102:, who also signed the document, interviewed later, said it was "written by Borduas...to reject those conditions, both material and intellectual, that had been our lot up to that point". Of the 400 published copies of Le Refus Global, selling for a dollar apiece, only about half of them were sold. Notwithstanding, this manifesto caused an uproar, and as a result of this manifesto, Borduas lost his job at the École du Meuble de Montréal. Later, the manifesto was translated into different languages and was read in America and Europe.
423:
However, not all signatories had the same perspective on the
Automatist ideology. Some, such as Pierre Gauvreau and Riopelle, wanted to catch up to Europe artistically, while others, such as Borduas and Claude Gauvreau, wanted to push the project even farther, for Quebec to rid itself of the image of
93:
Le Refus Global was a manifesto that completely rejected the social, artistic and psychological norms and values of Québécois society at the time. Calling for "an untamed need for liberation," the manifesto cried out for "resplendent anarchy" and criticized the "cassocks that have remained the sole
474:
scandalized authorities and the press, who condemned and censored a large part of the manifesto. Borduas lost his job as a professor at the École du Meuble de Montréal, a position that he had occupied since 1937, and he went into exile in the United States. Besides this, however, the manifesto did
493:
come to be associated with the social-democratic and nationalist movements. In the 1980s, a period where Quebec was striving to clarify its identity and political autonomy, Borduas was perceived as a hero, saving the cultural integrity of the
424:
a "poor little population" in the process of decolonization." They were calling not only for a radical artistic movement but for a radical social movement as well. Claude
Gauvreau was particularly influenced by the precursors of
569:
440:. In Quebec, unlike Europe, automatism was better understood by everyday people while being snubbed by the elite, making it more of a movement for the democratization of art.
610:
1319:
137:
The publication contained a series of texts in addition to the manifesto, as well as illustrations and photographs. Four hundred copies were published.
632:
765:
519:
in the intellectual history of Quebec continues to be the subject of reflections. In 1998, the
Condorcet Prize was given to all the signatories of
386:
339:
264:
113:
calls it "one of the most important and controversial artistic and social documents in modern Quebec society". Along with the publication of
1136:
645:"ARCHIVÉE - Les Automatistes et le livre - Commission royale d'enquête sur l'avancement des arts, lettres et sciences au Canada"
987:
582:
420:
It was signed by 15 artists, including eight men and seven women, an unusually high proportion of women for the time period.
1347:
1065:
1045:
489:
was not a well-delineated social movement, but rather a manifesto against a very closed social structure. Only later would
1309:
1025:
955:
937:
915:
110:
1229:
1020:
114:
1304:
1035:
1030:
891:
87:
1362:
1106:
1055:
508:
had not drowned out all innovative intellectual life in Quebec; as a result, it is seen as a precursor to the
699:
1284:
1279:
1121:
1060:
256:
188:
1377:
1357:
1126:
1096:
980:
307:
1299:
1289:
1101:
1010:
475:
not cause much immediate disruption due to the near total absence of mass media such as television.
98:, one of the signatories, said that the main message of the manifesto is that "God does not exist."
1274:
1116:
1050:
48:
1382:
1352:
1215:
794:
292:
973:
725:
413:
403:
323:
282:
196:
178:
162:
60:
52:
1250:
1193:
673:
238:
37:
644:
621:
274:
8:
1372:
1367:
1257:
453:
1162:
408:
381:
376:
154:
99:
56:
33:
105:
It has been said by commentators that from the publication of this manifesto, "modern
1294:
1091:
1086:
951:
933:
911:
391:
71:
1172:
1157:
540:
509:
495:
449:
361:
344:
329:
126:
67:
23:
1243:
1198:
1131:
1040:
545:
504:
366:
356:
351:
246:
228:
212:
150:
118:
95:
83:
1314:
1222:
927:
478:
334:
900:
1341:
1236:
1015:
524:
457:
437:
398:
371:
300:
106:
460:. Borduas, however, did not associate with any party, and was considered an
1188:
1111:
996:
550:
125:, Le Refus Global is widely seen to have been one of the precursors to the
122:
1141:
425:
75:
1167:
906:
Total
Refusal (Refus Global): the manifesto of the Montréal Automatists
886:
78:
of the time and scorned all academic teaching available at the time in
461:
40:
908:, translated by Ray Ellenwood. Holstein, Ont: Exile Editions, 2009
44:
452:
in Quebec quietly established itself, influenced by the works of
428:
and pre-surrealists. He also wrote his first poetry collection,
1137:
Professional Native Indian
Artists Inc. (Indian Group of Seven)
965:
94:
repositories of faith, knowledge, truth, and national wealth."
79:
1070:
924:
Egregore : a history of the Montréal automatist movement
82:. The signatories were also highly influenced by French poet
823:. Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal. p. 40.
468:
being a comment on the decadence of
Christian civilization.
90:
style and extolled the creative force of the subconscious.
882:
766:"Sur les traces de l'anarchisme au Québec: les années '50"
700:"Paul-Émile Borduas: Commentaires sur des mots courants"
946:
821:
Autour de
Borduas – Essai d'histoire intellectuelle
1320:Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts
901:Video: A Part of Our Heritage – Paul Émile Borduas
868:. actes d'un colloque , les 400 coups. p. 97.
583:"Riopelle in Conversation (trans.Donald Winkler)"
1339:
70:, led by Paul-Émile Borduas. This group created
66:Le Refus Global originated from a group called
981:
502:has become a reference for the idea that the
853:. Québec: Éditions Michel Brûlé. p. 15.
818:
754:. Québec: Éditions Michel Brûlé. p. 13.
948:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2009.
117:(the Insolences of Brother So-and-so), the
988:
974:
795:"Refus global | l'Encyclopédie Canadienne"
726:"Claude Gauvreau: Au cœur des quenouilles"
570:CBC Archives: Launching of Le Refus Global
1026:Canadian Artists' Representation (CARFAC)
698:Borduas, Paul-Ă©mile (December 16, 2007).
515:Fifty years later, the interpretation of
1295:Canadian pavilion at the Venice Biennale
1066:Women's Art Association of Canada (WAAC)
723:
443:
51:artists and intellectuals that included
697:
667:
665:
633:Le Refus Global: Revolution in the Arts
1340:
863:
833:
724:Gauvreau, Claude (December 15, 2007).
969:
848:
789:
787:
749:
671:
662:
606:
604:
270:"L'œuvre picturale est une expérienc
1310:Artistic development of Tom Thomson
580:
143:Table of contents of the collection
13:
784:
202:"Commentaires sur des mots courant
14:
1394:
876:
601:
1230:Canadian Review of Music and Art
1021:Arts and Letters Club of Toronto
995:
836:Histoire du Québec pour les nuls
1305:Pedimental sculptures in Canada
1031:Canadian Conference of the Arts
857:
842:
827:
812:
758:
743:
184:"En regard du surréalisme actue
132:
119:asbestos miners' strike of 1949
43:released on August 9, 1948, in
1107:Federation of Canadian Artists
1056:Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
838:. Éditions First. p. 251.
799:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
717:
691:
637:
626:
615:
589:. House of Anansi, 1995, p. 71
574:
563:
485:, would go on to explain that
432:, just after his discovery of
315:
1:
611:Time.com: Resplendent Anarchy
115:Les insolences du Frère Untel
1036:Emma Lake Artist's Workshops
622:The Automatists and the Book
306:"Qu'on le veuille ou non..."
123:Maurice Richard Riot of 1955
47:by a group of sixteen young
7:
1348:Canadian surrealist artists
1280:Canadian artist-run centres
1122:Jewish Painters of Montreal
1061:Sculptors Society of Canada
819:Ethier-Blais, Jean (1979).
770:Union Communiste Libertaire
649:www.collectionscanada.gc.ca
534:
529:Les Enfants de Refus Global
483:Les Enfants de Refus global
10:
1399:
1127:Ontario Society of Artists
1097:Canadian Group of Painters
674:"Refus global: Couverture"
1300:Contemporary Canadian art
1267:
1207:
1181:
1150:
1102:Eastern Group of Painters
1079:
1011:Aesthetic Research Centre
1003:
851:Les Ă©chos du refus global
752:Les Ă©chos du refus global
148:
27:
1051:Maritime Art Association
866:Les automatistes Ă Paris
849:Mayer, Jonathan (2008).
750:Mayer, Jonathan (2008).
672:Refus (March 21, 2008).
556:
498:population. Since then,
16:1948 Quebecois manifesto
218:"Au cœur des quenouille
88:stream-of-consciousness
252:"L'ombre sur le cercea
1363:Criticism of religion
864:Gauvin, Lise (2000).
834:Bédard, Éric (2015).
481:, in the documentary
444:Context and follow-up
1194:NSCAD conceptual art
288:"La danse et l'espoi
1285:Canadian art awards
448:In the late 1940s,
145:
74:inspired by French
1163:London Regionalism
704:Paul-Émile Borduas
581:Erouart, Gilbert.
527:released the film
414:Françoise Sullivan
409:Jean Paul Riopelle
404:Françoise Riopelle
382:Jean-Paul Mousseau
324:Paul-Émile Borduas
283:Françoise Sullivan
197:Paul-Émile Borduas
179:Paul-Émile Borduas
163:Paul-Émile Borduas
155:Jean-Paul Riopelle
141:
100:Jean Paul Riopelle
72:abstract paintings
61:Françoise Sullivan
57:Jean-Paul Riopelle
53:Paul-Émile Borduas
34:anti-establishment
1378:Surrealist groups
1358:Culture of Quebec
1335:
1334:
1290:Canadian painters
1092:Canadian Art Club
1087:Beaver Hall Group
944:Nasgaard, Roald.
587:www.goodreads.com
434:Vingt-Cinq poèmes
313:
312:
1390:
1275:Canadian artists
1173:Vancouver School
1158:Les Automatistes
990:
983:
976:
967:
966:
922:Ellenwood, Ray.
870:
869:
861:
855:
854:
846:
840:
839:
831:
825:
824:
816:
810:
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807:
805:
791:
782:
781:
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762:
756:
755:
747:
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738:
736:
721:
715:
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712:
710:
695:
689:
688:
686:
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669:
660:
659:
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655:
641:
635:
630:
624:
619:
613:
608:
599:
598:
596:
594:
578:
572:
567:
541:Les Automatistes
523:That same year,
510:Quiet Revolution
395:
362:Muriel Guilbault
348:
330:Madeleine Arbour
146:
140:
127:Quiet Revolution
68:Les Automatistes
31:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1263:
1203:
1199:Woodlands style
1177:
1146:
1132:Painters Eleven
1075:
1041:Heliconian Club
999:
994:
963:
892:English version
879:
874:
873:
862:
858:
847:
843:
832:
828:
817:
813:
803:
801:
793:
792:
785:
775:
773:
764:
763:
759:
748:
744:
734:
732:
730:Claude Gauvreau
722:
718:
708:
706:
696:
692:
682:
680:
670:
663:
653:
651:
643:
642:
638:
631:
627:
620:
616:
609:
602:
592:
590:
579:
575:
568:
564:
559:
546:Marcelle Ferron
537:
505:Grande Noirceur
496:French Canadian
446:
418:
389:
367:Marcelle Ferron
357:Pierre Gauvreau
352:Claude Gauvreau
342:
318:
247:Claude Gauvreau
229:Claude Gauvreau
213:Claude Gauvreau
151:Claude Gauvreau
149:Cover: text by
138:
135:
96:Pierre Gauvreau
20:Le Refus global
17:
12:
11:
5:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1383:1948 documents
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Art manifestos
1350:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1315:Canada Council
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1254:
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1240:
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1226:
1223:Canadian Forum
1219:
1211:
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1201:
1196:
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1185:
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1179:
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1154:
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1129:
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1117:Group of Seven
1114:
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1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
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1068:
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1033:
1028:
1023:
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1007:
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1000:
993:
992:
985:
978:
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961:
960:
959:
958:
942:
941:
940:
928:Exile Editions
920:
919:
918:
903:
898:
889:
883:French version
878:
877:External links
875:
872:
871:
856:
841:
826:
811:
783:
757:
742:
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690:
661:
636:
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479:Marcel Barbeau
445:
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417:
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387:Maurice Perron
384:
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332:
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109:began", while
38:anti-religious
15:
9:
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4:
3:
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1395:
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1238:
1237:FILE Megazine
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1016:Art Metropole
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1004:Organizations
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956:9781553653561
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921:
917:
916:9781550961072
913:
910:
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907:
904:
902:
899:
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896:Total Refusal
893:
890:
888:
884:
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880:
867:
860:
852:
845:
837:
830:
822:
815:
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753:
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731:
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694:
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675:
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629:
623:
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607:
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588:
584:
577:
571:
566:
562:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
532:
530:
526:
525:Manon Barbeau
522:
521:Refus Global.
518:
513:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
467:
463:
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455:
451:
441:
439:
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431:
427:
421:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Louise Renaud
397:
393:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Thérèse Leduc
375:
373:
372:Fernand Leduc
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
346:
341:
340:Bruno Cormier
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
325:
321:
320:
309:
308:
304:
302:
301:Fernand Leduc
298:
297:
294:
293:
289:
286:
284:
280:
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276:
275:
271:
268:
266:
265:Bruno Cormier
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153:, drawing by
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107:French Canada
103:
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91:
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85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
35:
30:
29:Total Refusal
25:
21:
1326:Refus Global
1325:
1324:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1216:Canadian Art
1214:
1189:Formline art
1112:General Idea
997:Canadian art
962:
945:
923:
905:
895:
865:
859:
850:
844:
835:
829:
820:
814:
802:. Retrieved
798:
774:. Retrieved
769:
760:
751:
745:
733:. Retrieved
729:
719:
707:. Retrieved
703:
693:
681:. Retrieved
678:Refus global
677:
652:. Retrieved
648:
639:
628:
617:
591:. Retrieved
586:
576:
565:
551:Canadian Art
528:
520:
517:Refus Global
516:
514:
503:
500:Refus Global
499:
491:Refus Global
490:
487:Refus Global
486:
482:
477:
472:Refus Global
471:
470:
466:Refus Global
465:
447:
433:
429:
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290:
287:
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170:
168:"Refus globa
167:
142:
136:
133:The document
104:
92:
84:André Breton
65:
28:
19:
18:
1142:Regina Five
1080:Collectives
926:. Toronto:
772:(in French)
426:surrealists
390: [
343: [
316:Signatories
76:surrealists
1373:Quebec art
1368:Modern art
1342:Categories
1168:Plasticien
1046:Intermedia
887:Wikisource
450:Automatism
430:Étal mixte
121:, and the
1251:Parachute
1151:Movements
462:anarchist
454:Nietzsche
234:"Bien-ĂŞtr
49:Québécois
41:manifesto
32:) was an
1258:Vanguard
930:, 1992.
535:See also
45:Montreal
1268:Related
593:May 25,
464:, with
24:English
1182:Styles
954:
936:
914:
804:May 9,
776:May 9,
735:May 9,
709:May 9,
683:May 9,
654:May 9,
80:Quebec
1208:Media
1071:Vtape
557:Notes
458:Freud
438:Tzara
394:]
347:]
1244:Fuse
952:ISBN
934:ISBN
912:ISBN
806:2020
778:2020
737:2020
711:2020
685:2020
656:2020
595:2022
456:and
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