Reichstag fire - Knowledge

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tasked to defend West German police officials, who had investigated the initial fire as SS members. In doing so, Tobias disregarded any information from persons who had been targeted by the Nazi regime as biased while accepting the testimony of former SS members as objective, even though their post-war testimony is clearly contradicted by records from 1933. Furthermore, Hett showed that Tobias used his access to secret archives to coerce historians with opposing views by threatening to reveal compromising personal information. Hett argues that the most recent evidence makes clear that the fire could not have been the work of an individual and Hett feels there is far more evidence of Nazi collaboration than there is of a communist plot. Historian

704:. These rights were not reinstated during Nazi reign. The decree was used by the Nazis to ban publications not considered friendly to the Nazi cause. Despite the fact that Marinus van der Lubbe claimed to have acted alone in the Reichstag fire, Hitler, after having obtained his emergency powers, announced that it was the start of a wider communist effort to take over Germany. Nazi Party newspapers then published this fabricated story. This sent the German population into a panic and isolated the communists further among the civilians; additionally, thousands of communists were imprisoned in the days following the fire (including leaders of the 895: 1248: 451: 1057: 891:

seven months in prison, five of them in chains night and day, you would understand it if one perhaps becomes a little strained." During the course of his defence, Dimitrov claimed that the organizers of the fire were senior members of the Nazi Party and frequently verbally clashed with Göring at the trial. The high point of the trial occurred on 4 November 1933, when Göring took the stand and was cross-examined by Dimitrov. The following exchange took place:

714:. Speaking to Rudolph Diels about communists during the Reichstag fire, Hitler said "These sub-humans do not understand how the people stand at our side. In their mouse-holes, out of which they now want to come, of course they hear nothing of the cheering of the masses." With communist electoral participation also suppressed (the communists previously polled 17% of the vote), the Nazis were able to increase their share of the vote in the 5 March 1933 1202:(DW) reported that according to an SA officer's sworn testimony, Van Der Lubbe could not have started the fire because the Reichstag was already on fire when he arrived with Van Der Lubbe, leading credence to the theory that this was a false flag operation Hitler used to seize power. The Enabling Act of 1933 was passed less than one month later and was the cornerstone of Hitler's rise to power. In 2008 Germany posthumously pardoned Van der Lubbe. 1224:. The affidavit by Martin Lennings (1904–1962), a former member of the Nazis' paramilitary SA unit, stated that on the night of the fire, he and his SA group drove Van der Lubbe from an infirmary to the Reichstag, where they noticed "a strange smell of burning and there were clouds of smoke billowing through the rooms". The statement suggests the fire had already started when they arrived and that the SA played a role in the arson. 854: 47: 1046:

Van der Lubbe's 1933 conviction and found him not guilty by reason of insanity. This ruling was overturned. However, in January 2008, he was pardoned under a 1998 law for the crime on the grounds that anyone convicted under Nazi Germany is officially not guilty. The law allows pardons for people convicted of crimes under the Nazis, based on the idea that the laws of Nazi Germany "went against the basic ideas of justice".

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accomplices of Van der Lubbe 'could only have been Nazis' is tacit admission that the committee did not actually obtain any positive evidence in regard to the alleged accomplices' identity". Mommsen also had a theory supporting Hofer, which was suppressed for political reasons, an act that he admitted was a serious breach of ethics.

961:, but declared, with the exception of Van der Lubbe, there was insufficient evidence to connect the accused to the fire or the alleged conspiracy. The Bulgarians were acquitted and were expelled to the Soviet Union. Only Van der Lubbe was found guilty and sentenced to death. Torgler was also acquitted and survived the war. 2625: 1190:

In 2014, historian Benjamin Carter Hett lamented that "Today the overwhelming consensus among historians who specialize in Nazi Germany remains that Marinus van der Lubbe burned the Reichstag all by himself". He has argued that Tobias' analysis is fundamentally flawed. Tobias undertook his study when

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delivered the opening speech. Göring was found guilty at the mock trial, which served as a workshop that tested all possible scenarios, and all speeches of the defendants had been prepared. Most of the "judges", such as Hays and Moro-Giafferi, complained that the atmosphere at the "countertrial" was

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The uncovering of Lennings's affidavit led to the speculation that Tobias had ignored it to protect his single perpetrator theory on the arson, and to protect the post-war career of former Nazis. It also led to more sober speculation about whether unknown or forgotten documents might still be hidden

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Göring: I was told by an official. Things which were reported to me on the night of the fire...could not be tested or proven. The report was made to me by a responsible official, and was accepted as a fact, and as it could not be tested immediately it was announced as a fact. When I issued the first

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giving Hitler the right to rule by decree, which required a two-thirds majority. However, several important factors weighed in the Nazis' favour, mainly the continued suppression of the Communist Party and the Nazis' ability to capitalize on national security concerns. Moreover, some deputies of the

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was head of the Berlin fire department at the time of the Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933, personally directing the operations at the incident. On 25 March he was dismissed for presenting evidence that suggested Nazi involvement in the fire. Gempp asserted that there had been a delay in notifying

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Van der Lubbe, it seems clear, was a dupe of the Nazis. He was encouraged to try to set the Reichstag on fire. But the main job was to be done — without his knowledge, of course — by the storm troopers... He had only his shirt for tinder. The main fires, according to the testimony of experts at the

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Georgi Dimitrov began his testimony on the third day of the trial. He gave up his right to a court-appointed lawyer and defended himself successfully. When warned by Judge Bünger to behave himself in court, Dimitrov stated: "Herr President, if you were a man as innocent as myself and you had passed

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While the official start and end points of the trial were in Leipzig, the court proceedings were relocated to the scene of the crime itself. The move to Berlin facilitated efficient witness questioning and examination of evidence directly at the Reichstag building. For the last month (November 23 -

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In 1967, a court in West Berlin allowed the 1933 conviction to stand, but overturned the death sentence and posthumously changed Van der Lubbe's sentence to eight years in prison. In 1980, another court overturned the verdict, but was overruled. In 1981, a West German court posthumously overturned

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The responsibility for the Reichstag fire remains a topic of debate and research, as while Van de Lubbe was found guilty, it is unclear whether he acted alone. While most historians accept that the Reichstag was set ablaze by Van de Lubbe, some view that the fire was a part of a Nazi plot to take

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Lennings, who died in 1962, further stated in his account that he and other members of his squad had protested the arrest of Van der Lubbe, "because we were convinced that Van der Lubbe could not possibly have been the arsonist, because according to our observation, the Reichstag had already been

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Attitudes as to whether Van der Lubbe was used as a pawn in a Nazi conspiracy or whether he acted alone have swung back and forth over the years. During the late 1990s into the early 2010s consensus held that Van der Lubbe acted alone. From 2014 to the present the resurfacing of a 1955 affidavit

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p.m. on 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was reported as on fire, and firefighters were dispatched. Despite their efforts, most of the building was gutted. By 11:30 p.m., the fire was put out. The firefighters and police inspected the ruins and found 20 bundles of flammable material

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had boasted about setting the fire: "On the occasion of a lunch on the Führer's birthday in 1943, the people around the Führer turned the conversation to the Reichstag building and its artistic value. I heard with my own ears how Göring broke into the conversation and shouted: 'The only one who

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organized a conference intended to rebut the claims made by Tobias. At the conference, Hofer claimed to have found evidence that some of the detectives who investigated the fire had been Nazis. Mommsen commented on Hofer's claims by stating: "Professor Hofer's rather helpless statement that the

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burning when we dropped him off there". He claimed he and the other witnesses were detained and forced to sign a paper that denied any knowledge of the incident. Later, nearly all of those with knowledge of the Reichstag fire were executed. Lennings said that he had been warned and escaped to

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Repeatedly during the session glaring movie picture flares illuminated the somber court room. Microphones recorded the words of the participants in the drama and nearly half the large hall was filled with representatives of the world press. The rest of the hall was packed to the rafters with

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had sent many of its officials to manage the flow of information to the foreign press. There were no fewer than eighty foreign correspondents in the courtroom, along with forty German colleagues, in the opening session of the court. The atmosphere of the opening of the trial was described by

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Dimitrov: I would like to ask the Minister of the Interior what steps he took to make sure that Van der Lubbe's route to Hennigsdorf, his stay and his meetings with other people there were investigated by the police to assist them in tracking down Van der Lubbe's accomplices?

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at Goebbels' apartment in Berlin. When Goebbels received an urgent phone call informing him of the fire, he regarded it as a "tall tale" at first and hung up. Only after the second call did he report the news to Hitler. Both left Goebbels' apartment and arrived by car at the

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The mock trial began 21 September 1933. It lasted one week and ended with the conclusion that the defendants were innocent and the true initiators of the fire were to be found amid the leading Nazi Party elite. The countertrial received much media attention, and Sir

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During the election campaign, the Nazis alleged that Germany was on the verge of a communist revolution and that the only way to stop the communists was to put the Nazis securely in power. The message of the campaign was simple: increase the number of Nazi seats.

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trial, had been set with considerable quantities of chemicals and gasoline. It was obvious that one man could not have carried them into the building, nor would it have been possible for him to start so many fires in so many scattered places in so short a time.

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The trial began at 8:45 on the morning of 21 September, with Van der Lubbe testifying. Van der Lubbe's testimony was very hard to follow as he spoke of losing his sight in one eye and wandering around Europe as a drifter and that he had been a member of the

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of the Fourth Criminal Court of the Fourth Penal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The prosecutors were Chief Reich Prosecutor Karl Werner and his assistant Felix Parrisius. The accused were charged with arson and with attempting to overthrow the government.

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report to the press on the morning after the fire the interrogation of Van der Lubbe had not been concluded. In any case I do not see that anyone has any right to complain because it seems proved in this trial that Van der Lubbe had no such card on him.

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and seize power, while the communists alleged that Van der Lubbe was part of the Nazi conspiracy to blame the crime on them. Van der Lubbe, for his part, maintained that he acted alone to protest against the condition of the German working class.

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the fire brigade and that he had been forbidden from making full use of the resources at his disposal. In 1937, Gempp was arrested for abuse of office. Despite his appeal, he was imprisoned. Gempp was strangled and killed in prison on 2 May 1939.

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Göring: I don't care what happens in Russia! I know that the Russians pay with bills, and I should prefer to know that their bills are paid! I care about the Communist Party here in Germany and about Communist crooks who come here to set the

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Göring: As I am not an official myself, but a responsible Minister it was not important that I should trouble myself with such petty, minor matters. It was my task to expose the Party, and the mentality, which was responsible for the crime.

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Dimitrov: Herr Prime Minister Göring stated on February 28 that, when arrested, the "Dutch Communist Van der Lubbe had on his person his passport and a membership card of the Communist Party". From whom was this information taken?

1385:, an exposé of what Münzenberg alleged to be the Nazi conspiracy to burn down the Reichstag and to blame the act on the communists. (As with all of Münzenberg's other books, the real author was one of his aides: in this case, the 526:. After the 5 March elections, the absence of the communists allowed the Nazi Party to expand their plurality in the Reichstag, greatly assisting the Nazi seizure of total power. On 9 March 1933 the Prussian state police arrested 969:

The outcome of this trial caused Hitler to remove treason trials from the regular courts. He decreed that henceforth treason – among many other offenses – would only be tried by a newly established

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Dimitrov: The three officials who arrested and examined Van der Lubbe all agreed that no membership card of the Communist Party was found on him. I should like to know where the report that such a card had been found came from.

2408:"The Arsonist; The Reichstag Fire. By Fritz Tobias. Translated by Arnold J. Pomerans from the German, "Der Reichstagsbrand." Introduction by A. J. P. Taylor. Illustrated. 348 pp. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. (Published 1964)" 1114:, who covered the trial, described Van der Lubbe as "an obvious victim of manic-depressive psychosis" and said that the Nazis would not have chosen "an agent so inept and witless". Citing a letter that was allegedly written by 4612: 2106: 2190: 729:

While the Nazis emerged with a majority, they fell short of their goal, which was to win 50–55% of the vote that year. The Nazis thought that this would make it difficult to achieve their next goal, passage of the

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Van der Lubbe and the four communists were the defendants in a trial that started in September 1933. It ended in the acquittal of the four communists and the conviction of Van der Lubbe, who was then executed.

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During the summer of 1933, a mock countertrial was organised in London by a group of lawyers, democrats and other anti-Nazis under the aegis of German communist émigrés. The chairman of the mock trial was

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asked the mock trial organisers to turn over the "evidence" that exonerated his client, Münzenberg refused the request because he lacked any "evidence" to exonerate or to convict anyone of the crime.

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account, the Reichstag Fire is understood and represented as a conspiratorial operation carried out by Nazi storm troopers in which Van der Lubbe played the role of the patsy. As Shirer writes:

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Göring: I shall tell you what the German people already know. They know that you are behaving in a disgraceful manner! They know that you are a Communist crook who came to Germany to set the

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Dimitrov: Is the Reichsminister aware of the fact that those that possess this alleged criminal mentality today control the destiny of a sixth part of the world – the Soviet Union?

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given by a stormtrooper, who testified that the building was already on fire when Van der Lubbe was delivered there by SA members, supported new scholarship re-examining the subject.

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The countertrial was an enormously successful publicity stunt for the German communists. Münzenberg followed the triumph with another by writing, under his name, the bestselling

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In the days following the incident, major newspapers in the US and London had immediately been sceptical of the good fortune of the Nazis in finding a communist scapegoat.

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newspaper warned its readers that "the government is of the opinion that the situation is such that a danger to the state and nation existed and still exists".

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In his verdict announced on December 23, Judge Bünger was careful to underline his belief that there had in fact been a communist conspiracy to burn down the

3980: 862: 3930: 2591: 1368:. Another masked witness, whom Hays described as "not very reliable", claimed that Van der Lubbe was a drug addict and a homosexual, who was the lover of 3963: 3716: 1122:, Gunther believed that Nazis, who heard Van der Lubbe boast of planning to attack the Reichstag, started a second simultaneous fire they blamed on him. 3758: 5415: 4220: 3812: 2530: 850:

The Leipzig Trial was widely publicized and was broadcast on the radio. It was expected that the court would find the communists guilty on all counts.

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really knows about the Reichstag building is I, for I set fire to it.' And saying this he slapped his thigh". Under cross-examination at the

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Dimitrov: This criminal mentality rules the Soviet Union, the greatest and best country in the world. Is Herr Prime Minister aware of that?

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suspending civil liberties, and pursue a "ruthless confrontation" with the Communists. This made the fire pivotal in the establishment of

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from the burned-out Reichstag building, functioned as the Reichstag's venue for the remaining 12 years of the Third Reich's existence.

743:, and several fragmented middle-class parties. The measure went into force on 24 March, effectively making Hitler dictator of Germany. 3644: 2947:

Mommsen, Hans (1964). "Der Reichstagsbrand und seine politischen Folgen" [The Reichstag fire and its political consequences].

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In 2008, Germany posthumously pardoned Van der Lubbe under a law introduced in 1998 to lift unjust verdicts dating from the Nazi era.

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published a 1955 affidavit, uncovered in some papers of Fritz Tobias, which were found in the archives of the Amtsgericht (court) in

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at the time) on 10 January 1934, three days before his 25th birthday. The Nazis alleged that Van der Lubbe was part of a communist

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Social Democratic Party (the only party that would vote against the Enabling Act) were prevented from taking their seats in the

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According to the German press, the Nazi government wanted to use the trial to get its own message out to the world. Goebbels's

599:. The Enabling Act was a special law that gave the Chancellor the power to pass laws by decree, without the involvement of the 3854: 2476: 2374: 5653: 5525: 5517: 5143: 4564: 4531: 4226: 4190: 3924: 3544: 573: 361: 4127: 5461: 5446: 5221: 4659: 4184: 3740: 2135: 1263: 603:. These special powers would remain in effect for four years, after which time they were eligible to be renewed. Under the 581: 490: 249: 3656: 1175:, later turned into a book, in which he argued that Vаn der Lubbe had acted alone. Tobias showed that Van der Lubbe was a 5977: 5426: 4801: 4768: 4438: 3752: 2692: 1137:, criticised for being a Nazi sympathiser at the time, witnessed that night's events. He reported Hitler arriving at the 5718: 5536: 5451: 4592: 4536: 3951: 3692: 2839: 2755: 2278: 1824: 1776: 1623: 1444: 1235:

Lennings had asked that his account be certified in 1955, in the event the Reichstag fire case ever returned to trial.

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operatives (though the police did not know it then, Dimitrov was head of all Comintern operations in Western Europe).

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fire, and seemed to regard the fire as confirmation that a communist revolution was as imminent as they had claimed.

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that had really set the fire. In fact, the "SA man" was Albert Norden, the editor of the German communist newspaper

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spectators, including representatives of foreign governments, foreign jurists of note and relatives of the accused.

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The trial known as the Leipzig Trial took place and was presided over by judges from the German Supreme Court, the

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were indicted on charges of setting the fire. The case against them was tried at the fourth criminal senate of the

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agitators, used it as a pretext to claim that Communists were plotting against the German government, and induced

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in German archives, and which might be valuable and revealing historical sources, especially on the Nazi regime.

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Tigar, M. E., & Mage, J. (2009). 'The Reichstag fire trial, 1933-2008: The production of law and history',

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In 2007, it has been alleged that the idea that Van der Lubbe was a "half-wit" or "mentally disturbed" was

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p.m., when a Berlin fire station received an alarm call. By the time police and firefighters arrived, the

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on fire, that he had acted alone, and that the incident was merely a stroke of good luck for the Nazis.

5708: 5410: 4835: 3512: 971: 839: 705: 486: 3626: 3447: 628:(firelighters) unburned lying about. At the time the fire was reported, Hitler was having dinner with 5907: 5554: 5196: 4943: 4885: 4647: 3942: 3877: 3722: 3568: 3399: 3323: 765: 701: 2851:"This Story Is about Something Fundamental: Nazi Criminals, History, Memory, and the Reichstag Fire" 1768: 5648: 5244: 4928: 4822: 4727: 4664: 4475: 4364: 4332: 4202: 3986: 3770: 3562: 3345: 3328: 1330: 469:, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday, 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after 408: 3065: 1061: 5792: 5786: 5486: 5362: 4963: 4958: 4938: 4852: 4521: 4465: 4431: 4320: 3900: 3776: 3424: 3277: 3202: 3089: 1288:

in 1945 and 1946, Halder's affidavit was read to Göring, who denied any involvement in the fire.

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Water and Fire (Water en Vuur) - 1998 documentary about Reichstag fire and Marinus van der Lubbe

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and head of the coalition government on 30 January 1933. As chancellor, Hitler asked President

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full text of the US edition held by the University of Michigan: Alfred A Knopf Inc, NY, 1933.

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and call for a new parliamentary election. The date set for the elections was 5 March 1933.

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had a plurality, not a majority; the communists posted gains. Adolf Hitler was sworn in as

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on fire! In my eyes you are nothing, but a scoundrel, a crook who belongs on the gallows!

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spread by the Dutch Communist Party, to distance itself from an insurrectionist

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Burning the Reichstag: An Investigation into the Third Reich's Enduring Mystery

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Assassinations and executions: an encyclopedia of political violence, 1865–1986

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concluded that the Nazi leadership was in a state of panic on the night of the

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Evans, R. J. (2014, May 8). The conspiracists. London Review of Books, 36(9).

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criticized Hett's claims giving a negative review of his book on the subject.

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Göring: The police search all common criminals, and report the result to me.

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The day after the fire, at Hitler's request, President Hindenburg signed the

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Hitler hoped to abolish democracy in a quasi-legal fashion, by passing the

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https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v36/n09/richard-j.-evans/the-conspiracists

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public servant and part-time historian, published a series of articles in

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After the Fire Decree was issued, the police — now controlled by Hitler's

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Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Reichstag fire".

1171: 1107: 1089: 994:

One week before the trial began, on 14 September 1933, the German artist

857:

Marinus van der Lubbe during the trial in 1933 (with his head bowed down)

853: 800: 549:, head of the Communist Party, had surrendered to police on 28 February. 534: 413: 289: 2960: 2874: 2850: 2316: 2084:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. pp. 999–1000. 1296: 1092:

argued that nearly all historians agreed that Van der Lubbe had set the

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Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Enabling Law".

1364: 1355: 1318: 1176: 1115: 1103: 671: 608: 577: 519: 485:, was the alleged culprit; the Nazis attributed the fire to a group of 3111: 2622:"Reichstagsbrand – der Erklärung von SA-Mann legt NS-Beteiligung nahe" 2079: 1883: 1858: 1650: 1453: 5845: 5685: 5578: 5178: 5030: 3488: 3313: 3242: 3232: 2771:

Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Brown Book".

2707: 2561:"Newly uncovered testimony casts doubt on Nazi Reichstag fire claims" 2080:

Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Volk Court".

1311: 764:"Leipzig Trial" redirects here. For the post-World War I trials, see 718:

elections from 33% to 44%. This gave the Nazis and their allies, the

542: 3102:

The Brown Book of the Hitler Terror and the Burning of the Reichstag

1884:

Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Reichstag".

1742:

Advent of the heart: seasonal sermons and prison writings, 1941–1944

1547:

The Hitler Conspiracies The Third Reich and the Paranoid Imagination

1393:

was followed by another, published in 1934, dealing with the trial.

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biography by Martin Schouten "Rinus van der Lubbe 1909–1934" (1989)

1221: 1205: 842:, which he quit in 1931, but still considered himself a communist. 637:, just as the fire was being put out. They were met at the site by 527: 3016:(August 1960). "Who Burned the Reichstag? The Story of a Legend". 2775:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 116. 1888:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 785. 1863:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 237. 1655:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 786. 820:. This was Germany's highest court. The presiding judge was Judge 46: 4383: 4369: 3617: 3437: 3267: 1065: 808: 771: 607:, the President could rule by decree in times of emergency using 351: 2935:(1972). "The Reichstag Fire and Its Political Consequences". In 2531:"Was die neue Eidesstattliche Erklärung eines SA-Manns bedeutet" 1436:

Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution; Ten Essays

5634: 4548: 1025: 92: 2049:"75 years on, executed Reichstag arsonist finally wins pardon" 5808: 5506: 3185: 462: 223: 145: 1210:

In July 2019, more than 80 years after the event, Germany's

4145: 2648:"Wie konnte die Akte zum Reichstagsbrand vergessen werden?" 1292:"Countertrial" by the German Communist Party in exile, 1933 1007: 158: 5958:

Attacks on government buildings and structures in Germany

2394:

Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944. His Private Conversations

1610:

A History of The Holocaust: From Ideology to Annihilation

5973:

Battles of the Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)

708:) on the charge that the Party was preparing to stage a 2457: 1914: 1504:"75 Years Ago, Reichstag Fire Sped Hitler's Power Grab" 1040: 3028: 2725: 2713: 1991: 1989: 1459: 1382:

The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror

1154:, Hitler said of the chairman of the Communist Party, 1051: 1811:

Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany

1632: 1242: 507:

The first report of the fire came shortly after 9:00

4582: 2941:

Republic to Reich The Making of the Nazi Revolution

2445: 2104: 2042: 2040: 1986: 1961: 982:, which were presided over by then Judge-President 722:(who won 8% of the vote), a majority of 52% in the 2906: 2739: 2479:(in German). Frankfurter Rundschau. 26 July 2019. 2351:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 48–49. 1808: 1760: 1714: 1607: 2501: 1939: 989: 5923:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1930s 5884: 2970:"The Reichstag Fire and the Politics of History" 2205: 2037: 1206:1955 testimony of SA member Hans-Martin Lennings 1198:More recently in 2019, mainstream German outlet 2799:Bahar, Alexander & Kugel, Wilfried (2001). 2770: 2375:"Sefton Delmer's account of the Reichstag fire" 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1790: 1788: 1587: 1575: 1563: 2746:. London: William Collins & Sons. p. 5918:Attacks on buildings and structures in Berlin 3601: 3367: 3127: 2943:. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 129–222. 2341: 1800: 209: 51:Firefighters struggle to extinguish the fire. 5569: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1833: 1785: 829:December 23) the court returned to Leipzig. 2335: 2317:"Dutch Council Communism and Van der Lubbe" 1479:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 832: 4114: 3134: 3120: 2798: 2528: 2158:"New report casts doubt on Reichstag fire" 811:from September 21 to December 23 in 1933. 216: 202: 45: 16:Arson attack in Berlin on 27 February 1933 3066:Van der Lubbe exonerated by German courts 2107:"JOHN HEARTFIELD Goering the Executioner" 1926: 1852: 1806: 1644: 1605: 779:supposedly entered the Reichstag building 661: 227:Political violence in Germany (1918–1933) 4263: 2737: 2046: 1501: 1295: 1246: 1071:In early historical summations, such as 1055: 1008:Execution of Van der Lubbe, January 1934 898:Dimitrov looking down upon Göring on an 893: 852: 770: 4052: 3141: 2967: 2946: 2931: 2889: 2589: 2529:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (26 July 2019). 2361: 2223: 1712: 1675: 1432: 1329:of Belgium, George Branting of Sweden, 885: 5885: 3012: 3000: 2672: 2439: 2396:. New York: Enigma Books. p. 121. 2391: 2367: 2132: 2031: 2019: 1908: 1700: 1680:. London: Mandarin. pp. 191–192. 1317:, and the chief organiser was the KPD 5775: 5618: 4994: 4581: 4400: 4262: 4113: 4051: 3600: 3511: 3366: 3162: 3115: 2901: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2181: 2179: 2152: 2150: 2139:(Third Printing ed.). New York: 1947:. New York: Penguin. pp. 67–69. 1846: 1794: 1758: 1544: 1389:communist Otto Katz.) The success of 1372:and a Nazi dupe. When the lawyer for 574:November 1932 German federal election 362:Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck 197: 183:Nazi control of government entrenched 2949:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 2848: 2829: 2677:. New York: Touchstone. p. 193. 2675:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 2654:from the original on 11 January 2021 2628:from the original on 11 January 2021 2624:(in German). Ksta.de. 26 July 2019. 2602:from the original on 11 January 2021 2541:from the original on 11 January 2021 2510:from the original on 11 January 2021 2483:from the original on 11 January 2021 2463: 2451: 2323:from the original on 11 January 2021 2211: 2193:from the original on 11 January 2021 2136:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 2061:from the original on 11 January 2021 1995: 1967: 1920: 1739: 1678:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 1264:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 1145:in which the other was the villain. 1041:Posthumous restitution, 1967 to 2008 1024:(the customary form of execution in 759: 250:Collapse of the Imperial German Army 4769:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 3423: 3062:2001 Review of Bahar and Kugel book 2834:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2773:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 2082:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 1886:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 1861:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 1815:. Oxford University Press. p. 1717:A Festschrift for Frederick B. Artz 1653:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 1182:In March 1973, the Swiss historian 260:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 13: 5537:Springfield, Ohio, cat-eating hoax 2695:from the original on 15 April 2012 2502:Conrad von Meding (26 July 2019). 2229: 2176: 2147: 2047:Connolly, Kate (12 January 2008). 1052:Dispute about Van der Lubbe's role 980:1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler 14: 5989: 5928:Attacks on legislatures in Europe 5169:Western-backed Iranian Revolution 4901:Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry 3046:"The Reichstag Fire, 68 years on" 3038: 2807: 2571:from the original on 28 July 2019 1638: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1483:from the original on 31 July 2018 1243:Göring's alleged commentary, 1943 964: 845: 702:secrecy of the post and telephone 397:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 5938:Nazi-related conspiracy theories 4628:Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw 4565:Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning 3931:South African Airways Flight 295 998:published a photomontage in the 5212:Petrograd Military Organization 4735:International Jewish conspiracy 4583:Race, religion and/or ethnicity 4245:Denial of the 7 October attacks 4070:California drought manipulation 3084:Newsreel footage about the fire 3006:Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 2974:Histoire sociale/Social history 2764: 2731: 2681: 2666: 2640: 2614: 2583: 2553: 2522: 2495: 2469: 2433: 2400: 2385: 2355: 2309: 2291: 2271: 2217: 2126: 2117: 2098: 2073: 2025: 2013: 2001: 1973: 1902: 1877: 1752: 1733: 1706: 1694: 1669: 1614:. New Jersey: Peason. pp. 1599: 1514:from the original on 5 May 2015 1439:. Pantheon Books. p. 182. 1410:List of attacks on legislatures 1339:Free-thinking Democratic League 1213:Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung 5953:Fires at legislative buildings 5933:Conspiracy theories in Germany 5161:Israel-related animal theories 2849:Hett, Benjamin Carter (2015). 2830:Hett, Benjamin Carter (2014). 2590:Winston, Alex (28 July 2019). 1538: 1526: 1495: 1465: 1426: 1333:and Gaston Bergery of France, 1218:RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland 1110:, who had once been a member. 990:Artistic response to the trial 720:German National People's Party 557:power, a view which historian 300:French occupation of Frankfurt 255:German Revolution of 1918–1919 1: 5333:First Catilinarian conspiracy 4365:Ideology in incel communities 2813:The Coming of the Third Reich 2689:"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings" 1502:DW Staff (27 February 2008). 1415: 1341:, Vald Hvidt of Denmark, and 1254:(first row, far left) at the 1001:Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung 280:1920 East Prussian plebiscite 245:German strike of January 1918 5776: 5699:Freeman on the land movement 5589:Maricopa County ballot audit 5547:"Vast right-wing conspiracy" 4995: 3964:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 3248:Global catastrophe scenarios 3163: 2506:. Deutschlandfunkkultur.de. 2252:. Vol. 36, no. 9. 2226:, pp. 456–458, 731–732. 1676:Schirer, William L. (1991). 1279:stated in an affidavit that 1118:before his death during the 643:Interior Minister of Prussia 561:labels a conspiracy theory. 387:1932 Berlin transport strike 7: 5863:Science by press conference 5836:Online youth radicalization 5755:Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme 5442:CIA assistance to bin Laden 5075:(outside the United States) 4239:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 4185:Mozambican presidential jet 3925:United Air Lines Flight 553 3456:Interdimensional hypothesis 3152:List of conspiracy theories 3086:British Movietone News Ltd. 2691:. 18 March 1946. Volume 9. 1396: 265:Occupation of the Rhineland 10: 5994: 5978:Unsolved crimes in Germany 5137:Middle East / North Africa 4537:oral polio AIDS hypothesis 4401: 2726:Tobias, The Reichstag Fire 2714:Tobias, The Reichstag Fire 1807:Gellately, Robert (2001). 1713:Pinkney, David H. (1964). 1545:Evans, Richard J. (2020). 1460:Tobias, The Reichstag Fire 1325:. The other "judges" were 952: 840:Communist Party of Holland 763: 706:Communist Party of Germany 567: 60: 5782: 5771: 5727: 5684: 5625: 5619: 5614: 5388: 5277: 5230: 5189: 5136: 5071: 5005: 5001: 4990: 4914: 4866: 4820: 4678: 4588: 4577: 4407: 4396: 4269: 4258: 4123: 4109: 4060: 4047: 4008: 3973: 3870: 3611: 3607: 3602:Deaths and disappearances 3596: 3467:Estimate of the Situation 3373: 3368:Astronomy and outer space 3362: 3286: 3173: 3169: 3158: 3149: 3092:at London Review of Books 2945:Originally published as: 2913:. Belknap Press. p. 2895:Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris 2867:10.1017/S0008938915000345 2803:(in German) (q ed.). 1759:Lentz, Harris M. (1988). 1148:In private, according to 775:The window through which 766:Leipzig War Crimes Trials 694:right of free association 372:1932 Prussian coup d'état 235: 180:Civil liberties suspended 164: 151: 141: 102: 84: 66: 56: 44: 5676:Shakespearean authorship 5654:Shadow government claims 5457:Election denial movement 5353:Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet 3795:Diana, Princess of Wales 3346:Psychological projection 3329:Mass psychogenic illness 3050:World Socialist Web Site 3008:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2855:Central European History 2673:Shirer, William (1959). 2650:. Haz.de. 27 July 2019. 2189:. Haz.de. 26 July 2019. 2133:Shirer, William (1960). 2105:Index of Illustrations. 1945:The Third Reich in Power 1606:Botwinick, Rita (2004). 1331:Vincent de Moro-Giafferi 833:The opening of the trial 5793:Conspiracy Encyclopedia 5787:Argument from ignorance 5487:Philadelphia Experiment 5096:Avro Arrow cancellation 4921:Denial of mass killings 4603:COVID-19 and xenophobia 4087:Free energy suppression 3278:Urban legends and myths 3203:power behind the throne 3098:sciambookclub.com, 2014 3072:13 October 2009 at the 2738:Costello, John (1988). 618: 20: 5968:1930s crimes in Berlin 5893:1933 crimes in Germany 5831:Historical negationism 5250:Operation Sledgehammer 5016:Cow vigilante violence 4708:during the Black Death 3895:Great Kantō earthquake 3765:GEC-Marconi scientists 3711:Martin Luther King Jr. 3474:Lake Michigan Triangle 3443:Black Knight satellite 3304:Communal reinforcement 3218:Political conspiracies 3029:Tobias, Fritz (1964). 2392:Hitler, Adolf (2008). 2250:London Review of Books 1767:. McFarland. pp. 1477:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1433:Holborn, Hajo (1972). 1345:of the United States. 1303: 1258: 1082: 1068: 1022:beheaded by guillotine 950: 903: 883: 858: 780: 662:Political consequences 444: 377:Potempa murder of 1932 315:Occupation of the Ruhr 177:Van der Lubbe executed 72:; 91 years ago 33:considered for merging 5943:False flag operations 5898:1930s fires in Europe 5559:Stab-in-the-back myth 5363:Clockwork Orange plot 4881:Bihar human sacrifice 4812:Stab-in-the-back myth 4635:German POWs post-WWII 4517:Germ theory denialism 4512:Electronic harassment 4233:Smolensk air disaster 4197:Oklahoma City bombing 4075:Climate change denial 3871:Accidents / disasters 3807:Nepalese royal family 3294:Attitude polarization 3068:, brushtail.com 2009 2986:10.1353/his.2017.0009 2968:Nathans, Eli (2017). 2897:. London: Allen Lane. 2815:. New York: Penguin. 2567:. AFP. 27 July 2019. 1740:Delp, Alfred (2006). 1723:Duke University Press 1299: 1250: 1133:The British reporter 1077: 1059: 1016:was found guilty and 905: 897: 878: 856: 785:Marinus van der Lubbe 777:Marinus van der Lubbe 774: 750:, sitting across the 686:freedom of expression 668:Reichstag Fire Decree 524:the 5 March elections 498:Reichstag Fire Decree 479:Marinus van der Lubbe 475:Chancellor of Germany 172:Reichstag Fire Decree 156:Marinus van der Lubbe 126:52.51861°N 13.37611°E 70:27 February 1933 5948:February 1933 events 5630:Dead Internet theory 5121:Daktari Ranch affair 4906:Trojan Horse scandal 4284:anti-gender movement 4264:Gender and sexuality 4221:Madrid train bombing 4167:Lufthansa Flight 615 3855:Sushant Singh Rajput 3395:Apollo Moon landings 3299:Cognitive dissonance 2141:Simon & Schuster 1473:"The Reichstag Fire" 1343:Arthur Garfield Hays 1309:British Labour Party 1120:Night of Long Knives 886:Dimitrov's testimony 690:freedom of the press 367:Altona Bloody Sunday 5704:Redemption movement 5472:Georgia Guidestones 4745:Cultural Bolshevism 4384:Soy and masculinity 4054:Energy, environment 3958:EgyptAir Flight 990 3699:Lal Bahadur Shastri 3669:Subhas Chandra Bose 3143:Conspiracy theories 3096:Review of Hett book 3033:. New York: Putnam. 2909:The Nazi Conscience 2728:, pp. 122–126. 2565:The Times of Israel 2466:, pp. 199–214. 2442:, pp. 287–288. 2381:on 5 December 2006. 2246:"The Conspiracists" 2022:, pp. 288–289. 1923:, pp. 140–141. 1703:, pp. 286–287. 1641:, pp. 321–327. 1404:A Lesson in History 1151:Hitler's Table Talk 863:Propaganda Ministry 805:Reich Supreme Court 676:Weimar Constitution 605:Weimar Constitution 586:Paul von Hindenburg 513:Chamber of Deputies 494:Paul von Hindenburg 285:Reichstag Bloodbath 122: / 41: 5963:Reichstag building 5913:Arson in the 1930s 5799:Conspiracy fiction 5709:Sovereign citizens 5462:FBI secret society 5447:Clinton body count 5257:Gezi Park protests 5222:Ukraine bioweapons 5021:Greater Bangladesh 4763:Judeo-Masonic plot 4560:Water fluoridation 4527:HIV/AIDS denialism 4274:Alpha / beta males 4173:Widerøe Flight 933 3651:Władysław Sikorski 3390:Ancient astronauts 3031:The Reichstag Fire 2801:Der Reichstagbrand 2596:The Jerusalem Post 2412:The New York Times 2303:The New York Times 2284:The New York Times 2279:"Caesar or Nerves" 2008:The New York Times 1304: 1271:wrote that at the 1259: 1088:In 1998 historian 1069: 1018:sentenced to death 904: 873:The New York Times 859: 781: 670:into law by using 467:Reichstag building 270:Silesian Uprisings 131:52.51861; 13.37611 89:Reichstag building 39: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5745:Birds Aren't Real 5610: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5432:Black helicopters 5343:Mano Negra affair 5313:Itavia Flight 870 5240:2016 coup attempt 5144:In the Arab world 5076: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4974:Serbs during WWII 4891:Great Replacement 4749:Jewish Bolshevism 4665:War against Islam 4644:Product labeling 4613:French Revolution 4573: 4572: 4412:5G misinformation 4392: 4391: 4254: 4253: 4209:advance knowledge 4191:Pan Am Flight 103 4105: 4104: 4043: 4042: 4039: 4038: 3987:Yemenite children 3717:Robert F. Kennedy 3693:Lee Harvey Oswald 3675:Johnny Stompanato 3592: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3545:Aztec, New Mexico 3448:Cryptoterrestrial 3358: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3309:Confirmation bias 3090:The Conspiracists 2809:Evans, Richard J. 2742:Mask of Treachery 2242:Evans, Richard J. 1941:Evans, Richard J. 1462:, pp. 26–28. 1335:Betsy Bakker-Nort 1269:William L. Shirer 1143:conspiracy theory 1032:to burn down the 868:Otto D. Tolischus 760:Legal proceedings 748:Kroll Opera House 648:Vossische Zeitung 541:, who were known 483:council communist 427: 426: 192: 191: 5985: 5908:Arson in Germany 5814:pseudoskepticism 5773: 5772: 5682: 5681: 5616: 5615: 5567: 5566: 5452:Cultural Marxism 5293:Global War Party 5074: 5003: 5002: 4992: 4991: 4792:Killing of Jesus 4740:Committee of 300 4723:Holocaust denial 4676: 4675: 4660:Tartarian Empire 4630: 4621: 4598:CERN ritual hoax 4593:Bhagwa Love Trap 4579: 4578: 4532:origins theories 4417:Anti-vaccination 4398: 4397: 4348:Transvestigation 4260: 4259: 4111: 4110: 4049: 4048: 4009:Body double hoax 3843:Alejandro Castro 3741:Pope John Paul I 3723:Salvador Allende 3657:Benito Mussolini 3609: 3608: 3598: 3597: 3551:Southern England 3509: 3508: 3452:Extraterrestrial 3421: 3420: 3383:Nibiru cataclysm 3364: 3363: 3319:Locus of control 3273:Secret societies 3171: 3170: 3160: 3159: 3136: 3129: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3034: 3025: 3014:Taylor, A. J. P. 3009: 2997: 2980:(101): 171–176. 2964: 2944: 2928: 2912: 2898: 2886: 2845: 2826: 2804: 2787: 2786: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2745: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2414:. 1 March 1964. 2404: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2377:. Archived from 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2238: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2113:on 18 June 2008. 2109:. 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Evans 510: 473:was sworn in as 460: 459: 458: 457: 455: 439: 340:Beer Hall Putsch 335:Hamburg Uprising 230: 228: 218: 211: 204: 195: 194: 137: 136: 134: 133: 132: 127: 123: 120: 119: 118: 115: 80: 78: 73: 62: 57:Native name 49: 42: 38: 36: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5872: 5804:Conspirituality 5778: 5759: 5723: 5714:Strawman theory 5680: 5621: 5598: 5565: 5526:Saddam–al-Qaeda 5502:Project Azorian 5482:Montauk Project 5384: 5368:Elm Guest House 5329:Roman Republic 5273: 5262:Sèvres syndrome 5226: 5185: 5132: 5101:Leuchter report 5073: 5067: 5051:Finger-pinching 4997: 4978: 4919: 4916:Genocide denial 4910: 4862: 4816: 4802:New World Order 4674: 4626: 4615: 4584: 4569: 4439:in chiropractic 4403: 4388: 4355:Finger pinching 4343:litter box hoax 4309:HIV/AIDS stigma 4265: 4250: 4227:London bombings 4119: 4101: 4056: 4055: 4035: 4004: 3969: 3913:Lost Cosmonauts 3866: 3849:Jeffrey Epstein 3825:Osama bin Laden 3801:Alois Estermann 3687:John F. Kennedy 3633:Louis Le Prince 3616: 3603: 3580: 3507: 3433:Alien abduction 3419: 3378:2012 phenomenon 3369: 3350: 3282: 3165: 3154: 3145: 3140: 3074:Wayback Machine 3055: 3053: 3044: 3041: 2925: 2842: 2823: 2790: 2783: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2390: 2386: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2287:. 2 March 1933. 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2239: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2045: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1938: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1834: 1827: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1786: 1779: 1757: 1753: 1738: 1734: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1604: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1543: 1539: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1500: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1399: 1351:Stafford Cripps 1294: 1286:Nuremberg trial 1245: 1208: 1054: 1043: 1010: 996:John Heartfield 992: 984:Roland Freisler 967: 955: 888: 848: 835: 793:Georgi Dimitrov 769: 762: 698:public assembly 664: 630:Joseph Goebbels 624: 623:Shortly after 9 621: 570: 531:Georgi Dimitrov 508: 453: 450: 449: 448: 445:Reichstagsbrand 435: 428: 423: 310:Klaipėda Revolt 231: 226: 224: 222: 188: 130: 128: 124: 121: 116: 113: 111: 109: 108: 76: 74: 71: 61:Reichstagsbrand 52: 37: 21: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5991: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:Radicalization 5855: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5826:Fringe science 5823: 5821:Falsifiability 5818: 5817: 5816: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5719:Tax protesters 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5651: 5649:New chronology 5642: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5594:Stop the Steal 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5514: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5278:Other European 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5236: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5207:Golden billion 5204: 5199: 5197:Alaska payment 5193: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5079: 5077: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5009: 5007: 4999: 4998: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4827: 4825: 4823:Anti-Christian 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4742: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4728:Trivialization 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4673: 4672: 4670:White genocide 4667: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4642: 4640:Priory of Sion 4637: 4632: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4444:misinformation 4441: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4326:Lavender scare 4318: 4317: 4316: 4306: 4304:gay Nazis myth 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4179:KAL Flight 007 4176: 4170: 4164: 4155: 4149: 4146:Reichstag fire 4143: 4134: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4080:false theories 4072: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4026:Vladimir Putin 4023: 4018: 4016:Paul McCartney 4012: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3952:TWA Flight 800 3949: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3919:JAT Flight 367 3916: 3910: 3904: 3901:Lynmouth Flood 3898: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3819:Benazir Bhutto 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3735:Renny Ottolina 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3681:Marilyn Monroe 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3639:Lord Kitchener 3636: 3630: 3627:Zachary Taylor 3623: 3621: 3605: 3604: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3517: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3463: 3458: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3253:Hidden message 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3197:éminence grise 3193: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3076: 3063: 3040: 3039:External links 3037: 3036: 3035: 3026: 3010: 2998: 2965: 2955:(4): 351–413. 2929: 2923: 2903:Koonz, Claudia 2899: 2887: 2861:(2): 199–224. 2846: 2841:978-0199322329 2840: 2827: 2821: 2805: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2763: 2757:978-0002175364 2756: 2730: 2718: 2716:, p. 120. 2706: 2680: 2665: 2639: 2613: 2582: 2552: 2521: 2494: 2468: 2456: 2454:, p. 315. 2444: 2432: 2399: 2384: 2366: 2364:, p. 144. 2362:Mommsen (1972) 2354: 2334: 2308: 2290: 2270: 2244:(7 May 2014). 2228: 2224:Kershaw (1998) 2216: 2204: 2175: 2164:. 27 July 2019 2162:Deutsche Welle 2146: 2143:. p. 193. 2125: 2116: 2097: 2090: 2072: 2036: 2034:, p. 289. 2024: 2012: 2000: 1998:, p. 140. 1985: 1981:Monthly Review 1972: 1970:, p. 142. 1960: 1953: 1925: 1913: 1911:, p. 288. 1901: 1894: 1876: 1869: 1851: 1832: 1826:978-0191604522 1825: 1799: 1784: 1778:978-0899503127 1777: 1751: 1748:. p. 177. 1746:Ignatius Press 1732: 1705: 1693: 1686: 1668: 1661: 1643: 1631: 1625:978-0131773196 1624: 1598: 1596:, p. 321. 1586: 1584:, p. 307. 1574: 1572:, p. 299. 1562: 1555: 1537: 1525: 1508:Deutsche Welle 1494: 1464: 1452: 1446:978-0394471228 1445: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1398: 1395: 1391:The Brown Book 1327:Piet Vermeylen 1293: 1290: 1281:Hermann Göring 1244: 1241: 1230:Czechoslovakia 1207: 1204: 1200:Deutsche Welle 1053: 1050: 1042: 1039: 1012:At his trial, 1009: 1006: 991: 988: 972:People's Court 966: 965:Other outcomes 963: 954: 951: 887: 884: 847: 846:Media coverage 844: 834: 831: 822:Wilhelm Bünger 783:In July 1933, 761: 758: 663: 660: 639:Hermann Göring 620: 617: 569: 566: 465:attack on the 432:Reichstag fire 425: 424: 422: 421: 416: 411: 405: 404: 400: 399: 394: 392:Reichstag fire 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 357:Stennes revolt 354: 348: 347: 343: 342: 337: 332: 330:German October 327: 325:Küstrin Putsch 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 241: 240: 236: 233: 232: 221: 220: 213: 206: 198: 190: 189: 187: 186: 185: 184: 181: 178: 168: 166: 162: 161: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 106: 100: 99: 86: 82: 81: 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 50: 40:Reichstag fire 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5990: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5774: 5770: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5694:Admiralty law 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5635:NESARA/GESARA 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5617: 5613: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5571:2020 election 5568: 5560: 5556: 5555:POW/MIA issue 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542:Trump–Ukraine 5540: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5427:Biden–Ukraine 5425: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397:Barack Obama 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5390:United States 5387: 5379: 5378:Voting pencil 5376: 5374: 5373:Harold Wilson 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5111:Casa Matusita 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4989: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4949:The Holocaust 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4876:Counter-jihad 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4858:Giuseppe Siri 4856: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4831:Anti-Catholic 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4703:Doctors' plot 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4500:United States 4497: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379:Satanic panic 4377: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4314:United States 4312: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4032: 4031:Melania Trump 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021:Avril Lavigne 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3993:Elvis Presley 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3813:Yasser Arafat 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3789:Yitzhak Rabin 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 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He was 959:Reichstag 946:Reichstag 938:on fire! 936:Reichstag 737:Reichstag 724:Reichstag 716:Reichstag 635:Reichstag 601:Reichstag 590:Reichstag 543:Comintern 491:President 487:Communist 461:) was an 437:‹See Tfd› 346:1929-1933 239:1918-1923 114:52°31′7″N 31:is being 5777:See also 5640:New Coke 5497:The Plan 5406:religion 5299:Ireland 5289:Georgia 5285:Euromyth 5268:Üst akıl 5217:Rasputin 5072:Americas 4996:Regional 4929:Armenian 4481:vaccines 4476:lab leak 4466:COVID-19 4338:Grooming 3620:theories 3341:Paranoia 3238:Dystopia 3214:Criminal 3164:Overview 3070:Archived 3004:(1976). 2961:30197002 2905:(2003). 2893:(1998). 2875:43965146 2811:(2004). 2693:Archived 2652:Archived 2626:Archived 2600:Archived 2569:Archived 2539:Archived 2535:Die Welt 2508:Archived 2481:Archived 2345:(1940). 2321:Archived 2191:Archived 2059:Archived 1943:(2005). 1512:Archived 1481:Archived 1397:See also 1222:Hannover 1216:and the 174:enacted 85:Location 35:. › 24:template 5420:Spygate 5349:Sweden 5175:Israel 5092:Canada 4964:Rwandan 4959:Nanjing 4939:Bosnian 4886:Eurabia 4846:Vatican 4836:Jesuits 4631:(1940s) 4549:Medbeds 4374:Gaylors 4370:Larries 4205:(2001) 4160:Liberty 3945:Estonia 3888:Titanic 3618:suicide 3533:Roswell 3438:Area 51 3268:Secrecy 2939:(ed.). 2606:28 July 2575:28 July 1066:Leipzig 953:Verdict 809:Leipzig 674:of the 568:Prelude 403:Related 352:Blutmai 165:Outcome 97:Germany 75: ( 5533:(2012) 5512:Pastel 5339:Spain 5309:Italy 5232:Turkey 5190:Russia 5012:India 4780:Z.O.G. 4653:Kosher 4556:(2003) 4492:Canada 4422:autism 4402:Health 4247:(2023) 4241:(2014) 4235:(2010) 4229:(2005) 4223:(2004) 4199:(1995) 4193:(1988) 4187:(1986) 4181:(1983) 4175:(1982) 4169:(1972) 4163:(1967) 4154:(1941) 4148:(1933) 4142:(1915) 4133:(1898) 4001:(1978) 3995:(1977) 3983:(1431) 3966:(2014) 3960:(1999) 3954:(1996) 3948:(1994) 3939:(1993) 3933:(1987) 3927:(1972) 3921:(1972) 3909:(1959) 3903:(1952) 3897:(1923) 3891:(1912) 3882:(1872) 3863:(2021) 3857:(2020) 3851:(2019) 3845:(2018) 3839:(2016) 3833:(2013) 3827:(2011) 3821:(2007) 3815:(2004) 3809:(2001) 3803:(1998) 3797:(1997) 3791:(1995) 3785:(1994) 3779:(1993) 3773:(1993) 3761:(1988) 3755:(1986) 3749:(1979) 3743:(1978) 3737:(1978) 3731:(1978) 3725:(1973) 3719:(1968) 3713:(1968) 3707:(1967) 3701:(1966) 3695:(1963) 3689:(1963) 3683:(1962) 3677:(1958) 3671:(1945) 3665:(1945) 3659:(1945) 3653:(1943) 3647:(1917) 3641:(1916) 3635:(1890) 3629:(1850) 3577:(2009) 3571:(1995) 3559:(1987) 3553:(1967) 3547:(1949) 3541:(1947) 3535:(1947) 3529:(1947) 3523:(1884) 3513:Hoaxes 3470:(1948) 3186:Cabals 2992: 2959: 2921: 2881: 2873: 2838: 2819: 2779: 2754: 2418: 2256: 2088: 1951: 1892: 1867: 1823: 1775: 1684: 1659: 1622: 1553: 1443: 1321:chief 1252:Göring 1026:Saxony 799:, and 711:putsch 692:, the 625: 576:, the 537:, and 509: 454:listen 441:German 93:Berlin 5809:Dogma 5620:Other 5507:QAnon 5165:Iran 5107:Peru 4969:Sayfo 4853:Bible 4648:Halal 4620:] 4507:Ebola 4130:Maine 4092:HAARP 3479:MJ-12 3210:Civil 2990:S2CID 2957:JSTOR 2879:S2CID 2871:JSTOR 2699:4 May 2065:1 May 1639:Evans 1616:90–92 1594:Evans 1582:Evans 1570:Evans 1421:Notes 902:stamp 463:arson 146:Arson 5735:Acre 5006:Asia 4554:SARS 4522:GMOs 4158:USS 4137:RMS 4128:USS 3886:RMS 3425:UFOs 3058:2023 2919:ISBN 2836:ISBN 2817:ISBN 2777:ISBN 2752:ISBN 2701:2011 2660:2019 2634:2019 2608:2019 2577:2019 2547:2019 2516:2019 2489:2019 2427:2021 2416:ISSN 2329:2007 2265:2021 2254:ISSN 2199:2019 2170:2023 2086:ISBN 2067:2008 1949:ISBN 1890:ISBN 1865:ISBN 1821:ISBN 1773:ISBN 1682:ISBN 1657:ISBN 1620:ISBN 1551:ISBN 1520:2013 1489:2013 1441:ISBN 870:for 746:The 696:and 619:Fire 430:The 142:Type 67:Date 5359:UK 4490:in 4427:MMR 3943:MS 2982:doi 2863:doi 2748:296 1727:194 1261:In 1167:SPD 1064:in 807:in 5889:: 4618:fr 3104:A 3048:. 3022:10 3020:. 2988:. 2978:50 2976:. 2972:. 2953:12 2917:. 2915:33 2877:. 2869:. 2859:48 2857:. 2853:. 2750:. 2598:. 2594:. 2563:. 2533:. 2410:. 2319:. 2301:. 2281:. 2248:. 2231:^ 2178:^ 2160:. 2149:^ 2051:. 2039:^ 1988:^ 1928:^ 1835:^ 1819:. 1817:18 1787:^ 1771:. 1769:74 1744:. 1721:. 1618:. 1510:. 1506:. 1475:. 1360:SA 1267:, 1232:. 986:. 876:: 795:, 791:, 787:, 726:. 688:, 684:, 641:, 611:. 533:, 504:. 477:. 447:, 443:: 95:, 91:, 4918:/ 3615:/ 3135:e 3128:t 3121:v 3060:. 2996:. 2984:: 2963:. 2927:. 2885:. 2865:: 2844:. 2825:. 2785:. 2760:. 2703:. 2662:. 2636:. 2610:. 2579:. 2549:. 2518:. 2491:. 2429:. 2331:. 2305:. 2267:. 2214:. 2201:. 2172:. 2094:. 2069:. 1957:. 1898:. 1873:. 1829:. 1781:. 1729:. 1690:. 1665:. 1628:. 1559:. 1522:. 1491:. 1449:. 974:( 768:. 434:( 217:e 210:t 203:v 79:)

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