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621:(SPD). Several other SPD deputies saw the writing on the wall and fled into exile. Ultimately, the Enabling Act passed by a margin of 444–94, with only the SPD voting against it. However, the session took place in such an intimidating atmosphere that even if all 81 KPD deputies and 120 SPD deputies had been present, the Enabling Act would have still passed by more than the two-thirds majority required.
640:, voters were presented with a single list from the Nazi Party under far-from-secret conditions (see below). The list carried with 92.1 percent of the vote. As a measure of the great care Hitler took to give his dictatorship the appearance of legal sanction, the Enabling Act was subsequently renewed by the Reichstag in 1937 and 1941.
596:, which allowed the government to enact laws on its own authority for a four-year period. With certain exceptions (which were in practice disregarded), those laws could deviate from articles in the constitution. Though formally only the Government as a whole could enact laws, Hitler in effect exercised that right by himself.
890:
On 25 January 1943, five days before the expiration of the current
Reichstag's term of office, the inauguration of a new body was postponed for another electoral term until 30 January 1947. This was to avoid holding elections while the war was still under way. Because of Germany's defeat in the war,
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could cite the relatively unfavourable results in districts known to have large minority populations as proof of disloyalty to the Reich. Following the enactment of the
Nuremberg Laws, Jews and other ethnic minorities were excluded from the electoral process altogether and the number of negative and
764:
Until enactment of the
Nuremberg Laws in 1935, Jews, Poles and other ethnic minorities still held nominal citizenship rights. Not only were they allowed to vote, but in districts known to have large populations of minorities the Nazis often abstained from engaging in tactics used elsewhere to compel
881:
The
Reichstag convened for the last time in the Kroll Opera House on 26 April 1942. It unanimously passed a decree proclaiming Hitler "Supreme Judge of the German People", officially allowing him to override the judiciary and administration in all matters. Any last remnants of the privileges of the
760:
was the last all-German election prior to World War II that was competitive. From then on, while elections were still held, voters were presented with a single list comprising Nazis and "guests" of the party. These "guests", however, fully supported Hitler in any event. Elections during this time
792:
In accordance with the provisions of the Weimar
Republic electoral law of 1933, one seat was granted for each block of 60,000 votes. Because voter turnout was very high, and also because of new territories added to the Reich, and finally because the voting age was lowered (a compensatory measure
793:
adopted prior to the 1936 election to prevent the electorate from shrinking in size as a consequence of the
Nuremberg Laws), the Reichstag grew to significantly greater and greater proportions. Finally, there were 855 deputies; Adolf Hitler was No. 433, elected to the Reichstag constituency 24
562:, it was extremely difficult for a government to have a stable majority. Frequently, when a Chancellor was voted out of office, his successor could not be assured of a majority. As a result, Chancellors were forced to use Article 48 simply to conduct the ordinary business of government.
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the final decision-maker, with the power of life and death over every German citizen. In practice, this merely legitimized a situation that had been in place since 1933. For all intents and purposes, this extended the provisions of the
Enabling Act indefinitely.
472:'s dictatorship — always by unanimous consent — and as a forum to listen to Hitler's speeches. In this purely ceremonial role, the Reichstag convened only 20 times, the last on 26 April 1942. The President of the Reichstag (
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was the only legally permitted party in
Germany – to all intents and purposes, Germany had become a one-party state with the passage of the Enabling Act. With the formal ban of opposition parties by the
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were not secret; voters were often threatened with severe reprisals if they failed to vote or dared to vote no. Under the circumstances, the Nazi list carried with well over 90 percent of the vote each time.
701:
440:
813:. Opposition parties were thwarted in their campaigns. The Nazi Party won 33 of the 35 direct seats from parliamentary districts and 43.9% of the overall vote, giving the Nazis together with the
773:
Of the three elections held during this period, only the first was held independently. The other two were held alongside special referendums. The most famous of these was the plebiscite on the
1158:
1170:
497:, in 1943 Hitler extended the term of office of the current Reichstag (elected in late 1938 to serve in 1939–1943) to serve a special eight-year term to end on 30 January 1947.
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550:(which were seen as constitutional since they were passed by a two-thirds majority, the same as was required for an amendment), especially during 1919–1923 and then finally in
624:
Before the summer was out, all other parties had either been banned or intimidated into closing down (some were even intimidated into joining the Nazis), and the
891:
the 1938 elections were the last for the German
Reichstag ever and would be the last all-German elections until the first elections for a reunified Germany in
770:
invalid votes recorded fell dramatically – from more than five million in the referendum held in 1934 to barely half a million in the vote held in 1936.
606:
633:" (14 July 1933), the provision of Article 48 that allowed the Reichstag to demand the cancellation of the emergency measures was effectively negated.
832:. All Reichstag delegates are now Nazi Party members or sympathizers. According to formal results, 92% of the voters approved the referendum proposal.
374:
752:
that was enacted on 13 March 1938, and do you vote for the party of our leader Adolf Hitler?" The large circle is labelled "Yes", the smaller "No".
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on 12 November 1943 (coincidentally, the tenth anniversary of the first Nazi
Reichstag's election). It was then essentially destroyed in the
651:" of 1935. All passed unanimously. It would only meet eight more times after the start of the war. On 30 January 1939, in the aftermath of
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Election poster for Hindenburg and Hitler in November 1933. It reads: "The Marshal and the Corporal fight with us for peace and equality"
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the electorate to vote in favour of the regime. In essence, the Nazis tacitly encouraged minorities to vote against them so that their
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immediately following the Seizure of Power. Six days before the scheduled election date, the German parliament building burned in the
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with Austria in 1938. That vote officially recorded a 99.7% "yes". Following the Anschluss, the Reichstag became the
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to retrospectively approve Adolf Hitler's assumption of the powers of the President, following the death of
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was modified into a legislative chamber and served as the location of all parliamentary sessions during the
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Referendum ballot in April 1938. It reads: "Do you agree with the reunification of Austria with the German
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and rising international tensions, Adolf Hitler made a speech proclaiming that a war would lead to the "
865:. Elected to serve for a four-year term beginning in 1939, it convened for the last time in early 1942.
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Geographical Dictionary Of The World In The Early 20th Century With Pronouncing Gazetteer (in 2 Vos.)
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The former practice became more and more common after 1930. Due to the Reichstag's complex system of
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During this period, the Reichstag was sometimes derisively referred to by the German public as the "
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872:. Like the previous occasions, the Nazis won all seats in this last election under their rule.
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19:
This article is about a past parliament of Germany. For the structure the body meets in, see
724:. It was chosen both for its convenient location facing the Reichstag building and for its
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The Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all deputies from the
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The Reichstag only met 12 times between 1933 and 1939, and enacted only four laws — the "
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did not yield a Nazi majority, Hitler had to rely on his coalition partner, the
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The Uniformed Reichstag. The history of the Pseudo-Parliament from 1933 to 1945
854:. The election and the Rhineland occupation were combined in a single question.
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1938, 4 December: Parliamentary by-election for newly acquired territory of
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1077:"Chancellor Adolf Hitler Receives Additional Power from the Reichstag"
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1026:(2 ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
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965:. New Delhi, India: Concept Publishing Company, 1990. Pp. 712.
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Extras in Uniform. Members of the Reichstag from 1933 to 1945
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during sessions. To avoid holding scheduled elections during
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1000:"Reichstag Speech — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
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Statistisches Jahrbuch fĂĽr das Deutsche Reich Band 1941/1942
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At the new Reichstag's first session, Hitler introduced the
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Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States
1052:"Die propagandistische Vorbereitung der Volksabstimmung"
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Adolf Hitler's Address to the Reichstag (26 April 1942)
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Reichstag's members were removed and the FĂĽhrer became
781:(roughly translated the Greater German Imperial Diet).
976:"Statements by Leading Nazis on the "Jewish Question""
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was frequently circumvented by two legal instruments:
1147:
Adolf Hitler's Address to the Reichstag (4 May 1941)
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retrospectively approving the annexation of Austria
1054:. Austrian Resistance Archive. 1988. Archived from
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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224:30 January 1947 (nominal expiration of final term)
1024:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
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589:(DNVP), to command a majority in the Reichstag.
569:on 27 February 1933, Hitler persuaded President
817:(8.0% of the votes) a slight majority of seats.
514:The Reichstag building in 1932, before the fire
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850:and referendum retrospectively approving the
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638:parliamentary elections of 12 November 1933
617:(KPD) and detain several deputies from the
728:. The Kroll Opera House was devastated by
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740:Elections and plebiscites in Nazi Germany
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532:The use of special powers granted to the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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518:In 1920–1923 and from 1930 on, the
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1207:1945 disestablishments in Germany
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952:. Berlin, Germany: 1943. Pp. 659.
852:Remilitarization of the Rhineland
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843:. 88.1% of the voters voted yes.
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1123:. DĂĽsseldorf: Droste Verlag.
1109:. DĂĽsseldorf: Droste Verlag.
1022:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005).
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1083:. New York. April 27, 1942
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150:Legislative body of
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841:Paul von Hindenburg
820:1933, 12 November:
571:Paul von Hindenburg
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415:(de jure)
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297:Structure
278:President
253:Bundestag
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936:Notes
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432:Realm
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101:JSTOR
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1089:2018
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893:1990
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