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480:. The USTA and the WTA then withdrew their sanction for the Tennis Week Open, and organized another tournament; 25 of the 32 participants withdrew from the Tennis Week Open. This was just the beginning of the issues Richards would encounter in trying to play professional women's tennis, which eventually led to her suing the USTA and winning.
317:, which at the time was considered to be a perversion, with transsexualism classified as a form of insanity. Richards named her female persona "Renée", which is French for "reborn". Her struggle with gender identity created sexual confusion, depression, and suicidal tendencies. She began seeing Dr. Charles Ihlenfeld, a disciple of
410:
called
Richards an "extraordinary spectacle", and characterized reactions to her as "varying from astonishment to suspicion, sympathy, resentment, and more often than not, utter confusion." The USOC stated "there is competitive advantage for a male who has undergone a sex change surgery as a result
538:
Richards has since expressed ambivalence about her legacy, and came to believe her past as a man provided her with advantages over her competitors, saying "Having lived for the past 30 years, I know if I'd had surgery at the age of 22, and then at 24 went on the tour, no genetic woman in the world
483:
Richards played professionally from 1977 to 1981 when she retired at age 47. She was ranked as high as 20th overall (in
February 1979), and her highest ranking at the end of a year was 22nd (in 1977). Her first professional event as a female was the 1977 U.S. Open. Her greatest successes on court
414:
On August 16, 1977, Judge Alfred M. Ascione found in
Richards's favor. He ruled: "This person is now a female" and that requiring Richards to pass the Barr body test was "grossly unfair, discriminatory and inequitable, and a violation of her rights." He further ruled that the USTA intentionally
321:
who specialized in endocrinology, transsexualism, and sexual reassignment. Upon seeing
Ihlenfeld she began getting hormone injections with the long-term hope for a life change. In the mid-1960s she traveled in Europe dressed as a woman, intending to go to North Africa to see
672:(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.
304:
to continue medical training and played tennis in the Navy. While serving in the Navy, she won both the singles and doubles at the All Navy
Championship, with a very effective left-hand serve. During this time she was ranked as high as fourth in the region.
584:, in which she expresses regret over the type of fame that came with her being transgender, although she said in 2007 that she did not regret undergoing the sex reassignment process in itself. In 2021, Richards continued her autobiography with
2113:
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404:. She asserted that participating in the tournament would constitute "an acceptance of her right to be a woman." Some USTA members felt that others would undergo sex change to enter women's tennis.
342:; however, she ultimately decided against it and returned to New York. Richards married model Barbara Mole in June 1970, and together they had a son Nicholas in 1972. They were divorced in 1975.
468:, under the name Renée Clark. In the summer of 1976 she entered the La Jolla Tennis Tournament Championships, where she crushed the competition, and her unique left hand serve was recognized by
411:
of physical training and development as a male." Richards finally agreed to take the Barr body test. The test results were ambiguous. She refused to take it again and was barred from play.
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and excelled as the wide receiver for the football team, the pitcher for the baseball team, and on the tennis and swim teams. Her baseball skills even led to an invitation to join the
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and was captain of the men's tennis team, and was considered by some to be one of the best college tennis players in the country. After graduating from Yale, she went to the
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269:. Her father David Raskind was an orthopedic surgeon, and her mother was one of the first female psychiatrists in the United States, in addition to being a professor at
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in New York. She played competitive tennis for a while and was ranked sixth out of the top 20 males over 35. After an internship and residency, she joined the
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discriminated against
Richards, and granted Richards an injunction against the USTA and the USOC, allowing her to play in the US Open. Richards lost to
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Richards was inducted into the USTA Eastern Tennis Hall of Fame in 2000. On August 2, 2013, Richards was among the first class of inductees into the
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Richards was born
Richard Raskind on August 19, 1934, in New York City and raised, as she put it, as "a nice Jewish boy" in
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In the early 1970s, Richards resolved to undergo sex reassignment and was referred to surgeon
Roberto C. Granato Sr. by
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559:. She now lives in a small town north of New York City with her platonic companion and assistant, Arleen Larzelere.
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400:(USTA), which runs the US Open, in New York state court, alleging discrimination by gender in violation of the
500:– and winning the 35-and-over women's singles. Richards was twice a semifinalist in mixed doubles, with
377:(WTA), and the United States Open Committee (USOC) required all female competitors to verify their sex with a
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in New York. She then became the surgeon director of ophthalmology and head of the eye-muscle clinic at the
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began requiring genetic screening for female players that year. Richards challenged that policy, and the
2181:"Original Transgender Pride Flag, Will & Grace Artifacts Donated to Smithsonian | Out Magazine"
218:
who competed on the professional circuit in the 1970s, and became widely known following male-to-female
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After four years of playing tennis, she decided to return to her medical practice, which she moved to
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Birrell, Susan, and Cheryl L. Cole. Women, sport, and culture. Champaign, IL: Human
Kinetics, 1994.
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in 1976 as a woman, but refused to take the test, and thus was not allowed to compete in the Open,
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2056:"National Gay & Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame's Inaugural Class Announced | Out Magazine"
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After moving to
California, Richards played in regional competitions for her local club, the
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and specialized in ophthalmology, graduating in 1959 and serving a two-year internship at
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then invited her to play in his professional tennis tournament, the Tennis Week Open in
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in the first round of the singles competition, but made it to the finals in doubles.
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would have been able to come close to me. And so I've reconsidered my opinion."
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Hyman, Paula; Moore, Deborah Dash; Weisbard, Phyllis Holman (January 1998).
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Note: The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December.
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in New York. After an internship, she served two years of residency at the
284:, but she decided to focus on tennis. After high school Richards attended
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for the 35-and-over singles title at the Open. Richards posted wins over
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349:, successfully transitioning in 1975. After surgery, Richards went to
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In 1976, Richards's gender reassignment was outed by local TV anchor
588:. Richards's first autobiography served as the basis for the film
2241:
335:
1508:"Renée Richards Documentary Debuts at Tribeca Film Festival"
1824:
Balancing on the Mechitza: Transgender in Jewish Community
610:
and the documentary premiered on ESPN on October 4, 2011.
2257:. The Villages, FL, USA: Hallard Press, LLC, June 2021,
1707:
No Way Renee: The Second Half of My of My Notorious Life
1629:"21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture"
562:
In 2014 a wooden racket used by her was donated to the
555:. In addition she served on the editorial board of the
381:
of their chromosomes. Richards applied to play in the
1785:
Yes, But Is It Good for the Jews?: A Beginner's Guide
422:
222:, when she fought to compete as a woman in the 1976
1694:
Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 2010.
626:
606:. The film was one of the anchor films of the 2011
443:
The Robert MacNeil Report; Transexuality and Sports
2030:"Simon & Schuster: Renee Richards – Biography"
1918:
1853:
1692:Sports justice: the law and the business of sports
582:No Way Renée: The Second Half of My Notorious Life
1992:Women, media and sport: challenging gender values
557:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
2329:
2112:Foer, Franklin; Tracy, Marc (October 30, 2012).
1704:Richards, Renée; Ames, John (February 9, 2007).
472:, a tour player from UCLA. Her long-time friend
2231:Transsexual pioneer Renee Richards regrets fame
1863:. Milwaukee Sentinel. July 13, 1978. p. 9
574:In 1983, Richards published an autobiography,
484:were reaching the doubles final at her first
1703:
533:National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame
1749:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 240.
241:. Among the first professional athletes to
2118:. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing.
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504:, at the U.S. Open. In 1979, she defeated
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2255:Diary 1999: An Eye-Opening Medical Memoir
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586:Diary 1999: An Eye-Opening Medical Memoir
2229:Goldsmith, Belinda (February 18, 2007).
2115:Jewish Jocks: An Unorthodox Hall of Fame
1986:
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249:. After retiring from play, she coached
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2187:from the original on September 24, 2015
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524:. She later coached Navratilova to two
492:– the pair lost a close match to
448:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
237:ruled in her favor, a landmark case in
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2207:Second Serve: the Renée Richards Story
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1957:
1939:from the original on February 25, 2017
1841:from the original on February 25, 2017
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1724:from the original on February 25, 2017
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1491:"From tennis outcast to trans pioneer"
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553:Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital
298:Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital
290:University of Rochester Medical Center
210:(born August 19, 1934) is an American
2093:from the original on February 8, 2015
2062:from the original on November 1, 2013
1977:
1885:(1983) New York : Stein and Day.
613:In 2017, Richards was interviewed by
1827:. North Atlantic Books. p. 15.
1635:from the original on August 5, 2016.
1453:List of select Jewish tennis players
566:, which is part of the Smithsonian.
16:US tennis player and ophthalmologist
2081:Bazelon, Emily (October 25, 2012).
2036:from the original on March 13, 2007
1888:
1746:Day by Day in Jewish Sports History
1520:
1464:
569:
564:National Museum of American History
13:
2483:Sportspeople from Queens, New York
2443:LGBTQ people from New York (state)
2428:Yale Bulldogs men's tennis players
2418:Female United States Navy officers
2154:Wadler, Joyce (February 1, 2007).
2132:from the original on June 15, 2015
2027:
1092:
907:
70:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
14:
2494:
2398:Tennis players from New York City
2373:American transgender sportspeople
2353:American LGBTQ military personnel
2296:
2277:. Tribecafilm.com. Archived from
1960:"Tucker Carlson's Fighting Words"
441:Interview with Renee Richards on
423:Tennis career after transitioning
2358:American military sports players
2253:Richards, Renée with Ray Dyson.
2209:. New York City, New York, USA:
2205:Richards, Renée with John Ames.
1958:Sanneh, Kelefa (April 2, 2017).
1477:United States Tennis Association
1275:
678:
627:Grand Slam performance timelines
617:near the end of the documentary
458:), Boston, MA and Washington, DC
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398:United States Tennis Association
371:United States Tennis Association
245:, she became a spokesperson for
231:United States Tennis Association
187:Grand Slam mixed doubles results
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1471:Bostic, Stephanie, ed. (1979).
2448:American women autobiographers
2423:University of Rochester alumni
2408:Transgender military personnel
2383:Jewish American tennis players
2348:American female tennis players
2244:. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
1994:Thousand Oaks u.a.: Sage, 1994
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313:During college Richards began
1:
1788:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
1598:. New York: ESPN Films, 2011.
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2183:. Out.com. August 20, 2014.
1922:Jewish Women in America: A-L
1895:"The Second Half of My Life"
330:surgeon at Clinique Parc in
247:transgender people in sports
7:
2473:21st-century American women
1446:
602:about Richards directed by
10:
2499:
2478:Jews from New York (state)
2468:21st-century American Jews
2368:American transgender women
2058:. Out.com. June 18, 2013.
1900:February 19, 2007, at the
375:Women's Tennis Association
155:Grand Slam doubles results
123:Grand Slam singles results
2458:American women memoirists
2378:Horace Mann School alumni
2363:American ophthalmologists
2236:October 23, 2010, at the
580:, and in 2007, a second,
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402:New York Human Rights Law
351:Newport Beach, California
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2323:Jews in Sports biography
1473:USTA Player Records 1978
478:South Orange, New Jersey
340:sex reassignment surgery
220:sex reassignment surgery
2403:Transgender sportswomen
1861:"Ex-Wife of Renee Weds"
719:Australia Championships
396:Richards then sued the
393:in the summer of 1976.
2433:Yale University alumni
2393:Transgender memoirists
1821:Dzmura, Noach (2010).
1782:Geller, Jonny (2008).
1743:Wechsler, Bob (2008).
1710:. Simon and Schuster.
1513:April 3, 2012, at the
490:Betty Ann Grubb Stuart
466:John Wayne Tennis Club
235:New York Supreme Court
118:No. 20 (February 1979)
608:Tribeca Film Festival
39:Country (sports)
2438:LGBTQ tennis players
2083:"Cross-Court Winner"
1594:. Film. Directed by
1479:(USTA). p. 238.
755:French Championships
369:. Subsequently, the
267:Forest Hills, Queens
115:Highest ranking
2463:American memoirists
2089:. The Slate Group.
1990:Creedon, Pamela J.
633:
494:Martina Navratilova
456:Library of Congress
315:dressing as a woman
294:Lenox Hill Hospital
271:Columbia University
251:Martina Navratilova
23:
2160:The New York Times
2156:"The Lady Regrets"
1909:, February 8, 2007
1906:Talk of the Nation
827:U.S. Championships
631:
407:Sports Illustrated
302:United States Navy
278:Horace Mann School
276:Richards attended
239:transgender rights
179:Career titles
147:Career titles
104:Career titles
21:
2281:on March 21, 2011
2032:. Simonsays.com.
1881:Richards, Renee,
1690:Abrams, Roger I.
1631:. Time Magazine.
1517:. April 22, 2011.
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642: F
640:
628:
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571:
568:
544:
541:
488:in 1977, with
460:
459:
432:
431:
424:
421:
379:Barr body test
367:Tucker Carlson
358:
355:
347:Harry Benjamin
319:Harry Benjamin
310:
307:
262:
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208:Renée Richards
203:
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22:Renée Richards
15:
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6:
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2343:Living people
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2263:9781951188221
2260:
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2211:Stein and Day
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2127:
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2108:
2092:
2088:
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2077:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2018:, 1977 p. 272
2017:
2012:
2006:, 1977 p. 269
2005:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1932:9780415919340
1928:
1925:. Routledge.
1924:
1923:
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1908:
1907:
1903:
1899:
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1862:
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1834:9781556438134
1830:
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1795:9781596919969
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1756:9781602800137
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1717:9780743290135
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1304:
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1294:
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1282:
1281:
1276:Mixed doubles
1269:
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1254:
1251:
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1239:
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679:Men's singles
676:
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523:
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514:Sylvia Hanika
511:
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481:
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457:
453:
449:
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417:Virginia Wade
412:
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325:
324:Georges Burou
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216:tennis player
213:
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185:
181:
177:
174:Mixed doubles
172:
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65:
59:(age 90)
49:
45:
42:United States
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
2313:Second Serve
2312:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:the original
2269:
2254:
2249:
2225:
2206:
2201:
2189:. Retrieved
2175:
2165:December 20,
2163:. Retrieved
2159:
2134:. Retrieved
2114:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2086:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2023:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1921:
1914:
1904:
1890:
1883:Second Serve
1882:
1877:
1867:November 27,
1865:. Retrieved
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1823:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1784:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1745:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1706:
1699:
1691:
1623:
1591:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1472:
1466:
1438:
1413:
1380:
1353:
1326:
1267:
1242:
1207:
1180:
1153:
1084:
1059:
1022:
995:
968:
899:
865:
819:
783:
747:
674:
637:
618:
615:Katie Couric
612:
595:
591:Second Serve
589:
585:
581:
577:Second Serve
575:
573:
561:
556:
546:
537:
530:
506:Nancy Richey
502:Ilie Năstase
482:
463:
446:1976-08-23,
442:
413:
405:
395:
391:Italian Open
373:(USTA), the
360:
344:
338:, regarding
312:
275:
264:
228:
207:
206:
18:
2338:1934 births
2136:February 8,
2097:February 8,
2066:December 5,
1334:French Open
1161:French Open
976:French Open
549:Park Avenue
522:Pam Shriver
498:Betty Stöve
326:, a famous
214:and former
94:Left-handed
2332:Categories
2219:0812828976
2191:August 25,
1596:Eric Drath
1459:References
1301:Career SR
1283:Tournament
1128:Career SR
1100:Tournament
943:Career SR
915:Tournament
713:Career SR
686:Tournament
604:Eric Drath
598:is a 2011
543:Retirement
474:Gene Scott
357:Court case
332:Casablanca
309:Transition
261:Early life
243:transition
53:1934-08-19
2307:glbtq.com
2285:March 19,
2087:slate.com
2040:March 19,
1943:March 19,
1845:March 19,
1806:March 19,
1767:March 19,
1728:March 19,
1495:BBC Sport
1361:Wimbledon
1188:Wimbledon
1003:Wimbledon
791:Wimbledon
526:Wimbledon
486:U.S. Open
470:Bob Perry
389:, or the
387:Wimbledon
255:Wimbledon
2234:Archived
2185:Archived
2130:Archived
2091:Archived
2060:Archived
2034:Archived
1937:Archived
1898:Archived
1839:Archived
1800:Archived
1761:Archived
1722:Archived
1633:Archived
1511:Archived
1447:See also
454:and the
257:titles.
2275:"Renée"
2242:Reuters
1969:July 7,
1388:US Open
1215:US Open
1030:US Open
383:US Open
336:Morocco
253:to two
224:US Open
193:US Open
161:US Open
142:Doubles
129:US Open
99:Singles
83:Retired
2261:
2217:
2122:
1929:
1831:
1792:
1753:
1714:
1435:0 / 0
1432:0 / 1
1429:0 / 1
1426:0 / 1
1423:0 / 0
1264:0 / 1
1261:0 / 1
1258:0 / 0
1255:0 / 1
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1081:0 / 1
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896:0 / 1
893:0 / 0
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887:0 / 1
884:0 / 1
881:0 / 1
878:0 / 0
875:0 / 1
528:wins.
520:, and
67:Height
1592:Renée
1439:0 / 3
1414:0 / 3
1381:0 / 0
1354:0 / 0
1327:0 / 0
1268:0 / 4
1243:0 / 4
1208:0 / 0
1181:0 / 0
1154:0 / 0
1085:0 / 5
1060:0 / 5
1023:0 / 0
996:0 / 0
969:0 / 0
900:0 / 5
866:0 / 5
820:0 / 0
784:0 / 0
748:0 / 0
596:Renée
150:0 WTA
91:Plays
2318:IMDb
2287:2011
2259:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2193:2015
2167:2023
2138:2015
2120:ISBN
2099:2015
2068:2013
2042:2011
1971:2020
1945:2011
1927:ISBN
1869:2012
1847:2011
1829:ISBN
1808:2011
1790:ISBN
1769:2011
1751:ISBN
1730:2011
1712:ISBN
1298:1981
1295:1980
1292:1979
1289:1978
1286:1977
1124:1981
1119:1980
1114:1979
1109:1978
1104:1977
939:1981
934:1980
929:1979
924:1978
919:1977
710:1960
707:1959
704:1958
701:1957
698:1956
695:1955
692:1954
689:1953
660:DNQ
632:Key
496:and
452:WGBH
229:The
199:1979
197:SF (
167:1977
135:1979
133:3R (
86:1981
78:1977
47:Born
2316:at
2305:on
1420:SR
1249:SR
1066:SR
872:SR
666:NH
657:Q#
651:#R
648:QF
645:SF
165:F (
109:WTA
2334::
2240:.
2158:.
2146:^
2128:.
2085:.
1979:^
1962:.
1935:.
1837:.
1798:.
1759:.
1720:.
1641:^
1603:^
1522:^
1493:.
1475:.
1410:A
1406:1R
1401:SF
1396:3R
1392:A
1377:A
1374:A
1371:A
1368:A
1365:A
1350:A
1347:A
1344:A
1341:A
1338:A
1323:A
1320:A
1317:A
1314:A
1311:A
1238:3R
1233:3R
1229:A
1225:2R
1204:A
1201:A
1198:A
1195:A
1192:A
1177:A
1174:A
1171:A
1168:A
1165:A
1150:A
1147:A
1144:A
1141:A
1138:A
1055:1R
1050:2R
1045:3R
1040:1R
1035:1R
1019:A
1016:A
1013:A
1010:A
1007:A
992:A
989:A
986:A
983:A
980:A
965:A
962:A
959:A
956:A
953:A
861:1R
857:A
854:A
850:2R
845:1R
840:2R
836:A
832:1R
816:A
813:A
810:A
807:A
804:A
801:A
798:A
795:A
780:A
777:A
774:A
771:A
768:A
765:A
762:A
759:A
744:A
741:A
738:A
735:A
732:A
729:A
726:A
723:A
663:A
654:RR
623:.
594:.
535:.
516:,
512:,
334:,
273:.
226:.
107:0
55:)
2289:.
2195:.
2169:.
2140:.
2101:.
2070:.
2044:.
1973:.
1947:.
1871:.
1849:.
1810:.
1771:.
1732:.
1497:.
1220:F
638:W
450:(
201:)
182:0
169:)
137:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
