365:
482:. This Persianised combination was later known as Rekhta (the ancestor of Modern Standard Urdu). The poem effectively conveys the agony experienced due to the distance from the beloved. This sentiment is skillfully portrayed through a remarkable fusion of both languages, resulting in a harmonious blend that enhances the overall impact of the poem.
886:
Persian, the last two in Brij Bhasha. The poem expresses the agony of separation from the beloved, in both the languages with a superb fusion…which to my understanding signifies how different yet similiar is the expression of the agony of separation amongst the elite ( representing
Persian) and the common man ( through Braj Bhasha).
885:
Zehaal -e
Miskeen is a master piece written in both the languages in Persian (bold) and Brij Bhasha (italics). In the first verse, the first line is in Persian, the second in Brij Bhasha, the third in Persian again, and the fourth in Brij Bhasha. In the remaining verses, the first two lines are in
375:
As
Hindavi began to evolve into a literary language in the 18th century, the new term Rekhta carried over to describe this language. It denoted the Persianized, "high" form of Hindavi used in poetry, as opposed to the speech of the common population. The word was used alongside names like Urdu and
535:
Rekhta is the old name of Urdu. Amir
Khusrau, the late 13th Century poet wrote in Rekhta. It changed its name many times and came to be known as Dakkani, Gujari, Hindavi, etc at various points of time. Mir and Ghalib also wrote in Rekhta, which later came to be known as Urdu in the late 19th
666:
Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of
Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it
863:
Any translation can be endlessly improved upon, but especially of the ghazal "Zihaal- e-Miskeen" by Amir
Khusrau. It is composed in two languages, Persian, and Brij Bhasha — also called "Hindavi" and considered to be an archaic form of what later became
841:
Attributed to Amir
Khusrau, this is the first ever Ghazal written in Rekhta. The first line of which is in Persian whereas the second is in Hindvi. An extremely popular romantic Ghazal, it has long been a stable for a host of Qawwali
251:
register of
Hindustani, exclusively used by poets. It was not only the vocabulary that was Persianized, but also the poetic metaphors, inspired by Indian landscapes and seasons, were abandoned in favor of the Persian ones i.e.
636:
Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century AD in and around the Indian cities of Dehli and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony.
38:
559:
356:). Sometimes this was done by writing some lines of the poem in Persian, and others in Hindavi. Alternatively, both Persian and Hindavi could feature in a single line.
310:, who contributed in the development of the language. Later from the 18th century, the dialect became the literary language and was further developed by the poets
854:
830:
2997:
1166:
1133:
774:
805:
687:
548:
732:
3002:
916:
659:
600:
1159:
294:') for the 'Rekhta' dialect (the ancestor of Modern Urdu), the Persianized offshoot of the Apabharamsa vernacular
2692:
876:
814:
757:
629:
1128:
1565:
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2135:
1981:
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96:
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1040:
450:
339:
322:
period, and the term eventually fallen out and came to be known as "Urdu", by the end of the century.
2987:
2851:
2552:
2526:
1965:
1849:
1113:
909:
2747:
1511:
348:) means "scattered" but also "mixed". The name was given to an early form of courtly literature in
1088:
592:
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81:
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2100:
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1249:
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86:
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352:, where poems were made by combining Persian and early Hindustani (referred to as Hindavi or
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2011:
1801:
1728:
1711:
1456:
1286:
936:
555:
549:"Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India"
281:
224:
140:
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376:
Hindi. Its usage in this sense lasted into the 19th century, as evidenced by a
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211:
133:
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2493:
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1595:
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302:, and gave shape to it in the Islamic literature, thus called "the father of
236:
228:
196:
144:
101:
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37:
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1811:
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1045:
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149:
855:"Translating Amir Khusrau's 'Zihaal-e-Miskeen', The Ghazal Of Ghazals"
2895:
2804:
2784:
1476:
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1203:
471:
295:
174:
162:
2933:
2675:
2026:
1491:
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2738:
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999:
526:
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1506:
1397:
1322:
1019:
501:
459:
43:
364:
2021:
1919:
775:"Meer Taqi Meer: 10 couplets we can use in our conversations"
349:
56:
831:"ze-haal-e-miskin makun taghaful durae nainan banae batiyan"
2722:
2035:
925:
2814:
695:. Oxford University Press. pp. 29–31. Archived from
647:
414:
They say, in the ages past, that there was one (called)
894:
243:. According to the Pakistani linguist and historian
689:From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History
589:From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History
412:You are not the sole grandmaster of Rekhta, Ghalib
2979:
615:
651:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
1160:
910:
772:
681:
679:
677:
675:
433:had largely fallen out of use and terms like
734:Famous Indian sages: their immortal messages
730:
429:By the eighteenth century however, the term
405:Kahtē haĩ aglē zamānē mē̃ kōī 'mīr' bhī thā
235:scripts and is considered an early form of
1167:
1153:
917:
903:
798:
752:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
672:
394:کہتے ہیں اگلے زمانے میں کوئی مِیرؔ بھی تھا
393:
389:
298:, towards its emergence during the era of
201:
46:, the notable poet of the 'Rekhta' dialect
36:
2998:Languages attested from the 13th century
1174:
806:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
363:
403:Rēk͟htē kē tum hī ustād nahī̃ hō ġālib,
2980:
747:
685:
586:
306:". Other early Muslim poets, includes
16:Early term for the Hindustani language
1148:
898:
390:ريختہ کے تُم ہی اُستاد نہیں ہو غالِبؔ
343:
218:
205:
582:
580:
397:
773:Sweta Kaushal (20 September 2015).
731:Bhattacharya, Vivek Ranjan (1982).
648:Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008).
359:
276:
200:
13:
766:
565:from the original on 28 March 2016
14:
3014:
877:"Zehaal-e-Miskeen -~Amir Khusrau"
577:
444:
227:. This style evolved in both the
2870:(unknown further classification)
869:
847:
823:
792:
1134:Uddin & Begum Romanisation
741:
724:
714:"All writings of Amir Khusraw"
706:
641:
609:
541:
519:
1:
1129:Progressive Writers' Movement
616:Kathleen Kuiper, ed. (2011).
512:
3003:Central Indo-Aryan languages
527:"Frequently Asked Questions"
325:
7:
779:Hindustan Times (newspaper)
485:
371:, a 13th-century Urdu poet.
223:) was an early form of the
10:
3019:
451:Hindustani classical music
448:
18:
2947:
2904:
2860:
2837:
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2736:
2710:
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1989:
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1933:
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1212:
1191:
1182:
1081:
1058:
1028:
987:
980:
932:
748:Masica, Colin P. (1993).
338:
271:used the term "Hindavi" (
215:
172:
160:
155:
130:
70:
62:
51:
35:
30:
2748:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
924:
809:(2 ed.). Elsevier.
750:The Indo-Aryan Languages
470:, through combining the
19:Not to be confused with
593:Oxford University Press
2956:Indo-Iranian languages
1073:Hindi-Urdu controversy
686:Rahman, Tariq (2011).
587:Rahman, Tariq (2011).
410:
401:
372:
247:, Rekhta was a highly
2626:Maharashtrian Konkani
737:. Sagar Publications.
367:
241:Modern Standard Hindi
2914:Andaman Creole Hindi
2345:Bishnupriya Manipuri
2165:Caribbean Hindustani
1176:Indo-Aryan languages
618:The Culture of India
237:Modern Standard Urdu
2993:Hindustani language
2961:Nuristani languages
2693:Mitanni superstrate
1302:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
799:Hindustani (2005).
702:on 10 October 2014.
556:Columbia University
256:(spring) replacing
225:Hindustani language
66:13th-18th centuries
2847:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2728:Early Ardhamagadhi
881:blindtobounds.blog
373:
345:[ɾeːxˈtan]
220:[ˈreːxtaː]
207:[ˈreːxtaː]
2975:
2974:
2966:Iranian languages
2833:
2832:
2753:Dramatic Prakrits
2664:
2663:
2639:
2638:
2540:
2539:
2457:
2456:
2413:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
2310:
2309:
2130:
2129:
1976:
1975:
1966:list of languages
1666:
1665:
1619:
1618:
1535:
1534:
1377:
1376:
1142:
1141:
1054:
1053:
661:978-0-08-087774-7
602:978-0-19-906313-0
435:Hindi, Hindustani
423:
422:
285:
263:The 13th century
188:
187:
3010:
2988:Dialects of Urdu
2852:Proto-Indo-Aryan
2708:
2707:
2631:Canarese Konkani
2560:
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1986:
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859:Outlookindia.com
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497:Persian and Urdu
398:
395:
391:
360:Origin and usage
347:
342:
280:
278:
260:(rainy season).
222:
217:
209:
204:
203:
184:
165:
136:
76:
40:
28:
27:
21:Rekhta (website)
3018:
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2718:Ashokan Prakrit
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2427:
2384:
2317:
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2216:
2190:
2169:
2126:
2110:
2079:
2051:Hyderabadi Urdu
1972:
1929:
1821:
1738:
1662:
1615:
1606:Pahari-Pothwari
1577:
1531:
1512:Pahari Kinnauri
1433:
1412:
1373:
1339:Indus Kohistani
1332:Hazara Division
1327:
1306:
1270:
1254:
1208:
1178:
1173:
1143:
1138:
1077:
1050:
1036:Aurangabad Urdu
1024:
976:
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464:Urdu literature
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304:Urdu literature
300:Delhi Sultanate
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74:Language family
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1697:Lisan ud-Dawat
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465:
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146:
145:Urdu alphabet
142:
139:
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113:
110:
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108:
105:
104:
103:
102:Western Hindi
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
82:Indo-European
79:
75:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2919:Bombay Hindi
2861:Unclassified
2758:Ardhamagadhi
2585:Berar Deccan
2439:Chittagonian
2432:Chittagonian
2055:
1925:Vaagri Booli
1890:Pauri Bareli
1885:Palya Bareli
1850:Dhodia–Kukna
1540:Northwestern
1230:Kundal Shahi
1041:British Urdu
1014:
884:
880:
871:
862:
858:
849:
840:
834:
825:
804:
794:
782:. Retrieved
778:
768:
749:
743:
733:
726:
717:
708:
697:the original
688:
665:
654:. Elsevier.
650:
643:
635:
617:
611:
588:
567:. Retrieved
543:
534:
530:
521:
468:Amir Khusrau
455:
454:
438:
434:
430:
428:
426:
424:
411:
402:
388:
384:Mirza Ghalib
377:
374:
369:Amir Khusrau
330:
329:
318:in the late
291:
287:
269:Amir Khusrau
267:Muslim poet
265:Indo-Persian
262:
257:
253:
245:Tariq Rehman
229:Perso-Arabic
191:
190:
189:
173:
141:Perso-Arabic
111:
97:Central Zone
87:Indo-Iranian
42:The poem of
25:
2907:and creoles
2889:Lahul Lohar
2768:Maharashtri
2365:Mal Paharia
2355:Kharia Thar
1997:Braj Bhasha
1099:Informatics
801:Keith Brown
507:Urdu poetry
476:Braj Bhasha
249:Persianized
2982:Categories
2810:Apabhraṃśa
2796:Apabhraṃśa
2773:Shauraseni
2489:Bodo Parja
2474:Sambalpuri
2406:Goalpariya
2380:Tanchangya
2370:Noakhailla
2295:Bote-Darai
2106:Fiji Hindi
2075:Sadhukkadi
2046:Judeo-Urdu
2012:Hindustani
1802:Shekhawati
1744:Rajasthani
1729:Saurashtra
1457:Bhadarwahi
1287:Gawar-Bati
1094:Literature
1046:Roman Urdu
1010:Hyderabadi
962:Vocabulary
937:Hindustani
718:rekhta.org
531:rekhta.org
513:References
449:See also:
308:Baba Farid
233:Devanagari
150:Devanagari
107:Hindustani
92:Indo-Aryan
2896:Sheikhgal
2840:languages
2805:Abahattha
2785:Paishachi
2686:Classical
2651:Maldivian
2423:Surjapuri
2389:Kamarupic
2291:Kuswaric
2153:Bhojpuric
1941:Khandeshi
1477:Chambeali
1472:Bilaspuri
1369:Mankiyali
1297:Shumashti
1292:Nangalami
1204:Kishtwari
981:Varieties
957:Phonology
474:language
472:Old Hindi
326:Etymology
296:Old Hindi
175:Glottolog
163:ISO 639-3
2952:See also
2934:Nefamese
2929:Nagamese
2820:Kamarupi
2780:Gāndhārī
2737:Middle (
2676:Sanskrit
2614:Konkanic
2563:Marathic
2553:Marathi–
2545:Southern
2449:Rohingya
2418:Rangpuri
2396:Assamese
2360:Kurmukar
2338:dialects
2318:Kamarupa
2202:Maithili
2195:Maithili
2160:Bhojpuri
2065:Kannauji
2027:Hinglish
2007:Haryanvi
1772:Dhundari
1722:Wadiyara
1704:Jandavra
1692:Gujarati
1679:Gujarati
1601:Khetrani
1566:dialects
1522:Sirmauri
1502:Jaunsari
1492:Mandeali
1487:Pangwali
1467:Bhateali
1424:Garhwali
1383:Northern
1349:Chilisso
1225:Brokskat
1199:Kashmiri
1192:Kashmiri
1060:Politics
1005:Dhakaiya
988:Dialects
967:Nastaliq
947:Alphabet
842:singers.
569:23 April
560:Archived
536:Century.
492:Dobhashi
486:See also
286:'of
182:rekh1239
2905:Pidgins
2884:Chinali
2874:Bazigar
2868:Badeshi
2763:Magadhi
2739:Prakrit
2656:Sinhala
2644:Insular
2621:Konkani
2600:Katkari
2595:Phudagi
2575:Varhadi
2570:Marathi
2555:Konkani
2527:Bhunjia
2401:Kamrupi
2375:Sylheti
2333:Bengali
2326:Bengali
2287:Kumhali
2254:Kochila
2242:Tharuic
2233:Kurmali
2221:Sadanic
2212:Bajjika
2186:Khortha
2136:Eastern
2096:Bagheli
2084:Eastern
2041:Deccani
2017:Kauravi
2002:Bundeli
1990:Western
1982:Central
1951:Dawoodi
1946:Lambadi
1870:Bhilori
1840:Bhilali
1787:Marwari
1777:Harauti
1717:Parkari
1671:Western
1638:Kholosi
1633:Jadgali
1611:Saraiki
1561:Punjabi
1554:Eastern
1547:Punjabi
1517:Hinduri
1462:Churahi
1439:Western
1429:Kumaoni
1417:Central
1391:Eastern
1318:Kalasha
1311:Chitral
1266:Pashayi
1259:Pashayi
1235:Kalkoti
1119:Writers
1000:Dakhini
972:Braille
952:Grammar
942:History
803:(ed.).
784:18 July
480:Persian
354:Dehlavi
335:Persian
284:
273:Persian
258:barsaat
216:रेख़्ता
55:Around
2838:Proto-
2794:Late (
2703:Middle
2605:Kadodi
2532:Nahari
2509:Halbic
2484:Bhatri
2444:Chakma
2350:Hajong
2316:Gauda–
2300:Danwar
2280:Others
2271:Musasa
2207:Angika
2181:Magahi
2174:Magahi
2145:Bihari
2115:Others
2091:Awadhi
2056:Rekhta
2031:Urdish
1961:Romani
1956:Domari
1934:Others
1915:Vasavi
1900:Pardhi
1880:Magari
1875:Mawchi
1865:Bauria
1855:Dhanki
1845:Chodri
1817:Nimadi
1807:Dhatki
1797:Mewari
1792:Mewati
1767:Gujari
1762:Loarki
1757:Goaria
1734:Vaghri
1658:Sindhi
1653:Memoni
1648:Luwati
1643:Kutchi
1625:Sindhi
1591:Hindko
1583:Lahnda
1527:Sarazi
1507:Kullui
1452:Kangri
1408:Nepali
1398:Doteli
1364:Tirahi
1359:Kalami
1344:Bateri
1323:Khowar
1282:Dameli
1245:Palula
1240:Ushoji
1184:Dardic
1109:Poetry
1104:Cinema
1089:Awards
1020:Urdish
1015:Rekhta
813:
756:
667:Hindwi
658:
628:
599:
502:Rekhti
460:ghazal
431:Rekhta
333:(from
331:Rekhtā
320:Mughal
316:Ghalib
254:bahaar
192:Rekhta
112:Rekhta
52:Region
44:Ghalib
31:Rekhta
2939:Vedda
2711:Early
2681:Vedic
2590:Varli
2522:Kamar
2517:Halbi
2499:Kupia
2479:Desia
2266:Majhi
2259:Buksa
2249:Tharu
2228:Sadri
2122:Parya
2070:Sansi
2022:Hindi
1920:Wagdi
1910:Kalto
1905:Gamit
1860:Dubli
1835:Bhili
1782:Malvi
1752:Bagri
1712:Kachi
1708:Koli
1573:Sansi
1482:Gaddi
1447:Dogri
1403:Jumli
1354:Gowro
1275:Kunar
1220:Shina
1213:Shina
1124:Poets
1114:Music
1029:Forms
864:Urdu.
700:(PDF)
693:(PDF)
563:(PDF)
552:(PDF)
350:Delhi
340:ریختن
337:verb
292:India
277:ھندوی
212:Hindi
202:ریختہ
57:Delhi
2723:Pāli
2580:Andh
2494:Reli
2469:Odia
2462:Odia
2036:Urdu
1827:Bhil
1596:Inku
1250:Sawi
1082:Arts
926:Urdu
811:ISBN
786:2020
754:ISBN
656:ISBN
626:ISBN
597:ISBN
571:2018
439:Urdu
437:and
379:sher
314:and
288:Hind
282:lit.
239:and
231:and
197:Urdu
2815:Elu
2669:Old
1687:Aer
462:in
416:Mir
382:of
312:Mir
290:or
63:Era
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