Republic of China (1912–1949)

5157:. During the Second Revolution in 1913, as the president of the republic, Yuan Shikai used the Beiyang Army to defeat provincial forces opposed to him and to extend his control over north China and other provinces as far south as the Yangtze River. This also led to the expansion of the size of the Beiyang Army, and an effort was made by Yuan to reduce provincial armies in areas he controlled, though they were not completely disbanded. Yuan ended the Qing practice of frequently rotating officers among command positions in the Beiyang divisions, which led to the subordinates developing personal loyalty to their commanders, whose units became their power base. He maintained control over the Beiyang Army by providing the division commanders with the patronage of the presidency, and had them keep each other in check. Yuan was unable to completely reorganize the fragmented command structure of China's military to be more of a bureaucratic institution under the direct control of the central government. After Yuan's death in 1916, the Beiyang Army split among different factions led by his generals that rivaled each other. Though they continued to control the central government in Beijing, they were unable to take over the south. The southern warlords had their own armies but they were also divided by conflicts among themselves. Despite the breakdown of centralized leadership, some military schools established during the Qing dynasty continued to function during the warlord era, including the 3203: 413: 3448: 5115:

and do liaison work. Able-bodied men from 20 to 25 were required to serve in the military for 3 years before becoming reservists which they would remain as until they were 45. Those being exempt from serving in the military were: only sons, high school graduates and above, students who were in high school or above, could not meet physical standards, "suffered from incurable diseases" and had special governmental appointments. One could also get a deferment if they were civil servants, "could not recover from any disease within months", teachers, "those who were not clear of suspicion for criminal offenses" or where half the sons in a given family were active duty soldiers. Those barred from military service were people who were serving a life sentence or "deprived of political rights".

2409: 404: 2668:(except by old-line Communists)." He also stated that, "Lloyd Eastman has called the Blue Shirts, whose members admired European fascism and were influenced by it, a Chinese fascist organization. This is probably an exaggeration. The Blue Shirts certainly exhibited some of the characteristics of fascism, as did many nationalist organizations around the world, but it is not clear that the group possessed the full qualities of an intrinsic fascist movement....The Blue Shirts probably had some affinity with and for fascism, a common feature of nationalisms in crisis during the 1930s, but it is doubtful that they represented any clear-cut Asian variant of fascism." 1205: 5372: 1318: 2822: 5138: 144: 2738:. Campaigns were mounted and laws passed to promote the rights of women. In the 1931 Civil Code, women were given equal inheritance rights, banned forced marriage and gave women the right to control their own money and initiate divorce. No nationally unified women's movement could organize until China was unified under the Kuomintang Government in Nanjing in 1928; women's suffrage was finally included in the new Constitution of 1936, although the constitution was not implemented until 1947. Addressing social problems, especially in remote villages, was aided by improved communications. The 5571: 1274: 190: 5187: 185: 1223: 1187: 3429: 1256: 5585: 5266: 1630: 1288: 151: 2723:

which officially disbanded by 1938, something Payne also mentions as "possibly because of competition with the KMT itself." Some have also noted that in contrast to older historians from decades ago, Chiang's efforts have been increasingly seen by newer Western and Chinese historians alike as an arguably necessary if austere part of the complicated nation-building process in China during his time, especially given the wide range of both domestic and foreign challenges it faced on many different concurrent fronts.

2448:". Sun Yat-sen had been actively promoting revolution from his bases in exile. He then returned and on 29 December, Sun Yat-sen was elected president by the Nanjing assembly, which consisted of representatives from seventeen provinces. On 1 January 1912, he was officially inaugurated and pledged "to overthrow the despotic government led by the Manchu, consolidate the Republic of China and plan for the welfare of the people". Sun's new government lacked military strength. As a compromise, he negotiated with 5540:

filmmaking.Upscale movie theaters in China had and contracts which required them to exclusively show Hollywood films, and thus as of the later 1920s, Hollywood films accounted for 90% of screen time in Chinese theaters. After the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, a large number filmmakers left to join the War of Resistance, with many going to the Nationalist-controlled hinterlands to join the Nationalist film studios Central Motion Picture Studio or China Motion Picture Studio. A smaller number went to

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promoted. When the war with Japan broke out, the majority of the Chinese fleet was used during the Battle of Shanghai to slow down the Japanese advance along the Yangtze River. Many ships were sunk by Japanese aircraft or were sunk deliberately by the Chinese to use as blockships in the Yangtze. By 1939 most of the Chinese navy had been destroyed, with one estimate claiming that over 100 of the navy's 120 ships in 1937 had been sunk. Some Chinese warships (notably the cruisers

2619: 5174:. After the success of the Northern Expedition the National Revolutionary Army was seen as China's national army, despite warlords still controlling parts of the country. During the next decade the army was increased in size from 250,000 to around two million, organized into 200 divisions. In the 1930s a small number of these divisions received training from German instructors, as well as modern uniforms and weapons, as part of the process of creating a professional army. The 3095:. The Communists were well established in the north and northeast. Although the Kuomintang had an advantage in numbers of men and weapons, controlled a much larger territory and population than their adversaries, and enjoyed considerable international support, they were exhausted by the long war with Japan and in-fighting among various generals. They were also losing the propaganda war to the Communists, with a population weary of Kuomintang corruption and yearning for peace. 3235:

This Constitution was promulgated on 25 December 1946 and came into effect on 25 December 1947. Under it, the Central Government was divided into the presidency and the five yuans, each responsible for a part of the government. None was responsible to the other except for certain obligations such as the president appointing the head of the Executive Yuan. Ultimately, the president and the yuans reported to the National Assembly, which represented the will of the citizens.

5495:. In one anti-guerilla sweep in 1942, the Japanese killed up to 200,000 civilians in a month. The war was estimated to have killed between 20 and 25 million Chinese, and destroyed all that Chiang had built up in the preceding decade. Development of industries was severely hampered after the war by devastating civil conflict as well as the inflow of cheap American goods. By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20% capacity and had 25% of the output of pre-war China. 3067: 2904: 12482: 366: 12494: 2925:. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants and, the spread of their organizational network, while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence. Meanwhile, northern China was infiltrated politically by Japanese politicians in Manchukuo using facilities such as the 12506: 3015:

Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering. The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of foreign war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by Nationalist profiteering, speculation, and hoarding. Starvation came in the wake of the war, and millions were rendered homeless by floods and unsettled conditions in many parts of the country.

5435: 12555: 282: 5961:諸君知中華民國之意義乎？何以不曰「中華共和國」，而必曰「中華民國」？此「民」字之意義，為僕研究十餘年之結果而得之者。歐美之共和國，創建遠在吾國之前。二十世紀之國，當含有創制之精神，不當自謂能效法於十八九世紀成法，而引為自足。共和政體為代表政體，世界各國，隸於此旗幟之下者，如希臘，則有貴族奴隸之堦級，直可稱之曰「專制共和」。如美國則已有十四省，樹直接民權之規模，而瑞士則全乎直接民權制度也。雖吾人今既易專制而成代議政體，然何可故步自封，落於人後。故今後國民當奮振全神於世界，發現一光芒萬丈之奇采，俾更進而底於直接民權之域。代議政體旗幟之下，吾民所享者，祇一種代議權。若底於直接民權，則有創制權、廢止權、退官權。但此種民權，不宜以廣漠之省境施行之，故當以縣為單位。地方財政完全由地方處理之，而分任中央之政費。其餘各種實業，則懲美國托拉斯之弊，而歸諸中央。如是數年，必有一莊嚴燦爛之中華民國發現於東大陸，駕諸世界共和國之上矣。 9248: 5471:

peaked at 28.8 billion, before falling to 21.3 billion by 1934 and recovering to 23.7 billion by 1935. By 1930, foreign investment in China totaled 3.5 billion, with Japan leading (1.4 billion) followed by the United Kingdom (1 billion). By 1948, however, the capital investment had halted and dropped to only 3 billion, with the US and Britain being the leading investors.

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by the fall of dynastic rule. The Republic of China maintained the increase of western cultural influence in the country. Chinese intellectuals of the time were not unified in their opinions on the cultural changes occurring in the newly-founded state. Some took progressive stances and advocated for Art Reform, while more conservative intellectuals believed China should maintain older Chinese traditions.

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were under-strength and the troops were poorly trained. Many of these divisions were still more loyal to warlords than to Chiang Kai-shek. The U.S. also provided military assistance to China, planning to equip 30 divisions, but the prioritization of the European theater and the logistical difficulties of getting the supplies to China prevented these plans from being fully carried out.

369: 3175:, and short-lived. The number of acts passed by the government was few and included the formal abdication of the Qing dynasty and some economic initiatives. The parliament's authority soon became nominal: violations of the Constitution by Yuan were met with half-hearted motions of censure. Kuomintang members of parliament who gave up their membership in the KMT were offered 1,000 5281:

significant efforts were made during this period to grow the navy because of China being in a state of general disarray. Sometimes warlords did use maritime forces but mainly as a way of supporting land combat. When Sun Yat-sen established his constitutional protection government in Guangzhou in 1917, some of his early support came from the Chinese navy, represented by admirals

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Nanjing decade the length of the highway network grew from 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 109,000 kilometres (68,000 mi) while growth was also seen in navigable waterways. In the early 1930s, a Sichuan warlord named Liu Xiang was strongly committed toward creating an entirely Chinese navigation company and eliminating foreign-owned companies in the Yangtze River basin.

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through its National Congress and Central Executive Committee, would exercise sovereign power during the period of "political tutelage", that the KMT's Political Council would guide and superintend the Nationalist Government in the execution of important national affairs, and that the Political Council has the power to interpret or amend the Organic Law.

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to hold parts of the Chinese coast, especially that closest to Taiwan failed and rather than returning and reconquering – by the late 1950s the only presence the ROC had in mainland China was in the remote areas of western China's wilderness were a small number of KMT loyalists held out fighting a guerilla campaign that was gradually worn down.

307: 286: 285: 246: 308: 287: 289: 7275:, p. 5) "Nationalist disunity, political instability, civil strife, the communist challenge, the autocracy of Chiang Kai-shek, the ascendancy of the military, the escalating Japanese threat, and the "crisis of democracy" in Italy, Germany, Poland, and Spain, all contributed to a freezing of democracy by the Nationalist leadership." 249: 1810:" with the Chinese Communist Party. CCP members joined the KMT and the two parties cooperated to build a revolutionary base in Canton. Sun planned to use this base to launch a military campaign northwards and reunify the rest of China. Sun's death in 1925 precipitated a power struggle that eventually resulted in the rise of General 3408:(UNSC). Though multiple objections were raised that the seat belonged to the lawful government of China, which had to many become the PRC even arguably prior to the official conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, the ROC retained the permanent seat reserved for China on the UNSC until 1971 when it was supplanted by the PRC. 248: 5511:

communists' promise to redistribute land gained them support among the large rural population. In 1949, the communists captured Beijing and later Nanjing. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949. The Republic of China relocated to Taiwan where Japan had laid an educational groundwork.

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The relocation to Taiwan was initially intended to be a regrouping as the KMT had not actually been wholly defeated in the rest of China in 1949 and was initially able to hold onto pockets of Chinese territory on the mainland. After losing Hainan in 1950, most KMT holdouts were soon overrun, attempts

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Chinese industries grew considerably from 1928 to 1931. While the economy was hit by the Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1931 and the Great Depression from 1931 to 1935, industrial output recovered to their earlier peak by 1936. This is reflected by the trends in Chinese GDP. In 1932, China's GDP

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The Republic of China Air Force during the Second-Sino Japanese War was outmatched by the Japanese aviation forces. Foreign advisors from Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom came to China in the 1930s; while foreign aircraft were also imported from a variety of countries. With the beginning

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The ROC Marine Corps was created from the former Naval Guard Corps, and consisted of two marine brigades, which were used during the war against Japan in several provinces before the corps was disbanded in 1946. In 1947, a reorganized Republic of China Marine Corps was created by the commander of the

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with the goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang, with Soviet advisors and equipment. To avoid the problems of warlord armies, the NRA was under the political and ideological control of a party, the KMT, and included party representatives in its ranks. After Sun's death in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek

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Under the new constitution the first elections for the National Assembly occurred in January 1948, and the assembly was summoned to meet in March 1948. It elected the president of the republic on 21 March 1948, formally bringing an end to the KMT party rule started in 1928, although the president was

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Shortly after the Second Sino-Japanese War, a long-delayed constitutional convention was summoned to meet in Nanjing in May 1946. Amidst heated debate, this convention adopted many constitutional amendments demanded by several parties, including the KMT and the Communist Party, into the Constitution.

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that preceded the republic had experienced instability throughout the 19th century and suffered from both internal rebellion and foreign imperialism. A program of institutional reform proved too little and too late. Only the lack of an alternative regime prolonged the monarchy's existence until 1912.

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Basic literacy came to most of the school-aged populace by the end of the Japanese tenure on Taiwan. School attendance for Taiwanese children rose steadily throughout the Japanese era, from 3.8 percent in 1904 to 13.1 percent in 1917; 25.1 percent in 1920; 41.5 percent in 1935; 57.6 percent in 1940;

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Prior to the fall of the Qing dynasty, interaction and trade with western countries was more common in China than it had been in previous times. This led to greater cultural influence from the west in China. The culture of China and daily life within the country was disrupted from its previous state

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in Beijing experienced constant changes in leadership, and this political instability led to stagnation in economic development until Chinese reunification in 1928 under the Kuomintang. After this reunification, China entered a period of relative stability—despite ongoing isolated military conflicts

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Military conscription was practiced in the Republic of China starting in March 1936 after a 1933 law was passed. All males between 18 and 45 were required to register for as citizen-soldiers where they would learn how to use weapons, build fortifications, execute basic orders, conduct reconnaissance

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as well as the Control Yuan. The Chairman of the National Government was to be the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army. Chiang Kai-shek was appointed as the first chairman, a position he would retain until 1931. The Organic Law also stipulated that the Kuomintang,

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During the Chinese Civil War both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants killed by both sides. Benjamin Valentino has estimated atrocities in the civil war resulted in the death of between 1.8 million and 3.5 million people between 1927

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in imitation of them, in an effort to counter the growth of Mao's communism as well as resist both Western and Japanese imperialism. According to Stanley Payne, however, Chiang's KMT was "normally classified as a multi-class populist or 'nation-building' party but not a fitting candidate for fascism

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One effect of the war with Japan was a massive increase in government control of industries. In 1936, government-owned industries were only 15% of GDP. However, the ROC government took control of many industries to fight the war. In 1938, the ROC established a commission for industries and mines to

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In September 1932, the Central Aviation School was founded with the help of an American mission led by John Jouett, and its graduates included the majority of Chinese pilot officers by 1937. On his recommendation, the ROCAF was restructured, with a Ministry of Aviation equal to that of the Military

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planes, arriving in early 1930. The Chinese Air Force expanded from the first 12 Corsair planes in 1930 to a size of eight squadrons, with seven of bomber-observation planes and one of pursuit planes, in 1931, with a total of 40 to 50 aircraft. Several American pilots became advisors to China's air

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In 1945, Chiang revived plans to create a modern Chinese Navy and asked the United States for assistance. The Nationalists received over 100 ships from the U.S. and its allied countries, as well as some captured Axis ships. Before the end of 1945 a navy training center was established in Qingdao by

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The Republic of China's Navy during between 1911 and 1949 was primarily composed of ships from the Qing Dynasty or ships obtained from foreign countries. As most threats to the Republic were on land from the warlords and the Communists there was no interest in developing any maritime strategies. No

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In January 1949, Beiping was taken by the Communists without a fight, and its name changed back to Beijing. Following the capture of Nanjing on 23 April, major cities passed from Kuomintang to Communist control with minimal resistance, through November. In most cases the surrounding countryside and

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In January 1946, through the mediation of the United States, a military truce between the Kuomintang and the Communists was arranged, but battles soon resumed. Public opinion of the administrative incompetence of the Nationalist government was incited by the Communists during the nationwide student

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of the 1880s, and subsequent laws, enacted by the United States Congress to restrict Chinese immigration into the United States were repealed. The wartime policy of the United States was meant to help China become a strong ally and a stabilizing force in postwar East Asia. During the war, China was

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Still other historians have noted that Chiang and the KMT's exact ideology itself was very complex and oscillated over time, with different factions of his government cooperating with both the Soviets and Germans as they saw fit, and that Chiang eventually became disillusioned with the Blue Shirts,

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China's infrastructure would grow dramatically during this period. The railroad network length grew from 9,600 kilometres (6,000 mi) in 1912 to 25,000 kilometres (16,000 mi) by 1945. The Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan was known for his strong commitment toward developing railroads. During the

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in 1938, the Chinese Army tried to avoid direct large scale fighting with the Japanese. Chiang also wanted to preserve his army instead of engaging in ground operations, despite pressure from the American leadership to go on the offensive. It was not until early 1944 when Chiang agreed to launch a

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in May 1949, whilst a few hundred thousand Nationalist troops and two million refugees, predominantly from the government and business community, fled from mainland China to Taiwan. There remained in China itself only isolated pockets of resistance. On 7 December 1949, Chiang proclaimed Taipei the

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Reformers and critics pushed for democracy and human rights, but the task seemed difficult if not impossible. The nation was at war and divided between Communists and Nationalists. Corruption and lack of direction hindered reforms. Chiang told the State Council: "Our organization becomes worse and

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and the following retreat. Half of the officers that graduated from the Central Military Academy were killed in the first few months of fighting. By 1941, the Chinese Nationalist Army had 3.8 million troops in 246 front-line divisions and 70 reserve divisions, though the majority of the divisions

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with China from the past. Within a few months a new agreement was signed between the United States and the Republic of China for the stationing of American troops in China as part of the common war effort against Japan. The United States sought unsuccessfully to reconcile the rival Kuomintang and

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compared with 12 million in 1928. Other imports saw even more increases. In 1932, 15 million bushels of grain were imported compared with 900,000 in 1928. This increased competition lead to a massive decline in Chinese agricultural prices and thus the income of rural farmers. In 1932,

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Belatedly, the Republic of China government sought to enlist popular support through internal reforms. However, the effort was in vain, because of rampant government corruption and the accompanying political and economic chaos. By late 1948 the Kuomintang position was bleak. The demoralized and

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was placed under the control of the ROC. In the meantime, the KMT renewed its struggle with the communists. However, the corruption and hyperinflation as a result of trying to fight the civil war, resulted in mass unrest throughout the Republic and sympathy for the communists. In addition, the

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Beginning in 1929, the Nationalist government started expanding its air power to improve its position over warlords and the Communists. The ROC Air Force was formally established in April 1929, and that month the aviation department of the Ministry of War was separated as the National Aviation

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in February 1945—dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese. Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted and had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war, in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the

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In February 1928, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 2nd Kuomintang National Congress, held in Nanjing, passed the Reorganization of the Nationalist Government Act. This act stipulated that the Nationalist Government was to be directed and regulated under the Central Executive Committee of the

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Chiang Kai-shek announced in 1928 that it was his intention to build a large navy for China, but this goal was undermined by financial problems and other difficulties. Many senior officers did not have modern naval training, and newer officers that were educated in Western countries were not

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Kuomintang, with the Committee of the Nationalist Government being elected by the KMT Central Committee. Under the Nationalist Government were seven ministries—Interior, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Transport, Justice, Agriculture and Mines, and Commerce, in addition to institutions such as the

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like Shanghai and Hong Kong. Chinese-made short melodrama and comedy films began emerging in 1913. Chinese film production developed significantly in the 1920s.Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, filmmaking in China was largely done by film studios and there was comparatively little small scale

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into northern China and the coastal provinces. Chinese fury against Japan was predictable, but anger was also directed against Chiang and the Nanjing government, which at the time was more preoccupied with anti-Communist extermination campaigns than with resisting the Japanese invaders. The

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under Chiang Kai-shek, the ROC continued to be destabilized by the Chinese Civil War, revolts by the KMT's warlord allies, and steady territorial encroachments by Japan. Although heavily damaged by the purge, the CCP gradually rebuilt its strength by focusing on organizing peasants in the

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In 1945, after the end of the war, the Nationalist Government moved back to Nanjing. The Republic of China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but actually a nation economically prostrate and on the verge of all-out civil war. The problems of rehabilitating the formerly

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During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the armed forces of the CCP were nominally incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army, while remaining under separate command, but broke away to form the People's Liberation Army shortly after the end of the war. With the promulgation of the

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on behalf of Puyi, ending several millennia of monarchical rule. In 1913, elections were held for provincial assemblies, which would then chose delegates for a new National Assembly. The Kuomintang emerged as the formal political party that replaced the revolutionary organization

3333:. The Republic of China was able to maintain most of these diplomatic ties, at least initially following the retreat to Taiwan. Chiang Kai-shek had vowed to quickly return and "liberate" the mainland, an assurance that became a cornerstone of the ROC's post 1949 foreign policy. 1893:

began to gain upper hand in 1948 over a larger and better-armed National Revolutionary Army due to better military tactics and internal corruption of the ROC leadership. In 1949, the ROC repeatedly moved its capital to avoid the Communist advance—first to Guangzhou, followed by

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of the 1930s, in which an overproduction of agricultural goods lead to falling prices for China as well as an increase in foreign imports (as agricultural goods produced in western countries were "dumped" in China). In 1931, Chinese imports of rice amounted to 21 million

3350:. It was hoped by the government that participating in the Olympic Games this could give more legitimacy to the country in the eyes of the international community and "sports could also cultivate modern citizens and a strong nation". The Republic of China sent athletes to the 6130: 3387:

for the League of Nations being a non-permanent member of the League Council from: 1921–1923, 1926–1928, 1931–1932, 1934, and 1936. Although the ROC lobbied to be a permanent member of the League Council it never became one. At the League of Nations, China wanted to see the

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The Republic of China was a member of the League of Nations and participated until it was dissolved. Those in the country's foreign relations were among the most stable of those working in the government in terms of composition. The ROC was a non-permanent member of the

2652:; and finally a constitutional democracy. In 1930, after seizing power and reunifying China by force, the "tutelage" phase started with the promulgation of a provisional constitution. In an attempt to distant themselves from the Soviets, the Chinese government sought 305: 3063:. Thereafter, the Chinese Civil War became more widespread; battles raged not only for territories but also for the allegiance of sections of the population. The United States aided the Nationalists with massive economic loans and weapons but no combat support. 412: 7284: 3170:

Sun Yat-sen was the provisional president. Delegates from the provinces sent to confirm the government's authority formed the first parliament in 1913. The power of this government was limited, with generals controlling both the central and northern

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had been established by Sun Yat-sen with Soviet assistance to provide officers for the KMT army, and in 1928 it was moved to Nanjing to become the Central Military Academy, where its size and training program was expanded by the Germans. But these

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Yuan was elected president of the ROC in 1913. He ruled by military power and ignored the republican institutions established by his predecessor, threatening to execute Senate members who disagreed with his decisions. He soon dissolved the ruling

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and the flagship defected to the Communists. This was followed in April by a mutiny of the entire fleet along the Yangtze, which was led by its commander to the other side. Because of this, 23 April 1949 is considered the founding date of the

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of 1930 by bombing cities, directing artillery, and observing warlord army defensive positions, and is credited with helping bring about a faster victory for Chiang Kai-shek's government. It had less success against the Japanese during the

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at the end of World War II in 1945, which led to Taiwan being placed under Chinese administration. In the aftermath of World War II, civil war resumed between the areas liberated by the KMT and those liberated by the CCP. The CCP's

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states. Increasingly unpopular and deserted by his supporters, Yuan abdicated in 1916 and died of natural causes shortly thereafter. China then declined into a period of warlordism. Sun, having been forced into exile, returned to

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Sun Yat-sen created a new government in 1917 as an alternative to the Beiyang, but he did not have the military power to control the southern warlords. Therefore, the National Revolutionary Army was established by Sun in 1924 in

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Meanwhile, the Beiyang government struggled to hold onto power, and an open and wide-ranging debate evolved regarding how China should confront the West. In 1919, a student protest against the government's weak response to the

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When Yuan died, the parliament of 1913 was reconvened to give legitimacy to a new government. However, the real power passed to military leaders, leading to the warlord period. The impotent government still had its use; when

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in early 1947 and during another national protest against monetary reforms later that year. The United States—realizing that no American efforts short of large-scale armed intervention could stop the coming war—withdrew Gen.

364: 5223:. The Japanese advanced rapidly in central and southeast China, as the Chinese Army still suffered from a lack of supplies, and by the start of 1945 they captured several U.S. air bases and created a direct connection to 323: 2642: 281: 2536:

in Beijing, having re-established the KMT in October 1919. Sun's dream was to unify China by launching an expedition against the north. However, he lacked the military support and funding to turn it into a reality.

8930: 247: 5301:, who became the commander of the ROC Navy in 1932 and remained in that position until after the war with Japan. During the 1930s he organized the Chinese navy into the Central, Northeast, and Guangdong Fleets. 7295: 5247:, which retreated to Taiwan in 1949 after their defeat in the Chinese Civil War. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People's Liberation Army. 244: 2486:

in 1915. The new ruler of China tried to increase centralization by abolishing the provincial system; however, this move angered the gentry along with the provincial governors, who were usually military men.

7723:"China's Representation in the United Nations", by Khurshid Hyder – Pakistan Horizon; Vol. 24, No. 4, The Great Powers and Asia (Fourth Quarter, 1971), pp. 75–79, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs 1738:

The Republic of China was officially proclaimed on 1 January 1912 by the revolutionaries and Sun Yat-sen, the first provisional president of the new republic, following the success of the Xinhai revolution.

324: 3447: 2896:, with its capital in Nanjing, which proclaimed itself the legitimate "Republic of China" in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek's government, although its claims were significantly hampered due to its being a 2473:

led the Kuomintang Party to electoral victories by fashioning his party's program to appeal to the gentry, landowners, and merchants. Song was assassinated on 20 March 1913, at the behest of Yuan Shikai.

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during World War II, the United States became increasingly involved in Chinese affairs. As an ally, it embarked in late 1941 on a program of massive military and financial aid to the hard-pressed

1906:. In October 1949, the CCP established the PRC. Remnants of the ROC government would hang on in mainland China until late 1951. The KMT dominated ROC politics for 72 years and ruled the island of 266: 2073:'), and which he thought would allow more checks and balances by the people. Later on 20 October 1923, at a national conference for youths in Guangzhou, to explain the core idea behind 2917:

The United Front between the Kuomintang and the CCP had salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP, despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions and the rich

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After the 1930 mutiny ended, Chiang accepted the suggestion of Wang Ching-wei, Yen Hsi-shan, and Feng Yü-hsiang that a provisional constitution for the political tutelage period be drafted.

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began with a Japanese invasion of China, and the resulting warfare laid waste to China. Most of the prosperous east coast was occupied by the Japanese, who committed atrocities such as the

10274: 6569: 5180: 10911: 3417: 11597: 7732:

National Institute for Compilation and Translation of the Republic of China (Taiwan): Geography Textbook for Junior High School Volume 1 (1993 version): Lesson 10: pp. 47–49.

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of the war they began to rely most heavily on the United States and Soviet Union for advisors. The low amount of planes being domestically produced would prove to be a hindrance.

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a member of the KMT. These elections, though praised by at least one US observer, were poorly received by the Communist Party, which would soon start an open, armed insurrection.

1535: 264: 6230: 2572:

and the CCP. However, he soon dismissed his Soviet advisers, being convinced that they wanted to get rid of the KMT and take control. Chiang decided to purge the Communists,

5416:

When the war with Japan broke out in July 1937, much of the ROC Air Force was destroyed during the fighting in central China by December of that year. From 1938 to 1940 the

2970:

Kuomintang government. However, the Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to arm themselves with equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army.

6015: 5748: 2056:) with the limiting and authoritarianism-prone Euro-American models of representative republicanism. What he strived for was a more grass-roots model, which he termed 1480: 1049: 5454:

In the early years of the Republic of China, the economy remained unstable as the country was marked by constant warfare between different regional warlord factions. The

11059: 6831: 3428: 2576:. At the same time, other violent conflicts were taking place in China: in the South, where the CCP had superior numbers, Nationalist supporters were being massacred. 1658: 5227:. In early 1945, Chinese and Allied troops in Burma succeeded in opening a land route to India, allowing more equipment to be sent to the Chinese, which they used to 5413:. Additional planes were purchased, and factories were also opened in China. As of 1936, the Chinese Air Force had 645 aircraft, and multiple factories and schools. 3038:

against a possible Soviet incursion, and logistic support was given to Kuomintang forces in north and northeast China. To further this end, on 30 September 1945 the

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during which Japan suffered extensive casualties in both its army and navy. Nanjing fell in December 1937, which was followed by mass murders and rapes known as the

265: 12586: 5150: 3405: 3154: 2623: 10167: 5344:, becoming the flagship of the ROCN. In February 1949, as Chinese Communist forces advanced to the Yangtze River from the north, a mutiny of sailors occurred on 5835: 62: 13226: 11663: 6061: 3257:

Before the Nationalist government was ousted from the mainland, the Republic of China had diplomatic relations with 59 countries, including Australia, Canada,

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was one of many that took advantage of the new freedom to raise social consciousness. The Nationalist government published a draft constitution on 5 May 1936.

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When the war between Japan and China broke out in 1937, Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best divisions to central China, where they took heavy losses during the

2026:), and distribute land equally among the people." On 15 July 1916, in his welcoming speech to the Cantonese delegates in Shanghai, Sun explained why the term 12755: 10511: 10206: 2321:

in China. From its founding until 1949, the republic was based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915–1928), a

2482:(KMT) party, banned "secret organizations" (which implicitly included the KMT), and ignored the provisional constitution. Ultimately, Yuan declared himself 11200: 6353: 5948: 5608: 2461: 1744: 6040: 5145:

The Republic of China's military initially consisted of the decentralized forces of the former Qing dynasty, with the most modern and organized being the

2630:

Chiang Kai-shek pushed the CCP into the interior and established a government, with Nanjing as its capital, in 1927. By 1928, Chiang's army overthrew the

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but no athletes won any medals. For 1928 a single athlete was sent. Although athletes were sent to the 1924 games they did not participate in the games.

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to defect to the National Revolutionary Army and became the head of the revolutionary navy on the Yangtze River. One of Admiral Yang's subordinates was

3210:

With the promulgation of the Organic Law of the Nationalist Government in October 1928, the government was reorganized into five different branches, or

10239: 10125: 9252: 8551: 6624: 5321:. The building of a Chinese navy was no longer a priority during the rest of the war, and in 1940 Chiang Kai-shek disbanded the Ministry of the Navy. 10130: 6077:

Lee, Junghwan (June 2013). "The History of Konghwa 共和 in Early Modern East Asia and Its Implications in the Constitution of the Republic of Korea".

5559:

and more successfully established a censorship apparatus directed against unwelcome cultural products, especially left-wing artists and their works.

2983: 2456:, promising Yuan the presidency of the republic if he were to remove the Qing emperor by force. Yuan agreed to the deal. On 12 February 1912, regent 1724: 1036: 10189: 7748: 5388: 5290: 1953: 760: 7499: 2549:, whose demonstrations were against the danger of spreading Western influence replacing Chinese culture. It was in this intellectual climate that 417:

Land controlled by the Republic of China (late 1945) shown in dark green; land claimed (until early 1946) but not controlled shown in light green.

2205: 1937: 1775:

forced him to back down. When Yuan died in 1916, the country fragmented between the various local commanders of the Beiyang Army. This began the

17: 6561: 6100: 5977: 11868: 8680: 2280:), because from the Chinese government's perspective the ROC ceased to exist in 1949. In Taiwan, these years are called the "Mainland period" ( 1651: 7575: 7558: 1965: 10735: 7495:

Qin Xin. Taiwan army published new book uncovering secrets of Chiang Kai-shek: Plan to retake the mainland. 28 June 2006. China News Agency.

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Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese desires on China. Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated

2735: 355: 9131: 8715:

Chung, Chien (2003). "A review of the ROC's military reform: A case study of the Taiwanese Navy". In Martin Edmonds; Michal M. Tsai (eds.).

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did much of the fighting against the Japanese, along with the remnants of the ROCAF. The Soviets sent 885 planes to China over those years.

3202: 2769:, provincial military leaders, or warlord coalitions. Nationalist rule was strongest in the eastern regions around the capital Nanjing. The 2060: 1317: 12293: 10393: 9630: 9354: 6044: 2961:

In August 1945, with American help, Nationalist troops moved to take the Japanese surrender in North China. The Soviet Union—encouraged to

2841:

in 1932. The loss of Manchuria, and its potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Kuomintang economy. The

1576: 2469:, and at the 1913 elections, it won the largest share of seats in both houses of the National Assembly and in some provincial assemblies. 11397: 9640: 9240: 8651: 7685: 7619: 6271: 5887:[Yearbook of the 94th Year of the Republic of China: Chapter 1 General Introduction, Chapter 2 Land Section, 2 Mainland Region]. 5208: 3179:. Yuan maintained power locally by sending generals to be provincial governors or by obtaining the allegiance of those already in power. 2647: 697: 7342: 7231: 6868: 6792: 6763: 6724: 6463: 6367: 5858: 13201: 12981: 11722: 11377: 9970: 2926: 1759:. Yuan quickly became authoritarian and used his military power to control the administration, which consequently became known as the " 5884: 12745: 9349: 6214: 5603: 5484:

agricultural prices were at 41 percent of 1921 levels. By 1934, rural incomes had fallen to 57 percent of 1931 levels in some areas.

2892:, then removed in an epic retreat to Chongqing, the seat of government until 1945. In 1940, the Japanese set up the collaborationist 2135:" (from 1928 to 1949) used the name "Republic of China" as their official name. In Chinese, the official name was often shortened to 1644: 802: 2781:

in 1934 led to more power for the central government, but there continued to be foot-dragging and even outright defiance, as in the

13211: 12045: 12025: 10309: 10294: 10194: 10051: 10009: 2357: 1969: 316: 5613: 143: 12050: 11668: 11502: 11278: 5499:

supervise and control firms, as well as instilling price controls. By 1942, 70% of Chinese industry was owned by the government.

5429: 5231:

in southeast China by May. They were planning an offensive to retake control of a port in southern China when Japan surrendered.

1884:

devastated China, leading to enormous loss of life and material destruction. The war between China and Japan continued until the

397: 274: 8272: 6007: 5672:

The Republic of China was proclaimed in Nanjing on 1 January, and its capital was moved to Beijing on March 10 of the same year.

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countryside. Warlords who resented Chiang's attempts to take away their autonomy and incorporate their military units into the

6539: 5170:

led the Nationalist Army in its first campaign against less organized warlord forces from 1926 to 1928, becoming known as the

2641:

Sun Yat-sen envisioned three phases for the KMT rebuilding of China – military rule and violent reunification;

2004:; 'Chinese People's State') as the country's official Chinese name. The name was derived from the language of the 13206: 12611: 12544: 12463: 11975: 11793: 11592: 10916: 10304: 9366: 9344: 8967: 8948: 8919: 8851: 8743: 8724: 8705: 8096: 7423: 7398: 7241: 7214: 7066: 7039: 7012: 6757: 5868: 5236: 3160: 2922: 2731: 2303: 1428: 1023: 847: 9108: 8891: 8779: 6825: 1818:. Thanks to strategic alliances with warlords and help from Soviet military advisors, Chiang was able to lead a successful " 12085: 11803: 11727: 11372: 10551: 10284: 9781: 4495: 4239: 3583: 3120: 1911: 1495: 1451: 5161:, which graduated the majority of officers that served in warlord armies and many that later became Nationalist officers. 12813: 11880: 11680: 11675: 11556: 11534: 11467: 10279: 9650: 9399: 7002: 5556: 5046: 3609: 3132: 3039: 2987: 2789:

worse... many staff members just sit at their desks and gaze into space, others read newspapers and still others sleep."

1435: 623: 598: 12665: 11700: 11653: 10179: 10014: 9394: 7823: 6978: 4399: 3187:

began, several Western powers and Japan wanted China to declare war on Germany, to liquidate German holdings in China.

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River valley in central China. After 1940, conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the

2369: 1795: 237: 7091:"Redefining the Moral and Legal Roles of the State in Everyday Life - The New Life Movement in China in the Mid-1930s" 6097:"Exploring Chinese History :: Database Catalog :: Biographical Database :: Republican Era- (1912–1949)" 11885: 11621: 11463: 11332: 10024: 10001: 9965: 9821: 9816: 9218: 9102: 9081: 9058: 9016: 8832: 8674: 8624: 8584: 8493: 8155: 7781: 7711: 7679: 7373: 7336: 7139: 6914: 6718: 6512: 6411: 6344: 6310: 6265: 6224: 5932: 5829: 5711: 3337: 3167:, which state that " shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people." 3099:

small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities. Finally, on 1 October 1949, Communists led by

1350: 12953: 12675: 11930: 11783: 11658: 11575: 11291: 10992: 10987: 10762: 10299: 9955: 9361: 7652: 7477:

Chiang Kai-shek's chief bodyguard published a book revealing the 62-year history of "counterattacking the mainland"

5643:

between 1919 and 1921. After World War II, the Nationalist government officially recognized the sovereignty of the

5598: 5350: 2309:

A republic was formally established on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which itself began with the

2297: 1307: 9198: 5219:

to China, though it was unsuccessful. It took place around the same time as Japan's largest offensive since 1941,

2872:

Chinese resistance stiffened after 7 July 1937, when a clash occurred between Chinese and Japanese troops outside

2384:. Meanwhile, the CCP took over all of mainland China and founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing. 12631: 12522: 10982: 10730: 10474: 10403: 9960: 9688: 9655: 9528: 9336: 2955: 1945: 1933: 1768: 1210: 7813: 5956: 2687: 13216: 12313: 11636: 11507: 11039: 10679: 9039: 8990: 8808: 8773: 5777: 5644: 5552: 5260: 5240: 3258: 3164: 3070:

The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei: after the Nationalists lost Nanjing they next moved to Guangzhou, then to

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with the intention of defeating the Beiyang warlords and unifying the country. Chiang received the help of the

2273: 1871: 1413: 1147: 686: 670: 638: 199: 7056: 6968: 6191: 6153: 2659:

According to Lloyd Eastman, Chiang Kai-shek was influenced by European fascist movements, and he launched the

2184:; 'people's country'; "republic") in 1912, as well as its similar semantic formation to 12808: 12035: 11920: 11853: 11705: 11458: 11315: 10162: 10152: 9950: 9945: 3401: 3104: 2782: 2739: 2483: 2265: 1010: 170: 8293: 7706:

Cook, Chris Cook. Stevenson, John. (2005). The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914. Routledge.

13098: 12775: 12080: 11950: 11818: 11162: 11157: 10569: 9882: 9828: 9796: 9623: 7129: 6616: 2962: 2653: 2318: 1985: 1918: 1155: 297: 257: 8515:"Warlords at Work: Four Crucial Realms and Four Dynamics of State Building in Republican China, 1916–1937" 7594: 5396:

force and fought in battles against the Japanese or warlords. The Nationalist Air Force had a role in the

2368:

of mainland China in 1949, after the Chinese Civil War, left the ruling Kuomintang with control over only

2194:; 'emperor's country'; "empire"), may have influenced the choice of the Korean term 1779:

defined by decentralized conflicts between rival cliques. The most powerful of these cliques, notably the

13030: 12990: 12853: 12765: 11875: 11778: 11512: 11487: 11271: 11069: 10947: 10932: 10539: 10496: 10432: 10415: 10289: 9811: 9558: 9321: 8698:

Charting America's Cold War Waters in East Asia: Sovereignty, Local Interests, and International Security

7209:. Critical issues in world and international history. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132. 5410: 5366: 5128: 3252: 3092: 3088: 2880:. This skirmish led to open, although undeclared, warfare between China and Japan. Shanghai fell after a 2862: 2853:

importance of "internal unity before external danger" was forcefully brought home in December 1936, when

2754: 2532:

in the south in 1917 and 1922, with the help of warlords, and set up successive rival governments to the

2114: 1949: 1890: 1863: 1751:, the ROC's founder and provisional president, served only briefly before handing over the presidency to 1500: 403: 110: 7815:

The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China: The Art of Governing Soldiers

7742: 1956:. Covering 11.4 million square kilometres (4.4 million square miles) of claimed territory, it 13092: 12957: 12879: 12371: 12323: 11955: 11905: 11892: 11798: 11641: 11367: 10584: 10464: 10220: 10174: 10157: 10140: 9887: 9851: 9698: 9273: 7496: 6565: 4828: 4574: 3248: 3005: 2991: 2804: 2597: 1827: 1815: 1732: 1616: 1540: 1525: 1520: 1490: 1228: 1141: 160: 6534: 6352:

Cite error: The named reference ":Laikwan" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

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revised. The ROC thought that by being in the League they could improve their international standing.

3342:

The ROC did try to participate in a variety of entities for the international community including the

3159:

The first Republic of China national government was established on 1 January 1912, in Nanjing, with a

1822:" from 1926 to 1928. By 1927, Chiang felt secure enough to end the alliance with the Soviet Union and 13231: 12735: 12537: 12303: 12276: 12271: 11631: 11477: 11438: 11187: 10779: 10603: 10484: 10437: 10381: 9846: 9791: 9518: 9404: 9331: 8616: 8576: 7285:

Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China

6336: 5981: 5091: 2573: 2510: 2365: 2017: 1843: 1611: 1114: 208: 8664: 12905: 12895: 12039: 11965: 11788: 11715: 11497: 11492: 11443: 11145: 10774: 10720: 10645: 10321: 10256: 10098: 10081: 10059: 9892: 9867: 9806: 9708: 9461: 9376: 8943:(in Chinese). Taipei: History and Politics Compilation Office of the Ministry of National Defense. 7156: 5728: 5488: 5353:. At the end of the war the rest of the ROCN moved Nationalist troops from the mainland to Taiwan. 5313: 5307: 5270: 5239:

in 1947 and the formal end of the KMT party-state, the National Revolutionary Army was renamed the

5175: 5158: 4712: 4602: 3438: 2907: 2812: 2798: 2424:

In 1912, after over two thousand years of dynastic rule, a republic was established to replace the

2403: 2322: 1875: 1838:-based government led by Chiang Kai-shek, who after the Northern Expedition ruled the country as a 1418: 1245: 994: 9478: 7476: 7029: 5137: 1802:. Sun was finally able to take Guangzhou with the help of weapons, funding, and advisors from the 13163: 12635: 12411: 12236: 11970: 11863: 11587: 11482: 11453: 11448: 11195: 10977: 10693: 10579: 10574: 10479: 10454: 10398: 10232: 10184: 10019: 9940: 9935: 9877: 9801: 9786: 9645: 9426: 9128: 8824: 6403: 4992: 4658: 2911: 2520: 1772: 1716: 1550: 1062: 9600: 8148:

Heretics in Revolutionary China: The Ideas and Identities of Two Cantonese Socialists, 1917–1928

7671:

Resolutions and Statements of the United Nations Security Council: (1946–1989); a Thematic Guide

7461: 5924: 5915: 5028:

Taiwan was only under ROC control after the surrender of Japan. Government suspended since 2018.

2965:

to hasten the end of the war and allowed a Soviet sphere of influence there as agreed to at the

1874:. They continued a series of smaller territorial encroachments until 1937, when they launched a 12839: 12835: 12715: 12298: 12261: 12067: 11846: 11748: 11743: 11609: 11357: 11264: 11150: 10957: 10791: 10747: 10725: 10422: 9872: 9776: 9583: 9326: 5640: 5618: 5548: 5417: 5318: 5256: 5244: 5132: 5058: 5054: 3150: 2995: 2940:. In January 1943, both the United States and the United Kingdom led the way in revising their 2937: 2605: 2591: 2457: 2440:

against the Qing government, on 10 October 1911, which is now celebrated annually as the ROC's

2361: 2132: 2083:; 'people's country'), he pithily compared the phrase "Empire of China" ( 1941: 1847: 1831: 1545: 1505: 964: 617: 8655:. (New York: Columbia University Press, 4 vols, 1967–1971). 600 articles. Available online at 8485: 8179: 8088: 7669: 7577:

To Play or Not to Play: A Historic Overview of the Olympic Movement in China From 1894 to 1984

7560:

To Play or Not to Play: A Historic Overview of the Olympic Movement in China From 1894 to 1984

7439: 6904: 6504: 6498: 6255: 5106:, who continued possessing their titles in the Republic of China from the previous dynasties. 13060: 13016: 12685: 12456: 12421: 11935: 11841: 11836: 11813: 11614: 11472: 11392: 11387: 11140: 11135: 11090: 11026: 10937: 10640: 10589: 10527: 10249: 10086: 10074: 10064: 9833: 9466: 9266: 7326: 6860: 6786: 6747: 6708: 6459: 5371: 4499: 3270: 3031: 2946: 2845:, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of Japanese defiance. 2104: 1915: 1475: 683: 657: 8477: 8116: 5186: 12530: 12416: 12391: 12288: 11582: 11320: 10866: 10814: 10674: 10469: 10444: 10371: 10366: 10201: 10093: 10069: 9927: 9409: 8298: 8277: 5892: 5228: 5103: 4772: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3351: 2542: 1598: 1470: 1104: 189: 5535:

were introduced to China in 1896. They were introduced through foreign film exhibitors in

2821: 2121: 184: 8: 12949: 12874: 12725: 12704: 12346: 12308: 12283: 12147: 12119: 11758: 11753: 11604: 11421: 11362: 11352: 11167: 11012: 10906: 10901: 10871: 10829: 10752: 10715: 10635: 10620: 10449: 10410: 10117: 9731: 9635: 9386: 5652: 5286: 5171: 5099: 3793: 3470: 2945:

Communists, to make for a more effective anti-Japanese war effort. In December 1943, the

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from 1927 until its relocation to Taiwan on 7 December 1949, following its defeat by the

1515: 1398: 1345: 1338: 951: 647: 35: 2745:

Continual wars plagued the government. Those in the western border regions included the

13140: 13135: 13001: 12786: 12655: 12621: 12601: 12426: 12381: 12214: 12127: 11945: 11915: 11561: 11539: 11054: 11049: 11034: 10886: 10854: 10849: 10742: 10664: 10652: 10561: 10227: 10147: 10135: 10103: 9758: 9753: 9671: 9371: 9170: 9161:

Xu, Guangqiu (1997). "Americans and Chinese Nationalist Military Aviation, 1929–1949".

9155: 9145: 9028: 8979: 8872: 7539: 7187: 7179: 7110: 6942: 5648: 5503: 5455: 5397: 5392: 5329:. The new navy was mainly used to transport troops and patrol the coastline during the 5195: 4295: 3206:

Nationalist government of Nanjing, which nominally ruled over all of China during 1930s

3142: 3043: 3019: 2881: 2770: 2631: 2601: 2533: 2502: 2399: 2342: 2128: 1961: 1885: 1867: 1807: 1760: 1603: 1530: 1388: 924: 676: 611: 540: 522: 517: 3453:

Map of the first-level administrative divisions of the Republic of China in law (1945)

12915: 12884: 12849: 12510: 12493: 12431: 12361: 12338: 12241: 12219: 12209: 12182: 12177: 12006: 11960: 11897: 11858: 11828: 11691: 11544: 11337: 11304: 11113: 11105: 10819: 10686: 10657: 10615: 10544: 10501: 10459: 10326: 10266: 10038: 9975: 9837: 9618: 9588: 9414: 9214: 9098: 9077: 9070: 9054: 9035: 9012: 8986: 8963: 8944: 8915: 8847: 8828: 8804: 8797: 8769: 8739: 8720: 8701: 8670: 8620: 8580: 8489: 8478: 8151: 8092: 8081: 7819: 7777: 7707: 7675: 7419: 7394: 7369: 7332: 7237: 7210: 7191: 7135: 7090: 7062: 7035: 7008: 6974: 6910: 6903:

Chen, Lifu; Myers, Ramon Hawley (1994). Chang, Hsu-hsin; Myers, Ramon Hawley (eds.).

6753: 6714: 6508: 6407: 6397: 6340: 6306: 6261: 6220: 5928: 5864: 5732: 5724: 5402: 5330: 5220: 4109: 3384: 3343: 2979: 2877: 2866: 2842: 2726:

Several major government institutions were founded during this period, including the

2664: 2613: 2514: 2326: 2241: 2231: 1925: 1823: 1720: 1593: 1586: 1408: 1403: 1333: 1328: 1126: 1120: 981: 938: 575: 8717:

Defending Taiwan: The Future Vision of Taiwan's Defence Policy and Military Strategy

7114: 6430: 2254:('people's country') as an equivalent to "republic" in other languages. 13012: 12925: 12797: 12699: 12436: 12356: 12152: 12075: 12030: 12017: 11925: 11910: 11648: 11231: 11224: 11123: 11118: 11044: 10972: 10891: 10806: 10796: 10767: 10703: 10698: 10532: 10506: 10491: 10376: 10354: 10338: 10244: 9693: 9683: 9523: 9316: 9301: 9293: 8656: 8526: 7531: 7171: 7102: 6529: 6302: 5541: 5492: 5475: 5265: 5224: 5081: 4740: 4684: 4548: 3689: 3286: 3227: 3219: 3060: 3009: 2966: 2941: 2885: 2750: 2437: 2425: 2393: 2310: 2264:

In China today, the period from 1912 to 1949 is often called the "Republican Era" (

2258: 2070: 1936:

seat) where it maintained until 1971, when the PRC took over its membership in the

1571: 1465: 1422: 877: 560: 555: 550: 502: 487: 97: 57: 12552: 8755:

The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850–2008

2364:; and Taiwan was placed under the Republic of China's administrative control. The 13120: 13088: 13040: 13026: 12486: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12376: 12328: 12266: 12224: 12187: 12172: 12162: 12157: 12137: 12102: 12097: 11773: 11710: 11347: 10839: 10834: 10757: 10708: 10669: 10333: 9915: 9721: 9608: 9202: 9135: 9092: 8904: 8895: 8888: 8763: 8573:

Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China

8322: 7771: 7656: 7520:"In Pursuit of Equality and Respect: China's Diplomacy and the League of Nations" 7503: 7484: 5697:

as its temporary capital on 7 December 1949. Chengdu was captured on 27 December.

5660: 5532: 5507: 5334: 5203: 4856: 4800: 4753: 4630: 4347: 3555: 3503: 3318: 3290: 3055: 3023: 2854: 2746: 2727: 2609: 2557: 2353: 2334: 2009: 1839: 1811: 1784: 1704: 1684: 1378: 898: 732: 673: 545: 532: 512: 507: 9009:

The Rise and Fall of an Officer Corps: The Republic of China Military, 1942–1955

8765:

In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949

6433:(Report). Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education. 2004. 2553:

thought began to spread. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921.

150: 13150: 13145: 13130: 12985: 12977: 12945: 12562: 12446: 12386: 12365: 12318: 12167: 12142: 11940: 11763: 11570: 11240: 11172: 11095: 10942: 10896: 10881: 10876: 10859: 10844: 10630: 9985: 9980: 9910: 9496: 9030:

China in Disintegration : The Republican Era in Chinese History, 1912–1949

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Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China

5636: 5555:." It sought (mostly unsuccessfully) to attract cultural workers to create new 5391:

as its head. He started a program of buying American aircraft, with the first,

5212: 5086:

The Republic of China retained hereditary nobility like the Han Chinese nobles

5050: 4982:

The province was abolished in 1950 and incorporated into Heilongjiang province.

4971: 4959: 4895: 4466: 3755: 3389: 3322: 3262: 3215: 3027: 2951: 2858: 2816: 2635: 2585: 2445: 2330: 1981: 1929: 1858: 1696: 1680: 9094:

China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937–1952

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represented a small part of the total KMT army, numbering about 40 divisions.

666:

provisional government under a military dictatorship (1925–1928, Nationalist)

13195: 13125: 13105: 12498: 12451: 12351: 12229: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12132: 12092: 11626: 11382: 11342: 11205: 10952: 10786: 10625: 10427: 9748: 9736: 9578: 9439: 7535: 7418:. Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Cornell University Press. p. 88. 7230:

Edwards, Louise; Milwertz, Cecilia Nathansen (2006). Hershatter, Gail (ed.).

5590: 5375: 5298: 5294: 5282: 5087: 4914: 3822: 3347: 3326: 3223: 3176: 2333:(1927–1937), when most of China came under the control of the authoritarian, 2210: 2093:; 'Chinese Emperor's Country') to "Republic of China" ( 2013: 1634: 663: 8928: 8324:

Icarus in China : Western Aviation and the Chinese Air Force, 1931–1941

8185: 5446: 13083: 13078: 13073: 12817: 12566: 11245: 11130: 11002: 10967: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9553: 9548: 9538: 9456: 9451: 6295: 5576: 5536: 5439: 5146: 5124: 5017: 4939: 4927: 3663: 3434: 3314: 3274: 3196: 2897: 2762: 2758: 2618: 2569: 2470: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2408: 2349: 2314: 1881: 1803: 1780: 1756: 1692: 1192: 862: 9236: 8643:

For works on specific people and events, please see the relevant articles.

8530: 7644:

Stephen Schlesinger, "FDR's five policemen: creating the United Nations."

7106: 13050: 12863: 12645: 12558: 12107: 10824: 9741: 9726: 9533: 9491: 9486: 9434: 8736:

The Making of the Modern Chinese Navy: Special Historical Characteristics

8556: 5154: 4482: 4254: 3570: 3363: 3184: 3146: 3108: 2933: 2903: 2524: 2496: 2466: 2449: 2005: 1991: 1776: 1752: 1748: 1728: 1393: 871: 856: 821: 779: 720: 341: 9174: 7649: 7543: 7519: 7183: 6418:

the city of Taipei became the temporary capital of the Republic of China

3066: 13155: 11808: 10997: 9905: 9716: 9444: 9195: 6906:

The storm clouds clear over China: the memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993

5216: 4309: 4045: 3941: 3100: 2778: 2766: 2561: 2479: 2338: 2036:; 'people's country') was chosen over the Japanese-derived 1700: 1510: 1485: 833: 791: 744: 644: 8514: 6946: 6934: 13115: 13110: 11007: 10962: 9900: 9841: 8613:

Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China

6706: 5686: 5682: 5464: 5326: 5166: 4785: 4725: 3967: 3953: 3889: 3808: 3677: 3298: 3278: 3071: 2838: 2529: 2008:'s 1905 party manifesto, which proclaimed that the four goals of the 1895: 1799: 459: 9072:

The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-Shek and the Struggle for Modern China

3091:

proved to be no match for the Communists' motivated and disciplined

12441: 11768: 11082: 11075: 10388: 7416:

Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century

7004:

The Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China

5460: 5038: 4883: 4813: 4615: 4227: 4201: 4161: 4097: 4071: 4057: 3915: 3781: 3597: 3330: 3310: 3282: 3116:

and 1949, including deaths from forced conscription and massacres.

2861:

and forced to ally with the Communists against the Japanese in the

1708: 477: 11256: 7735: 7031:

A Place In The Sun: Marxism And Fascism In China's Long Revolution

5551:, the ROC launched a cultural campaign promoting the "Arts of the 5434: 2761:

remained under the semi-autonomous rule of local warlords such as

653:

Federal presidential republic under a chief executive (1924–1926)

9511: 9506: 9501: 9258: 8844:

The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928

8370: 5752: 5690: 4996: 4841: 4697: 4533: 4413: 4373: 4335: 4321: 4267: 4187: 4149: 4123: 4083: 4031: 4019: 4005: 3979: 3901: 3875: 3863: 3837: 3729: 3703: 3650: 3517: 3266: 3079: 3075: 3035: 2918: 2873: 2634:

and unified the entire nation, at least nominally, beginning the

2550: 2372:. With the loss of the mainland, the ROC government retreated to 1899: 1835: 1788: 1727:(PRC) on 1 October 1949, while the ROC retains control over the " 1712: 1688: 968: 583: 435: 429: 9190:

Yu, George T. "The 1911 Revolution: Past, Present, and Future",

8912:

The Power of the Gun: The Emergence of Modern Chinese Warlordism

5889:

Government Information Office, Executive Yuan, Republic of China

3030:

were handed over from Japan to China. After the end of the war,

2954:, which was a precursor to China having a permanent seat on the 2261:

known at the time as "the Republic of China" or simply "China".

1794:

Meanwhile, the nationalist KMT under Sun's leadership attempted

12554: 11287: 11177: 9247: 9154:(Columbia University Press, 1976), a major scholarly biography 7773:

The Soldier Image and State-Building in Modern China, 1924–1945

7717: 5785: 5756: 5694: 5656: 5480: 5053:

before 1946, and for a short time under the Beiyang government

4910: 4643: 4587: 4446: 4432: 4387: 4361: 4282: 4213: 4135: 3993: 3623: 3477: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3001: 2377: 2373: 2208:(founded in 1919 within the Republic of China), which replaced 2167: 1907: 1903: 1743:, who had reigned as the Xuantong Emperor of the Qing dynasty, 1281: 122: 31: 8002: 8000: 7972: 7970: 7933: 7931: 7795: 7793: 7131:

Chiang Kai Shek - China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost

1834:

in Nanjing. China was then nominally reunified in 1928 by the

9289: 8937:

The Development History of the Republic of China Marine Corps

5747:

The state did not cease to exist in 1949. The government was

4955: 4943: 4917:

retained by the ROC. Provincial government suspended in 2019.

4899: 4879: 4757: 4514: 4175: 3927: 3849: 3767: 3741: 3715: 3635: 3543: 3529: 3418:

Administrative divisions of the Republic of China (1912–1949)

3355: 3047: 2973: 2889: 1866:

repeatedly led devastating uprisings, most significantly the

1263: 449: 9076:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 8879:

Political Leaders of Modern China: A Biographical Dictionary

8230: 8228: 8198: 8196: 8194: 7440:"The Republic of China Yearbook 2008 / Chapter 4 Government" 5791:

Qūchú dálǔ, huīfù Zhōnghuá, chuànglì mínguó, píngjūn dì quán

2341:

party (KMT). Neither the Nanjing government nor the earlier

8981:

A Bitter Revolution: China's Struggle with the Modern World

8060: 7997: 7967: 7955: 7943: 7928: 7904: 7790: 6707:

Meyer, Kathryn; James H Wittebols; Terry Parssinen (2002).

5095: 5042: 2834: 2103:; 'Chinese People's Country') in the form of a 1740: 1108: 7880: 7868: 7844: 7832: 3462:

Provinces and Equivalents of the Republic of China (1945)

1826:

from the KMT. In 1928, the last major independent warlord

8252: 8225: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8191: 8169: 8167: 7987: 7985: 7776:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 54, 57–59, 122. 6260:. City University Of Hong Kong Press. 2007. p. 116. 2702: 2545:, considered unfair by Chinese intellectuals, led to the 2329:(1927–1949), with central authority strongest during the 11993: 8048: 8036: 8024: 6562:"Sun Yat Sen elected president of new Republic of China" 3155:

Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China

3042:, charged with maintaining security in the areas of the 2698: 2288:), since it was when the ROC was based on the mainland. 1806:. As a condition of Soviet support, the KMT formed the " 8869:

Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839–1976

8426: 8424: 6859:

Kucha, Glenn; Llewellyn, Jennifer (12 September 2019).

6639: 6301:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 6257:

China, Fiver thousand years of History and Civilization

34:. For the Japanese puppet state from 1940 to 1945, see 8358: 8346: 8334: 8240: 8208: 8164: 8117:"The History of the Twenty-First-Century Chinese Navy" 7982: 7916: 7892: 7856: 7157:"The New Life Movement in Jiangxi Province, 1934–1938" 6454: 6452: 6216:

Languages of the World: Cataloging Issues and Problems

3139:

Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)

2833:

in September 1931, and established the former emperor

2792: 2519:

Yuan's changes to government caused many provinces to

2370:

Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands

2345:

succeeded in consolidating governance in rural China.

30:

For the Republic of China after its 1949 retreat, see

8929:

Ministry of Defense of the Republic of China (2010).

8803:. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press. 8083:

Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950

7095:

Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review

3119:

For the history of Republic of China after 1949, see

2107:: an emperor's country is ruled by only one emperor ( 116: 104: 55:

A request that this article title be changed to

8480:

A short history of Taiwan: the case for independence

8421: 8012: 5860:

China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History

5834:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 5714:

after 1949, until publication was suspended in 1998.

5681:

From 23 April 1949, the government was evacuated to

5566: 3346:

along with its successor the United Nations and the

1767:). Yuan even attempted to replace the Republic with 8768:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 8475: 8135:– via U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. 6784: 6449: 6431:

Introduction to Sovereignty: A Case Study of Taiwan

6360: 5317:) were later refloated and put into service by the 5276:

was the Chinese navy's flagship in the early 1930s.

27:

Republic of China prior to its relocation to Taiwan

9069: 9027: 8978: 8796: 8382: 8080: 7366:A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985 6788:A History of the Chinese Communist Party 1921–1949 6752:. Research & Education Assoc. pp. 59–61. 6294: 5988: 5467:, in 1931—a period known as the "Nanjing Decade". 2313:on 10 October 1911, successfully overthrowing the 8957: 8662: 8376: 8186:Ministry of Defense of the Republic of China 2010 6390: 5923:. Vol. 1. Chinese University Press. p. 2950:one of the Big Four Allies, and later one of the 1846:as the representative legitimate from China. The 1683:. It was established on 1 January 1912 after the 13193: 9053:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History. 7805: 5609:History of China–United States relations to 1948 5409:and Navy Ministries being established under the 1842:under the Kuomintang, and subsequently received 1791:to assert claims to govern the entire Republic. 9142:Restless Empire: China and the World since 1750 8666:A short history of Nationalist China, 1919–1949 7324: 7229: 6739: 6496: 5474:However, the rural economy was hit hard by the 2206:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1938:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 1857:While there was relative prosperity during the 1063:ROC loses the last major holding outside Taiwan 7463:The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923–1928 7061:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337. 6973:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 337. 6935:"Fascism in Kuomintang China: The Blue Shirts" 6858: 6818: 6617:"The abdication decree of Emperor Puyi (1912)" 5831:The Evolution of a Taiwanese National Identity 2984:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 1085:11,364,389 km (4,387,815 sq mi) 1037:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 13227:States and territories disestablished in 1949 12538: 11530: 11272: 10925: 9274: 8985:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 7442:. Government Information Office, Taiwan. 2008 6854: 6852: 6333:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty 5907: 5062:officially recognized Mongolia's independence 2697:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 2235: 2118: 2108: 1652: 1093:9,665,354 km (3,731,814 sq mi) 390: 356:National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China 348: 89: 8914:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 6830:(in Chinese). Taiwan Ministry of Education. 6745: 6713:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 54–56. 5045:. As the successor of the Qing dynasty, the 3437:map of the Republic of China in 1914, after 3112:temporary capital of the Republic of China. 2825:China had been at war with Japan since 1931. 2734:. In 1932, China sent its first team to the 2579: 2420:) with flags representing the early republic 2245: 2225: 2215: 2199: 1798:to establish a rival national government in 70:this article until the discussion is closed. 8652:Biographical Dictionary of Republican China 8302:. Washington, DC: Headquarters Marine Corps 7811: 7466:. Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 190. 6326: 6324: 6322: 5743: 5741: 5357:Navy using select personnel from the Army. 3411: 13222:States and territories established in 1912 12982:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong 12545: 12531: 11279: 11265: 9281: 9267: 8960:Wing to Wing: Air Combat in China, 1943–45 8862:China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894–1949 7204: 6849: 6368:"Taiwan Timeline – Retreat to Taiwan" 6072: 6070: 5459:and in the face of Japanese aggression in 5243:, with the bulk of its forces forming the 3404:, the Republic of China was entitled to a 2974:1945–1949: Defeat in the Chinese Civil War 2900:controlling limited amounts of territory. 1659: 1645: 411: 9006: 8958:Molesworth, Carl; Moseley, Steve (1990). 8606: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8270: 8066: 8006: 7976: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7910: 7799: 7413: 7314:. New York Review of Books, 16 July 1998. 7007:. Harvard University Press. p. 108. 6902: 6657:Jonathan Fenby, "The silencing of Song." 3406:permanent seat on the UN Security Council 2490: 2337:military dictatorship of the nationalist 1990:The Republic of China's first president, 1725:proclaimed the People's Republic of China 9011:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 8846:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 8291: 8264: 7583:(Report). University of Texas at Austin. 7518:Kaufman, Alison Adcock (November 2014). 7154: 6941:(49). Cambridge University Press: 1–31. 6791:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 22–23. 6319: 5738: 5445: 5433: 5378:bomber with Chinese Nationalist insignia 5370: 5264: 5185: 5136: 4525: 4457: 4424: 3495: 3201: 3065: 2902: 2848:The Japanese began to push south of the 2820: 2617: 2407: 1952:of 541 million in 1949, it was the 1910:for around 54 years until they lost the 317:National Anthem of the Republic of China 8815:. In the series "Inventing the Nation." 8733: 8258: 8202: 7667: 7517: 7432: 6932: 6330: 6250: 6248: 6212: 6067: 3054:protest against the mishandling of the 2250:) are unique in the choice of the term 275:China Heroically Stands in the Universe 14: 13194: 12968:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong 10216:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 9208: 9048: 8909: 8841: 8593: 8512: 8330:(Thesis). Western Carolina University. 8173: 8078: 8054: 8042: 8030: 8018: 7991: 7922: 7898: 7886: 7874: 7862: 7850: 7838: 7388: 7363: 7357: 7328:Post-Conflict Development in East Asia 7027: 7000: 6645: 6521: 5994: 5971: 5969: 5913: 5827: 5333:. In 1948, the former British cruiser 5068:due to pressure from the Soviet Union. 2888:. The national capital was briefly at 2387: 2356:surrendered control of Taiwan and its 2317:and ending over two thousand years of 2155:; 'People's Country'), or 2113:), a people's country is ruled by all 656:Federal presidential republic under a 12526: 11992: 11794:Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity 11529: 11416: 11302: 11260: 9262: 8752: 8714: 8320: 8234: 8087:. Stanford University Press. p. 7513: 7511: 7127: 7054: 6966: 6813: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6484: 6103:from the original on 8 September 2020 5614:Vice Premier of the Republic of China 5604:Economic history of China (1912–1949) 5237:Constitution of the Republic of China 5066:1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship 2688:too many or overly lengthy quotations 2436:The Chinese Republic grew out of the 2304:Timeline of Republic of China history 1972:, 14 leagues, and 4 special banners. 1924:The ROC was a founding member of the 1429:Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War 11804:Special non-state-to-state relations 8886:A History of the Modern Chinese Army 8761: 8695: 8610: 8564: 8246: 8219: 8145: 8114: 7626:from the original on 12 January 2017 7620:"1945: The San Francisco Conference" 7563:. The University of Texas at Austin. 7306: 7272: 6890: 6749:Essentials of Modern Chinese History 6572:from the original on 1 December 2022 6466:from the original on 19 October 2016 6245: 6033: 5877: 5856: 5838:from the original on 14 January 2018 5828:Dreyer, June Teufel (17 July 2003). 5340:was gifted to China and was renamed 3377: 3242: 2670: 40: 11286: 10912:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 8818: 8292:Braitsch, Fred G. (February 1953). 7595:"Republic of China at the Olympics" 7233:Women and Gender in Chinese Studies 7088: 6603: 6592:The Penguin History of Modern China 6351: 6292: 6076: 5966: 5885:"中華民國九十四年年鑑：第一篇總論第二章土地第二節大陸地區" 5438:Boat traffic and development along 5430:Economic history of China (1912–49) 5047:Government of the Republic of China 3133:Government of the Republic of China 2988:Republic of China retreat to Taiwan 2793:1937–1945: Second Sino-Japanese War 599:Government of the Republic of China 24: 12666:Constitutional Protection Movement 10050: 9288: 9241:Chinese Revolutionary Destinations 9194:, 31#10 (1991), pp. 895–904, 9160: 8782:from the original on 10 April 2023 8683:from the original on 10 April 2023 8570: 8388: 8364: 8352: 8340: 8150:. Germany: Brill. pp. 71–74. 7769: 7688:from the original on 10 April 2023 7573: 7556: 7508: 7345:from the original on 10 April 2023 7236:. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 5. 6871:from the original on 10 April 2023 6795:from the original on 10 April 2023 6766:from the original on 10 April 2023 6727:from the original on 10 April 2023 6627:from the original on 10 April 2023 6542:from the original on 21 March 2022 6437:from the original on 29 April 2011 6274:from the original on 10 April 2023 6233:from the original on 10 April 2023 6054: 6000: 3491:Modern equivalent (if applicable) 3061:George Marshall's American mission 3018:On 25 October 1945, following the 904:10 October 1911 – 12 February 1912 641:(1912–1914, 1916–1923, 1926–1927) 495:Recognised national languages 238:Song of Five Races Under One Union 25: 13243: 10207:Political Consultative Conference 9229: 9111:from the original on 2 April 2023 9097:. London: Profile Books Limited. 7751:from the original on 4 March 2016 7674:. Dordrecht: Brill. p. 251. 6844:民國十六年，國民政府宣言定為首都，今以臺北市為我國中央政府所在地。 6378:from the original on 24 June 2009 6164:from the original on 14 June 2021 6133:from the original on 14 June 2021 5710:capital on maps published by the 5693:in the Mainland before declaring 5514: 5450:A 10 Custom Gold Units bill, 1930 3395: 3338:Republic of China at the Olympics 2556:After Sun's death in March 1925, 2145:; 'Middle Country'), 1787:, at times used their control of 1148:Kunlun to Changbai Standard Times 12954:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum 12814:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising 12565: 12553: 12504: 12492: 12481: 12480: 11723:List of administrative divisions 10993:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 10988:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 9246: 9235: 9001:The Republic of China, 1912–1949 8544: 8506: 8469: 8460: 8451: 8442: 8433: 8412: 8403: 8394: 8314: 8285: 8273:"Republic of China Marine Corps" 8139: 8108: 8072: 7763: 7256: 6834:from the original on 17 May 2021 6527: 6460:"The Chinese Revolution of 1911" 5706:Nanjing was still marked as the 5583: 5569: 5141:Beiyang Army troops in the 1920s 3446: 3427: 3121:History of Taiwan (1945–present) 2923:areas not under Japanese control 2675: 2574:massacring thousands in Shanghai 2298:History of the Republic of China 2131:" (from 1912 to 1928), and the " 1628: 1316: 1286: 1282:Republic of China (1949–present) 1272: 1254: 1221: 1203: 1185: 650:republic (1914–1916, 1923-1924) 402: 362: 321: 302: 279: 262: 242: 188: 183: 149: 142: 45: 13212:1949 disestablishments in China 12885:Nationalist-Communist Civil War 12505: 10983:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 10180:Political parties and movements 9544:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 9529:Northern and Southern dynasties 9152:Sun Yat-sen, frustrated patriot 9125:China and Japan: Facing History 8513:Paulès, Xavier (January 2022). 8271:Hao-Chang, Yu (November 1966). 7726: 7700: 7668:Wellens, Karel C., ed. (1990). 7661: 7638: 7612: 7587: 7567: 7550: 7489: 7469: 7454: 7414:Valentino, Benjamin A. (2005). 7407: 7382: 7318: 7300: 7289: 7278: 7265: 7250: 7223: 7198: 7148: 7121: 7082: 7048: 7021: 6994: 6960: 6926: 6896: 6883: 6807: 6778: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6664: 6651: 6609: 6597: 6584: 6554: 6490: 6478: 6423: 6286: 6206: 6176: 6151: 6145: 6115: 6089: 6028:抑吾人更有进者，民国与世界各国政府人民之交际，此后必益求辑睦。 6018:from the original on 6 May 2021 5941: 5796: 5771: 5031: 5022: 5010: 5001: 4985: 4976: 4964: 4948: 4932: 4920: 4904: 4888: 4872: 3465: 2956:United Nations Security Council 2837:as head of the puppet state of 2302:For a chronological guide, see 2046:). He associated the label 2022:), establish a people's state ( 1946:International Olympic Committee 1011:Admission to the United Nations 8864:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013). 8700:. Cambridge University Press. 8649:Boorman, Howard, et al., eds., 8484:. Praeger Publishers. p. 8321:Lance, John Alexander (2014). 7818:. Lexington Books. p. 2. 7058:A History of Fascism 1914–1945 6970:A History of Fascism 1914–1945 6746:Pak, Edwin; Wah Leung (2005). 5975: 5850: 5821: 5790: 5781: 5762: 5717: 5700: 5675: 5666: 5630: 5553:Three Principles of the People 5261:Republic of China Marine Corps 5241:Republic of China Armed Forces 3165:Three Principles of the People 3034:were used to hold Beijing and 2775:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 2285: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2251: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2001: 1996: 1940:. It was also a member of the 639:Federal parliamentary republic 442:, 1912, 1927–1937, 1946–1949; 391: 349: 90: 13: 1: 13202:Republic of China (1912–1949) 13183:Republic of China (1912–1949) 12632:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai) 11417: 11316:Timeline of Taiwanese history 9253:Republic of China (1912–1949) 8902:China at War: An Encyclopedia 8377:Molesworth & Moseley 1990 7812:Schillinger, Nicolas (2016). 7368:. New York: Greenwood Press. 7207:Women and China's Revolutions 6399:China: U.S. policy since 1945 5857:Wang, Dong (1 October 2005). 5809: 5387:Administration, with General 5351:People's Liberation Army Navy 4426:Special Administrative Region 3402:Charter of the United Nations 3126: 2740:Rural Reconstruction Movement 1966:special administrative region 1954:world's most populous country 1912:presidential election in 2000 398:Seal of the Republic of China 13207:1912 establishments in China 12716:Occupation of Outer Mongolia 12081:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 11819:Taiwan independence movement 10285:Ministry of National Defense 9624:Chinese Communist Revolution 9243:travel guide from Wikivoyage 8795:Harrison, Henrietta (2001). 8552:"Modern China, 1912–Present" 8476:Gary Marvin Davison (2003). 7744:1945年「外モンゴル独立公民投票」をめぐる中モ外交交渉 6785:Guillermaz, Jacques (1972). 5953:Sun Yat-Sen Studies Database 5814: 5599:China–Soviet Union relations 5360: 5041:and the Russian republic of 2865:, an event now known as the 2777:in 1931, and the Red Army's 1986:China and the United Nations 1919:Democratic Progressive Party 1850:can also be referred as the 1233:Japanese Taiwan & Penghu 1050:Government retreat to Taipei 1024:Adoption of the Constitution 912:Proclamation of the Republic 298:Song to the Auspicious Cloud 258:Song to the Auspicious Cloud 7: 13031:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12766:Washington Naval Conference 11976:Water supply and sanitation 11303: 10948:Flowers of the Four Seasons 10933:Four Treasures of the Study 10552:Water supply and sanitation 10280:Central Military Commission 10275:Outline of military history 10025:Province-level subdivisions 9213:. Oxford University Press. 9026:Sheridan, James E. (1975). 8819:Hsü, Immanuel C.Y. (1970). 8762:Fung, Edmund S. K. (2000). 8281:. Marine Corps Association. 7393:. Transactions Publishers. 7389:Rummel, Rudolph J. (1994). 7155:Ferlanti, Federica (2010). 7134:. Oxford University Press. 6297:Taiwan: A Political History 6213:Joachim, Martin D. (1993). 5768:Left hand drive until 1946. 5645:Mongolian People's Republic 5562: 5411:Military Affairs Commission 5367:Republic of China Air Force 5211:against Japanese forces in 5129:National Revolutionary Army 5109: 5075: 3253:Foreign relations of Taiwan 3199:, and the General Academy. 3107:. Chiang Kai-shek declared 3089:National Revolutionary Army 2755:Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 2626:during the "Nanjing Decade" 2115:four hundred million people 1864:National Revolutionary Army 1501:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1055:7 December 1949 (relocated) 117: 105: 18:Republic of China (1912–49) 10: 13248: 13093:National Pacification Army 12958:Northeast Flag Replacement 12864:Zhongshan Warship Incident 12561:and warlordism during the 12294:Inventions and discoveries 11799:Political status of Taiwan 11368:Taiwan under Japanese rule 10221:Primary stage of socialism 10163:National People's Congress 9631:People's Republic of China 8910:McCord, Edward A. (1993). 8842:Jordan, Donald A. (1976). 8738:. New York: Anthem Press. 8734:Elleman, Bruce A. (2019). 8663:Botjer, George F. (1979). 8637: 8103:last major GMD stronghold. 6566:United Press International 6497:Fairbank; Goldman (1972). 6462:. US Department of State. 6158:National Taiwan University 6123:"民國時期（1911–1949）的目錄與學者數據庫" 5523: 5427: 5423: 5364: 5254: 5122: 5079: 5007:Now part of Inner Mongolia 3415: 3335: 3249:Foreign relations of China 3246: 3136: 3130: 3118: 3105:People's Republic of China 3082:before arriving in Taipei. 3006:Political status of Taiwan 2999: 2992:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 2977: 2805:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 2802: 2796: 2624:Chinese warlord coalitions 2598:Northeast Flag Replacement 2595: 2589: 2583: 2564:. In 1926, Chiang led the 2500: 2494: 2397: 2391: 2301: 2295: 2291: 1979: 1733:political status of Taiwan 1711:") while headquartered in 1541:Sunflower Student Movement 1526:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 1521:Wild Lily student movement 1491:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 1268:People's Republic of China 29: 13180: 13056: 13046: 13036: 13022: 13008: 12996: 12973: 12963: 12941: 12931: 12921: 12911: 12901: 12891: 12869: 12859: 12845: 12831: 12809:Second Zhili–Fengtian War 12803: 12793: 12781: 12771: 12761: 12756:1st National CPC Congress 12751: 12746:Spirit Soldier rebellions 12741: 12731: 12721: 12711: 12691: 12681: 12671: 12661: 12651: 12641: 12627: 12617: 12607: 12597: 12574: 12476: 12337: 12254: 12118: 12066: 12059: 12016: 11988: 11827: 11736: 11689: 11554: 11525: 11431: 11412: 11311: 11298: 11218: 11186: 11104: 11025: 10805: 10611: 10602: 10560: 10520: 10362: 10353: 10265: 10116: 10046: 10037: 10000: 9971:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 9926: 9860: 9769: 9707: 9679: 9670: 9599: 9477: 9425: 9385: 9309: 9300: 9150:Wilbur, Clarence Martin. 9091:van de Ven, Hans (2017). 8617:Columbia University Press 8577:Columbia University Press 8540:– via Project MUSE. 8501:and 71.3 percent in 1943. 8115:Cole, Bernard D. (2014). 7786:– via Google Books. 7460:Wilbur, Clarence Martin. 7331:. Routledge. p. 71. 7205:Hershatter, Gail (2019). 7176:10.1017/S0026749X0999028X 7117:– via ResearchGate. 7028:Gregor, A. James (2019). 6661:(March 2013) 63#3 pp 5–7. 6337:Stanford University Press 5873:– via Google Books. 5759:, where it remains today. 5293:led some elements of the 5037:Now part of the State of 3441:declared its independence 2932:After its entry into the 2927:Manchukuo Imperial Palace 2580:1927–1937: Nanjing decade 2560:became the leader of the 2511:Shanghai massacre of 1927 2246: 2236: 2226: 2216: 2200: 2119: 2109: 1844:international recognition 1436:Constitutional government 1164: 1154: 1136: 1097: 1089: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1059: 1046: 1033: 1020: 1007: 991: 978: 961: 948: 935: 921: 908: 895: 891: 883: 868: 853: 843: 839: 827: 815: 811: 801: 797: 785: 775:• 1912–1916 (first) 773: 769: 759: 755: 738: 726: 710: 706: 696: 624:Constitutional government 592: 582: 569: 531: 493: 483: 473: 422: 410: 385: 223: 138: 133: 81: 12936:Muslim conflict in Gansu 12906:Shanghai Commune of 1927 12896:Nanking incident of 1927 12776:First Zhili–Fengtian War 11789:One Country on Each Side 11701:Administrative divisions 11146:Catholic Church in China 10290:People's Liberation Army 10257:One country, two systems 9163:Journal of Asian History 9049:Sherry, Mark D. (1996). 9034:. New York: Free Press. 9007:Setzekorn, Eric (2018). 8821:The Rise of Modern China 8753:Fenby, Jonathan (2009). 8121:Naval War College Review 7743: 7536:10.1177/0097700413502616 7364:Jessup, John E. (1989). 7325:Brendan M. Howe (2016). 7258: 7128:Fenby, Jonathan (2008). 7034:. Taylor & Francis. 6843: 6826: 6184:"民国时期期刊全文数据库(1911～1949)" 5919: 5729:Second Sino-Japanese War 5712:Ministry of the Interior 5659:was taken over from the 5624: 5489:Second Sino-Japanese War 5176:Whampoa Military Academy 5159:Baoding Military Academy 3412:Administrative divisions 3093:People's Liberation Army 3022:, the administration of 2908:Chinese Nationalist Army 2831:the seizure of Manchuria 2813:New Fourth Army incident 2799:Second Sino-Japanese War 2695:summarize the quotations 2404:China during World War I 1891:People's Liberation Army 1870:. In 1931, the Japanese 1852:Second Republic of China 1769:his own imperial dynasty 1679:) began as a country in 1419:Second Sino-Japanese War 995:Second Sino-Japanese War 787:• 1948–1954 (last) 740:• 1949–1950 (last) 12854:Canton–Hong Kong strike 12636:National Protection War 11971:Uniform Invoice lottery 11886:State-owned enterprises 11659:Office of the President 10978:Four Pillars of Destiny 10763:Regional discrimination 10185:Chinese Communist Party 9201:2 February 2021 at the 8860:Jowett, Philip. (2013) 8825:Oxford University Press 8696:Chen, Kuan-Jen (2024). 8669:. Putnam. p. 180. 8519:Twentieth-Century China 8457:Sun Jian, pp. 1237–1240 8409:Sun Jian, pp. 1059–1071 8294:"Marines of Free China" 7655:4 November 2021 at the 7483:21 October 2008 at the 7312:Looking for the Sheriff 7055:Payne, Stanley (2021). 6967:Payne, Stanley (2021). 6933:Eastman, Lloyd (2021). 6909:. Hoover. p. 102. 6535:Encyclopædia Britannica 6404:Congressional Quarterly 5980:. 黄花岗杂志. Archived from 5250: 5149:, before it split into 5118: 4671:Beijing (while capital) 2912:1938 Yellow River flood 2654:assistance from Germany 2348:In 1945, at the end of 2174:The choice of the term 1975: 1765:First Republic of China 1717:Chinese Communist Party 1551:2017 Summer Universiade 1117:(1930–1948 in mainland) 937:• Admitted to the 484:Official languages 300:" (Modified; 1921–1928) 12840:May Thirtieth Movement 12696:Paris Peace Conference 11931:Semiconductor industry 11749:Cross-Strait relations 11706:Special municipalities 11358:Taiwan under Qing rule 10731:Science and technology 10404:Special economic zones 9656:persecution of Uyghurs 9584:Century of humiliation 8877:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah. 8867:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah. 8400:Sun Jian, pp. 613–614 6331:Laikwan, Pang (2024). 5782:驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權 5647:in January 1946. With 5619:Project National Glory 5451: 5443: 5418:Soviet Volunteer Group 5379: 5319:Imperial Japanese Navy 5277: 5257:Republic of China Navy 5245:Republic of China Army 5229:stop Japanese advances 5191: 5142: 5133:Republic of China Army 5059:Nationalist government 4527:Special Municipalities 3207: 3151:Nationalist government 3083: 2996:Cross-Strait Relations 2947:Chinese Exclusion Acts 2938:Nationalist Government 2914: 2826: 2627: 2606:Encirclement Campaigns 2592:Nationalist government 2491:1916–1927: Warlord Era 2458:Empress Dowager Longyu 2421: 2133:Nationalist government 2071:direct people's rights 2016:rulers, revive China ( 1970:special municipalities 1942:Universal Postal Union 1848:Nationalist government 1832:Nationalist government 1699:. It was ruled by the 1687:, which overthrew the 1506:Project National Glory 1466:Retrocession of Taiwan 1414:Nationalist Government 965:Nationalist government 687:parliamentary republic 618:Nationalist government 606:Provisional government 13217:20th century in China 12736:Guangdong–Guangxi War 12686:Siberian intervention 11814:Taiwanese nationalism 11333:Early Chinese contact 10938:Four Great Inventions 10322:People's Armed Police 9146:Online free to borrow 9003:(Polity Press, 2023). 8977:Mitter, Rana (2004). 8900:Li, Xiaobing. (2012) 8894:10 April 2023 at the 8884:Li, Xiaobing. (2007) 8873:online free to borrow 8719:. London: Routledge. 8531:10.1353/tcc.2022.0008 8466:Sun Jian, pp. 617–618 8439:Sun Jian, pp. 615–616 7261:(in Chinese). 联经出版公司. 7257:Jing, Zhiren (荆知仁). 7107:10.1353/ach.2013.0022 5959:on 9 September 2024. 5449: 5437: 5374: 5268: 5189: 5181:German-trained forces 5140: 3205: 3069: 3032:United States Marines 2978:Further information: 2906: 2824: 2732:Central Bank of China 2621: 2590:Further information: 2452:the commander of the 2411: 2398:Further information: 2376:and the KMT declared 1916:Taiwanese nationalist 1824:purged the Communists 1747:on 12 February 1912. 1123:(1948–1949; mainland) 679:republic (1928–1947) 660:(1927–1928, Beiyang) 658:military dictatorship 12991:Sino-Soviet conflict 12646:Death of Yuan Shikai 11326:archaeological sites 10917:World Heritage Sites 10445:Foreign aid received 10153:Environmental policy 9951:Environmental policy 9946:Environmental issues 9255:at Wikimedia Commons 9209:Wright, Tim (2018). 9134:9 March 2021 at the 9068:Taylor, Jay (2009). 8299:Leatherneck Magazine 8278:Marine Corps Gazette 8146:Zhao, Xuduo (2023). 8079:Westad, Odd (2003). 7648:11.3 (1994): 88-93. 7646:World Policy Journal 7164:Modern Asian Studies 7089:Liu, Wennan (2013). 7001:Taylor, Jay (2009). 6861:"The Nanjing Decade" 6568:. 29 December 1911. 6219:. Psychology Press. 5917:Zhongguo jin dai shi 5217:overland supply line 5104:Chiefdom of Yongning 3372:1948 Summer Olympics 3368:1936 Summer Olympics 3360:1932 Summer Olympics 3352:1924 Summer Olympics 3056:Shen Chong rape case 3050:, arrived in China. 2910:soldiers during the 2543:Treaty of Versailles 2521:declare independence 2327:full-scale civil war 1755:, the leader of the 1735:remains in dispute. 1471:February 28 Incident 987:1927–1936, 1945–1949 817:• 1912 (first) 712:• 1912 (first, 12950:Huanggutun incident 12880:Nanjing–Wuhan Split 12875:Northern Expedition 12705:May Fourth Movement 12464:Tourist attractions 11921:Maritime industries 11854:Automotive industry 11759:Chinese nationalism 11754:Chinese unification 11598:Additional Articles 11363:Republic of Formosa 11353:Kingdom of Tungning 11163:History of religion 11158:Freedom of religion 11013:Four Pests campaign 10958:Four Classic Novels 10570:Automotive industry 10450:Foreign aid program 10141:Pro-democratisation 9636:Cultural Revolution 8611:Qian, Ying (2024). 8430:Sun Jian, page 1089 8367:, pp. 163–165. 8355:, pp. 160–161. 8343:, pp. 156–159. 8237:, pp. 114–115. 7889:, pp. 247–250. 7877:, pp. 207–208. 7853:, pp. 173–174. 7841:, pp. 177–178. 7502:14 May 2008 at the 7391:Death by Government 6939:The China Quarterly 6503:. Crowell. p. 6293:Roy, Denny (2004). 5984:on 23 October 2016. 5863:. Lexington Books. 5725:provisional capital 5289:. In 1926, Admiral 5172:Northern Expedition 5155:attacked each other 5100:Chiefdom of Mangshi 5098:chiefdoms like the 4970:Now mostly part of 3463: 3040:1st Marine Division 2894:Wang Jingwei regime 2863:Second United Front 2809:Second United Front 2566:Northern Expedition 2547:May Fourth movement 2507:Northern Expedition 2416:) and Sun Yat-sen ( 2388:1912–1916: Founding 2382:provisional capital 2325:(1937–1945), and a 2274:traditional Chinese 2257:The country was in 2012:were "to expel the 1876:full-scale invasion 1859:following ten years 1820:Northern Expedition 1399:Northern Expedition 1129:(1946–1949; Taiwan) 952:Northern Expedition 829:• 1949 (last) 36:Wang Jingwei regime 13002:Central Plains War 12836:Yunnan–Guangxi War 12787:First United Front 12656:Manchu Restoration 12622:Twenty-One Demands 12602:Bai Lang Rebellion 12128:Formosan languages 11951:Telecommunications 11784:North–South divide 11728:Metropolitan areas 11070:Population history 11050:Internal migration 10665:Harmonious Society 10540:Telecommunications 10497:Standard of living 10416:Online advertising 10168:Standing Committee 9140:Westad, Odd Arne. 8757:. London: Penguin. 7622:. United Nations. 7479:13 November 2006. 6697:, pp. 136–138 6673:, pp. 123–125 6606:, pp. 472–474 6127:Harvard University 5639:was brought under 5549:Nanjing government 5504:surrender of Japan 5456:Beiyang government 5452: 5444: 5398:Central Plains War 5380: 5278: 5196:Battle of Shanghai 5192: 5190:NRA troops in 1944 5143: 3461: 3370:in Berlin and the 3208: 3173:provinces of China 3143:Beiyang government 3084: 3044:Shandong Peninsula 3020:surrender of Japan 2915: 2882:three-month battle 2827: 2771:Central Plains War 2643:political tutelage 2632:Beiyang government 2628: 2602:Central Plains War 2534:Beiyang government 2503:First United Front 2422: 2400:Beiyang government 2366:communist takeover 2343:Beiyang government 2266:simplified Chinese 2129:Beiyang government 2010:Chinese revolution 1886:surrender of Japan 1868:Central Plains War 1828:pledged allegiance 1808:First United Front 1761:Beiyang government 1695:and ended China's 1546:2015 Ma–Xi meeting 1531:Anti-Secession Law 1389:Beiyang Government 925:Beiyang government 612:Beiyang government 541:Chinese characters 13189: 13188: 13175: 13174: 13066: 13065: 13017:Qinghai–Tibet War 12916:Shanghai massacre 12850:Anti-Fengtian War 12823: 12822: 12612:Second Revolution 12520: 12519: 12472: 12471: 12250: 12249: 12220:Taiwanese Hokkien 11984: 11983: 11779:Foreign relations 11692:Regions of Taiwan 11676:Political parties 11664:Secretary-General 11521: 11520: 11468:Protected species 11408: 11407: 11378:Retreat to Taiwan 11373:Republic of China 11338:Kingdom of Middag 11254: 11253: 11214: 11213: 11021: 11020: 10598: 10597: 10585:Shipping industry 10349: 10348: 10315:Strategic Support 10190:General Secretary 10175:National security 10158:Foreign relations 10112: 10111: 10033: 10032: 9996: 9995: 9699:Natural disasters 9666: 9665: 9619:Chinese Civil War 9614:Republic of China 9589:Taiping Rebellion 9462:Spring and Autumn 9367:Foreign relations 9251:Media related to 8969:978-0-517-57568-0 8950:978-986-02-0593-0 8921:978-0-520-08128-4 8853:978-0-8248-8086-6 8823:(1995 ed.). 8745:978-1-78527-102-1 8726:978-1-136-87541-0 8707:978-1-009-41875-1 8448:Sun Jian, p. 1319 8418:Sun Jian, p. 1353 8261:, pp. 47–50. 8249:, pp. 47–49. 8222:, pp. 39–40. 8205:, pp. 43–46. 8188:, pp. 29–33. 8098:978-0-8047-4484-3 8069:, pp. 84–85. 8057:, pp. 22–24. 8045:, pp. 15–21. 8033:, pp. 10–12. 8009:, pp. 46–49. 7979:, pp. 39–42. 7964:, pp. 35–36. 7952:, pp. 31–33. 7940:, pp. 29–30. 7913:, pp. 27–28. 7802:, pp. 18–21. 7574:An, Kang (2020). 7557:An, Kang (2020). 7425:978-0-8014-7273-2 7400:978-1-56000-145-4 7243:978-3-825-89304-0 7216:978-1-442-21568-9 7068:978-0-299-14874-4 7041:978-0-429-98319-1 7014:978-0-674-03338-2 6759:978-0-87891-458-6 6648:, pp. 92–93. 5914:計秋楓; 朱慶葆 (2001). 5870:978-0-7391-5297-3 5649:Japan's surrender 5506:in World War II, 5403:Shanghai Incident 5331:Chinese Civil War 5221:Operation Ichi-Go 5092:Celestial Masters 4868: 4867: 4773:Jiang'an District 3378:League of Nations 3344:League of Nations 3243:Foreign relations 2980:Chinese Civil War 2878:Marco Polo Bridge 2857:was kidnapped by 2843:League of Nations 2757:. Large areas of 2720: 2719: 2665:New Life Movement 2515:Nanchang Uprising 2462:abdication decree 2444:, also known as " 2323:Japanese invasion 2242:Republic of Korea 2232:Republic of China 1926:League of Nations 1872:invaded Manchuria 1721:Chinese Civil War 1673:Republic of China 1669: 1668: 1635:Taiwan portal 1536:100th anniversary 1409:Chinese Civil War 1404:Shanghai massacre 1384:Provisional Gov't 1310:Republic of China 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1238: 1237: 1127:Old Taiwan dollar 1115:Customs gold unit 982:Chinese Civil War 939:League of Nations 899:Xinhai Revolution 848:National Assembly 728:• 1948-1949 576:Religion in China 377: 332: 309: 290: 267: 250: 83:Republic of China 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 13239: 13232:Former republics 13167: 13164:Communist Party 13159: 13013:Sino-Tibetan War 12926:July 15 Incident 12829: 12828: 12798:Lincheng Outrage 12700:Shandong Problem 12676:Golok rebellions 12595: 12594: 12577: 12576: 12569: 12557: 12547: 12540: 12533: 12524: 12523: 12508: 12507: 12496: 12484: 12483: 12372:Cultural history 12324:Waste management 12076:Taiwanese people 12064: 12063: 12018:National symbols 11997:National Symbols 11990: 11989: 11906:Economic history 11901: 11893:Defense industry 11737:Political issues 11642:Military history 11527: 11526: 11414: 11413: 11300: 11299: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11258: 11257: 11234: 11227: 11124:Tibetan Buddhism 11119:Chinese Buddhism 10973:Four Holy Beasts 10923: 10922: 10775:Social relations 10704:Standard Chinese 10699:Chinese language 10609: 10608: 10394:Economic history 10360: 10359: 10339:Maritime Militia 10048: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10015:Border crossings 10010:Baseline islands 9705: 9704: 9677: 9676: 9641:Tiananmen Square 9524:Sixteen Kingdoms 9332:Military history 9307: 9306: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9260: 9259: 9250: 9239: 9224: 9178: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9087: 9075: 9064: 9045: 9033: 9022: 8999:Paulès, Xavier, 8996: 8984: 8973: 8954: 8942: 8925: 8857: 8838: 8814: 8802: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8758: 8749: 8730: 8711: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8657:Internet Archive 8631: 8630: 8615:. New York, NY: 8608: 8591: 8590: 8571:Li, Jie (2023). 8568: 8562: 8561: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8483: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8458: 8455: 8449: 8446: 8440: 8437: 8431: 8428: 8419: 8416: 8410: 8407: 8401: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8223: 8217: 8206: 8200: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8162: 8161: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8086: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7995: 7989: 7980: 7974: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7788: 7787: 7770:Xu, Yan (2019). 7767: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7739: 7733: 7730: 7724: 7721: 7715: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7665: 7659: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7515: 7506: 7493: 7487: 7473: 7467: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7304: 7298: 7293: 7287: 7282: 7276: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7161: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7025: 7019: 7018: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6900: 6894: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6839: 6822: 6816: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6621:alphahistory.com 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6590:Jonathan Fenby, 6588: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6494: 6488: 6487:, pp. 89–94 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6456: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6350: 6335:. Stanford, CA: 6328: 6317: 6316: 6300: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6190:. Archived from 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6074: 6065: 6058: 6052: 6050: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6008:"中华民国临时大总统对外宣言书" 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5955:. Archived from 5945: 5939: 5938: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5895:on 29 March 2012 5891:. Archived from 5881: 5875: 5874: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5825: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5783: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5760: 5745: 5736: 5721: 5715: 5704: 5698: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5664: 5663:in October 1945. 5634: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5557:propaganda works 5493:Nanjing massacre 5476:Great Depression 5442:, Shanghai, 1920 5225:French Indochina 5082:Chinese nobility 5069: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4958:, Liaoning, and 4952: 4946: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4908: 4902: 4892: 4886: 4876: 4829:Weiyang District 4741:Yuzhong District 4685:Xicheng District 4603:Nangang District 4575:Huangpu District 4549:Qinhuai District 3464: 3460: 3450: 3431: 3390:unequal treaties 3228:Examination Yuan 3220:Legislative Yuan 3046:and the eastern 3010:One-China policy 2967:Yalta Conference 2963:invade Manchuria 2942:unequal treaties 2886:Nanjing Massacre 2783:Fujian Rebellion 2751:Sino-Tibetan War 2715: 2712: 2706: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2651: 2484:Emperor of China 2438:Wuchang Uprising 2394:Wuchang Uprising 2311:Wuchang uprising 2287: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2126: 2125: 2112: 2111: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2068: 2063: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2003: 1998: 1968:, 2 regions, 12 1960:consisted of 35 1934:Security Council 1902:, and lastly to 1816:KMT chairmanship 1785:Fengtian cliques 1697:imperial history 1661: 1654: 1647: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1617:the Taiwan issue 1481:Exodus to Taiwan 1454: 1423:Nanjing Massacre 1367: 1320: 1304: 1303: 1290: 1289: 1276: 1275: 1258: 1257: 1242: 1241: 1225: 1224: 1207: 1206: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1166: 1165: 1145: 1029:25 December 1947 1003: 1002:2 September 1945 878:Legislative Yuan 561:Uyghur alphabets 556:Tibetan alphabet 551:Mongolian script 496: 488:Standard Chinese 415: 406: 394: 393: 379: 378: 352: 351: 334: 333: 311: 310: 292: 291: 269: 268: 252: 251: 213: 204: 192: 187: 175: 166: 153: 146: 120: 108: 101: 93: 92: 79: 78: 63:under discussion 58:Republican China 49: 48: 41: 21: 13247: 13246: 13242: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13236: 13192: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13176: 13171: 13165: 13157: 13067: 13027:Kumul Rebellion 12989: 12980: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12882: 12878: 12852: 12838: 12824: 12816: 12812: 12726:Zhili–Anhui War 12702: 12698: 12634: 12570: 12551: 12521: 12516: 12468: 12333: 12304:Public holidays 12277:Sex trafficking 12272:Organized crime 12246: 12114: 12055: 12012: 12011: 11980: 11899: 11823: 11774:De-Sinicization 11732: 11694: 11685: 11632:Law enforcement 11564: 11559: 11550: 11549: 11517: 11464:Endemic species 11427: 11426: 11404: 11398:Mandarin policy 11348:Spanish Formosa 11307: 11294: 11285: 11255: 11250: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11210: 11182: 11100: 11060:Life expectancy 11017: 10921: 10801: 10721:Public holidays 10709:Written Chinese 10694:Intellectualism 10646:Sex trafficking 10594: 10556: 10516: 10345: 10261: 10108: 10099:Nationality law 10082:Law enforcement 10060:Judicial system 10029: 9992: 9966:Nature reserves 9956:Protected areas 9922: 9893:Water resources 9856: 9765: 9703: 9662: 9646:Economic reform 9609:1911 Revolution 9595: 9559:Jin (1115–1234) 9473: 9421: 9381: 9296: 9287: 9232: 9227: 9221: 9211:Chinese Studies 9203:Wayback Machine 9181: 9136:Wayback Machine 9123:Vogel, Ezra F. 9114: 9112: 9105: 9090: 9084: 9067: 9061: 9051:China Defensive 9042: 9025: 9019: 8993: 8976: 8970: 8962:. Orion Books. 8951: 8940: 8922: 8896:Wayback Machine 8854: 8835: 8811: 8794: 8785: 8783: 8776: 8746: 8727: 8708: 8686: 8684: 8677: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8627: 8609: 8594: 8587: 8569: 8565: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8535: 8533: 8511: 8507: 8496: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8461: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8395: 8387: 8383: 8379:, pp. 3–6. 8375: 8371: 8363: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8315: 8305: 8303: 8290: 8286: 8269: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8233: 8226: 8218: 8209: 8201: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8128: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8005: 7998: 7994:, pp. 3–4. 7990: 7983: 7975: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7936: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7768: 7764: 7754: 7752: 7747:(in Japanese). 7745: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7705: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7682: 7666: 7662: 7657:Wayback Machine 7643: 7639: 7629: 7627: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7555: 7551: 7516: 7509: 7504:Wayback Machine 7494: 7490: 7485:Wayback Machine 7474: 7470: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7339: 7323: 7319: 7308:Urquhart, Brian 7305: 7301: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7279: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7203: 7199: 7159: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7087: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7026: 7022: 7015: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6901: 6897: 6888: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6857: 6850: 6845: 6837: 6835: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6721: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6656: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6630: 6628: 6623:. 4 June 2013. 6615: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6379: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6347: 6329: 6320: 6313: 6291: 6287: 6277: 6275: 6268: 6254: 6253: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6227: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6075: 6068: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6041:被西方誉成为的“民国黄金十年” 6038: 6034: 6021: 6019: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5974: 5967: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5921: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5797: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5746: 5739: 5733:fall of Nanjing 5722: 5718: 5705: 5701: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5661:Japanese Empire 5635: 5631: 5627: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5533:Motion pictures 5526: 5517: 5508:Japanese Taiwan 5432: 5426: 5369: 5363: 5263: 5255:Main articles: 5253: 5209:major offensive 5204:Battle of Wuhan 5135: 5123:Main articles: 5121: 5112: 5084: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4953: 4949: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4909: 4905: 4893: 4889: 4877: 4873: 4857:Shinan District 4801:Yuexiu District 4713:Heping District 4659:Xigang District 4631:Shenhe District 4465:Mongolia Area ( 3472: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3442: 3432: 3420: 3414: 3398: 3380: 3340: 3255: 3245: 3157: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3012: 2998: 2976: 2855:Chiang Kai-shek 2819: 2801: 2795: 2747:Kumul Rebellion 2728:Academia Sinica 2716: 2710: 2707: 2701:or excerpts to 2692: 2680: 2676: 2645: 2616: 2610:Mukden Incident 2594: 2588: 2582: 2558:Chiang Kai-shek 2517: 2499: 2493: 2406: 2396: 2390: 2354:Empire of Japan 2307: 2300: 2294: 2100:Zhōnghuá Mínguó 1997:Zhōnghuá Mínguó 1988: 1978: 1932:(including its 1840:one-party state 1812:Chiang Kai-shek 1705:one-party state 1685:1911 Revolution 1665: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1608: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1567: 1566: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1379:1911 Revolution 1373: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1355: 1309: 1287: 1273: 1267: 1255: 1249: 1232: 1222: 1215:Empire of China 1214: 1204: 1196: 1186: 1140: 1132: 1065: 1052: 1039: 1026: 1016:24 October 1945 1013: 1001: 997: 984: 971: 954: 944:10 January 1920 941: 928: 914: 901: 874: 859: 830: 818: 788: 776: 741: 733:Chiang Kai-shek 729: 717: 692: 635: 634: 629: 565: 546:Manchu alphabet 533:Official script 527: 494: 469: 418: 401: 395: 389: 381: 380: 363: 359: 353: 347: 338: 335: 322: 312: 303: 293: 280: 270: 263: 253: 243: 233: 232: 219: 218: 217: 216: 211: 202: 200:National Emblem 193: 180: 179: 178: 173: 164: 163: 154: 147: 129: 128: 118:Zhōnghuá Mínguó 106:Chunghwa Minkuo 95: 84: 71: 50: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13245: 13235: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13187: 13186: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13169: 13161: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13102: 13101: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13070: 13068: 13064: 13063: 13061:War in Ningxia 13058: 13054: 13053: 13048: 13044: 13043: 13038: 13034: 13033: 13024: 13020: 13019: 13010: 13006: 13005: 12998: 12994: 12993: 12986:Beijing Revolt 12978:Chiang-Gui War 12975: 12971: 12970: 12965: 12961: 12960: 12946:Jinan incident 12943: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12929: 12928: 12923: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12909: 12908: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12893: 12889: 12888: 12871: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12857: 12856: 12847: 12843: 12842: 12833: 12827: 12825: 12821: 12820: 12805: 12801: 12800: 12795: 12791: 12790: 12783: 12779: 12778: 12773: 12769: 12768: 12763: 12759: 12758: 12753: 12749: 12748: 12743: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12729: 12728: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12713: 12709: 12708: 12693: 12689: 12688: 12683: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12669: 12668: 12663: 12659: 12658: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12643: 12639: 12638: 12629: 12625: 12624: 12619: 12615: 12614: 12609: 12605: 12604: 12599: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12584: 12581: 12575: 12572: 12571: 12563:Nanjing decade 12550: 12549: 12542: 12535: 12527: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12514: 12502: 12490: 12477: 12474: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12466: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12449: 12447:Taiwanese wave 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12387:Glove puppetry 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12341: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12319:Taiwan studies 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12274: 12264: 12258: 12256: 12252: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12233: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12207: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12124: 12122: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12078: 12072: 12070: 12061: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12033: 12028: 12022: 12020: 12014: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12004: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11986: 11985: 11982: 11981: 11979: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11966:Transportation 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11941:Taiwan Miracle 11938: 11936:Stock exchange 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11895: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11883: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11866: 11856: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11844: 11833: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11764:Chinese Taipei 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11740: 11738: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11697: 11695: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11669:Vice President 11666: 11661: 11651: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11618: 11617: 11607: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11567: 11565: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11531: 11523: 11522: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11493:National parks 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11435: 11433: 11429: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11418: 11410: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11329: 11328: 11318: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11296: 11295: 11284: 11283: 11276: 11269: 11261: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11236: 11235: 11228: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11192: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11148: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11110: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11079: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11031: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10943:Four Gentlemen 10940: 10935: 10929: 10927: 10926:Fours of China 10920: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10863: 10862: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10811: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10745: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10696: 10691: 10690: 10689: 10684: 10683: 10682: 10667: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10600: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10575:Civil aviation 10572: 10566: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10524: 10522: 10521:Infrastructure 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10488: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10475:Semiconductors 10472: 10467: 10457: 10455:Historical GDP 10452: 10447: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10420: 10419: 10418: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10401: 10391: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10374: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10271: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10233:Vice President 10225: 10224: 10223: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10177: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10133: 10128: 10122: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10062: 10056: 10054: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10006: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9961:National parks 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9941:Climate policy 9938: 9936:Climate change 9932: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9842:Central Plains 9831: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9773: 9771: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9746: 9745: 9744: 9739: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9713: 9711: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9689:Extreme points 9686: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9611: 9605: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9497:Three Kingdoms 9494: 9489: 9483: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9467:Warring States 9464: 9459: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9437: 9431: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9397: 9391: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9327:Historiography 9324: 9319: 9313: 9311: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9286: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9244: 9231: 9230:External links 9228: 9226: 9225: 9219: 9206: 9205:historiography 9187: 9186: 9185: 9184:Historiography 9180: 9179: 9169:(2): 155–180. 9158: 9148: 9138: 9121: 9103: 9088: 9082: 9065: 9059: 9046: 9040: 9023: 9017: 9004: 8997: 8991: 8974: 8968: 8955: 8949: 8926: 8920: 8907: 8898: 8882: 8875: 8865: 8858: 8852: 8839: 8833: 8816: 8809: 8792: 8774: 8759: 8750: 8744: 8731: 8725: 8712: 8706: 8693: 8675: 8660: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8639: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8625: 8592: 8585: 8563: 8543: 8505: 8494: 8468: 8459: 8450: 8441: 8432: 8420: 8411: 8402: 8393: 8391:, p. 170. 8381: 8369: 8357: 8345: 8333: 8313: 8284: 8263: 8251: 8239: 8224: 8207: 8190: 8178: 8176:, p. 162. 8163: 8156: 8138: 8107: 8097: 8071: 8067:Setzekorn 2018 8059: 8047: 8035: 8023: 8011: 8007:Setzekorn 2018 7996: 7981: 7977:Setzekorn 2018 7966: 7962:Setzekorn 2018 7954: 7950:Setzekorn 2018 7942: 7938:Setzekorn 2018 7927: 7925:, p. 245. 7915: 7911:Setzekorn 2018 7903: 7901:, p. 288. 7891: 7879: 7867: 7865:, p. 186. 7855: 7843: 7831: 7825:978-1498531689 7824: 7804: 7800:Setzekorn 2018 7789: 7782: 7762: 7734: 7725: 7716: 7699: 7680: 7660: 7637: 7611: 7586: 7566: 7549: 7530:(6): 605–638. 7507: 7488: 7468: 7453: 7431: 7424: 7406: 7399: 7381: 7374: 7356: 7337: 7317: 7299: 7288: 7277: 7264: 7249: 7242: 7222: 7215: 7197: 7147: 7140: 7120: 7081: 7067: 7047: 7040: 7020: 7013: 6993: 6980:978-0299148744 6979: 6959: 6925: 6915: 6895: 6882: 6848: 6817: 6806: 6777: 6758: 6738: 6719: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6650: 6638: 6608: 6596: 6594:(2013) p. 123. 6583: 6553: 6528:Wang, Yi Chu. 6520: 6513: 6489: 6477: 6448: 6422: 6412: 6389: 6359: 6345: 6318: 6311: 6285: 6266: 6244: 6225: 6205: 6175: 6154:"民国时期的启蒙与批判启蒙" 6144: 6114: 6088: 6066: 6053: 6032: 5999: 5987: 5978:"中華民國國號的來由和意義" 5965: 5940: 5933: 5906: 5876: 5869: 5849: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5795: 5770: 5761: 5737: 5716: 5699: 5674: 5665: 5637:Outer Mongolia 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5580: 5564: 5561: 5544:or Hong Kong. 5525: 5522: 5516: 5515:Transportation 5513: 5502:Following the 5428:Main article: 5425: 5422: 5393:Vought Corsair 5389:Chang We-chang 5365:Main article: 5362: 5359: 5291:Yang Shuzhuang 5252: 5249: 5215:to reopen the 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5080:Main article: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5051:Outer Mongolia 5030: 5021: 5009: 5000: 4984: 4975: 4972:Inner Mongolia 4963: 4960:Inner Mongolia 4947: 4931: 4919: 4903: 4896:Inner Mongolia 4887: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467:Outer Mongolia 4462: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3445: 3443: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3416:Main article: 3413: 3410: 3397: 3396:United Nations 3394: 3385:League Council 3379: 3376: 3323:United Kingdom 3263:Czechoslovakia 3244: 3241: 3216:Executive Yuan 3131:Main article: 3128: 3125: 3087:undisciplined 3028:Penghu Islands 2975: 2972: 2952:Four Policemen 2867:Xi'an Incident 2859:Zhang Xueliang 2817:Burma Campaign 2797:Main article: 2794: 2791: 2785:of 1933–1934. 2718: 2717: 2683: 2681: 2674: 2636:Nanjing decade 2614:Xi'an Incident 2586:Nanjing decade 2584:Main article: 2581: 2578: 2495:Main article: 2492: 2489: 2446:Double Ten Day 2392:Main article: 2389: 2386: 2331:Nanjing Decade 2296:Main article: 2293: 2290: 2230:). Today, the 2165:; 'Middle 2090:Zhōnghuá Dìguó 1982:Names of China 1977: 1974: 1930:United Nations 1928:and later the 1796:multiple times 1773:popular unrest 1681:mainland China 1667: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1612:the Kuomintang 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1590:(geographical) 1582: 1581: 1580:(1949–present) 1574: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1516:Lieyu massacre 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1313: 1312: 1308:History of the 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1190: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1144:+5:30 to +8:30 1138: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042:1 October 1949 1040: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1005: 1004: 998: 992: 989: 988: 985: 979: 976: 975: 972: 962: 959: 958: 955: 949: 946: 945: 942: 936: 933: 932: 929: 922: 919: 918: 917:1 January 1912 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 881: 880: 875: 869: 866: 865: 860: 854: 851: 850: 845: 841: 840: 837: 836: 831: 828: 825: 824: 819: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 805: 799: 798: 795: 794: 789: 786: 783: 782: 777: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 761:Vice President 757: 756: 753: 752: 742: 739: 736: 735: 730: 727: 724: 723: 718: 711: 708: 707: 704: 703: 700: 694: 693: 691: 690: 684:dominant-party 680: 667: 661: 654: 651: 642: 632: 631: 630: 628: 627: 621: 615: 609: 602: 594: 590: 589: 586: 580: 579: 571: 567: 566: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 537: 535: 529: 528: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 499: 497: 491: 490: 485: 481: 480: 475: 471: 470: 468: 467: 457: 447: 433: 426: 424: 420: 419: 416: 408: 407: 387:National seal: 383: 382: 361: 339: 337: 336: 320: 313: 301: 294: 278: 271: 261: 254: 241: 230: 229: 228: 221: 220: 215: 214: 205: 195: 194: 182: 181: 177: 176: 167: 156: 155: 148: 141: 140: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 114: 102: 86: 85: 82: 73: 72: 69: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13244: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13184: 13179: 13168: 13162: 13160: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13062: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13049: 13045: 13042: 13039: 13035: 13032: 13028: 13025: 13021: 13018: 13014: 13011: 13007: 13004: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12992: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12976: 12972: 12969: 12966: 12962: 12959: 12955: 12951: 12947: 12944: 12940: 12937: 12934: 12930: 12927: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12914: 12910: 12907: 12904: 12900: 12897: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12881: 12877: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12865: 12862: 12858: 12855: 12851: 12848: 12844: 12841: 12837: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12806: 12802: 12799: 12796: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12777: 12774: 12770: 12767: 12764: 12760: 12757: 12754: 12750: 12747: 12744: 12740: 12737: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12724: 12720: 12717: 12714: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12701: 12697: 12694: 12690: 12687: 12684: 12680: 12677: 12674: 12670: 12667: 12664: 12660: 12657: 12654: 12650: 12647: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12633: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12620: 12616: 12613: 12610: 12606: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12591: 12588: 12585: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12548: 12543: 12541: 12536: 12534: 12529: 12528: 12525: 12513: 12512: 12503: 12501: 12500: 12495: 12491: 12489: 12488: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12465: 12462: 12458: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12412:Night markets 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12367: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12336: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12253: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12237:Sign Language 12235: 12231: 12230:Matsu dialect 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12208: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12117: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12091: 12087: 12086:Ethnic groups 12084: 12083: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12058: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12041: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12019: 12015: 12008: 12005: 12002: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11874: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11864:List of banks 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11735: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11688: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11616: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11588:Civil defense 11586: 11584: 11581: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11454:Deforestation 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11430: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11383:Guanbi policy 11381: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11343:Dutch Formosa 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11310: 11306: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11282: 11277: 11275: 11270: 11268: 11263: 11262: 11259: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11221: 11217: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11151:Protestantism 11149: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11136:Folk religion 11134: 11132: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11103: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11040:Ethnic groups 11038: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11024: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10953:Four Beauties 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10804: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10792:Urban society 10790: 10788: 10785: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10750: 10749: 10748:Social issues 10746: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10726:Rural society 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10688: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10626:Chinese Dream 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10601: 10591: 10590:Space program 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10553: 10550: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10352: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10240:State Council 10238: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10126:Civil service 10124: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10003: 9999: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9768: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9750: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9732:South Central 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9519:Jin (266–420) 9517: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9362:Ethnic groups 9360: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9284: 9279: 9277: 9272: 9270: 9265: 9264: 9261: 9254: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9222: 9220:9780199920082 9216: 9212: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9182: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9110: 9106: 9104:9781781251942 9100: 9096: 9095: 9089: 9085: 9083:9780674033382 9079: 9074: 9073: 9066: 9062: 9060:9780160613227 9056: 9052: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9032: 9031: 9024: 9020: 9018:9780806162966 9014: 9010: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8961: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8933: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8913: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8834:9780195087208 8830: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8806: 8801: 8800: 8793: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8760: 8756: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8737: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8682: 8678: 8676:9780399123825 8672: 8668: 8667: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8641: 8628: 8626:9780231204477 8622: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8588: 8586:9780231206273 8582: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8547: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8497: 8495:0-275-98131-2 8491: 8487: 8482: 8481: 8472: 8463: 8454: 8445: 8436: 8427: 8425: 8415: 8406: 8397: 8390: 8385: 8378: 8373: 8366: 8361: 8354: 8349: 8342: 8337: 8326: 8325: 8317: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8288: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8255: 8248: 8243: 8236: 8231: 8229: 8221: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8204: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8187: 8182: 8175: 8170: 8168: 8159: 8157:9789004547148 8153: 8149: 8142: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8084: 8075: 8068: 8063: 8056: 8051: 8044: 8039: 8032: 8027: 8020: 8015: 8008: 8003: 8001: 7993: 7988: 7986: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7963: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7939: 7934: 7932: 7924: 7919: 7912: 7907: 7900: 7895: 7888: 7883: 7876: 7871: 7864: 7859: 7852: 7847: 7840: 7835: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7794: 7785: 7783:9780813176765 7779: 7775: 7774: 7766: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7729: 7720: 7713: 7712:0-415-34584-7 7709: 7703: 7687: 7683: 7681:0-7923-0796-8 7677: 7673: 7672: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7579: 7578: 7570: 7562: 7561: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7512: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7465: 7464: 7457: 7441: 7435: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7377: 7375:0-313-24308-5 7371: 7367: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7338:9781317077404 7334: 7330: 7329: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7281: 7274: 7268: 7253: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7226: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7143: 7141:9780786739844 7137: 7133: 7132: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7070: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7051: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7024: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6963: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6918: 6916:0-8179-9272-3 6912: 6908: 6907: 6899: 6893:, p. 30) 6892: 6886: 6870: 6866: 6865:Alpha History 6862: 6855: 6853: 6833: 6829: 6821: 6815: 6810: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6781: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6742: 6726: 6722: 6720:0-7425-2003-X 6716: 6712: 6711: 6710:Webs of Smoke 6703: 6696: 6691: 6685:, p. 131 6684: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6660: 6659:History Today 6654: 6647: 6642: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6530:"Sun Yat-sen" 6524: 6516: 6514:0-690-07612-6 6510: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6415: 6413:0-87187-188-2 6409: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6393: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6355: 6348: 6346:9781503638815 6342: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6314: 6312:0-8014-8805-2 6308: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6289: 6273: 6269: 6267:9789629371401 6263: 6259: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6232: 6228: 6226:9781560245209 6222: 6218: 6217: 6209: 6194:on 7 May 2021 6193: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6063: 6057: 6047:. 2013-10-17 6046: 6042: 6036: 6029: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5996: 5995:Wright (2018) 5991: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5936: 5934:9789622019874 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5853: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5779: 5774: 5765: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5651:, Islands of 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5591:Taiwan portal 5581: 5578: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5487:In 1937, the 5485: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5414: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5377: 5376:B-25 Mitchell 5373: 5368: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5302: 5300: 5299:Chen Shaokuan 5296: 5295:Beiyang Fleet 5292: 5288: 5284: 5283:Cheng Biguang 5275: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5197: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5088:Duke Yansheng 5083: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4916: 4915:Matsu Islands 4912: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3466: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348:Olympic Games 3345: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3327:United States 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3224:Judicial Yuan 3221: 3217: 3214:, namely the 3213: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3193:Supreme Court 3188: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773:in 1930, the 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2736:Olympic Games 2733: 2729: 2724: 2714: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2684:This article 2682: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2412:Yuan Shikai ( 2410: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358:island groups 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:imperial rule 2316: 2312: 2305: 2299: 2289: 2275: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2243: 2233: 2223: 2222:Daehan Minguk 2213: 2212: 2207: 2197: 2189: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2169: 2160: 2150: 2140: 2134: 2130: 2127:). Both the " 2123: 2116: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2078: 2072: 2064: 2062: 2051: 2041: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830:to the KMT's 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719:(CCP) in the 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1446: 1445: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1369:Mainland rule 1359: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105:Silver Dragon 1103: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1006: 999: 996: 990: 986: 983: 977: 973: 970: 966: 960: 956: 953: 947: 943: 940: 934: 930: 926: 920: 916: 913: 907: 903: 900: 894: 890: 886: 882: 879: 876: 873: 867: 864: 861: 858: 852: 849: 846: 842: 838: 835: 832: 826: 823: 820: 814: 810: 806: 804: 800: 796: 793: 790: 784: 781: 778: 772: 768: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 743: 737: 734: 731: 725: 722: 719: 715: 709: 705: 701: 699: 695: 688: 685: 681: 678: 675: 672: 668: 665: 662: 659: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 636: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 603: 601: 600: 595: 591: 587: 585: 581: 578: 577: 572: 568: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 538: 536: 534: 530: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 498: 492: 489: 486: 482: 479: 476: 472: 465: 461: 458: 455: 451: 448: 445: 441: 437: 434: 431: 428: 427: 425: 421: 414: 409: 405: 400:" (1929–1949) 399: 388: 384: 357: 345: 343: 318: 314: 299: 295: 277:" (1915–1921) 276: 272: 260:" (1913–1915) 259: 255: 240:" (1912–1913) 239: 235: 234: 226: 222: 210: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 186: 172: 168: 162: 158: 157: 152: 145: 137: 132: 124: 119: 115: 112: 107: 103: 99: 88: 87: 80: 77: 67: 65: 64: 60: 59: 52: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 13182: 13000: 12883: 12873: 12818:Beijing Coup 12807: 12785: 12703: 12509: 12497: 12485: 12314:Superlatives 12299:Prostitution 12262:Architecture 12068:Demographics 11869:Central bank 11847:Floriculture 11744:Conscription 11622:Intelligence 11610:Human rights 11593:Constitution 11508:Superlatives 11503:Scenic areas 11388:White Terror 11141:Christianity 11131:Confucianism 11091:Urbanization 11027:Demographics 11003:Gang of Four 10968:Four Symbols 10867:Martial arts 10641:Prostitution 10528:Architecture 10382:Central bank 10250:Vice Premier 10202:United front 10131:Constitution 10087:Penal system 10065:Human rights 10002:Subdivisions 9840: / 9836: / 9759:Southwestern 9754:Northwestern 9613: 9457:Western Zhou 9405:Yellow River 9355:1949–present 9210: 9192:Asian Survey 9191: 9166: 9162: 9151: 9141: 9124: 9113:. Retrieved 9093: 9071: 9050: 9029: 9008: 9000: 8980: 8959: 8936: 8932:中華民國海軍陸戰隊發展史 8931: 8911: 8901: 8885: 8878: 8868: 8861: 8843: 8820: 8798: 8784:. Retrieved 8764: 8754: 8735: 8716: 8697: 8685:. Retrieved 8665: 8650: 8612: 8572: 8566: 8555: 8546: 8534:. Retrieved 8525:(1): 40–49. 8522: 8518: 8508: 8499: 8479: 8471: 8462: 8453: 8444: 8435: 8414: 8405: 8396: 8384: 8372: 8360: 8348: 8336: 8323: 8316: 8304:. Retrieved 8297: 8287: 8276: 8266: 8259:Elleman 2019 8254: 8242: 8203:Elleman 2019 8181: 8147: 8141: 8129:. Retrieved 8124: 8120: 8110: 8102: 8082: 8074: 8062: 8050: 8038: 8026: 8021:, p. 8. 8014: 7957: 7945: 7918: 7906: 7894: 7882: 7870: 7858: 7846: 7834: 7814: 7807: 7772: 7765: 7753:. Retrieved 7737: 7728: 7719: 7702: 7690:. Retrieved 7670: 7663: 7645: 7640: 7628:. Retrieved 7614: 7602:. Retrieved 7599:topendsports 7598: 7589: 7576: 7569: 7559: 7552: 7527: 7524:Modern China 7523: 7491: 7471: 7462: 7456: 7444:. Retrieved 7434: 7415: 7409: 7390: 7384: 7365: 7359: 7347:. 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Retrieved 5830: 5823: 5798: 5789: 5773: 5764: 5719: 5707: 5702: 5677: 5668: 5641:Beiyang rule 5632: 5577:China portal 5546: 5537:treaty ports 5531: 5527: 5518: 5501: 5497: 5486: 5473: 5469: 5453: 5440:Suzhou Creek 5415: 5407: 5385: 5381: 5355: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5279: 5272: 5233: 5201: 5193: 5163: 5147:Beiyang Army 5144: 5125:Beiyang Army 5113: 5085: 5033: 5024: 5018:Heilongjiang 5016:Now part of 5012: 5003: 4991:Now part of 4987: 4978: 4966: 4954:Now part of 4950: 4940:Heilongjiang 4938:Now part of 4934: 4928:Heilongjiang 4926:Now part of 4922: 4906: 4894:Now part of 4890: 4878:Now part of 4874: 4526: 4458: 4425: 3671:Hēilóngjiāng 3664:Heilongjiang 3496: 3482:Abbreviation 3435:Rand McNally 3399: 3381: 3341: 3315:Soviet Union 3256: 3237: 3233: 3211: 3209: 3197:Control Yuan 3189: 3181: 3169: 3161:constitution 3158: 3114: 3103:founded the 3097: 3085: 3052: 3017: 3013: 2960: 2931: 2916: 2898:puppet state 2871: 2847: 2828: 2787: 2763:Feng Yuxiang 2759:China proper 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culture 12422:Photography 12108:Waishengren 11842:Aquaculture 11837:Agriculture 11615:LGBT rights 11473:Hot springs 11459:Earthquakes 11393:Martial law 10907:Variety art 10902:Tea culture 10830:Calligraphy 10815:Archaeology 10675:Food safety 10470:Gold mining 10372:Aquaculture 10367:Agriculture 10327:Coast Guard 10094:Naming laws 9928:Environment 9916:South China 9395:Paleolithic 9387:Prehistoric 9345:before 1912 8557:Smithsonian 8536:30 November 8174:Jordan 1976 8055:Sherry 1996 8043:Sherry 1996 8031:Sherry 1996 8019:Sherry 1996 7992:Sherry 1996 7923:McCord 1993 7899:McCord 1993 7887:McCord 1993 7875:McCord 1993 7863:McCord 1993 7851:McCord 1993 7839:McCord 1993 7170:(5): 8–12. 7101:(5): 8–12. 6875:7 September 6838:22 December 6646:McCord 1993 6576:7 September 6546:7 September 6278:9 September 6107:23 November 5727:during the 5723:As wartime 5547:During the 5055:occupied it 4483:Ulaanbaatar 4481:Kulun (now 3571:Zhangjiakou 3569:Zhangyuan ( 3471:Traditional 3364:Los Angeles 3185:World War I 3147:Warlord era 3109:martial law 2934:Pacific War 2661:Blue shirts 2646: [ 2523:and become 2497:Warlord Era 2467:Tongmenghui 2460:signed the 2450:Yuan Shikai 2105:parallelism 2006:Tongmenghui 1992:Sun Yat-sen 1777:Warlord Era 1753:Yuan Shikai 1749:Sun Yat-sen 1729:Taiwan Area 1703:(KMT) as a 1496:Vietnam War 1394:Warlord Era 1170:Preceded by 927:in Beijing 872:Lower house 857:Upper house 844:Legislature 822:Tang Shaoyi 780:Li Yuanhong 721:Sun Yat-sen 714:provisional 689:(1947–1949) 677:directorial 626:(1948–1949) 620:(1925–1948) 614:(1912–1928) 432:(1912–1928) 360:(1937–1949) 342:Flag anthem 212:(1928–1949) 203:(1913–1928) 174:(1928–1949) 165:(1912–1928) 68:do not move 13196:Categories 13099:Zhili Army 12417:Philosophy 12392:Literature 12289:Healthcare 12148:Kanakanavu 11900:(currency) 11809:Two Chinas 11681:Propaganda 11649:Parliament 11583:Censorship 11557:Government 11535:Government 11321:Prehistory 11168:Irreligion 11065:Statistics 11035:Emigration 10998:Four Wangs 10887:Philosophy 10872:Mass media 10855:Literature 10753:Patriarchy 10716:Propaganda 10636:Corruption 10621:Censorship 10411:E-commerce 10118:Government 9911:East China 9883:Waterfalls 9829:Peninsulas 9797:Grasslands 9115:10 October 9041:0029286107 8992:0192803417 8810:0340741333 8786:5 February 8775:0521771242 8235:Chung 2003 8131:1 February 7692:4 November 7497:China News 7349:6 December 7074:2 February 6986:2 February 6952:2 February 6814:Fenby 2009 6799:28 October 6770:28 October 6731:28 October 6695:Fenby 2009 6683:Fenby 2009 6671:Fenby 2009 6485:Fenby 2009 6470:27 October 5899:5 December 5842:13 January 5810:References 5731:after the 5202:After the 5064:after the 4496:Tibet Area 4310:Mudanjiang 3649:Qingyuan ( 3400:Under the 3336:See also: 3329:, and the 3247:See also: 3137:See also: 3127:Government 3101:Mao Zedong 3000:See also: 2850:Great Wall 2803:See also: 2779:Long March 2767:Yan Xishan 2753:, and the 2711:March 2024 2703:Wikisource 2596:See also: 2562:Kuomintang 2501:See also: 2480:Kuomintang 2339:Kuomintang 2110:帝國是以皇帝一人為主 1980:See also: 1950:population 1878:of China. 1763:" (or the 1731:" and the 1723:. The CCP 1701:Kuomintang 1565:History of 1511:Three Noes 1486:Korean War 1068:1 May 1950 834:He Yingqin 792:Li Zongren 745:Li Zongren 593:Government 584:Demonym(s) 13146:Guangdong 13111:Guominjun 13023:1931–1935 13009:1930–1932 12964:1928–1929 12932:1927–1930 12870:1926–1928 12846:1925–1926 12782:1923–1927 12762:1921–1922 12742:1920–1926 12732:1920–1921 12712:1919–1921 12682:1918–1920 12672:1917–1929 12662:1917–1922 12628:1915–1916 12598:1911–1914 12583:1925–1934 12580:1915–1924 12347:Animation 12309:Squatting 12284:Education 12120:Languages 11876:Companies 11654:President 11605:Elections 11513:Volcanoes 11488:Mountains 11432:Overviews 11422:Geography 11055:Languages 11008:Four Olds 10963:Four arts 10850:Libraries 10780:Structure 10743:Sexuality 10680:incidents 10653:Education 10562:Transport 10438:Renewable 10433:Petroleum 10228:President 10195:Politburo 10148:Elections 10136:Democracy 10104:Terrorism 9852:Volcanoes 9834:Northeast 9812:Mountains 9722:Northeast 9672:Geography 9579:High Qing 9400:Neolithic 9372:Dynasties 9350:1912–1949 9341:Economic 9310:Overviews 8687:2 January 8247:Chen 2024 8220:Chen 2024 7714:. p. 376. 7475:Li Shui. 7273:Fung 2000 7192:146456085 6891:Fung 2000 6827:重編國語辭典修訂本 6354:help page 6237:4 January 6060:中华民国纪年也称“ 5949:"中華民國之意義" 5815:Citations 5749:relocated 5687:Chongqing 5683:Guangzhou 5465:Manchuria 5405:in 1932. 5361:Air Force 5346:Chongqing 5342:Chongqing 5327:U.S. Navy 5287:Lin Baoyi 5167:Guangdong 4793:Guǎngzhōu 4786:Guangzhou 4733:Chóngqìng 4726:Chongqing 4303:Sōngjiāng 4296:Songjiang 3968:Guangzhou 3961:Guǎngdōng 3954:Guangdong 3890:Zhenjiang 3814:海拉爾(呼倫貝爾) 3809:Hulunbuir 3497:Provinces 3299:Lithuania 3279:Guatemala 3072:Chongqing 2876:near the 2839:Manchukuo 2699:Wikiquote 2686:contains 2530:Guangdong 2335:one-party 2227:대한민국/大韓民國 2217:대한제국/大韓帝國 2204:) by the 2039:gònghéguó 1962:provinces 1948:. With a 1896:Chongqing 1800:Guangzhou 1745:abdicated 1599:Kaohsiung 1366:1912–1949 1346:Geography 1339:Education 1156:Drives on 1137:Time zone 1121:Gold yuan 1111:(to 1935) 974:1927–1948 957:1926–1928 931:1912–1928 698:President 674:one-party 671:Tridemist 570:Religion 518:Mongolian 460:Chongqing 134:1912–1949 66:. 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