Knowledge

Regional language

Source 📝

101: 203: 298: 60: 682:. Sometimes (e.g. by nds and nds-nl Knowledge) considered two languages divided by today’s Netherlands–German border on account of Dutch influences in the west and German influences in the east; closely related to 835:, most widely spoken across the Pyrenees in France and Catalonia, together with Catalan, forms a subgroup of Romance languages linguistically intermediate between 411:
traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population and
396: 678:(also referred to as Low Saxon), an officially recognized regional language in Germany and the Netherlands, the direct descendant of 1362: 213: 1308:
An official language of a country may also be spoken as a regional language in a region of a neighbouring country. For example:
271: 165: 243: 137: 1094:
In other cases, a regional language may be very different from the state's main language or official language. For example:
1876: 1618: 1138: 250: 144: 118: 73: 17: 359: 341: 184: 87: 323: 257: 151: 35: 1763: 1743: 1110: 1871: 308: 228: 122: 239: 133: 945: 1836: 1866: 1486: 826: 1768: 840: 739: 1076:, India, is often considered a dialect of Bengali but is also sometimes seen as a separate language. 1408: 836: 713: 319: 111: 767:
are each, in the regions where they are the autochthonous language, co-official in status with
264: 158: 79: 1788: 1564: 1090:, is often considered a dialect of Bengali but is also sometimes seen as a separate language. 1079: 957: 806: 802: 750: 1037: 709: 315: 224: 433:
In some cases, a regional language may be closely related to the state's main language or
421:
Recognition of regional or minority languages must not be confused with recognition as an
8: 1748: 1574: 1400: 1134: 1083: 1041: 938: 818: 723: 916: 790: 1758: 1753: 1548: 1234: 794: 746: 669: 635: 627: 446: 1813: 1738: 1733: 1690: 1588: 1522: 1270: 1238: 1202: 1166: 1130: 985: 977: 965: 949: 930: 898: 855: 814: 778: 764: 731: 727: 683: 643: 496: 463: 442: 434: 422: 42: 1052:. In addition, there have been demands for 38 more languages to receive recognition. 1040:
like Hindi and descend from Sanskrit, but 4 (Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam) are
1708: 1650: 1578: 1552: 1396: 1380: 1340: 1288: 1274: 1256: 1220: 1206: 1192: 1182: 1152: 1057: 1017: 1009: 997: 981: 953: 908: 902: 832: 822: 810: 798: 782: 768: 760: 717: 701: 500: 886: 1716: 1606: 1496: 1426: 1252: 1188: 1116: 1098: 1061: 1049: 1029: 1021: 1001: 993: 920: 844: 756: 687: 639: 504: 385: 381: 46: 34:"Local language" redirects here. For the concept in formal language theory, see 1672: 1624: 1582: 1570: 1292: 1284: 1260: 1216: 1178: 1156: 1025: 961: 848: 705: 693: 485: 1860: 1702: 1666: 1600: 1442: 1228: 1142: 1005: 878: 874: 665: 661: 605: 562: 220: 1316: 1069: 1045: 890: 860: 1458: 1450: 1344: 657: 615: 583: 532: 1343:
is the official language of Bangladesh, and is the regional language of
1684: 1446: 1087: 1065: 675: 660:
and Belgium, has around one million speakers and is closely related to
649: 510: 1837:
https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/EighthSchedule_19052017.pdf
1680: 1676: 1640: 1636: 1538: 1504: 1392: 1370: 1354: 1350: 1312: 989: 679: 595: 566: 556: 548: 536: 467: 326:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 202: 100: 1698: 1662: 1628: 1534: 1478: 1420: 1334: 1330: 1264: 1246: 1160: 1146: 1124: 1013: 786: 697: 522: 514: 389: 377: 801:(Portugal). These Romance languages are classified under the term 1814:"Lekhitic languages | Slavic, Baltic & Germanic | Britannica" 1694: 1658: 1560: 1556: 1508: 1490: 1482: 1466: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1416: 1384: 1320: 1278: 1196: 1174: 973: 912: 894: 868: 653: 634:, has a bit under 90 thousand speakers, and is a language of the 619: 570: 540: 526: 518: 457: 453: 1720: 1712: 1654: 1632: 1530: 1526: 1512: 1500: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1404: 1326: 1210: 1170: 1120: 1106: 631: 599: 591: 587: 578: 574: 544: 479: 1614: 1610: 1596: 1592: 1542: 1516: 1454: 1412: 1388: 1374: 1366: 1358: 1296: 1242: 1224: 1102: 1073: 969: 934: 926: 772: 735: 609: 552: 489: 1644: 1303: 1033: 864: 475: 471: 445:
spoken in the Netherlands and Germany, which belong to the
738:
which also belong to the same family of standard Italian (
1529:, is spoken as a regional language in the provinces of 1503:, is spoken as a regional language in the provinces of 712:
in the latter location), belongs to the same family of
559:
is the regional standard variety for Yue-speaking areas
428: 1789:"European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" 1369:), is used as a regional language of the province of 416:
different from the official language(s) of that State
1851: 397:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
125:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 27:Language spoken in parts but not all of a country 1858: 771:(Spanish) which is official everywhere in the 1353:, one of the official standard varieties in 492:, southeastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. 470:, which is an autonomous region in northern 229:introducing citations to additional sources 88:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1781: 817:, which itself is most closely related to 1852:Regional language accessibility web tool 395:Internationally, for the purposes of the 360:Learn how and when to remove this message 342:Learn how and when to remove this message 185:Learn how and when to remove this message 1304:Official languages as regional languages 219:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1119:, a regional Celtic language spoken in 14: 1859: 1082:, a regional language of parts of the 1573:, the first official language of the 1619:Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture 1155:, a regional Celtic language in the 911:, a regional language of France and 460:and related to the Swedish language. 429:Relationship with official languages 291: 196: 123:adding citations to reliable sources 94: 53: 1683:, is a regional language in India ( 1525:, one of the national languages of 1499:, one of the national languages of 785:are recognized (but unofficial) in 24: 1591:, one of the national language in 797:is co-official with Portuguese in 25: 1888: 1845: 863:have regional official status in 69:This article has multiple issues. 1101:, a regional language spoken in 915:, belongs to the same family of 456:, a regional language spoken in 384:, whether it be a small area, a 296: 212:relies largely or entirely on a 201: 99: 58: 36:Local language (formal language) 1764:Languages of the United Kingdom 1744:Languages of the European Union 1653:, the official language of the 734:, regional languages spoken in 488:in northern Iraq, northeastern 110:needs additional citations for 77:or discuss these issues on the 1830: 1806: 1363:special administrative regions 1137:language, and one of the many 499:are nearly always replaced by 401:regional or minority languages 13: 1: 1774: 1661:, is a regional language of 1205:, a regional language of the 1060:, a regional language of the 1719:, is a regional language of 1697:, is a regional language in 1639:, is a regional language in 1613:, is a regional language in 1595:, is a regional language in 1577:, is a regional language in 1559:, is a regional language of 1453:, is a regional language in 1387:, is a regional language in 1319:, is a regional language of 1044:, 2 (Bodo and Manipuri) are 7: 1877:Concepts in language policy 1727: 1711:, the official language of 1675:, the official language of 1627:, the official language of 1609:, the official language of 1383:, the official language of 946:regional languages of India 809:is closely related to both 708:, and where it is known as 322:the claims made and adding 10: 1893: 1693:, an official language of 1615:People's Republic of China 1543:People’s Republic of China 1517:People's Republic of China 1429:, an official language of 1375:People's Republic of China 1367:People's Republic of China 1315:, an official language of 40: 33: 1169:, a regional language in 1139:Native American languages 897:, are either dialects of 827:Occitano-Romance language 696:, a regional language of 652:, a regional language in 630:, a regional language of 405:means languages that are: 944:The officially declared 893:, regional languages of 380:spoken in a region of a 41:Not to be confused with 1291:language spoken in the 843:of Spain and Portugal. 841:Ibero-Romance languages 803:Astur-Leonese languages 714:West Germanic languages 877:is currently based on 745:Regional languages of 1872:Linguistic minorities 1769:British–Irish Council 1565:Northern Transylvania 1177:) closely related to 861:Amdo tibetan language 1038:Indo-Aryan languages 929:and English are the 686:, more distantly to 495:The several hundred 486:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 392:or some wider area. 225:improve this article 119:improve this article 1749:Languages of France 1669:and other entities. 1575:Republic of Ireland 1409:Pyrénées Orientales 1401:Valencian Community 1084:Chittagong Division 1048:, and Santali is a 1042:Dravidian languages 847:is a subdialect of 240:"Regional language" 134:"Regional language" 1818:www.britannica.com 1759:Languages of Spain 1754:Languages of Italy 1655:Russian Federation 939:Central Government 931:official languages 704:(both part of the 638:branch, alongside 307:possibly contains 18:Regional languages 1867:Linguistic rights 1793:Council of Europe 1739:National language 1734:Minority language 856:Tibetic languages 497:Sinitic languages 478:and southeastern 443:Frisian languages 435:official language 423:official language 374:regional language 370: 369: 362: 352: 351: 344: 309:original research 290: 289: 275: 195: 194: 187: 169: 92: 43:National language 16:(Redirected from 1884: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1785: 1579:Northern Ireland 1555:and official in 1397:Balearic Islands 1239:Romance language 903:Finnic languages 875:Standard Tibetan 799:Miranda do Douro 791:Castile and León 773:Kingdom of Spain 702:Northern Ireland 501:Standard Chinese 454:Gutnish language 365: 358: 347: 340: 336: 333: 327: 324:inline citations 300: 299: 292: 285: 282: 276: 274: 233: 205: 197: 190: 183: 179: 176: 170: 168: 127: 103: 95: 84: 62: 61: 54: 21: 1892: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1857: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1822: 1820: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1730: 1717:Northern Cyprus 1553:Uralic language 1306: 1257:Celtic language 1253:Scottish Gaelic 1219:, a dialect of 1193:Turkic language 1062:Sylhet Division 793:(Spain), while 740:Italo-Dalmatian 505:Beijing dialect 474:, Northwestern 437:. For example: 431: 386:federated state 382:sovereign state 366: 355: 354: 353: 348: 337: 331: 328: 313: 301: 297: 286: 280: 277: 234: 232: 218: 206: 191: 180: 174: 171: 128: 126: 116: 104: 63: 59: 50: 47:Nation language 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1890: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1846:External links 1844: 1841: 1840: 1829: 1805: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1706: 1688: 1670: 1648: 1622: 1604: 1586: 1583:United Kingdom 1581:, part of the 1568: 1546: 1520: 1494: 1424: 1378: 1348: 1338: 1333:, a region of 1329:, official in 1324: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1293:United Kingdom 1282: 1268: 1261:United Kingdom 1259:spoken in the 1250: 1232: 1214: 1200: 1186: 1164: 1157:United Kingdom 1150: 1141:spoken in the 1128: 1114: 1111:Basque Country 1092: 1091: 1077: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1050:Munda language 924: 906: 884: 883: 882: 872: 853: 852: 851: 830: 776: 743: 721: 706:United Kingdom 691: 673: 647: 625: 624: 623: 613: 603: 581: 565:, in parts of 560: 530: 507:) in writing. 503:(based on the 493: 483: 461: 450: 430: 427: 419: 418: 413: 368: 367: 350: 349: 304: 302: 295: 288: 287: 223:. Please help 209: 207: 200: 193: 192: 107: 105: 98: 93: 67: 66: 64: 57: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1889: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1838: 1833: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703:Tigray Region 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1667:South Ossetia 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1645:Riau Province 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601:Angaur Island 1598: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:Liechtenstein 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1287:, a regional 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273:, a regional 1272: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255:, a regional 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237:, a regional 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1207:Finnic family 1204: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1191:, a regional 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 925: 922: 918: 917:Oïl languages 914: 910: 907: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 885: 880: 879:Lhasa Tibetan 876: 873: 870: 866: 862: 859: 858: 857: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 831: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807:Astur-Leonese 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 777: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 755: 754: 752: 748: 744: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 692: 689: 685: 681: 677: 674: 671: 667: 666:Kleverlandish 663: 662:Luxembourgish 659: 655: 651: 648: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 626: 621: 617: 614: 611: 607: 604: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 561: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 531: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 509: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 491: 487: 484: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 462: 459: 455: 451: 448: 444: 440: 439: 438: 436: 426: 424: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 407: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 364: 361: 346: 343: 335: 325: 321: 317: 311: 310: 305:This article 303: 294: 293: 284: 273: 270: 266: 263: 259: 256: 252: 249: 245: 242: –  241: 237: 236:Find sources: 230: 226: 222: 216: 215: 214:single source 210:This article 208: 204: 199: 198: 189: 186: 178: 175:February 2010 167: 164: 160: 157: 153: 150: 146: 143: 139: 136: –  135: 131: 130:Find sources: 124: 120: 114: 113: 108:This article 106: 102: 97: 96: 91: 89: 82: 81: 76: 75: 70: 65: 56: 55: 52: 48: 44: 37: 30: 29: 19: 1832: 1821:. Retrieved 1817: 1808: 1796:. Retrieved 1792: 1783: 1317:South Africa 1307: 1277:language of 1229:Resia valley 1093: 1080:Chittagonian 1070:Barak Valley 1046:Sino-Tibetan 905:as Estonian. 901:or separate 710:Ulster Scots 525:and eastern 432: 420: 415: 410: 404: 400: 394: 373: 371: 356: 338: 329: 306: 278: 268: 261: 254: 247: 235: 211: 181: 172: 162: 155: 148: 141: 129: 117:Please help 112:verification 109: 85: 78: 72: 71:Please help 68: 51: 1459:South Tyrol 1451:Switzerland 1345:West Bengal 1036:. Most are 658:Netherlands 539:, parts of 533:Yue Chinese 517:, southern 1861:Categories 1823:2024-05-30 1775:References 1685:Tamil Nadu 1447:Luxembourg 1241:spoken in 1223:spoken in 1209:spoken in 1195:spoken in 1088:Bangladesh 1066:Bangladesh 819:Portuguese 724:Neapolitan 676:Low German 650:Limburgish 594:, eastern 316:improve it 251:newspapers 145:newspapers 74:improve it 1681:Sri Lanka 1677:Singapore 1641:Indonesia 1637:Singapore 1549:Hungarian 1539:Guangdong 1505:Guangdong 1393:Catalonia 1371:Guangdong 1355:Hong Kong 1351:Cantonese 1347:in India. 1313:Afrikaans 1235:Sardinian 1181:-derived 1145:State of 1135:Iroquoian 990:Malayalam 811:Castilian 795:Mirandese 769:Castilian 680:Old Saxon 670:Ripuarian 628:Kashubian 596:Guangdong 567:Guangdong 557:Cantonese 549:Hong Kong 537:Guangdong 468:Kurdistan 320:verifying 221:talk page 80:talk page 1798:11 March 1728:See also 1699:Ethiopia 1691:Tigrinya 1663:Abkhazia 1629:Malaysia 1589:Japanese 1535:Zhejiang 1487:Southern 1479:Lorraine 1421:Sardinia 1335:Tanzania 1331:Zanzibar 1265:Scotland 1247:Sardinia 1203:Livonian 1167:Corsican 1161:Cornwall 1147:Oklahoma 1131:Cherokee 1125:Brittany 1068:and the 1014:Sanskrit 994:Manipuri 986:Maithili 978:Kashmiri 966:Gujarati 950:Assamese 899:Estonian 839:and the 815:Galician 787:Asturias 779:Asturian 765:Galician 751:Portugal 732:Venetian 728:Sicilian 698:Scotland 644:Silesian 636:Lechitic 523:Zhejiang 515:Shanghai 447:Germanic 390:province 378:language 332:May 2023 281:May 2023 1709:Turkish 1695:Eritrea 1659:Belarus 1651:Russian 1561:Romania 1557:Hungary 1523:Hokkien 1509:Jiangxi 1491:Namibia 1483:Denmark 1467:Silesia 1439:Germany 1435:Belgium 1431:Austria 1417:Alghero 1385:Andorra 1381:Catalan 1365:of the 1341:Bengali 1321:Namibia 1279:Germany 1271:Sorbian 1221:Slovene 1197:Moldova 1183:Italian 1175:Corsica 1153:Cornish 1058:Sylheti 1018:Santali 1010:Punjabi 998:Marathi 982:Konkani 974:Kannada 954:Bengali 913:Belgium 909:Walloon 895:Estonia 869:Qinghai 845:Aranese 833:Occitan 823:Catalan 783:Leonese 761:Catalan 757:Aranese 718:English 684:Frisian 654:Germany 620:Jiangxi 571:Jiangxi 541:Guangxi 527:Jiangxi 519:Jiangsu 464:Kurdish 458:Gotland 449:family. 314:Please 265:scholar 159:scholar 1721:Kosovo 1713:Turkey 1633:Brunei 1607:Korean 1531:Fujian 1527:Taiwan 1513:Fujian 1501:Taiwan 1489:) and 1475:Alsace 1471:France 1463:Poland 1427:German 1411:) and 1405:France 1361:(both 1327:Arabic 1289:Celtic 1275:Slavic 1217:Resian 1211:Latvia 1189:Gagauz 1179:Tuscan 1171:France 1133:is an 1121:France 1117:Breton 1107:France 1099:Basque 1032:, and 1030:Telugu 1022:Sindhi 1002:Nepali 921:French 849:Gascon 837:French 825:is an 763:, and 688:German 656:, the 640:Polish 632:Poland 600:Hainan 592:Taiwan 588:Fujian 579:Taiwan 577:, and 575:Fujian 545:Hainan 480:Turkey 267:  260:  253:  246:  238:  161:  154:  147:  140:  132:  1673:Tamil 1625:Malay 1611:Korea 1597:Palau 1593:Japan 1571:Irish 1497:Hakka 1455:Italy 1413:Italy 1389:Spain 1359:Macau 1297:Wales 1285:Welsh 1243:Italy 1225:Italy 1103:Spain 1074:Assam 1026:Tamil 970:Hindi 962:Dogri 948:are: 935:India 927:Hindi 747:Spain 736:Italy 694:Scots 618:, in 610:Hunan 608:, in 606:Xiang 586:, in 563:Hakka 553:Macau 535:, in 513:, in 490:Syria 376:is a 272:JSTOR 258:books 166:JSTOR 152:books 1800:2015 1715:and 1679:and 1657:and 1635:and 1551:, a 1537:and 1511:and 1477:and 1449:and 1399:and 1357:and 1143:U.S. 1105:and 1034:Urdu 1006:Odia 958:Bodo 891:Seto 889:and 887:Võro 865:amdo 813:and 789:and 781:and 749:and 730:and 700:and 668:and 642:and 598:and 551:and 476:Iran 472:Iraq 452:The 441:The 244:news 138:news 1481:), 1469:), 1461:), 1403:), 1086:of 1072:of 1064:of 937:'s 933:of 919:as 867:or 716:as 616:Gan 584:Min 466:in 399:, " 388:or 318:by 227:by 121:by 45:or 1863:: 1816:. 1791:. 1705:). 1665:, 1647:). 1631:, 1621:). 1603:). 1567:). 1541:, 1533:, 1515:, 1507:, 1445:, 1441:, 1437:, 1433:, 1423:). 1419:, 1395:, 1373:, 1299:). 1267:). 1249:). 1231:). 1163:). 1127:). 1113:). 1028:, 1024:, 1020:, 1016:, 1012:, 1008:, 1004:, 1000:, 996:, 992:, 988:, 984:, 980:, 976:, 972:, 968:, 964:, 960:, 956:, 952:, 941:. 821:. 805:. 759:, 753:: 742:). 726:, 664:, 590:, 573:, 569:, 555:, 547:, 543:, 521:, 511:Wu 425:. 403:" 372:A 83:. 1826:. 1802:. 1723:. 1701:( 1687:) 1643:( 1617:( 1599:( 1585:. 1563:( 1545:. 1519:. 1493:. 1485:( 1473:( 1465:( 1457:( 1415:( 1407:( 1391:( 1377:. 1337:. 1323:. 1295:( 1281:. 1263:( 1245:( 1227:( 1213:. 1199:. 1185:. 1173:( 1159:( 1149:. 1123:( 1109:( 923:. 881:. 871:. 829:. 775:. 720:. 690:. 672:. 646:. 622:. 612:. 602:. 529:. 482:. 363:) 357:( 345:) 339:( 334:) 330:( 312:. 283:) 279:( 269:· 262:· 255:· 248:· 231:. 217:. 188:) 182:( 177:) 173:( 163:· 156:· 149:· 142:· 115:. 90:) 86:( 49:. 38:. 20:)

Index

Regional languages
Local language (formal language)
National language
Nation language
improve it
talk page
Learn how and when to remove these messages

verification
improve this article
adding citations to reliable sources
"Regional language"
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
Learn how and when to remove this message

single source
talk page
improve this article
introducing citations to additional sources
"Regional language"
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
original research

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.