39:
448:
to each other by some set of language-specific rules, making the number 4 compare equal to the text string "4", for instance. Although such behaviour is typically meant to make the language easier, it can lead to surprising and difficult to predict consequences that many programmers are unaware of.
411:
Other programming elements such as computable functions, may either have no sense of equality, or an equality that is uncomputable. For these reasons, some languages define an explicit notion of "comparable", in the form of a base class, an interface, a trait or a protocol, which is used either
2291:(GCC), provide a warning when compiling code containing an assignment operator inside an if statement, though there are some legitimate uses of an assignment inside an if-condition. In such cases, the assignment must be wrapped in an extra pair of parentheses explicitly, to avoid the warning.
2094:
As a small type system was later introduced, B then became C. The popularity of this language along with its association with Unix, led to Java, C#, and many other languages following suit, syntactically, despite this needless conflict with the mathematical meaning of the equal sign.
338:
Structural equality (that is, their contents are the same). which may be either shallow (testing only immediate subparts), or deep (testing for equality of subparts recursively). A simple way to achieve this is through representational equality: checking that the values have the same
342:
Some other tailor-made equality, preserving the external behavior. For example, 1/2 and 2/4 are considered equal when seen as a rational number. A possible requirement would be that "A = B if and only if all operations on objects A and B will have the same result", in addition to
327:
Location equality (identity): if two references (A and B) reference the same object. Interactions with the object through A are indistinguishable from the same interactions through B, and in particular changes to the object through A are reflected through
2347:
is used accidentally, the resulting code is invalid because 2 is not a variable. The compiler will generate an error message, on which the proper operator can be substituted. This coding style is termed left-hand comparison, or
663:
1855:
does not do that since it maintains some compatibility with C, and "Allowing C expressions but with subtly different semantics (albeit arguably in the right direction) would add more confusion than convenience".
273:
can be used interchangeably in any context without noticing any difference". But this statement does not necessarily hold, particularly when taking into account mutability together with content equality.
1736:, if supported by the programming language, which means that they appear between their operands (the two expressions being related). For example, an expression in Python will print the message if the
545:
a comparison operator – that is, assigning a programmer-defined meaning that depends on the data types being compared. Another alternative is using some convention such as member-wise comparison.
257:
There can be multiple valid definitions of equality, and any particular language might adopt one or more of them, depending on various design aspects. One possible meaning of equality is that "if
388:, and it may be necessary to test for equality within a given tolerance. Such tolerance, however, can easily break desired properties such as transitivity, whereas reflexivity breaks too: the
2083:
or similar) and were allowed in expressions, this non standard meaning of the equal sign meant that the traditional semantics of the equal sign now had to be associated with another symbol.
1824:
However, many recent programming languages would see an expression like 3 < x < y as consisting of two left (or right-) associative operators, interpreting it as something like
2840:
3155:
has suggested that this may have had to do with "economy of typing" as updates of variables may be more frequent than comparisons in certain types of programs
3164:
A zero scalar value is interpreted as false while any non-zero scalar value is interpreted as true; this is typically used with integer types, similar to
582:
1851:
do that. Others, such as C# and Java, do not, partly because it would differ from the way most other infix operators work in C-like languages. The
2864:
to mean "b is a member of the set a", though the details of what it means to be a member vary considerably depending on the data types involved.
464:
A strict equality operator is also often available in those languages, returning true only for values with identical or equivalent types (in PHP,
535:(data types for which the programming language has no in-built understanding) may be carried out by custom-written or library functions (such as
2248:
have the same operators as C, this mistake usually causes a compile error in these languages instead, because the if-condition must be of type
564:, such that they can all be defined in terms of one another. The following four conditional statements all have the same logical equivalence
2024:
This uniform de facto standard among most programming languages was eventually changed, indirectly, by a minimalist compiled language named
373:
objects may be distinct objects (unequal in the first sense) but contain the same sequence of characters (equal in the second sense). See
1876:
3138:
As some programmers were confused by the dual meanings (bitwise operator, and logical connective) of these new symbols (according to
2306:
equality, as they are syntactically separate (as with Pascal, Ada, Python, etc., assignment operators cannot appear in expressions).
291:
1684:
in
Macsyma/Maxima. Common Lisp has multiple other sets of equality and relational operators serving different purposes, including
103:
1836:
which generally does not make sense. However, it does compile in C/C++ and some other languages, yielding surprising result (as
75:
374:
246:
Equality is used in many programming language constructs and data types. It is used to test if an element already exists in a
3114:
82:
56:
1813:
In mathematics, it is common practice to chain relational operators, such as in 3 < x < y < 20 (meaning 3 < x
528:, the efficiency of comparison code is critical since it is one of the major factors contributing to sorting performance.
1732:
Relational operators are also used in technical literature instead of words. Relational operators are usually written in
3210:
3064:
2887:
122:
89:
510:, the usual convention is to assign −1 if a < b, 0 if a = b and 1 if a > b. For example, the C function
214:, relational operators return the integers 0 or 1, where 0 stands for false and any non-zero value stands for true.
3200:
206:, these operators usually evaluate to true or false, depending on if the conditional relationship between the two
2917:
71:
2578:
when a and b are two string objects containing equivalent characters, the === operator will still return true.
2445:
2309:
Some programmers get in the habit of writing comparisons against a constant in the reverse of the usual order:
2245:
1543:
1304:
230:
60:
2836:
2719:
2681:
2606:
2502:
2276:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1969:
1567:
1502:
1103:
955:
254:
to dispatch the control flow to the correct branch, and during the unification process in logic programming.
195:
502:
When it is desired to associate a numeric value with the result of a comparison between two data items, say
2738:
2009:
320:
2700:
2544:
2241:
1848:
1779:
1705:
1571:
1551:
404:
arithmetic (posit proponents mean to replace IEEE floats) has a similar concept, NaR (Not a Real), where
283:
203:
2355:
This table lists the different mechanisms to test for these two types of equality in various languages:
3205:
2272:
2044:
1981:
1945:
1066:
910:
680:
The most common numerical relational operators used in programming languages are shown below. Standard
495:
comparison of non-numeric data is performed according to a sort convention (such as, for text strings,
199:
2522:
2112:
2079:
in B. The reason for all this being unknown. As variable updates had no special syntax in B (such as
1547:
951:
385:
370:
331:
Content equality: if the objects referenced by two references (A and B) are equivalent in some sense:
3030:
597:
2984:
2882:
2413:
2280:
2033:
2025:
1575:
1535:
992:
704:
has it, but otherwise it has these same two operators defined as aliases, like many SQL databases.
697:
218:
211:
172:
412:
explicitly, by declaration in source code, or implicitly, via the structure of the type involved.
2907:
2288:
1612:
96:
49:
1821:
y < 20). The syntax is clear since these relational operators in mathematics are transitive.
2912:
2892:
1852:
1152:
381:
369:) which are unequal to themselves), but the converse is not necessarily true. For example, two
299:
295:
247:
160:
152:
148:
3016:
3044:
2028:. Its sole intended application was as a vehicle for a first port of (a then very primitive)
1459:
496:
401:
312:
two objects being equal but having different representation, e.g., a $ 1 bill and a $ 1 coin
2471:
1510:
541:
517:
144:
449:
For example, Javascript's loose equality rules can cause equality to be intransitive (ie.
8:
2104:
561:
352:
2980:
2279:, and many functional languages, among others, assignment operators cannot appear in an
499:) which may be built into the programming language and/or configurable by a programmer.
2922:
1600:
1433:
397:
344:
323:. In such languages, there becomes a need to test for two different types of equality:
319:
In many modern programming languages, objects and data structures are accessed through
2271:
In ALGOL-like languages such as Pascal, Delphi, and Ada (in the sense that they allow
480:
would be true for x being either 0 or "0" using the type agnostic equality operator).
3165:
3110:
3004:
2758:
2039:
B started off as a syntactically changed variant of the systems programming language
1847:
its familiar mathematical meaning, and some programming languages such as Python and
1673:
1592:
1155:
525:
187:
315:
two different references to the same object, e.g., two nicknames for the same person
2927:
2902:
1637:
557:
251:
136:
2959:
524:
expects the comparison function to return values according to this convention. In
2946:
2877:
2349:
1783:
693:
433:
156:
20:
19:"Comparison (computer programming)" redirects here. For comparison of files, see
1921:
character for copying, despite the obvious incoherence with mathematical usage (
3152:
3139:
2136:
1881:
Early FORTRAN (1956–57) was bounded by heavily restricted character sets where
1733:
1676:
use Basic-like operators for numerical values, except for inequality, which is
3080:
658:{\displaystyle E={\begin{cases}x<y\\y>x\\x\ngeq y\\y\nleq x\end{cases}}}
361:
The first type of equality usually implies the second (except for things like
3194:
1997:
554:
27:
2084:
1628:
MATLAB, although in other respects using similar syntax as C, does not use
1588:
669:
444:
even if two values are not equal and are of incompatible types, but can be
2135:
is not zero, execute the following statement". The latter fragment means "
3068:
2897:
2790:
2786:
2483:
1985:
1860:
1665:
1341:
191:
2563:
2287:
clauses), thus precluding this class of error. Some compilers, such as
1555:
1300:
1194:
421:
2868:
is here known as the "case equality" or "case subsumption" operator.
2850:
2587:
1973:
1641:
1596:
1467:
532:
287:
3129:
Used not only in ALGOL-like languages, but also in FORTRAN and BASIC
560:
XOR, AND, OR, and NOT, relational operators can be designed to have
38:
2375:
1977:
1953:
1929:
1498:
1437:
regimes are used in code on platforms with limited character sets (
1428:
812:
429:
389:
348:
3177:
476:, this operator may simplify things such as checking for zero (as
2794:
1949:
1669:
775:
472:
is true). For languages where the number 0 may be interpreted as
207:
1615:, so other symbols must be used. Without the hyphen, is used in
520:
and returns −1, 0, or 1 according to this convention, and
2335:/* Mistaken use of = versus == would be a compile-time error */
1961:
1877:
Assignment (computer science) § Assignment versus equality
1494:
1231:
512:
229:. Relational operators can be seen as special cases of logical
309:
two objects being equal but distinct, e.g., two $ 10 banknotes
2583:
2417:
2295:
1989:
1933:
1539:
1490:
1029:
947:
684:
uses the same operators as BASIC, while many databases allow
521:
2252:, and there is no implicit way to convert from other types (
2047:. In what has been described as a "strip-down" process, the
1917:
etc. and subsequently made it tempting to use the remaining
1636:
in MATLAB sends the following text as a command line to the
436:
languages, the standard equality operator follows so-called
2625:
2040:
2029:
2013:
1965:
1957:
1616:
1559:
651:
221:
created using a relational operator forms what is termed a
1885:
was the only relational operator available. There were no
461:), or make certain values be equal to their own negation.
2653:
2202:/* This code will always execute if y is anything but 0*/
1563:
1506:
701:
681:
425:
366:
277:
2260:
s. So unless the variable that is assigned to has type
2071:, respectively.). In the same process, the ALGOL style
1901:). This forced the designers to define symbols such as
306:
two different objects of the same type, e.g., two hands
250:, or to access to a value through a key. It is used in
2107:
and since any non-zero scalar value is interpreted as
1870:
415:
3142:). Only the bitwise meaning of & and | were kept.
3081:"Why are there so many ways to compare for equality?"
1863:, use multiple argument predicates for this. In Lisp
585:
26:"~=" redirects here. For the mathematical usage, see
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
657:
1944:available for equality, a convention followed by
186:In programming languages that include a distinct
3192:
2853:. This patent was granted on November 18, 2004.
2119:is legal, but has a very different meaning from
2032:, but it also evolved into the very influential
700:, which is common to most languages below. E.g.
675:
302:. It is often necessary to distinguish between:
2817:are pointers to objects that are instances of
568:(either all true or all false) for any given
3178:Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie (1988) .
3104:
1840:would be represented by the number 1 here).
1770:"x is less than y in this example"
553:Though perhaps unobvious at first, like the
539:mentioned above), or, in some languages, by
1644:, with the exception of equality, which is
1657:Including FORTRAN 95, 2003, 2008 and 2015.
2123:. The former code fragment means "assign
2043:, a simplified (and typeless) version of
1419:Including FORTRAN II, III, IV, 66 and 77.
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
2979:
2933:
2012:, VHSIC Hardware Description Language (
1956:, Basic Combined Programming Language (
1928:International Algebraic Language (IAL,
3193:
1843:It is possible to give the expression
692:from the standard. SQL follows strict
548:
278:Location equality vs. content equality
3171:
2834:Patent application: On May 14, 2003,
2055:operators of BCPL were replaced with
1940:for assignment, leaving the standard
1778:Other programming languages, such as
286:, the comparison raises questions of
3045:"PHP: Comparison Operators - Manual"
2947:Standard for Posit Arithmetic (2022)
2845:"IS NOT OPERATOR" was filed for the
2146:, execute the following statement".
1867:is true when x is between 1 and 10.
1808:
380:Real numbers, including many simple
61:adding citations to reliable sources
32:
2294:Similarly, some languages, such as
1871:Confusion with assignment operators
1664:Other conventions are less common:
416:Comparing values of different types
384:, cannot be represented exactly in
210:holds or not. In languages such as
151:that tests or defines some kind of
13:
3037:
2888:Conditional (computer programming)
2268:), there will be a compile error.
1828:. If we say that x=4, we then get
14:
3222:
3182:(Second ed.). Prentice Hall.
2957:
2837:US application 20,040,230,959
1640:. The first form is also used in
531:Comparison of programmer-defined
3065:Relational and Logical Operators
2016:), and several other languages.
1936:(1958 and 1960) thus introduced
1611:are usually used in a shell for
668:This relies on the domain being
37:
3158:
3145:
3132:
3123:
3098:
3073:
3058:
2918:Operator (computer programming)
2828:
1651:
1622:
1581:
396:holds. In contrast, the (2022)
48:needs additional citations for
3109:. Addison Wesley. p. 58.
2973:
2951:
2940:
1528:
1516:
1483:
1422:
1413:
16:Programming language construct
1:
3105:Alexandrescu, Andrei (2010).
2753:when a and b have class type
1724:for the remaining operators.
1562:(numerical comparison only),
676:Standard relational operators
2768:object.ReferenceEquals(a, b)
2452:object.ReferenceEquals(a, b)
2098:
708:Common relational operators
7:
2871:
2302:symbol for both assignment
2273:nested function definitions
1832:, and evaluation will give
483:
284:object-oriented programming
282:Sometimes, particularly in
236:
10:
3227:
3180:The C Programming Language
3107:The D Programming Language
2648:are references to scalars
2539:when a and b are pointers
2131:, and if the new value of
2063:(which would later become
2019:
1874:
1466:), or platforms with only
440:, that is it evaluates to
159:. These include numerical
25:
18:
3211:Comparison (mathematical)
2849:operator by employees of
2835:
2534:reflect.DeepEqual(*a, *b)
2517:when a and b are numbers
2211:"x is %d and y is %d
1727:
1720:; and negated them using
1522:Modula-2 also recognizes
1340:
1230:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1102:
831:
826:
816:
811:
386:floating-point arithmetic
2883:Common operator notation
2311:
2148:
2103:Assignments in C have a
2075:of BCPL was replaced by
1788:
1746:
698:short-circuit evaluation
377:for more of this issue.
241:
3201:Operators (programming)
2908:Operation (mathematics)
2289:GNU Compiler Collection
2113:conditional expressions
1925:should be impossible).
392:standard requires that
2913:Operator (mathematics)
2893:Equality (mathematics)
2091:combination for this.
1853:D programming language
1619:for string comparison.
659:
2466:operator defaults to
1859:Some languages, like
1453:), platforms with no
660:
497:lexicographical order
223:relational expression
72:"Relational operator"
2934:Notes and references
1511:spreadsheet formulas
583:
518:three-way comparison
145:programming language
57:improve this article
2985:"Comparing Objects"
2367:Structural equality
1680:in Common Lisp and
709:
696:, i.e. doesn't use
562:logical equivalence
549:Logical equivalence
390:IEEE floating-point
141:relational operator
3015:has generic name (
2923:Spaceship operator
1893:(and certainly no
1601:Windows PowerShell
707:
655:
650:
526:sorting algorithms
468:is false although
3206:Binary operations
3166:assembly language
3116:978-0-321-63536-5
3023:External link in
2824:
2823:
2759:Visual Basic .NET
2364:Physical equality
2264:(or wrapper type
1830:(3 < 4) < y
1826:(3 < x) < y
1809:Operator chaining
1409:
1408:
558:logical operators
434:dynamically typed
252:switch statements
188:boolean data type
133:
132:
125:
107:
3218:
3185:
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2928:Triadic relation
2903:Logical operator
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2090:
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1964:, SET Language (
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661:
656:
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479:
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467:
460:
456:
452:
432:and a few other
398:private standard
182:
170:
137:computer science
128:
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65:
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33:
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2958:Denys, Dovhan.
2956:
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2878:Binary relation
2874:
2865:
2861:
2858:
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2468:ReferenceEquals
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2350:Yoda conditions
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1941:
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1910:
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1898:
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1879:
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1845:x < y < z
1844:
1833:
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1784:prefix notation
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849:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
745:
738:
694:boolean algebra
689:
688:in addition to
685:
678:
649:
648:
636:
635:
623:
622:
610:
609:
593:
592:
584:
581:
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486:
477:
469:
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458:
454:
450:
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339:representation.
280:
244:
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118:
112:
109:
66:
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54:
42:
31:
24:
21:File comparison
17:
12:
11:
5:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3187:
3186:
3170:
3157:
3153:Dennis Ritchie
3144:
3140:Dennis Ritchie
3131:
3122:
3115:
3097:
3085:Stack Overflow
3072:
3057:
3036:
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2666:
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2650:
2649:
2638:
2636:$ $ a == $ $ b
2633:
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2362:
2312:
2149:
2137:if and only if
2100:
2097:
2021:
2018:
1872:
1869:
1865:(<= 1 x 10)
1810:
1807:
1789:
1786:, as follows:
1747:
1734:infix notation
1729:
1726:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1621:
1603:. The symbols
1580:
1527:
1515:
1482:
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1411:
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359:
358:
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340:
333:
332:
329:
317:
316:
313:
310:
307:
279:
276:
265:, then either
243:
240:
238:
235:
131:
130:
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3223:
3212:
3209:
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3154:
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3141:
3135:
3126:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3026:|author=
3018:
3013:|author=
3006:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
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2954:
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2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2470:, but can be
2461:
2456:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:are pointers
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:are pointers
2399:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2298:use just the
2297:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:Object Pascal
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1878:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1745:
1743:
1740:is less than
1739:
1735:
1725:
1707:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1654:
1643:
1639:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1519:
1513:, and others.
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:
991:
990:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
946:
945:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
900:
897:
893:
890:
886:
883:
879:
876:
872:
869:
865:
864:
858:
853:
848:
847:
841:
836:
821:
814:
810:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
712:
711:
705:
703:
699:
695:
683:
673:
671:
645:
642:
639:
632:
629:
626:
619:
616:
613:
606:
603:
600:
594:
589:
586:
579:
578:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
546:
544:
543:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
481:
475:
462:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
354:
350:
346:
341:
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
326:
325:
324:
322:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
178:
174:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:construct or
146:
142:
138:
127:
124:
116:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74: –
73:
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
28:approximation
22:
3179:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3134:
3125:
3106:
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3084:
3075:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3039:
2993:. Retrieved
2988:
2981:Contributors
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2953:
2942:
2859:
2830:
2730:(equal? a b)
2676:are objects
2388:
2383:
2381:a :=: b
2354:
2342:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2270:
2253:
2239:
2143:
2142:is equal to
2139:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2085:Ken Thompson
2038:
2023:
1927:
1880:
1858:
1842:
1837:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1777:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1663:
1653:
1624:
1589:Bourne shell
1583:
1530:
1518:
1485:
1474:
1455:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1415:
1399:GreaterEqual
1171:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
743:
737:greater than
736:
731:
727:greater than
726:
722:not equal to
721:
716:
679:
670:well ordered
667:
573:
569:
565:
552:
540:
530:
507:
503:
501:
492:
489:Greater than
488:
487:
473:
463:
445:
441:
438:loose typing
437:
419:
410:
405:
393:
379:
363:not a number
362:
360:
353:transitivity
318:
281:
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
245:
226:
222:
216:
185:
176:
173:inequalities
164:
157:two entities
140:
134:
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
3069:Mathematica
2991:. PHP Group
2898:Equals sign
2787:Objective-C
2781:Same as C#
2777:a.Equals(b)
2706:a.equal?(b)
2659:$ a === $ b
2555:a.equals(b)
2494:(equal a b)
2484:Common Lisp
2474:to perform
2458:a.Equals(b)
2283:(including
2121:if (x == y)
2115:, the code
1986:Standard ML
1861:Common Lisp
1834:true < y
1666:Common Lisp
1613:redirection
1449:instead of
1342:Mathematica
1153:Bourne-like
746:or equal to
739:or equal to
713:Convention
542:overloading
516:performs a
459:a != c
345:reflexivity
292:inheritance
192:type system
3195:Categories
2989:PHP Manual
2860:Ruby uses
2664:$ a == $ b
2631:$ a == $ b
2564:JavaScript
2472:overloaded
2281:expression
2275:), and in
2117:if (x = y)
2065:&&
2036:language.
1875:See also:
1587:Including
1556:JavaScript
1534:Including
1489:Including
1301:Fortran 90
1195:Batch file
533:data types
422:JavaScript
321:references
288:data types
231:predicates
219:expression
113:March 2022
83:newspapers
3151:Although
2851:Microsoft
2725:(eq? a b)
2588:Smalltalk
2478:instead.
2099:Languages
1974:Smalltalk
1817:x < y
1642:Smalltalk
1597:KornShell
1468:UPPERCASE
1434:stropping
1404:LessEqual
752:In print
744:less than
732:less than
643:≰
630:≱
493:less than
466:4 === "4"
406:NaR = NaR
394:NaN ≠ NaN
382:fractions
227:condition
190:in their
3090:July 25,
3050:July 31,
3005:cite web
2995:June 29,
2965:July 25,
2872:See also
2819:NSObject
2489:(eq a b)
2428:*a == *b
2376:ALGOL 68
2361:Language
1978:Modula-2
1954:ALGOL 68
1930:ALGOL 58
1714:greaterp
1704:. Older
1499:Modula-2
1460:emphasis
1429:ALGOL 68
966:<>
813:ALGOL 68
717:equal to
690:<>
576:values:
484:Ordering
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