334:. The use of anticoagulants may improve kidney function in RVT cases by removing the clot in the vein and preventing further clots from occurring. Patients who already have nephrotic syndrome may not need to take anticoagulants. In this case, patients should keep an eye out and maintain reduced level of proteinuria by reducing salt and excess protein, and intaking diuretics and statins. Depending on the severity of RVT, patients may be on anticoagulants from a year up to a lifetime. As long as the albumin levels in the bloodstream are below 2.5g/L, it is recommended that RVT patients continue taking anticoagulants. Main anticoagulants that can be used to treat RVT include warfarin and low molecular weight heparin.
354:. In 75% of the remaining surviving patients, the RVT was resolved and kidney function returned to normal. It has been concluded that age is not a factor on the survival of RVT patients, although older patient (55 and older) are more likely to develop kidney failure. Heparin is crucial in returning normal kidney function; in patients that did not take heparin, long term kidney damage was observed in 100%. In patients that did take heparin, kidney damage was observed in about 33%. By quickly treating, and receiving the correct medications, patients should increase their chances of survival and reduce the risk of the renal vein clot from migrating to another part of the body.
376:) and the low humidity, low oxygen, high cabin pressure and consumption of alcohol concentrate the blood. A recent study, published in the British Journal of Haematology in 2014, determined which groups of people, are most at risk for developing a clot during or after a long flight. The study focused on 8755 frequent flying employees from international companies and organizations. It found that travelers who have recently undergone a surgical procedure or who have a malignant disease such as cancer or who are pregnant are most at risk. Preventative measures before flying may be taken in these at-risk groups as a solution.
61:
385:
conducted by the
Nuffield Department of Surgery at the Oxford Transplant Centre, UK, transplant patients were given low doses of aspirin, which has a some anti-platelet activity. There is risk of bleeding in transplant patients when using anticoagulants like warfarin and herapin. Low dosage of aspirin was used as an alternative. The study concluded that a routine low-dose of aspirin in kidney transplant patients who are also taking ciclosporin significantly reduces the risk of RVT development.
228:
kidneys to other organs, resulting in slower blood flow to the kidneys, increasing chances of a blood clot occurrence. "RVT is known to occur in the absence of clinically obvious shock e.g. following neonatal distress and placement of central venous catheters." RVT can also be induced by post transplant distortion or physical distortion or compression of the renal vein, which depending on the shape distortion can affect the rate of flow through the vein.
292:
368:
in fact, an increased risk of thromboembolism development in diabetic patients, possibly due to factors associated with diabetes or diabetes itself. Diabetic patients are twice as likely to develop a thromboembolism than are non-diabetic patient. The exact mechanism of how diabetes increases the risk of clot formation remains unclear and could possibly be a future direction for study.
37:
347:
pain, difficulty breathing or chest pain, in women, heavy or increased bleeding during the period, or any other bleeding from the vagina. Warfarin can cause rashes, diarrhea, nausea (feeling sick) or vomiting, and hair loss. Heparin can cause hair loss (alopecia) thrombocytopenia – a sudden drop in the number of platelets in the blood.
246:
be promoted by increased platelet count, enhanced platelet aggregation, increased protein S count, and a decrease in coagulation inhibiters like antithrombin. Hypercoagulability can be inherited and/or acquired. Hyperhomocysteinemia, a condition known to promote clots, can be caused by a combination of genetic factors and
227:
The most common cause of RVT in infants is dehydration. Dehydration may be caused by reduction in both volume and circulatory blood volume due to water depleting abnormalities like diarrhea or vomiting. The decrease in blood volume due to dehydration will cause blood flow to be diverted away from the
371:
From previous studies, it is known that long-distance air travel is associated with high risk of venous thrombosis. Long periods of inactivity in a limited amount of space may be a reason for the increased risk of blood clot formation. In addition, bent knees compresses the vein behind the knee (the
329:
Surgery to remove the clot is possible, but rarely performed. In the past, surgical removal of the renal vein clot was the primary treatment but it is very invasive and many complications can occur. In the past decades, treatment has shifted its focus from surgical intervention to medical treatments
186:
or hypercoagulability). it is possible for one of these factors alone to cause a blood clot, but in most cases, a combination or all of these factors induce the formation of a blood clot. Decreased urine output or kidney function may be the only observable symptoms caused by a blood clot renal vein.
140:
patient experiences a pulmonary embolism or a sudden decrease in kidney function or kidney failure. These symptoms may vary in duration since a blood clot can resolve itself, but precautions should be taken to prevent the migration of the clot to other parts of the body. The most severe complication
367:
Hospital, in Sweden, observed patients that were hospitalized due to an thromboembolism from 1997 to 1999. The researchers had access to patient information including age, sex, vein thromboembolism diagnosis, diagnostic methods, diabetes type and medical history. This study concluded that there is,
310:
can be used to observe and track the size of the kidneys in RVT patients. Ultrasound is not efficient for use in detecting blood flow in the renal veins and artery. Instead a color doppler ultrasound may be used to detect renal blood flow. It is most commonly used to detect RVT in patients who have
245:
results in lower osmotic pressure. Reduced osmotic pressure will trigger the liver to produce more proteins like fibrinogen and beta-thromboglobulin, which promote blood clotting. Other than nephrotic syndrome, there are many other factors that can promote hypercoagulability. Hypercoagulability can
305:
Observing the patient's symptoms, medical history and imaging remain the fundamental source for diagnosing RVT. Imaging is used to detect the presence of a blood clot. In an abnormal kidney with RVT, a blood clot is present in the renal vein. In cases where the renal vein is suddenly and/or fully
384:
or an unknown problem. Patients who have undergone a kidney transplant are commonly prescribed ciclosporin, an immunosuppressant drug which is known to reduce renal blood flow, increase platelet aggregation in the blood and cause damage to the endothelial tissue of the veins. In a clinical study
346:
The main side effect of anticoagulants is the risk of excessive bleeding. Other side effects include: blood in the urine or feces, severe bruising, prolonged nosebleeds (lasting longer than 10 minutes), bleeding gum, blood in your vomit or coughing up blood, unusual headaches, sudden severe back
119:, the most common cause for nephrotic syndrome in adults, peaks in people ages 40–60 years old and it is twice as likely to occur in men than in women. Since nephrotic syndrome is the most common cause of RVT, people over 40 years old and men are most at risk to develop a renal vein thrombosis.
320:
or MRA. It is non-invasive, fast and avoids radiation (unlike a CT scan) but it is relatively expensive. MRA produces detailed images of the renal blood flow, vesicle walls, the kidneys and any surrounding tissue. An inferior venocavography with selective venography can be used to rule out the
362:
It is known that diabetes causes changes to factors associated with coagulation and clotting, however not much is known of the risk of thromboembolism, or clots, in diabetic patients. There are some studies that show that diabetes increases the risk of thromboembolism; other studies show that
342:
is known to interact with many other drugs, so careful monitoring is required. If a nephrotic syndrome patient experiences any of the RVT symptoms (flank or back pain, blood in the urine or decreased kidney function), he or she should immediately see a doctor to avoid further complications.
379:
Patients who have undergone kidney transplant have a high risk of developing RVT (about 0.4% to 6%). RVT is known to account for a large proportion of transplanted kidney failures due to technical problems (damage to the renal vein), clotting disorders, diabetes, consumption of
182:, was the first to describe the physiological mechanism behind venous thrombosis (blood clots) using three related factors, known as Virchow's Triad; damage to the blood vessel (endothelial damage), decrease in blood flow (stasis) and increased coagulability of the blood (
161:
Infants and young children experiencing dehydration induced RVT, may experience dehydration symptoms (dry mouth, low urine output, loss of skin turgidity) as while as vomiting, nausea and fever, and the usual RVT symptoms like flank pain, blood in the urine,
73:(RVT) is the formation of a clot in the vein that drains blood from the kidneys, ultimately leading to a reduction in the drainage of one or both kidneys and the possible migration of the clot to other parts of the body. First described by German pathologist
127:
Aside from the occasional flank or lower back pain caused by a sudden clot in the major veins to the kidneys, RVT produces few symptoms. Some patients may not display any symptoms while other patients may experience bloody urine, decrease in urine output,
315:
is currently the top choice in diagnosing RVT. It is non-invasive, relatively cheap and fast with high accuracy. CT scanning can be used to detect renal enlargement, renal tumors, blood flow and other renal pathologies. An alternative is
262:
and mutations of the prothrombin gene are the two most common genetic causes of hypercoagulability. About 5% of the general population have these heterozygous mutations and in the thrombophilic population, 45–63% have these mutations.
878:
863:
157:
and cause low blood oxygen, damaging other organs in the body. This condition can cause death if left untreated; about 30% percent of patients who have a pulmonary embolism will die, usually within one hour.
236:
Hypercoagulability is an abnormality of the blood that increases the risk of the formation blood clots. Nephrotic syndrome patients have a higher risk of RVT development due to hypercoagulability caused by
219:
gene. This mutation causes the amino acid homocystine not to be used properly thus high levels build up in the blood, damaging the endothelial tissue and increasing the likelihood of RVT.
970:
350:
It has been reported in a case study of 27 patients with nephrotic syndrome caused RVT, there was a 40% mortality rate, mostly due to hemorrhagic complications and
215:, is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder in which the body is not able to process certain building blocks of proteins correctly due to a mutation to the
203:
Damage to the endothelial tissue of the vein can be caused by blunt damage, trauma during venography, a renal transplant, tumors, acute rejection,
647:
963:
77:
in 1861, RVT most commonly affects two subpopulations: newly born infants with blood clotting abnormalities or dehydration and adults with
1597:
2170:
763:
Kuipers, Saskia; Venemans, Annemarie; Middeldorp, Saskia; BĂĽller, Harry R.; Cannegieter, Suzanne C.; Rosendaal, Frits R. (May 2014).
111:
Treatment of RVT mainly focuses on preventing further blood clots in the kidneys and maintaining stable kidney function. The use of
956:
338:
has become very popular, because of its low risk of complications, its availability and because it can easily be administered.
1087:
1942:
453:
1947:
1262:
1245:
74:
280:
192:
105:
2097:
1714:
1324:
1276:
187:
Other less common causes include hypercoagulable state, invasion by renal cell carcinoma, kidney transplantation,
1729:
1590:
2048:
1043:
673:
317:
271:
The incidence of RVT in people with
Nephrotic syndrome ranges from 5% to 65%. Nephrotic syndrome is caused by
1860:
1330:
1316:
272:
116:
149:, that originates from the renal vein or any other vein in the body and migrates to the pulmonary artery. A
2165:
2085:
1790:
1304:
1267:
1137:
2180:
2175:
1902:
1892:
1457:
1033:
2281:
1932:
1907:
1724:
1653:
1583:
1412:
1257:
475:
741:
178:
The mechanism behind RVT is no different from other types of blood clots in other parts of the body.
2306:
2249:
1897:
1850:
1700:
1663:
1528:
1099:
1080:
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1769:
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1606:
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1377:
1335:
276:
154:
922:
2323:
1927:
1919:
1887:
1774:
1397:
1387:
255:
762:
501:
2237:
2232:
2036:
1828:
1153:
1048:
1038:
806:"Low dose aspirin as prophylaxis against renal-vein thrombosis renal-transplant recipients"
579:
Asghar, M.; Ahmed, K.; Shah, S.S.; Siddique, M.K.; Dasgupta, P.; Khan, M.S. (August 2007).
89:
100:. Other less common causes include hypercoagulable state, cancer, kidney transplantation,
44:
The anterior surfaces of the kidneys, showing the areas of contact of neighboring viscera.
8:
2313:
2080:
1392:
1382:
1178:
1058:
882:
699:
Petrauskiene, V.; Falk, M.; Waernbaum, I.; Norberg, M.; Eriksson, J. W. (19 March 2005).
296:
540:
2227:
2137:
1719:
1518:
1200:
1158:
1132:
1005:
765:"The risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: contribution of clinical risk factors"
394:
307:
242:
150:
142:
137:
78:
887:
364:
84:
Nephrotic syndrome, a kidney disorder, causes excessive loss of protein in the urine,
2018:
1967:
1867:
1407:
1183:
1092:
948:
893:
827:
786:
722:
602:
544:
449:
49:
803:
2023:
1672:
1575:
1233:
1173:
1168:
1028:
933:
817:
776:
712:
701:"The risk of venous thromboembolism is markedly elevated in patients with diabetes"
592:
536:
620:
416:
2215:
2210:
2122:
1845:
1800:
1680:
1513:
1347:
1188:
1053:
363:
diabetes does not increase the risk of thromboembolism. A study conducted in the
259:
188:
101:
85:
936:
306:
blocked, the kidneys will enlarge, reaching its maximum size within a week. An
2264:
2114:
1977:
1937:
1872:
1833:
1744:
1538:
1250:
1193:
1075:
898:
597:
580:
373:
331:
312:
212:
208:
179:
112:
872:
717:
700:
295:
CT showing dilatation and thrombosis of the left renal vein in a patient with
2365:
2132:
1795:
1548:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1117:
822:
805:
183:
1959:
1291:
698:
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2000:
1690:
1633:
1558:
1000:
831:
804:
Robertson, Amanda; Vinod
Nargund; Derek W.R. Gray; Peter J. Morris (2000).
790:
726:
606:
548:
2338:
1734:
1355:
1163:
995:
984:
917:
381:
251:
238:
133:
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2205:
2149:
2142:
1972:
1543:
1508:
1483:
1127:
1109:
247:
204:
97:
54:
855:
781:
764:
2008:
1749:
1685:
1641:
1624:
1619:
1533:
1478:
1065:
928:
527:
Harrington, John T; Jerome
Kassirer (1982). "Renal Vein Thrombosis".
2222:
1824:
1761:
1695:
1646:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1122:
980:
339:
146:
479:
1493:
1452:
335:
163:
115:
has become the standard treatment in treating this abnormality.
1615:
1437:
867:
351:
153:
is a serious condition because; it can damage the lungs due to
96:, triggering a hypercoagulable state and increasing chances of
291:
167:
129:
93:
1991:
36:
526:
417:"Renal vein thrombosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
241:. The increased loss of proteins in the urine caused by
211:. Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency, also known as
578:
439:
437:
978:
207:
or spontaneous micro-trauma to the endothelium due to
585:
European
Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
446:
Handbook of
Urological Emergencies: A Practical Guide
1605:
845:
434:
302:
There are no laboratory tests used to diagnose RVT.
136:. Usually the diagnoses of RVT is first made when a
654:. Cleveland Clinic Center for Continuing Education
444:Wessels, Hunter; McAninch, Jack W., eds. (2005).
2363:
448:. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. pp. 171–180.
266:
443:
1591:
964:
469:
467:
465:
2171:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
1598:
1584:
971:
957:
59:
35:
821:
780:
742:"Air Travel and Deep Vein Thrombosis DVT"
716:
596:
674:"Anticoagulant medicines - Side effects"
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
506:National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
462:
411:
409:
290:
195:or blunt trauma to the back or abdomen.
108:or blunt trauma to the back or abdomen.
1225:
222:
170:, enlarged kidneys and kidney failure.
2364:
90:high level of cholesterol in the blood
1943:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1579:
952:
555:
473:
406:
231:
198:
122:
1948:Generalized essential telangiectasia
645:
810:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
541:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.001351
75:Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen
13:
330:that include intravenous and oral
281:focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
193:antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
145:, caused by a clot, also called a
106:antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
86:low levels of albumin in the blood
14:
2383:
841:
311:undergone renal transplantation.
2098:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
1325:platelet storage pool deficiency
1277:Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
797:
756:
739:
733:
692:
2049:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1044:Activated protein C resistance
769:British Journal of Haematology
666:
639:
627:. National Institute of Health
613:
520:
502:"What is a Pulmonary Embolism"
494:
318:magnetic resonance angiography
1:
1861:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
1715:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
400:
273:membranous glomerulonephritis
267:Membranous glomerulonephritis
117:Membranous glomerulonephritis
2166:Chronic venous insufficiency
1791:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
1138:Trousseau sign of malignancy
324:
286:
173:
30:Blood clot in the renal vein
7:
2181:Inferior vena cava syndrome
2176:Superior vena cava syndrome
1903:Vertebral artery dissection
1893:Intracranial berry aneurysm
1458:Nonthrombocytopenic purpura
1034:Antithrombin III deficiency
388:
357:
10:
2388:
2282:Hypertensive heart disease
1933:Arteriovenous malformation
1908:Familial aortic dissection
1413:Congenital afibrinogenemia
1317:Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
652:Disease Management Project
598:10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.02.017
2337:
2307:Renovascular hypertension
2272:
2263:
2250:Hepatic artery thrombosis
2198:
2158:
2113:
2017:
1999:
1990:
1958:
1918:
1898:Carotid artery dissection
1851:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
1823:
1783:
1760:
1701:Intermittent claudication
1671:
1664:Peripheral artery disease
1662:
1632:
1614:
1529:Gastrointestinal bleeding
1468:
1425:
1346:
1331:Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
1290:
1232:
1218:
1146:
1108:
1100:Antiphospholipid syndrome
1081:Essential thrombocythemia
1021:
1014:
991:
908:
849:
718:10.1007/s00125-005-1715-5
529:Annual Review of Medicine
48:
43:
34:
26:
21:
2292:Hypertensive nephropathy
2105:Post-thrombotic syndrome
2086:Paget–Schroetter disease
1878:Coronary artery aneurysm
1856:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
1499:Subconjunctival bleeding
1305:Bernard–Soulier syndrome
1268:Upshaw–Schulman syndrome
1242:Thrombocytopenic purpura
1071:Sticky platelet syndrome
744:. Stop the Clot Alliance
648:"Hypercoagulable States"
2347:Orthostatic hypotension
2329:White coat hypertension
1806:Fibromuscular dysplasia
1770:Carotid artery stenosis
1489:Intracranial hemorrhage
625:Genetics Home Reference
581:"Renal Vein Thrombosis"
476:"Renal Vein Thrombosis"
2319:Pulmonary hypertension
2302:Secondary hypertension
2297:Essential hypertension
2287:Hypertensive emergency
2128:Portacaval anastomosis
2064:Portal vein thrombosis
1706:Critical limb ischemia
1607:Cardiovascular disease
1403:Factor XIII deficiency
1383:Hypoprothrombinemia/II
1378:von Willebrand disease
1336:Gray platelet syndrome
823:10.1093/ndt/15.11.1865
299:
277:minimal change disease
155:pulmonary hypertension
2324:Systolic hypertension
2069:Renal vein thrombosis
1928:Arteriovenous fistula
1920:Vascular malformation
1888:Intracranial aneurysm
1775:Renal artery stenosis
1398:Factor XII deficiency
1388:Factor VII deficiency
1206:Renal vein thrombosis
294:
256:folic acid deficiency
71:Renal vein thrombosis
22:Renal vein thrombosis
2238:Paradoxical embolism
2233:Cholesterol embolism
2059:May–Thurner syndrome
2054:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2037:Deep vein thrombosis
2032:primarily lower limb
1811:Raynaud's phenomenon
1154:Deep vein thrombosis
1049:Protein S deficiency
1039:Protein C deficiency
223:Decreased blood flow
2314:Benign hypertension
1393:Factor X deficiency
1282:May–Hegglin anomaly
1059:Prothrombin G20210A
297:nutcracker syndrome
2228:Pulmonary embolism
2138:Esophageal varices
2076:upper limb / torso
1720:Arteriolosclerosis
1519:Pulmonary hematoma
1426:Signs and symptoms
1201:Pulmonary embolism
1006:Bleeding diathesis
909:External resources
395:Nephrotic syndrome
321:diagnoses of RVT.
308:ultrasound imaging
300:
243:nephrotic syndrome
232:Hypercoagulability
199:Vein tissue damage
151:pulmonary embolism
143:pulmonary embolism
138:nephrotic syndrome
123:Signs and symptoms
79:nephrotic syndrome
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2199:Arteries or veins
2194:
2193:
2019:Venous thrombosis
1986:
1985:
1968:Cherry hemangioma
1868:Aortic dissection
1819:
1818:
1654:Buerger's disease
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1421:
1420:
1408:Dysfibrinogenemia
1292:Platelet function
1214:
1213:
1093:Purpura fulminans
946:
945:
816:(11): 1865–1868.
782:10.1111/bjh.12724
646:Deitcher, Seven.
474:Laskowski, Igor.
455:978-1-58829-256-8
68:
67:
16:Medical condition
2379:
2270:
2269:
2081:Mondor's disease
2024:Thrombophlebitis
1997:
1996:
1673:Arteriosclerosis
1669:
1668:
1630:
1629:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1234:Thrombocytopenia
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1179:Lowenberg's sign
1029:Clotting factors
1019:
1018:
973:
966:
959:
950:
949:
847:
846:
836:
835:
825:
801:
795:
794:
784:
760:
754:
753:
751:
749:
737:
731:
730:
720:
711:(5): 1017–1021.
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
670:
664:
663:
661:
659:
643:
637:
636:
634:
632:
621:"Homocystinuria"
617:
611:
610:
600:
576:
553:
552:
524:
518:
517:
515:
513:
498:
492:
491:
489:
487:
482:on 31 March 2014
478:. Archived from
471:
460:
459:
441:
432:
431:
429:
427:
413:
64:
63:
39:
19:
18:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2372:Kidney diseases
2362:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2333:
2259:
2216:Microangiopathy
2211:Macroangiopathy
2190:
2154:
2123:Gastric varices
2109:
2022:
2013:
1982:
1954:
1914:
1846:Aortic aneurysm
1832:
1815:
1801:Erythromelalgia
1779:
1756:
1681:Atherosclerosis
1658:
1622:
1610:
1604:
1574:
1565:
1514:Hemopericardium
1464:
1417:
1348:Clotting factor
1342:
1286:
1210:
1159:Bancroft's sign
1142:
1133:Virchow's triad
1104:
1054:Factor V Leiden
1010:
987:
977:
947:
942:
941:
904:
903:
858:
844:
839:
802:
798:
761:
757:
747:
745:
738:
734:
697:
693:
683:
681:
672:
671:
667:
657:
655:
644:
640:
630:
628:
619:
618:
614:
577:
556:
525:
521:
511:
509:
500:
499:
495:
485:
483:
472:
463:
456:
442:
435:
425:
423:
421:medlineplus.gov
415:
414:
407:
403:
391:
365:UmeĂĄ University
360:
327:
289:
269:
260:Factor V Leiden
234:
225:
201:
189:Behcet syndrome
176:
125:
102:Behcet syndrome
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2265:Blood pressure
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2115:Varicose veins
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1978:Spider angioma
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1960:Vascular nevus
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1938:Telangiectasia
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1875:
1873:Aortic rupture
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1838:
1836:
1834:pseudoaneurysm
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:Oxycholesterol
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:Hemoperitoneum
1536:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1251:Evans syndrome
1238:
1236:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:Peabody's sign
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1076:Thrombocytosis
1073:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
989:
988:
976:
975:
968:
961:
953:
944:
943:
940:
939:
925:
913:
912:
910:
906:
905:
902:
901:
890:
875:
859:
854:
853:
851:
850:Classification
843:
842:External links
840:
838:
837:
796:
775:(3): 412–413.
755:
740:Kos, Cynthia.
732:
691:
665:
638:
612:
591:(2): 217–223.
554:
519:
493:
461:
454:
433:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
390:
387:
374:popliteal vein
359:
356:
332:anticoagulants
326:
323:
313:CT angiography
288:
285:
268:
265:
233:
230:
224:
221:
213:homocystinuria
209:homocystinuria
200:
197:
180:Rudolf Virchow
175:
172:
132:and worsening
124:
121:
113:anticoagulants
98:clot formation
66:
65:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2384:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Caput medusae
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Degos disease
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:Hematosalpinx
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Louvel's sign
1172:
1170:
1169:Lisker's sign
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:Thrombophilia
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
986:
982:
979:Disorders of
974:
969:
967:
962:
960:
955:
954:
951:
938:
935:
931:
930:
926:
924:
920:
919:
915:
914:
911:
907:
900:
896:
895:
891:
889:
885:
884:
880:
876:
874:
870:
869:
865:
861:
860:
857:
852:
848:
833:
829:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
792:
788:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
743:
736:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
679:
675:
669:
653:
649:
642:
626:
622:
616:
608:
604:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
507:
503:
497:
481:
477:
470:
468:
466:
457:
451:
447:
440:
438:
422:
418:
412:
410:
405:
396:
393:
392:
386:
383:
377:
375:
369:
366:
355:
353:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
322:
319:
314:
309:
303:
298:
293:
284:
282:
278:
274:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
229:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
196:
194:
190:
185:
184:thrombophilia
181:
171:
169:
165:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
120:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
62:
56:
53:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2274:Hypertension
2186:Venous ulcer
2092:
2075:
2068:
2043:
2031:
2001:Inflammation
1882:
1841:
1730:Hyperplastic
1691:Fatty streak
1634:Inflammation
1559:Hemarthrosis
1323:
1311:
1299:
1205:
1189:Pratt's sign
1001:coagulopathy
927:
916:
892:
877:
862:
813:
809:
799:
772:
768:
758:
746:. Retrieved
735:
708:
705:Diabetologia
704:
694:
682:. Retrieved
677:
668:
656:. Retrieved
651:
641:
629:. Retrieved
624:
615:
588:
584:
532:
528:
522:
510:. Retrieved
505:
496:
484:. Retrieved
480:the original
445:
424:. Retrieved
420:
378:
370:
361:
349:
345:
328:
304:
301:
270:
235:
226:
216:
202:
177:
160:
141:of RVT is a
126:
110:
83:
70:
69:
2339:Hypotension
1883:head / neck
1735:Cholesterol
1625:capillaries
1312:aggregation
1194:Rose's sign
1164:Homans sign
996:Coagulation
918:MedlinePlus
678:NHS Choices
382:ciclosporin
252:vitamin B12
239:proteinuria
134:proteinuria
27:Other names
2255:Vasculitis
2245:Thrombosis
2206:Angiopathy
2150:Varicocele
2143:Hemorrhoid
1973:Halo nevus
1829:dissection
1620:arterioles
1544:Hematocele
1509:Hemothorax
1484:Hemoptysis
1356:Hemophilia
1128:Thrombosis
894:DiseasesDB
535:: 255–62.
401:References
248:vitamin B6
205:vasculitis
55:Nephrology
2009:Phlebitis
1750:Trans fat
1686:Foam cell
1642:Arteritis
1609:(vessels)
1534:Hemobilia
1479:Epistaxis
1066:Platelets
937:radio/887
929:eMedicine
325:Treatment
287:Diagnosis
174:Mechanism
50:Specialty
2366:Category
2223:Embolism
1825:Aneurysm
1762:Stenosis
1696:Atheroma
1647:Aortitis
1616:Arteries
1525:abdomen
1448:Petechia
1443:Hematoma
1433:Bleeding
1300:adhesion
1226:By cause
1219:Bleeding
1123:Thrombus
1022:By cause
1015:Clotting
985:clotting
981:bleeding
934:med/2005
832:11071979
791:24428564
748:29 April
727:15778859
658:31 March
631:30 March
607:17543556
486:30 March
389:See also
358:Research
340:Warfarin
147:thrombus
94:swelling
2044:abdomen
1725:Hyaline
1494:Hyphema
1469:By site
1453:Purpura
1147:By site
684:1 April
549:7081962
512:1 April
336:Heparin
164:anaemia
1555:joint
1505:torso
1438:Bruise
1361:A/VIII
923:000513
830:
789:
725:
605:
547:
452:
426:27 May
352:sepsis
279:, and
57:
2159:Other
1992:Veins
1842:torso
1784:Other
1475:head
1110:Clots
899:11359
888:453.3
873:I82.3
680:. NHS
508:. NIH
168:edema
130:edema
2093:head
1623:and
1371:C/XI
1366:B/IX
983:and
883:9-CM
828:PMID
787:PMID
750:2014
723:PMID
686:2014
660:2014
633:2014
603:PMID
545:PMID
514:2014
488:2014
450:ISBN
428:2019
254:and
92:and
88:, a
1740:LDL
1263:TTP
1246:ITP
1088:DIC
879:ICD
864:ICD
818:doi
777:doi
773:165
713:doi
593:doi
537:doi
217:CBS
2368::
1844::
1827:/
1618:,
1258:TM
1244::
932::
921::
897::
886::
871::
868:10
826:.
814:15
812:.
808:.
785:.
771:.
767:.
721:.
709:48
707:.
703:.
676:.
650:.
623:.
601:.
589:34
587:.
583:.
557:^
543:.
533:33
531:.
504:.
464:^
436:^
419:.
408:^
283:.
275:,
258:.
250:,
191:,
166:,
104:,
81:.
2021:/
1831:/
1599:e
1592:t
1585:v
972:e
965:t
958:v
881:-
866:-
856:D
834:.
820::
793:.
779::
752:.
729:.
715::
688:.
662:.
635:.
609:.
595::
551:.
539::
516:.
490:.
458:.
430:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
