting that party organisations are still relatively undeveloped.
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2019:
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has said that the reforms can still be reversed and urged observers to wait until after the 2012 by-elections and any subsequent policy changes to make a better assessment:
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The motives of such reforms are also debated. Marie Lall, a BBC South Asia analyst attributes Burma's bid for the Asean chair in 2014, the needs to reform the economy for
1364:
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announced that it had forwarded a draft of a new media and press law to the
Attorney General's Office for review. The draft law, which will need to be approved by the
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legislature's seats for military, is seen by the opposition as a tool for continuing military control of the country. A constitution referendum was held in 2008 amid
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visited
Myanmar on 1 December 2011, to encourage further progress; it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years. United States President
412:
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Burma was under military rule from 1962 to 2010. In 2008, the ruling Junta, State Peace and
Development Council, announced the new constitution as a part of
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increased from US$ 300 million in 2009–10 to a US$ 20 billion in 2010–11, (about 667%). The large inflow of capital resulted in a stronger valuation of the
2043:
2534:
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the government erased the clause in a parliamentary section. After the amendments, NLD leaders have unanimously decided to register for the by-election.
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minority suffered further repression in part because "Free speech empowered preachers of anti-Muslim hatred." This atmosphere led to events such as the
1469:
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1989:
1832:
1601:
949:, the U.S. and Myanmar restored full diplomatic relations and exchanged ambassadors, though further ties would be dependent on additional reforms.
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are routinely stripped of their license to practice law, while sentences are arbitrarily administered. A March 2012 United Nations report states:
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has criticised a new assembly law, the Law Relating to Peaceful Assembly and Peaceful Procession, signed on 2 December 2011, for restricting the
2077:
784:
703:
1810:
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845:, foreign exchange certificates, and multiple exchange rates. On request of the government to alleviate its souring currency conditions, an
405:
2418:
1323:
1623:
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In September 2016, the Cardin-McCain Burma Strategy Act of 2016, a piece of bipartisan proposed U.S. legislation, was introduced to the
305:
2011:
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has pointed out irregularities in voter lists, rule violations by local election committees and vote-buying practices by the
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and the NLD consider Myanmar to have 600 political prisoners. On 13 January 2012, another amnesty was announced, freeing
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was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010. After her release, she held a series of dialogues with President
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Neither Western sanctions nor Asian constructive engagement should be credited for what we are witnessing today.
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501:. However, uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between
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Although the government has been applauded for the reforms, many countries remain "cautiously optimistic".
386:
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116:
1090:, where 75,000 civilians have been displaced, since hostilities broke out in 2011 between the rebel group
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Ironically, after the military regime started to lift autocratic controls, the already persecuted Muslim
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was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."
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728:
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undertaken by the military-backed government. These reforms include the release of pro-democracy leader
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system, which remains politicised and closely tied to the government. For instance, lawyers who defend
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237:
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1103:
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806:
127:
797:
On 16 March 2012, the Ministry of Labour signed a memorandum of understanding with the ILO to end
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2392:
Editorial: Myanmar has made a lot of progress but not enough that all sanctions should be lifted
2163:
Export diversification and economic growth: the experience of selected least developed countries
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866:
823:
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905:
has resumed sending aid which was suspended after the 2007 killing of a Japanese journalist.
724:
643:
498:
466:
300:
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and the government's desire to win the election in 2015 as the main motives of the reforms.
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reporters. As of March 2012, various organisations have identified upwards of 619 remaining
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3286:
3261:
3220:
3145:
3106:
3074:
2961:
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1008:
953:
732:
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195:
552:
473:
has approved Myanmar's bid for the chairmanship in 2014. United States Secretary of State
8:
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3023:
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450:
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85:
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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849:(IMF) team visited Myanmar in October. After the visit, the government allowed private
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Progress report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar
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568:, and reconciliation, although the motives of such reforms are still debated.
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visited one year later, becoming the first US president to visit the country.
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3374:
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2852:
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2827:
2720:
2587:"Burma's push for freedom is held back by its institutionally corrupt courts"
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began trading at the new reference exchange rate of 818 kyat to 1 US dollar.
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1955:
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469:, and regulations of currency practices. As a consequence of the reforms,
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report, released in March 2012, states that human rights abuses by the
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917:
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680:
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U.S. senators set bill to keep focus on rights in Myanmar – document
556:
Aung San Suu Kyi appears on front pages after decades of censorship.
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1160:
1099:
1083:
827:
711:
623:
502:
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were a series of political, economic and administrative reforms in
338:
1594:"Burma undergoing 'three-step' media reform: information minister"
584:
of all public sector employees, including soldiers, an additional
2774:
2104:"Exclusive: Myanmar to float currency in 2012/13, unify FX rates"
1919:"Myanmar law allowing labor unions and strikes comes into effect"
1359:
783:(AAP has identified 413) in jail. As of April 2013, according to
744:
654:
528:
446:
430:
77:
2161:
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2004).
2044:"Taste of democracy sends Burma's fragile economy into freefall"
2333:"Clinton to Visit Myanmar as Dissident Leader Rejoins Politics"
2196:"UPDATE 1-Myanmar to set kyat at 820 per dollar-bank officials"
894:
684:
494:
343:
535:. Observers criticised the referendum for voter intimidation,
902:
470:
2310:"Clinton Says U.S. Will Relax Some Curbs on Aid to Myanmar"
1531:"Media law to protect rights of journalists, says ministry"
850:
835:
592:
581:
333:
1472:. Australia Network News. 22 November 2011. Archived from
937:
Following the government reforms in 2011 and the visit of
929:, to chart a new policy from Myanmar away from isolation.
2628:(Report). United Nations General Assembly. Archived from
2494:"Myanmar Invites Americans and Europeans to Monitor Vote"
706:(AAPP). After the second general amnesty, some prominent
560:
Nevertheless, the government has embarked reforms toward
2250:"Exclusive: Myanmar drafts new foreign investment rules"
1324:"The Voice to be sued after alleging ministries' errors"
932:
441:
and subsequent dialogues with her, establishment of the
1716:"Viewpoint: Has a year of civilian rule changed Burma?"
1188:"US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to visit Burma"
818:
Since 2011, Myanmar has embarked on policy reforms of
1624:"Burma's press reform will be 'evolutionary process'"
1562:"Press law to wait until next hluttaw session: govt"
2012:"Burma leaders hold peace talks with ethnic armies"
1807:"Myanmar: Final push on political prisoners needed"
1413:"Suu Kyi party launches Myanmar political comeback"
1254:"The Slow Thaw of Burma's Notorious Military Junta"
841:Myanmar has a complex foreign exchange system with
2790:
2433:"Myanmar's Suu Kyi says reforms could be reversed"
2042:
1497:"Burmese junta relaxes access to foreign websites"
2331:Fuller, Thomas; Landle, Mark (18 November 2011).
2135:Myanmar: the state, community and the environment
1927:. Associated Press. 10 March 2012. Archived from
1470:"Burma says it plans to abolish press censorship"
1440:"Burma censor chief calls for more media freedom"
27:Liberal reforms by the military-backed government
3502:
2280:"US appoints Burma special envoy Derek Mitchell"
2034:
1777:"US Envoy Told 619 Political Prisoners in Burma"
1746:"High-profile dissidents freed in Burma amnesty"
1288:"Burma Announces Wage Increase for Govt Workers"
1086:continue, especially in border regions, such as
2656:"Rights Group: Abuses in Burma Despite Reforms"
1494:
1352:
1251:
1156:"Obstacles lie ahead in Burma's bid for reform"
2527:"Burma: New Law on Demonstrations Falls Short"
2521:
2519:
2075:
2040:
1355:"Myanmar's Suu Kyi holds talks with president"
785:Assistance Association for Political Prisoners
704:Assistance Association for Political Prisoners
527:. The constitution, which reserves 25% of the
2759:
2716:"The Rohingyas: Apartheid on the Andaman Sea"
2247:
1437:
406:
2330:
1890:"Burma Govt Releases 73 Political Prisoners"
1570:. Vol. 31, no. 613. Archived from
1537:. Vol. 31, no. 612. Archived from
909:has approved Burma's bid for chair in 2014.
2516:
2413:
2411:
1559:
790:In October 2011, the government passed new
695:The government has convened an independent
2766:
2752:
2686:"Burma: Reforms Yet to Reach Kachin State"
1859:"Myanmar set to release some 70 prisoners"
1713:
1153:
413:
399:
84:
2430:
1684:"Myanmar 'to move key jailed dissidents'"
1524:
1522:
1321:
880:
714:have been released, while others such as
306:Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
2620:
2408:
1528:
1387:"Burma Eases Limits on Party Membership"
1285:
884:
679:In March 2012, Minister of Information,
651:Press Scrutiny and Registration Division
551:
2653:
2616:
2614:
2363:"US to exchange ambassadors with Burma"
1913:
1911:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1654:"Burma sets up human rights commission"
1210:
1061:The country still lacks an independent
14:
3503:
2578:
2554:
2552:
2491:
2243:
2241:
2132:
2078:"Burma tells IMF of economic optimism"
1976:
1974:
1519:
1228:from the original on 23 September 2011
1052:Union Solidarity and Development Party
2747:
2621:Quintana, Tomás Ojea (7 March 2012).
2473:from the original on 11 November 2013
2431:Ljunggren, David (29 February 2012).
2343:from the original on 18 November 2011
2320:from the original on 1 December 2011.
2216:
2156:
2154:
1774:
1726:from the original on 17 November 2011
1664:from the original on 24 November 2011
1495:Andrew Buncombe (17 September 2011).
1450:from the original on 18 November 2011
1393:from the original on 28 November 2011
1198:from the original on 20 November 2011
1168:from the original on 18 November 2011
933:Improvement in U.S.-Burmese relations
505:and local insurgent groups continue.
3466:
2773:
2666:from the original on 13 October 2014
2611:
2584:
2560:"Western Election Observers Invited"
2455:
2373:from the original on 13 January 2012
2193:
2076:Joseph Allchin (23 September 2011).
2041:Joseph Allchin (20 September 2011).
1992:from the original on 2 February 2016
1908:
1896:from the original on 2 November 2013
1887:
1869:from the original on 2 November 2013
1833:"Burma Frees 56 Political Prisoners"
1799:
1756:from the original on 13 January 2012
1702:
1507:from the original on 20 October 2011
1317:
1315:
1281:
1279:
687:experts with regard to the new law.
609:
580:passed a law that will increase the
296:All Burma Students' Democratic Front
29:
2925:State Peace and Development Council
2549:
2238:
1971:
1835:. Voice of America. 22 April 2013.
1367:from the original on 25 August 2011
1247:
1245:
1243:
1218:"Burma 'approves new constitution'"
515:State Peace and Development Council
427:2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms
139:State Peace and Development Council
24:
2696:from the original on 22 March 2012
2599:from the original on 28 March 2012
2537:from the original on 17 March 2012
2504:from the original on 22 March 2012
2443:from the original on 10 March 2012
2290:from the original on 16 April 2011
2260:from the original on 16 March 2012
2194:Ngui, Yantoultra (20 March 2012).
2151:
1839:from the original on 26 April 2013
1634:from the original on 22 March 2012
1353:Aung Hla TunHla (19 August 2011).
1334:from the original on 15 March 2012
25:
3557:
2728:from the original on 13 June 2015
2137:. ANU E Press. pp. 118–120.
2114:from the original on 8 March 2012
1312:
1276:
1252:Andrew Marshall (11 April 2011).
792:International Labour Organization
3477:
3465:
3454:
3453:
2492:Fuller, Thomas (21 March 2012).
2219:"Myanmar Sets Rate for Currency"
2022:from the original on 18 May 2013
1438:Rachel Harvey (8 October 2011).
1240:
889:Thein Sein meets U.S. President
697:National Human Rights Commission
443:National Human Rights Commission
34:
2708:
2678:
2654:Pittman, Todd (20 March 2012).
2647:
2485:
2424:
2385:
2355:
2324:
2302:
2272:
2248:Aung Hla Htun (16 March 2012).
2217:Barta, Patrick (2 April 2012).
2210:
2187:
2165:. United Nations Publications.
2126:
2096:
2069:
2057:from the original on 1 May 2022
2004:
1943:
1881:
1851:
1825:
1813:from the original on 1 May 2013
1768:
1738:
1676:
1646:
1616:
1600:. 19 March 2012. Archived from
1586:
1560:Yadana Htun (6 February 2012).
1553:
1488:
1462:
1431:
1154:David Loyn (19 November 2011).
690:
3521:Political movements in Myanmar
2421:, Reuters (13 September 2016).
1951:"Myanmar to end forced labour"
1775:Nyein, Nyein (16 March 2012).
1714:Marie Lall (7 November 2011).
1405:
1379:
1346:
1180:
1147:
985:In a February 2012 interview,
826:, foreign investment laws and
484:Aung San Suu Kyi's party, the
13:
1:
2585:Ross, James (20 March 2012).
1140:
1130:2015 Myanmar general election
1048:National League for Democracy
1026:
775:, and a number of imprisoned
637:
628:government sponsored massacre
571:
519:2010 Myanmar general election
508:
486:National League for Democracy
266:National League for Democracy
3516:Political history of Myanmar
3511:Internal conflict in Myanmar
3134:State Administration Council
2880:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1529:Myo Lwin (30 January 2012).
1108:2015 Rohingya refugee crisis
813:
387:Foreign relations of Myanmar
271:88 Generation Students Group
150:State Administrative Council
117:Internal conflict in Myanmar
7:
3536:Burmese democracy movements
2935:2011–2015 political reforms
1888:Weng, Lawi (24 July 2013).
1322:Myo Thant (14 March 2012).
1113:
959:
847:International Monetary Fund
729:88 Generation Student Group
10:
3562:
1286:Ba Kaung (14 March 2012).
641:
614:The pro-democracy leader,
547:
512:
497:in the lower house of the
3449:
3315:
3247:
3238:
3186:
3177:
3055:
3046:
2969:
2960:
2803:
2791:Myanmar is also known as
2789:
2785:
777:Democratic Voice of Burma
659:Democratic Voice of Burma
597:2012 Burmese by-elections
311:National Unity Government
90:The fighting peacock flag
43:This article needs to be
3060:Administrative divisions
1104:2012 Rakhine State riots
1092:Kachin Independence Army
807:Kachin Independence Army
767:, former prime minister
731:activists Min Ko Naing,
128:Burmese Way to Socialism
3430:Twelve Auspicious Rites
3211:Myanmar kyat (currency)
2469:. Freedom House. 2012.
2397:8 November 2020 at the
2224:The Wall Street Journal
2133:Wilson, Trevor (2007).
1067:prisoners of conscience
939:U.S. Secretary of State
871:Central Bank of Myanmar
862:Central Bank of Myanmar
855:foreign exchange market
824:currency exchange rates
708:prisoners of conscience
670:Ministry of Information
377:Human rights in Myanmar
286:U.S. Campaign for Burma
106:Post-independence Burma
76:Democracy movements in
71:Part of a series on the
1076:
1017:
1001:
973:
898:
881:International reaction
867:special drawing rights
557:
316:People's Defence Force
2080:. DVB. Archived from
1809:. 27 September 2012.
1686:. AFP. Archived from
1415:. AFP. Archived from
1135:2021 Myanmar protests
1071:
1013:
991:
980:ASEAN Free Trade Area
963:
888:
725:Amnesty International
668:In January 2012, the
665:have been unblocked.
644:Censorship in Myanmar
555:
453:, institution of new
3267:Environmental issues
3226:Units of measurement
2873:First Toungoo Empire
2662:. Associated Press.
2467:Freedom in the World
2084:on 26 September 2011
1959:. AFP. 17 March 2012
1660:. 6 September 2011.
1194:. 18 November 2011.
1054:. On 21 March 2012,
1009:Freedom in the World
810:reach a compromise.
525:roadmap to democracy
281:Free Burma Coalition
196:Roadmap to democracy
2905:Japanese occupation
2858:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2417:Patricia Zengerle,
2369:. 13 January 2012.
2316:. 1 December 2011.
1924:The Washington Post
1752:. 13 January 2012.
1264:on 1 September 2011
781:political prisoners
576:In March 2012, the
495:Kawhmu Constituency
451:political prisoners
382:Politics of Myanmar
3490:Outline of Myanmar
3206:Telecommunications
3122:commander-in-chief
2915:Socialist Republic
2863:Kingdom of Mrauk U
2690:Human Rights Watch
2531:Human Rights Watch
2498:The New York Times
2337:The New York Times
2314:The New York Times
1690:on 25 January 2013
1541:on 29 October 2012
1419:on 24 January 2013
1125:Saffron Revolution
1080:Human Rights Watch
1032:Human Rights Watch
899:
897:, 19 November 2012
832:Foreign investment
761:Saffron Revolution
674:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
602:On 12 March 2012,
578:Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
558:
499:Myanmar Parliament
488:, participated in
173:Saffron Revolution
3541:Reform in Myanmar
3498:
3497:
3445:
3444:
3282:Human trafficking
3234:
3233:
3173:
3172:
3141:Political parties
3080:Foreign relations
3042:
3041:
2833:Myinsaing Kingdom
2799:
2798:
2692:. 20 March 2012.
2533:. 15 March 2012.
2403:Los Angeles Times
2286:. 15 April 2011.
2180:978-92-1-120369-1
2171:20.500.12870/2774
2144:978-0-7315-3811-9
1863:The Myanmar Times
1630:. 19 March 2012.
1567:The Myanmar Times
1535:The Myanmar Times
1044:2012 by-elections
853:to engage in the
710:such as comedian
610:Political reforms
562:liberal democracy
449:of more than 200
423:
422:
276:Burma Campaign UK
178:Spring Revolution
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
3553:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3457:
3456:
3415:National symbols
3245:
3244:
3201:Opium production
3184:
3183:
3053:
3052:
2967:
2966:
2885:Konbaung dynasty
2787:
2786:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2724:. 13 June 2015.
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2651:
2645:
2644:
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2640:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2582:
2576:
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2573:
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2556:
2547:
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2544:
2542:
2523:
2514:
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2511:
2509:
2489:
2483:
2482:
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2459:
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2415:
2406:
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2380:
2378:
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2328:
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2300:
2299:
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2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2110:. 6 March 2012.
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1931:on 11 March 2012
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1865:. 24 July 2013.
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1787:on 17 March 2012
1783:. Archived from
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1711:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1604:on 22 March 2012
1598:The Mizzima News
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1476:on 23 April 2012
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1300:on 15 March 2012
1296:. Archived from
1283:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1260:. Archived from
1249:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1151:
1056:Aung San Suu Kyi
1036:right to protest
999:
998:Aung San Suu Kyi
987:Aung San Suu Kyi
971:
663:Voice of America
616:Aung San Suu Kyi
467:press censorship
465:, relaxation of
435:Aung San Suu Kyi
415:
408:
401:
369:
349:Aung San Suu Kyi
326:
258:
219:
208:2021 coup d'état
200:New constitution
188:
160:
98:
88:
68:
67:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Reforms in Burma
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3546:Democratization
3531:2012 in Myanmar
3526:2011 in Myanmar
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3441:
3420:Public holidays
3311:
3307:Sex trafficking
3230:
3169:
3107:Law enforcement
3038:
3014:Protected areas
2956:
2868:Toungoo dynasty
2843:Sagaing Kingdom
2818:Pyu city-states
2795:
2781:
2772:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2635:on 4 April 2012
2632:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2566:. 21 March 2012
2564:Radio Free Asia
2558:
2557:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2490:
2486:
2476:
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2461:
2460:
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2446:
2444:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2409:
2399:Wayback Machine
2390:
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2376:
2374:
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2117:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2050:The Independent
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
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1790:
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1637:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1574:on 25 July 2013
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1501:The Independent
1493:
1489:
1479:
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1468:
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1422:
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1320:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1284:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1224:. 15 May 2008.
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1116:
1029:
1000:
997:
972:
969:
962:
942:Hillary Clinton
935:
883:
820:anti-corruption
816:
693:
646:
640:
612:
574:
550:
537:electoral fraud
521:
513:Main articles:
511:
475:Hillary Clinton
419:
367:
324:
291:Generation Wave
256:
217:
206:
204:Reforms of 2011
202:
198:
186:
158:
96:
91:
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3397:
3392:
3387:
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3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
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3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3221:Transportation
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3158:Prime Minister
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3095:Women's rights
3092:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
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3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
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2986:
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2957:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Union of Burma
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:Karenni States
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Kingdom of Ava
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2823:Thaton Kingdom
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2783:
2782:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2756:
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2740:
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2707:
2677:
2646:
2610:
2577:
2548:
2515:
2484:
2454:
2423:
2407:
2384:
2354:
2323:
2301:
2271:
2237:
2209:
2186:
2179:
2150:
2143:
2125:
2095:
2068:
2033:
2003:
1970:
1942:
1907:
1880:
1850:
1824:
1798:
1767:
1737:
1701:
1675:
1645:
1615:
1585:
1552:
1518:
1487:
1461:
1430:
1404:
1378:
1345:
1311:
1275:
1239:
1209:
1179:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1042:Regarding the
1028:
1025:
995:
967:
961:
958:
934:
931:
927:Derek Mitchell
882:
879:
815:
812:
773:Nay Phone Latt
692:
689:
642:Main article:
639:
636:
611:
608:
586:cost-of-living
573:
570:
549:
546:
533:Cyclone Nargis
510:
507:
503:Myanmar troops
421:
420:
418:
417:
410:
403:
395:
392:
391:
390:
389:
384:
379:
371:
370:
368:Related topics
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3328:
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3308:
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3300:
3298:
3295:
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3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Ethnic groups
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3243:
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3217:
3214:
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3209:
3207:
3204:
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3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:military rule
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:Deforestation
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:2007 protests
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:8888 Uprising
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
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3070:Corruption
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3380:Etymology
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3009:Mountains
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3340:Capitals
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2945:Protests
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2694:Archived
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1100:Rohingya
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1019:Scholar
1007:'s 2012
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