Requeté - Knowledge

1460: 1683: 1650:, but the movement operated unofficially or on a semiclandestine basis. None of the sources consulted confirms existence of nationwide Requeté executive, though Zamanillo – who in protest against the unification resigned his position in 1937 – at some point in the early 1940s re-assumed the duties of Delegado Nacional de Requetés. At least in areas of high Carlist militancy Juntas Regionales included a Requeté delegate and in regions like Navarre or Catalonia many loose requeté cells operated locally. National party leadership tried to reorganize the network; in the ambience of disintegration and bewilderment, they were anxious to ensure Requeté loyalty to the command chain or even to turn it into the party's backbone. Some authors refer to "reconstuido Requeté". New members were being recruited, ranks were maintained and in some cases, sub-sections were developed. 1854:; during the party congress of 1966 this was the future Requeté direction supported by most participants. However, the same year another option was chosen. Like in case of most other sections, the nationwide Requeté executive was disbanded and its local structures were subordinated to corresponding juntas, which marked reversal to the pre-1934 pattern. All the above, plus San Cristobál's address at Montejurra, triggered protests; some Juntas Provinciales accused the Huguista-dominated secretariat of manipulating Carlist structures and many militants resigned or left. An internal report of 1967 claimed that disorganization of Requeté "es total"; some historians maintain that in few years following decentralization, Requeté "practicamente desaparece". During the 1968 Montejurra there were first fist-fights recorded between requetés and members of the newly emerged 7876:

which suggests that the infantile section of Pelayos existed as sub-division of Requeté, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 126. Miguel de San Cristobál Ursua (1909–1993) was a landholder and aristocrat from Falces in southern Navarre; he is one of the least known Carlist militants of the era and one of the oldest members of the Huguista faction. A wartime requeté combatant, it seems that in the mid-1960s he was either disoriented or meek; when confronted with fronda within Requeté he asked Valiente for advice; the party leader suggested that Zavala was to deal with internal party matters and that San Cristobál should focus on propaganda issues, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 256. His later address at the summit of Montejurra, which caused enormous resistance among the Traditionalists, was most likely written by someone else, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 89

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unarmed and in plain clothes. Partial and sporadic data provides evidence that at least some elements of organized structure, including military ranks and hierarchical command layers, have been introduced; there are also unconfirmed news about expulsions from the organization. Relations with the official political Traditionalist hierarchy remain unclear; there are cases of militant youth exalting regional leadership reported, but there are also cases of Carlist deputies voicing unease and even suggesting dissolution of specific requeté cells. In the late 1910s no political party heavyweights seemed particularly related to the organisation. Llorens ceased to appear as engaged, especially that due to the Germanophile stand, he found himself conflicted with the claimant. In 1920 Don Jaime nominated

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grouping units from Aragón, Levante, and Catalonia commanded by, coronel Serrador; 3) southern Andalusia near Rosal de la Frontera, commanded by coronel Redondo; 4) Sierra de Gata in Extremadura, to group volunteers from Castille, Extremadura, and León commanded by general Villegas; 5) Madrid (no closer info available), see e.g. González Calleja 2011, pp. 376–377. Other scholars present a somewhat different picture, with just 3 locations: Sierra de Aracena and Sierra de Gata as diversionary hubs, and Madrid as the centre of action, reinforced by groups from Navarre, Vascongadas, Catalonia, Levante, Logroño, Aragón and Old Castile, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 240, González Calleja 2011, p. 373, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 224. Detailed discussion in Roberto Muñoz Bolaños,

1790: 1903:. Its structures did not envision any Requeté section. There is no document or single decision dissolving the entire organization known, but historians claim that during buildup of Partido Carlista of the early 1970s, the Requeté – at that time already almost defunct – was effectively dissolved along all other sections of the movement, like AET, MOT or the Margaritas. The role of a violent, paramilitary arm was assumed by Grupos de Acción Carlista, the section which purposely broke with the requeté tradition as reminiscent of old civil war divisions and the reactionary currents; some scholars tend to suppose that in some respects, GAC was somewhat in-between an heir to and a bastard of Requeté. 116: 1735:. To them, Requeté was more of a glorious remnant of the past, tailored to wartime needs and unsuitable as vehicle of political militancy. There are no membership numbers available, though the organization played little role in the Carlist machinery; when in the mid-1950s the party abandoned its opposition strategy and replaced it with cautious collaboration with the regime, Requeté was not involved and remained on the sidelines of the decision-making process. Zamanillo as Delegado Nacional de Requeté kept representing the organization in Secretaría Nacional and regional jefés operated locally, but it is not clear how much the network was still rooted in the ground. 1416:; in late 1932 he was appointed Jefé Nacional of Requeté. He replaced the decuria scheme with a military-like structure up to the battalion level and issued a number of rulebooks, but above all in 1933–1934 he toured the country making appointments, issuing orders, supervising buildup and delivering training himself. Though in regions like Catalonia standardization efforts encountered some resistance, the organization gained momentum also beyond Navarre. In early 1934 the party executive formed Frente Nacional de Boinas Rojas, the attempt to create a hierarchical national Requeté structure, detached from local Carlist juntas. Its political leader was appointed 1781:

en la provincia para encontrar un jefe de requeté"; he suggested appointment of a new, strong-hand, military leader. On the other hand, some reports advocated exactly the opposite, namely more independence for the Requeté structures. The response from central party command was inconclusive. In 1960 latest the party executive Junta Nacional formed 7 specialized departments, and Comisión de Requeté was one of them. The same year Zamanillo, at the time Valiente's right hand, was promoted to Secretario General of the Comunión; he vacated the seat of Requete delegate, held for over 25 years. At this role he was replaced by Márquez de Prado.

1447:. At the time the chief concern was weapons, with small arms being smuggled from France or procured internally; in early 1935 the organization owned 450 machine-guns. There were already plans for military action prepared, though intended as counter-revolutionary defense rather than as insurrectional coup. By late 1935 requeté sections were no longer add-ons to Carlist círculos; they became the most dynamic part of the Carlist machinery and it might have seemed that all the rest was just an add-on to Requeté. December 1935 produced first case of Requeté on alert awaiting the order to rise; another plan, this time to stage a 723: 173: 6226:

uniformed requetés made a stunning impression on all those watching; following a parade and foot drills, a simulation of assault on enemy position followed, González Calleja 2011, pp. 194–195. Another display of progress of requeté militarisation was staged in the Basque Zumarraga on July 22, 1934, when half a thousand of uniformed militants marched drilled in military formations, dazzling the audience, Aróstegui 2013, p. 82. There was no similar show of prowess in Catalonia, though local leaders Sivatte and Cunill advanced the military buildup as well, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 140

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and increasingly formatted as private, small-circle meetings, even in Navarre. Some went on as legal owners of sanctuaries built during Francoism and issued publications on history of their units, though fairly frequent death notices, published in the press and referring to just deceased "requeté hasta su muerte" or "requeté voluntario de la Cruzada", demonstrated that the ranks of combatants were getting increasingly thin. The death notices are still being published today, though now usually referring to "the last living combatant" from specific region, battalion, or even at all.

1127:, he intended to build a similar structure. Already in 1910 he discussed the plan with Llorens, though his first public references to requeté are dated 1911. General guidelines for a new requeté formula were issued in late 1912; the news soon became public and the first known draft of the re-alignment plan was dated in early 1913. The same year, the 59-year-old Llorens was nominated head of Comisíon de Requetés, one of 10 sub-sections of the party executive, Junta Superior Central. This was also the first moment when Requeté was officially recognized by the party as its branch. 918:. Indeed, press from the era used to describe requeté members as "jovenes", "jovencitos", "chicos", "niños", "infantiles", "muchachos", or "chiquillos". Purpose and objectives of requeté were described vaguely as "mature, learn, and train to be a soldier of God" though growing in peace, but also "prepared for war". Early notes suggest that a requeté member had to be a good Christian, but did not necessarily have to be a Carlist. Initially some naming confusion ensued; members of the organization could have been named "requetés", "requeténs" or "requetenistas". 1754:, however it is not clear whether in both cases the individuals in question were actually members of the Requeté organisation or rather ex-combatants and party militants. There were some signs of attempted revival, though. In 1957 Zamanillo nominated the 33-year-old Arturo Márquez de Prado y Pareja as "chief instructor" with apparent aim to resume military training. Also some sub-sections of the organization have been established; in 1958 a "Comisión Técnica Nacional del Requeté" was noted for its lengthy political analysis. Intended for the party leader 1405:; its immediate objective was protection of religious buildings. With assistance of local parish priests, by year-end the force at least tripled. However, in early 1932 Requeté suffered a number of setbacks. Comité de Acción was disbanded, key instructors were detained by the security, and some cells were outlawed by administration. Most decurias got "practically dismantled"; apart from disorganized Navarrese network, elsewhere Requeté were restricted to harmless groups in big cities. During a meeting of military conspirators prior to the August 1932 1907: 1432: 8067:, Marqués de Marchelina, Elías Querejeta, Ricardo Ruiz de Gauna, Gabriel Zubiaga, Rafael Ferrando and Luis Doreste Machado, it is all members of Junta de la Hermandad Nacional de Antiguos Combatientes de Tercios de Requetés. Once Marchelina dismissed the claim the organisation premises were raided by police on grounds of subversive activity suspicion, and were eventually handed to Comisión Reorganizadora, headed by the one of the rebels, José María Codón. Merchelina set up a shadow organisation in France, García Riol 2015, pp. 313–320 7180:

times home-made, and worn out; participants admitted with regret that they were no match for perfectly uniformed Falange units, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 233. Some claim that "even when, from 1959 on, uniformed requetés did begin to line up on the morning of Montejurra, the ceremony still remained much more relaxed than the strictly regulated events staged by the Government. Today ex-progresistas claim that these parades were far less disciplined and more shambolic than proud veteran requetés might like to admit", Jeremy MacClancy,

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Comisión Permanente of Junta Nacional de Jefes de Requetés, led by Márquez de Prado, issued a manifesto which declared Don Carlos Hugo traitor to the sacred cause and pledged to re-build a genuine Carlist organization; it is not clear whether there was any structure behind it or the signatories represented themselves only. Initially the group seemed leaning towards Don Juan Carlos as a dynastical leader, though they also declared some "reserva mental". Eventually, in 1975 Márquez de Prado and his followers pledged loyalty to

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proposed as new delegado nacional. The same year Márquez de Prado asked Valiente for the opposite, namely consolidation of his own powers; some considered it a pre-emptive strike inspired by Zamanillo, already expulsed from the Comunión. At the time "paulatino desmantelamiento" of Requeté, apparently intended by the Huguistas, was ongoing, even though its uniformed units played ceremonial roles during key Carlist rallies. Still officially represented in Junta Nacional and Secretaría Nacional, in 1963 the Requeté

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provides estimates as to the state of Requeté at the moment. The information available suggests the organization languished as few isolated and rather inactive cells, engaged mostly in resumption of party propaganda and religious activities; there were attempts to return to the old format with renewed excursionist or sporting bids. Most news of requeté activity, scarce as they were, came traditionally either from Catalonia or Levante. The latter region was somewhat privileged as this is where the party leader,

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holidays. Hostile press agonized about "juvenil y bizarro ejército" trained for "asesinato, el robo y el incendio", educated in hate and "ready to die and to kill"; in the best case, they were "creatures 8 to 10 years, cigarettes in their mouths and cards in their hands". Progressist authors warned about "burlesca comedia de una guerra civil" and in every second report, "requeté" was paired with "browning". There were requeté militants detained by security or court-martialled, clashes with police and

1220: 1809:, and a police report from 1962 claimed that the structures were "perfectly organized". Carlists in the entourage of Don Carlos Hugo were increasingly anxious about the Requeté "influencia militarista" in the Comunión. At the time the organization was for the first time ever getting engaged in political debates within the party. Márquez de Prado remained suspicious about the prince, his entourage and their new ideas, while Requeté was gradually turning into the bulwark of Traditionalist orthodoxy. 1827: 1326: 870: 1142:

arrangements. They were to form a network with various command layers, and the entire structure was to remain under the supervision of Carlist politicians. A draft attributed to Llorens envisioned that Requeté were to be split into a younger and an older section. A 16-man squad was to be a basic unit 4 squads would make a sección and 2 sections would make a company, all commanded by individuals of specific ranks. The draft envisioned also insignia and a gray-colored uniform.

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excursionista, instructiva, ciclista, recreativa, militar, alpina, politico-religiosa, de prensa y propaganda, or sección de sport. None of the sources consulted confirms existence of dedicated premises and it is not clear whether members of local cells met in private, in Carlist círculos or outdoors. Since 1911 there are vague references to common gear, usually red or blue berets, but prior to 1913 there was no explicit note of a shirt or other part of uniform identified.

1170:; in the late 1910s it was in steady decline. It seems that at the time Requeté was increasingly getting formatted as a paramilitary organization, as news on related violence clearly prevail over information on cultural, leisure or charity activities, dominant in the early part of the decade. Carlist youth was reported as engaged in street altercations with other groupings, especially Jóvenes Bárbaros of the Radicals; however, there were also news about clashes with 1940: 1300: 797: 1967: 1390: 1159: 984: 1362: 1639: 826: 7737:

vinculada por sus juramentos, promesas y devoción a la la defensa de un ideario cuyo fundamento último era de orden espiritual", Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 122. See also "se podría afirmar que los Requetés se consideraban así mismos como los garantes de las más puras esencias del Carlismo. Eran "los cruzados de la Causa", los depositarios de la espiritualidad y la acción de todo lo carlista", García Riol 2015, p. 309

6128:"outside Navarre the Requeté and AET were largely restricted to big cities, and even there most Requeté groups consisted merely of members of the Carlist Youth who donned red berets and khaki battle dress for special occasions", Blinkhorn 2008, p. 76. In terms of street militancy at times Requeté was outpaced by AET, for Barcelona see Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. 93–94, for Pamplona see González Calleja 2011, pp. 79, 192 1766: 932: 1717: 1104: 1249: 1146:

provincial juntas. Apparently a rulebook has been edited and published. Since late 1913, there were sporadic news of dissolving existing structures and creating escuadras as outlined in manuals issued by Junta Organizadora; at times there was only "reorganización" of specific branches mentioned. The same year first requeté units were reported as appearing in public uniforms in gear "modelo Llorens".

1451:, was developed and then abandoned in April–May 1936. In late spring of 1936 Requeté grouped 10,000 fully armed and trained men plus 20,000 forming an auxiliary pool. In contrast to urban-oriented action groups "primarily accustomed to street fighting and pistolerismo", maintained by other parties, Requeté was a "genuine citizen army" capable of performing small-scale tactical military operations. 793:, staged mostly in Catalonia in 1900 – as their important consequence produced loose "armed squads of Carlists", which engaged in petty urban violence during the following years. These gangs were easily suppressed by forces of order, yet their emergence demonstrated a new phenomenon: mostly urban Carlist militancy, independent of official movement structures and oriented towards street violence. 7448:"los universitarios no estaban para llevar el Requeté a la Universidad. Comenzamos a plantear que el Requeté estaba muy bien para la guerra pero que no tenía nada que ver con la lucha universitaria. Queríamos hacer algo distinto, dar un aire nuevo al 18 de Julio frente a Franco y a los generales", the opinion of a young Carlist militant Pérez-España, referred after Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 385 6320:

Catalonia (4,000 men), Levante (at least 3,700 men, data for Valencia missing), Vascongadas (at least 2,500 men, data for Biscay missing), Old Castile (1,380 men), Madrid (740 men), Andalusia (at least 640 men, data for Eastern provinces missing). The total was around 20,000 men, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 257. Other scholers provide data also for Aragón (some 150 men), Aróstegui 2013, p. 84

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caused outrage as he declared that "con nuestros hijos están también, con nosotros, muchos hijos de quienes fueron nuestros enemigos hace veinticinco años. Figuran entre las altas personalidades del carlismo hombres cuyos padres fueron fusilados por los nacionales", Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 210. It is not clear who personally was evoked in the second sentence. Full text of his address in

1131: 1017: 48: 5434: 1317:, especially that such a move was officially recommended by de Villores. In 1927–1928 the regime suspected requeté of planning a coup d'état and some detentions followed, e.g. this of the Barcelona requeté president Felix Oliveras y Cots. Indeed, some Catalan Carlist hotheads engaged in anti-Primo conspiracy, promptly dismantled by the party executive. 1033:

times covering also musical pieces, choirs, reading poetry, infantile recitations, journalistic competitions, theatrical performances, dance, music and other "bellas artes". Some gatherings turned into multicultural events. A related field was education; some circles organized lectures and at one point there was even an "Academia del Requeté" set up.

2877:, it was rather expected to boost recruitment. Perhaps the wealthy ambience pictured is supposed to encourage candidates from somewhat less affluent but aspiring families. Perhaps the cartoon is directed at parents rather than minors, and the author intended to convince them that the requeté was a harmless project supported also by the well-to-do 4982:, "requeté" was mentioned 13 times in the press titles of 1908. For the following years the numbers are as follows: 1909: 18; 1910: 109; 1911: 478; 1912: 586; 1913: 730; 1914: 387; 1915: 315; 1916: 214; 1917: 166; 1918: 100; 1919: 102; 1920: 46; 1921: 24; 1922: 31; 1923: 58; 1924: 23; 1925: 24; 1926: 39; 1927: 21; 1928: 17; 1929: 5; 1930: 18 1731:. Wartime ex-combatants were approaching or in their 40s, consumed by daily routine and cultivating their Carlism as chats about wartime deeds over a glass of wine. Among young militants the centre of gravity shifted from rural or small-town ambience to large cities, and these activists tended rather towards the party academic organisation 813:

industrialized, urban coastal belt; profound social changes proved fertile soil for the growth of new urban phenomena. Mushrooming and loosely organized groups of Juventud engaged in military drills; they also got increasingly involved in street clashes with hit-squads related to left-wing politics, especially the Radicals and the

1883:. With assistance of state security services the bid proved successful, but the entire ex-combatant movement, always prone to fragmentation, soon decomposed into total chaos. In 1971 Romero set up a competitive organisation based in France, while various other Hermandades pursued own political paths, usually centred around late 7158:

from particular battalions, were set up in the 1940s; they usually had no political flavor, Canal 2000, p. 346. Moreover, members of the Carlist academic organisation AET also sported military-like uniforms, which made them almost undistinguishable from requeté, compare e.g. a photo of AET militants in Manuel Martorell Pérez,

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requeté, requeté was approached as sort of preparatory stage for entry into Juventud and at times the organization was named "Requeté de la Juventud Carlista". Sporadically requeté was explicitly referred to as "organized under the Juventud auspices". Most geographical references to requeté were related either to Catalonia or

7122:, p. 91. Some leaflets were aimed against the Francoist regime, e.g. these signed by "El requeté de Cataluña" and demanding that Fal Conde be released from exile, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 91. Some were aimed against some Carlist leaders, accused of inactivity and appeasement versus the regime, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 216 1150:

existence after 1914; instead, there were sporadic references to Comisión de Requetés, active until 1919. To what extent the local requeté cells were indeed transformed into structured, disciplined units focused on paramilitary activity remains unknown. Some scholars suggest that the attempted reform was largely a failure.

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and local levels. Originally there were 3 layers envisiones: "profesional", "activo" and "reserva", but it seems this particular feature was abandoned. Larger units were to encompass specialized sub-units and detachment, like a liaison platoon, González Calleja 2011, pp. 123–124, Aróstegui 2013, p. 77, Canal 2000, p. 300

2002:, lecture competitive Traditionalist groupings on rights to use the Requeté symbols or uniforms and imply that the organization is still operational. Persons related to the profile appear at Montejurra ascents organized by Partido Carlista, where indeed some participants, including females, don a military-like gear. 955:

appears that separate requeté groups operated on their own with no provincial or regional network organized; until the mid-1910s there was no co-coordinative body or executive ever mentioned. Membership remains unclear; according to the friendly press, there were over 100 associates in Barcelona in 1910 and 130 in

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judged that Márquez "estaba obsesionado con la guerra subversiva contrarrevolucionaria" and that he had to be isolated and contained. Eventually, Massó and his team "a los del Requetés de Pepe Arturo no les hacíamos ni caso; la gente que cogíamos era gente nueva o gente recuperada", Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 476

7775:"Pepe Arturo , era un hombre que necesitaba decir que la Universidad la controlaba él; era gente muy efectiva pero poco preparada políticamente; estaban al margen del carlismo de entonces, seguían pensando en un carlismo de guerra", opinion of one of the Huguistas, referred after Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 477 1959:, went out of sight as well. The name of "requeté" appeared most often in relation to various ex-combatant organisations, either engaged in post-Francoist rallies – e.g. on anniversary of dictator's death in 1981 – or in commemorative feasts related to milestones of Carlist history, e.g. in 1984 in Seville. 9176:

in the very Southern Aragon, bordering the Valencia region. In absence of widely known geographical reference points, the ones which appear most often in accounts of the battle are specific defensive positions held by the Republicans, named "Loma Milano", "Monte Silverio" and "Posición Barragán"; the

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By late September 1936 the Nationalist troops overran most of Gipuzkoa and crossed the Deva river, seeking entry into Biscay. They were offered stiff resistance in mountainous terrain on Western bank of the Deva river. Geographical references repeatedly referred as points of heavy fighting were Monte

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the 1965 address delivered by San Cristobál at Montejurra was one of the most controversial ever recorded during the history of the rally, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 89. The Traditionalists considered it scandalous as they perceived it as dismantling the basis of requeté identity. San Cristobal

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during the Congress the attendees were asked to vote for one of 4 future paths of Requeté development. Buildup of "Grupos de Acción" was supported by 104 participants, with other options being that Requeté becomes an organisation "político-militar" (94), "social" (42), and "militar" (28), García Riol

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e.g. in 1962 "fueron 2,000 los requetés uniformados" at the Montejurra ascent, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 300-301. In 1963 "a truckload of Sevillan requetés made the cross-country trip to attend Montejurra", MacClancy 2000, p. 135. Apart from ceremonial roles, uniformed requetés formed security

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the Carloctavistas formed a uniformed group styled as "Tercio Carlos VII". Some scholars claim that as most members of the public did not distinguish between various currents within Carlism, appearances of "Tercio Carlos VII" helped to enhance the public image of Carlism as such, Rodón Guinjoan 2015,

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there are scholars who claim that in specific cases, some "men were 'volunteers' only in name", namely when they were shamed by females from their village for not having volunteered yet, MacClancy 2000, p. 51. Degree of free will might be disputed also in case of Republican POWs; e.g. it was a common

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some scholars note that in mid-1936 the total number of Requeté volunteer was not much more than those in Falange's Primera Linea, but that they were definitely better armed and trained; as the result, no other militia was even close compared to military performance and potential of Requeté, González

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6 requetés formed a patrulla; 3 patrullas formed a pelotón (some 20 men); 3 pelotóns formed a piqueté (some 70 men); 3 piquetés formed a requeté (some 246 men); 3 requetés formed a tercio (some 720 men). All were to use a khaki uniform. Executive "delegaciones" were to operate on national, provincial

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e.g. in March 1933 there were some 500 requetés expected to attend the religious act in Sant Llorenc del Munt; in fact, barely 50 turned up, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 139. Until early 1933 in Catalonia the reqeuté organisation was "més propagandistica que efectiva. Organitzaven serveis de vigiláncia

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the key religious involved were the parish priests Jesus Yaniz (Caparroso), Pascasio Osacar (Noain), Jesus Ulibarri (Yerri-Ugar), Fermin Erice (Esquiroz) and Jose Maria Solabre (Berriozar); some claimed that "Requeté de Navarra fue la obra del clero", referred after González Calleja 2011, p. 69. Some

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At the time the Traditionalists sought to build their own Requeté infrastructure. "La persona fundamental" in this process was Márquez de Prado, assisted by Zamanillo; at one point it seemed that even San Cristobál might get involved. Exact results of these efforts are not clear. In 1973 a body named

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did not affect Requeté tercios much; though formally incorporated into the army, they continued to operate as Carlist battalions. Recruitment was volunteer, ensured by party political structures in the rear. Exact social composition of the units is not clear; existing data suggests they were composed

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organisation, its members to be disciplined, structured, trained in combat and use of firearms; professional army officers were to supervise the change. The decisions adopted in late 1931 set an entirely new course and in short time they were to transform Requeté into a totally new formation, with no

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Since the mid-1910s the activity of Requeté was in steady decline, but at the turn of the decades the organisation entered the period of lethargy and hibernation, by scholars dubbed "disengagement and paralysis" or "irremisible decadencia". It is not clear whether the crisis was related to any single

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used during shooting incidents. It is usually impossible to tell who started violence, especially given all groups behaved provocatively. However, it is clear that in many cases it was the requeté youth which assaulted premises deemed hostile or tried to break down rallies of the opposition. There is

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and then Valentin Estefanell. Still in 1911, Joaquín Font y Fargas was named "director del requeté jaimista". In 1912, the elected president of Barcelona requeté organisation was Julian Oliver. In other major centers, Francisco Alcón Orrico presided over the Valencia branch and Joaquín Castaneda over

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and perhaps also to intimidate political enemies. Some scholars see these initiatives not as part of freshly born political mobilization among the urban youth, but rather as a continuation of the old Carlist "tradition of direct action". They claim that "abortive resumption of violence at the turn of

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group was recorded in 1911, in its Catalanized version as "Exploradores de Barcelona" born in 1912. Though in the early 20th century there were already various sporting, tourist, or other leisure associations operational in Spain, they were oriented towards young adult males and were not specifically

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The battle was very brief and extremely fulminant; it took place in 3 days between August 24 and 26. Much stronger Republican troops rolled over the outnumbered Nationalist defence; at all 3 strongholds the requetés resisted until they were almost totally encircled, and then attempted a breakthrough

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in the mid-1960s the purpose of Requeté was officially defined as "defender la integridad de nuestros sacrosantos ideales", which leads a present-day scholar to suppose that the organisation was gradually turning into sort of an internal Carlist "order of the faithful", "como una orden de caballería

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see e.g. a 1942 police report about "grupos clandestinos del Requeté", Miralles Climent 2018, p. 138. Some reports mention rather "elementos procedentes del antigue Requeté", which remain hostile to Caudillo, engage in subversive propaganda, and wear "their ‘own’ uniforms", Miralles Climent 2018, p.

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in May 1932 Huarte, del Burgo and others were detained as info on decurias and rumors about smuggling or arms leaked out, González Calleja 1991, p. 72; González Calleja 2011, p. 79. Some point also to disturbances in Bilbao as motives for detention Aróstegui 2013, p. 76. Del Burgo remained in prison

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Since the late 1960s chief propaganda vehicles of the Huguista faction ceased referring to requeté. In the very early 1970s San Cristobál was noted in the party press as merely the Navarrese jefé regional and even regional executive bodies did not include a Requeté representative. The Traditionalist

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involved in violent clashes with competitive labor unions were former requetés; the first identified requeté killed during inter-syndicalist violence was José Torrecasana Valentine. However, Sindicatos Libres failed to gain dynamics and stagnated. In 1922 Don Jaime asked the Carlist political leader

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Since 1909, the Republican press reported numerous incidents of requeté-related violence, ranging from insulting other juveniles to provocative marches, assaults on the premises of left-wing newspapers and organizations or attempts to stop tram circulation in order to enforce observance of religious

9289:

Lácar 800 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 221; Montejurra unclear; Cristo Rey 400 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 681; Burgos-Sanguesa 600 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 606; Alcazar 570 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 664; N.S.d.Pilar 720 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 532; there was an autonomour 8. Company of Alava engaged with some

9007:

There is no available information on total losses. It is typical to encounter references to "excepcional dureza" of combat, Aróstegui 2013, p. 271; in case of S. Ignacio a scholar claims that the unit was "almost destroyed", Aróstegui 2013, p. 482; even single incidents claimed 8–11 KIAs, Aróstegui

7914:

during the 1965 Asamblea Nacional de Requetés San Cristobál issued instructions to "crear un aorganización propia para su actuación dentro de un terreno de semi-clandestinidad"; so-called "grupos de acción" were to be formed in every province. They were supposed to engage in 5 types of activity: 1)

7875:

Miralles Climent 2015, p. 223, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 251. Hermenegildo García Llorente was appointed "delegado adjunto", Sixto Barranco "delegado de infanteria militar", José Luis Díaz Iribarren secretary, Andrés Olona de Armenteras "inspector" and Emilió Marín de Burgos "inspector de pelayos",

6948:

Aróstegui 2013, pp. 828–832. The author provides the data with reservation that they are "sin duda, una aproximación", p. 827. More definite statement, with strong preference for upper limit of the estimates, in Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 28. In post-war Carlist propaganda the number of requete killed

6712:

this wartime itinerary was typical. Deployment of particular tercios could have differed vastly, e.g. Tercio de Abárzuza spent most of the war, from July 1936 to March 1939, on stationary positions around Alto de León in Sierra de Guadarrama. Tercio de Montserrat was first stationed in Aragón, then

6290:

in the summe of 1934 summer first 15 Carlists travelled to Rome to receive training in La Dispoli base in Furbara. Other groups soon followed. The instruction covered usage of modern arms (like machine guns and mortars) and infantry tactics (like manouvre or fire management), González Calleja 2011,

6280:

Blinkhorn 2008, p. 207 González Calleja 2011, p. 199. In late 1934 the new Carlist political leader Manuel Fal Conde set up also Junta Técnica, sort of advisory board to Requeté. The broadly sketched plans are perhaps best demonstrated by presence of representatives of all army branches – including

1780:

were inclined to allow it to rot, others saw the need for reorganisation. However, various proposals emerging to address the issue were at times contradictory. In 1959 the Navarrese jefé Francisco Javier Astraín complained about eternal dissent within the regional organisation, which "siempre había

1698:

could have been a motive for detention, but presence of small uniformed groups was usually tolerated during ex-combatant or religious events. However, at times even commemorative requeté rallies were banned or officials who had permitted them were admonished; an attempt to open Museo del Requeté in

1400:

The history of Requeté during the Republic falls into three phases. The first one is associated with Colonel Eugenio Sanz de Lerín, appointed the Requeté chief instructor in 1931. In a few months he managed to develop a Navarrese network of 2,000 men, grouped into newly established 10-men sub-units

1202:

travelled by train to Madrid, in Catalonia he was greeted with "¡Viva España y Alemania!" paintings, signed by Requeté. During the hostilities, when the question of Spanish stand versus the conflict remained a heated political issue, requeté militants provided protection to rallies advancing either

1118:

formation hosting 10-year-old children and young men, its activities falling between culture and street violence. At times differences led to comical confusion, but there was no uniform framework emerging. Some historians suggest that the impulse to reform the organization came from the new Carlist

954:

In 1909, the Catalan Junta Regional asked Roma to prepare a formal set of regulations that would define the requeté modus operandi; there is no immediate follow-up known. In 1911, some press titles published an anonymous ordinance draft; it is unlikely that it was adopted, let alone implemented. It

9241:

Probably slightly less. Lácar was 500 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 217; Montejrura was 570 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 249; S.Miguel was 700 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 280; N.S.d.Camino was 680 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 336; M.d.l.Nieves was probably around 400 men, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 425–426; N.S.d.Begoña was

8987:

Locations hosting major combat were (proceeding from South-East towards Bilbao, and also from early April to early June) Ochandiano, Aramayona valley, Peñas de Amboto, Monte Saibigain, Amorebieta, Monte Urcullu and Peñas de Lemona. The campaign was a series of maneouvres targeting specific valleys

1962:

In the late 20th century the only organizations associated with the Requeté tradition identified as operational were various hermandades of former soldiers in the civil war tercios. Due to changing political climate and anti-Francoist shift in public opinion, their activity was decreasingly public

1817:

In 1963 one of the Huguistas, Pedro José Zabala, presented Valiente with his draft of the Requeté overhaul. The group envisioned that the organisation "debía tener una misión más social y política" and that Márquez de Prado be ousted; brother of another Huguista partisan, Juan Zavala Castella, was

1525:

Over time Requeté was losing importance as proportional component of the rebel troops. Already in October 1936 they formed only 6.5% of all Nationalist military personnel, and though later the organization maintained 20–25,000 people in its frontline units, due to overall growth of the Nationalist

1345:

and set up Comité de Acción. Historians speculate that as the situation in Spain was getting increasingly fragile, the claimant acted with a view to future violent developments; some maintain that "revitalization of shock groups was key concern" for him at the time. However, there was no follow up

1149:

The exact outcome of the reform attempted by Llorens is not clear. It is known that "Grupos de Defensa" have never emerged and that both Requeté and Juventud continued to operate as autonomous structures. Junta Central Organizadora proved to be a rather short-lived body, as there is no news of its

979:

in 1911. At least basic governing structures started to emerge, usually with the president, but at times also with the vice-president, treasurer, secretary, librarian, or members of junta directiva. Larger local groups started to set-up specialized sub-sections, like sección dramática, de caridad,

913:

A party document from somewhat later period claims that originally requeté was intended for older children and younger teenagers aged 12–16, who could not enlist to Juventudes; other notes specify the age limits as 8–15. Historians describe the organization of its constitutive phase as "pacífico y

812:

milieu. It soon turned out that Catalonia in general and Barcelona in particular by far outpaced other regions in terms of mobilization of Carlist youth. At that time the region was rapidly undergoing massive social transformation, turning from a mountainous rural area to a region dominated by the

9299:

Lácar in September only lost 180 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 222; single incidents produced losses of 10–15 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 223; Alcazar was reduced to a half, Aróstegui 2013, p. 665; Pilar lost 340 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 533; 8.Alava lost 64, Aróstegui 2013, p. 796; Burgos-Sanguesa recorded

8997:

Camino 200 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 321, S. Ignacio 380 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 480; Lácar 420 men, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 206–207; Montejurra 690 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 238; S. Miguel 440 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 270, Navarra 300 men (?), Aróstegui 2013, p. 177; Oriamendi 600 men, Aróstegui 2013, p.

8112:

Hermandad de Maestrazgo was revitalized in the 1970s, possibly in collusion with state services, as the new Carlist pro-Francoist organization, Canal 2000, p. 374. It remained very active until 1973, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, pp. 262–263. Some scholars refer to "Operación Maestrazgo", a state-aided

8025:

monthly the last identified usage of the word "requeté" is in the issue of IV/41 (1968). The monthly kept appearing until it was forcibly closed in the spring of 1971, but in the issues from 1969–1971 the term "requeté" does not appear at all, be it as reference to the Civil War or to the present

7726:

Márquez de Prado first met Carlos Hugo in 1962. He concluded that the prince was unstable, had little if any public experience, no firm religious education, did not like history, did not know Carlism, did not know how to deal with people and the local Carlist jefes, and that in general, he was of

7157:

historiographic literature and prints from the era often refer to "requetés" attending various rallies. However, it is not clear whether they were members of existing Requeté organisation or rather members of numerous ex-combatant associations, named Hermandades; many of them, grouping combatants

6329:

following the 1933 electoral triumph of the Right, in 1934 Varela (suspended following Sanjurjada) was reinstated in the army, Aróstegui 2013, p. 81. For some time he tried to continue with his earlier Requeté engagements, but constantly monitored by security he finally gave up and focused on his

6225:

in 1934 requeté was quite structured in Navarre, with major outlets in Catalonia, Biscay, Andalusia and Valencia, González Calleja 1991, p. 72, Aróstegui 2013, p. 77. An impressive display of Andalusian militancy came on April 15, 1934, when at a Quintillo estate near Seville some 650 trained and

1371:

In late summer of 1931 Comité decided to focus on expansion and re-formatting of Requeté. Some scholars claim it was to act "para impulsor un eventual movimiento insurreccional" and to become volunteer army able to rise and control some territory in "the old 19th-century style"; however, there is

1291:

to revitalize Requeté and Juventudes into "action groups", but there is no tangible outcome of this initiative known. While in 1923 Catalonia saw another surge of violence bordering collapse of public order, requeté contributed little; at times noted for clashes of their organized squads with the

9054:

Some battalions remained below nominal strength and consisted of 2 companies as they were in the process of being formed; Montserrat was 200 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 690; N.S.d.Molina was 530 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 545; Almogavares was 200 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 578; strength of M.d.l.Nieves is

8940:

Fighting commenced already during the last days of September. Once the battle extinguished, the frontline eventually stalled at Monte Arrate and Monte Calamúa until March 1937, and occasional combat took place there also in November and December 1936. Another battle followed in the same mountain

8901:

Total number of troops commanded by Beorlegui, Aróstegui 2013, p. 171. Navarra was some 550 men, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 164–166, Lácar was 850 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 195, Montejurra was 660 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 234, S. Miguel was 380 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 265, S. Fermin was 200 men, Aróstegui

7746:

in the early 1960s Carlos Hugo, freshly arrived from France, was briefly hosted by Márquez de Prado. The then political guide of the prince, Massó, was seriously concerned that Márquez might ruin all of his own formative work, done to turn Carlos Hugo into a progressist, new-style Carlist. Massó

7179:

they were typically commemorative annual rallies in Montserrat, Montejurra or Poblet, also the annual feast known as Mártires de la Tradición, or minor local events, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 167, Canal 2000, p. 347. Requetés usually appeared uniformed, though their gear was highly irregular, at

7090:

some requeté ex-combatants expected CT at least to pronounce in favor of Germany. A number of requeté ex-combatants, like Amadeo Marco, Antonio Lizarza, Cesareo Sanz Orrio, Juan Villanueva and Mario Ozcoidi, on their own addressed the German and Italian consulates with their offer of assistance,

3145:

the draft envisioned 3 categories of members: protectores (pay 0,25 ptas monthly, no voting rights, any member of circulo tradicionalista), numerarios (10–17 years, also pay 0,25 ptas), and aspirantes (below 10 years, pay at least 0,10 ptas, can participate in sections but no voting rights). The

1141:

Llorens intended to build an organization of disciplined, trained young men, structured in units and capable of co-ordinated action, with a view of forming a future "ejército". He intended to name them "Grupos de Defensa" and Requeté and Juventud were supposed to be sort of training or logistics

1032:

speeches, distributing free press, leafleting, or tearing down street materials of competitive groups. Propaganda tours might have included small musical bands or parades. Various cultural initiatives were also flavored with Traditionalist propagandistic zeal. They included literary evenings, at

877:

There is not a single case of provincial or regional Carlist juntas having been mentioned as involved in the buildup of the requeté cells. It seems that their emergence was related to or inspired by Juventud Carlista; its members were at times referred to as "older brothers" of "jovencitos" from

854:, was referred to as "portavoz del requeté escolar" and present-day scholars also consider it an unofficial mouthpiece of local juvenile Carlism. Historians often repeat a theory that the first organization named "Requeté" was set up in Manresa in 1907 by a 37-year-old publisher and propagandist 7255:

some Carlist militants apparently enjoyed the fights, e.g. an account from 1947 reads that "era fantástico". It seems that participants were not uniformed (except berets); also, the person in question referred to himself and his colleagues as "jóvenes" (not requetes), Miralles Climent 2018, pp.

6591:

in late July 1936 out of 90,140 Nationalist troops on the peninsula some 35,000 were militiamen, Aróstegui 2013, p. 808. How many of them were requetés is not clear, though according to some data the Navarrese Carlist volunteers only were 8,500. To the expert historian "estas cantidades parecen

6407:

the Carlist plan of the rising in the spring of 1936 remains a largely unresearched affair. The plan was allegedly prepared by Muslera, Baselga and Cuerda. There were 5 focos of rebellion prepared: 1) Navarre, Vascongadas, Cantabria, Burgos, Rioja, under the command of Sanjurjo; 2) Maestrazgo –

1950:

In the 1980s all Carlist structures underwent a period of confusion, chaos and convulsive transformations; however, none of numerous organizations or bodies claiming to have represented the Carlist or Traditionalist line maintained a section posing as straightforward or indirect continuation of

1307:

Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera cracked down on street violence and restored calm. Since then there are no news on requeté-related disturbances, and if noted in the press, they were mentioned e.g. in relation to pilgrimages, issuing bulletins, sending protest letters or taking part in religious

858:. The first press reference is dated 1908, and it points to "Requeté Carlí de Manresa", but does not mention Roma. The principal objective of the organisation was defined as "fem propaganda" and called "joves carlins de Catalunya" to follow suit. Indeed, soon groupings from other locations like 9140:

Navarra 770 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 182; Lácar 740 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 213; Montejurra 600 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 246; N.S.d.Camino 660 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 333; Virgen Blanca 460 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 450; Oriamendi 530 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 471; Begoña 560 men, Aróstegui 2013, p.

7798:

in late 1963 Márquez de Prado asked Valiente that local requeté jefes be appointed directly by Delegación Nacional de Requetés (it is not clear what was the mechanism of their appointments before). The Navarrese jefé Astraín claimed that Zamanillo was the true author of the concept, and warned

2872:

at a first glance it seems that the drawing ridicules the requeté idea: the boy willing to enter the organization appears to be an overweight sissy from a well-off urban family, and contrast between his combative intentions and the cozy señorito ambience is amusing. However, as the cartoon was

1333:

When the 1930 fall of the Primo regime removed limitations on public activity the Carlists voiced their relief after the end of "seis añox largos de silencio impuestos por una Dictadura". Scholars claim that the entire movement was at its lowest point ever, though none of the sources consulted

1230:

There is information suggesting that fairly frequently requeté appeared uniformed, though it seems also that police or Guardia Civil approached half-military gear as threat to public order, and organized groups of adolescent boys were permitted to operate – e.g. to exercise marches – only when

8250:

the episode is highly unclear, though most sources point to foreign mercenaries and aged former combatants rather than to young militants involved on part of Don Sixto. Some, however, assume their presence and speculate that the shooting might have been accidental, as "jóvenes requetés que se

7027:

during early Francoism in Navarre "la oficialidad del Requete, que, en el clima de desmovilizacion social y politica de la posguerra, todavia conservaban en estos primeros anos ciertos niveles de conexion interna y politizacion, necesarios para producir pronunciamientos colectivos" Villanueva

4835:

it was stressed that the disciplined few were more valuable than the undisciplined many; the language employed suggests there might have been some resistance against unification measures. It was prohibited to claim the name of Requeté with no prior authorisation or to build similar groupings,

1281:

In the early 1920s it might have appeared that the Carlist urban militancy was re-channelled from youth organizations like Requeté or Juventud to syndicalist groupings, or that some sort of synergy between two types of organizations was near. Numerous proletarian members of Carlist-affiliated

685:

The Requeté formula differed over the decades, and according to its changes, the history of the movement falls into several phases: 1) heterogeneous youth organisation (mid-1900s to mid-1910s); 2) urban street-fighting squads (mid-1910s to early 1920s); 3) dormant structure with no particular

6387:

compare a picturesque description of the Carlist headquarters in Pamplona, which turned into sort of military general staff. With guards in strict military drill manning the entry, various floors and rooms were bustling with organization work; provincial commanders were arriving to report on

6319:

the requeté army was heavily dependent on Navarre, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 220. According to various authors the Navarrese troops amounted to 5,400 men – González Calleja 2011, p. 264, 6,000 men – Blinkhorn 2008, p. 224, or 5,694 men – Canal 2000, p. 322. Other regions with highest militancy were

1997:

teams, Requeté associations of "mujeres y hombres defensores del tradicional cuatrilema de Dios, Patria, Fueros, y Rey Legítimo", or adopt a posture of a military-like, uniformed "New Requeté" organization; most though not all of these profiles are either inactive or hardly active. Some keep

1606:

militants, their share ranging between 55% and 85%. It is estimated that some 60,000 to 70,000 men served in Requeté one time or another, more than a half of them from Navarre. Cases of brothers, cousins or father-and-son pairs were by no means exceptional, and there were even few cases of 3

7966:

already in 1965 the Madrid Junta Provincial of Requeté protested against Secretaria taking all control of movement branches, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 478; in 1968 the same Madrid branch issued manifestos against "camarilla" of Carlos Hugo manipulating the movement into subversive, left-wing

7397:

gathering of 1954 was reportedly attended by 12,000 requetés, García Riol 2015, p. 42. The figure seems overstated if applied strictly to Requeté members; it is not clear whether there were 12,000 requetés in entire Spain. The figure might stand also for ex-combatants or simply for militant

1145:

In 1913, a body named Junta Central Tradicionalista Organizadora de los Requetes de Cataluña was set up, with Matías Llorens Palau nominated as its president. The Junta issued a number of guidelines intended to discipline and unite existing requeté cells and proceeded with the nomination of

967:

there were 50 members enlisted in 1912. A hardly credible note claims that a rally in Valencia was attended by 800 requetés. Though the draft rulebook envisioned only boys as members, photos demonstrate that there were also girls present, some sources refer to "requeté de damas blancas" and

7904:

San Cristobál demanded that local juntas be formalized on all lower levels. He also launched preparations to political instruction classes ("cursos de formación"), and asked to create delegates for sports and infantile sub-sections. He declared that Junta Nacional would be busy mostly with

7076:

in the early 1940s the Navarrese organisation included so-called "Requeté Auxiliar", grouping older or less dedicated members, Villanueva Martínez 1997, p. 632; in 1942, also in Navarre, an "embrionaria organización de juventud carlista" emerged out of Requeté, Villanueva Martínez 2003, p.

6469:

in Catalonia and Vascongadas the requeté conspirators were engaged in the coup and in the fightings which ensued, in both major cities like Barcelona and San Sebastián or minor locations like Vilalba de los Arcos and Azcoitia. There were no notable engagements with Requeté participation in

1703:

ended up in administrative forbiddance. Requeté members detained during street brawls were usually released after some 2 weeks in arrest, though following the Pamplona riots few leaders were kept behind bars much longer. At the turn of the 1940s and 1950s the administration condoned public

7756:

some scholars speculate that the hardline and militarist appeal of Requeté might have been the reason why the organisation "perdiese importancia en el seno del carlismo javierista", Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 122. However, other historians note some efforts to seize control over the

807:

It is not clear whether the birth of Juventud Carlista, a party youth organisation, was supposed to take emerging violence under control or was rather an attempt to institutionalize and enhance the violent strategy. Its first branch was set up at unspecified time in Madrid; since 1903 the

1666:

or sale of Carlist ware. However, a Requeté bulletin was issued officially, posing as print of former soldiers. Uniformed detachments attended various gatherings, usually either religious or related to commemorations of wartime deeds. Propaganda activities often led to skirmishes with

1095:, which left few people dead, might have involved some requeté members. Violence was reported not only in Catalonia but also in the Vascongadas. The Carlist press, when discussing violence, presented requeté as preventing assaults on churches or ensuring safety during Carlist rallies. 8084:

30/88 (2015), p. 171. Hermandad de Cristo Rey, another organisation created in 1962, was also from the onset tending towards Juanismo, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 37. In 1968 it issued a statement that Carlos Hugo was "neither a Spaniard nor a Carlist heir", García Riol 2015, p.

9270:

Carlist troops, based around Gandesa and Bot, were to seize the hilly area known as Vertice Gaeta in the North (battalions of Alcazár, Cristo Rey, N.S.d. Pilar) and the mountain ranges of Sierra de Caballs and Sierra de Pandols in the East (battalions of Burgos-Sanguesa, Montejurra,

8911:

Detailed figures unknown. After the entire Gipuzkoa Campaign (including the Deva Line combat) the Navarra battalion reported total losses as 250 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 176. Lácar reported 230 losses before engagement in the Deva Line, Aróstegui 2013, p. 202. Details for other units

6300:

in many provinces local requetés reported to military barracks and offered assistance; indeed, in some cases they did participate in "en tareas defensivas y represivas" Aróstegui 2013, p. 83. In some areas, notably in Catalonia, they proved of much value, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p.

1292:

police, they were increasingly frequently on the defeated end during skirmishes with left-wing hit-squads. Having declared 3 members dead, in June the Barcelona requeté promised to retaliate and take bold action. At that time there were also first references to requeté against the

7566:

Vázquez de Prada 2016, pp. 72–74; for decisively anti-Juanista stand of Requeté, see also García Riol 2015, pp. 206–207. However, the 1959-established ex-requeté organisation Hermandad Nacional Monárquica del Maestrazgo was strongly leaning towards Don Juan, Ramón Rodón Guinjoan,

1060:; single individuals embarked on longer journeys. There are fairly frequent press notes about requeté members in military foot drills. A recurring theme is shooting practice. Last but not least, requetés were noted as involved in sports. The discipline mentioned in particular was 8879:

In some cases battalion names are applied retrospectively; companies or irregular sub-units which formed them were at the time known rather as components as "Columna Beorlegui", "Columna Los Arcos", "Columna Galbis", "Columna Iruretagoyena" or similar, see e.g. Julio Aróstegui,

1951:

Requeté. GAC, never officially endorsed by Partido Carlista as part of its structures, ceased to operate. Asociación Juvenil Tradicionalista, a feeble and shadowy structure associated with Don Sixto which emerged in the late 1970s, its members appearing on right-wing feasts in

4814:

the requeté badge was to be: "margarita blanca de metal, homenaje a la santa Reina que se llamó el Angel de la Caridad". The uniform was to consist of "boina, blusa, pantalón, polaina y mochilla de color gris". The information was provided by a Carlist militant publisher

7100:

it is not clear who nurtured the vision of requeté gathering intelligence for the British. The plans must have been serious, since Fal Conde and the Navarrese leader Joaquín Baleztema formally prohibited such activity and demanded neutrality, Martorell Pérez 2009, p.

1675:. During the 1940s the Falangists and groups referred as "requetés" engaged in intimidation, fist-fights, sabotaging rallies or assaults on premises; some Carlist cells proudly reported these engagements as their key activities. The largest riots occurred in 1945 in 1541:. There are some 40 of them known, though many were understrength and short-lived, later to be merged into other units; only about 15 operated throughout most of the war. They were typically commanded by professional army officers, possibly though not necessarily of 6179:

rulebooks, modeled on the regular army ordinance, González Calleja 1991, p. 72. However, in 1934 Jaime del Burgo issues "Reglamento Táctico", González Calleja 2011, p. 199; it is not clear whether del Burgo's rulebook was to supplement or replace earlier Varela's

1372:

also opinion that the organization was to maintain "eminently defensive character". Any remnants of juvenile features were abandoned and the organization was to group fit, young adult males. Its centre of gravity was to be moved from Catalonia and Levante to the

9103:

Partial data from 3 tercios indicates at least 250 casualties. Some battalions – e.g. Tercio de Navarra – almost ceased to exist as operational units, Aróstegui 2013, p. 179; and some – e.g. Tercio de Montejurra – lost 30% of their men, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 242,

1998:

publishing notes styled as official communiqués and signed either by "Comandante General del Requeté" or by "Jefatura Nacional del Requeté", e.g. in 2016 or 2020. Individuals who sign these notes assume a military tone, appear to be aligned with the claimant

8423:

e.g. Hermandad del Tercio de Requetés de Nuestra Senyora de Montserrat was and is legal owner of the Requeté Mausoleum, built in the Montserrat complex. In the early 1990s it re-published an account of the wartime past of the battalion, Salvador Nonel Brú,

6680:

like José Solchaga Zala, Rafael García-Valiño, Agustín Muñoz Grandes, Rafael Latorre Vega, Camilo Alonso Vega, Juan B. Sanchez González. Other non-Carlist high commanders in the Brigades were Tomás Garricano Goñi, Pedro Ibissate Gorría and José Monasterio

1813:

and other Huguista leaders concluded that Márquez de Prado, obsessed with confronting counter-revolution, had to be sidelined. As to the organisation itself they were undecided whether there was a chance to control it or whether it should be marginalized.

9322:

Carlist troops advanced along a lengthy frontline of some 150 km and there is no specific battle to be singled out; some battalions were engaged in the Southern counties of Reus and Valls, while some advanced through Northern comarcas of Seu d’Urgell and

9204:

The losses are not known; though at some positions combat was hand-to-hand and very heavy, average casualty ratio was reportedly "very low", Aróstegui 2013, p. 220; given the scale of forces gathered, this should probably be understood as few hundred

7245:

e.g. in 1940 requeté militants used to visit bookstores and demand that books of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and other pro-Falangist prints be removed from windows, otherwise "the Requeté police will come and burn you down", Martorell Pérez 2009, p.

6189:

in 1934 Junta Delegada ordered that presidents of local executives were to be nominated and not – as it used to be – elected, which was a further step towards turning Requeté from a citizen militia into a military structure, González Calleja 2011, p.

8968:

By year-end the Navarra battalion reported 250 casualties since the beginning of hostilities, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 176. Lacar reported 230 losses before Deva, Aróstegui 2013, p. 202, and 420 at year-end, Aróstegui 2013, p. 205. Data for other tercios

3146:

governing body was Junta Directiva (section heads + 6 members). Every branch was to be composed of 6 sections: Religión, Política y Sociología, Bellas Artes, Ciencias, Prensa and Sport, each with separate junta (president, secretary and 2 members),

6397:

in December 1935 Catalan Requeté were put on alert following Gil-Robles’ departure from the Ministry of War and anticipated turmoil; some Requeté commanders spent 3 days in secret locations waiting for an order to rise, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp.

1822:

was merely 4% of the entire Comunión spending. The pressure on Valiente mounted and eventually in early 1965 Márquez de Prado was dismissed; as Delegado Nacional de Requeté he was replaced by a 56-year-old Navarrese, Miguel de San Cristobál Ursua.

8053:

until 1962 the nationwide organisation of ex-requeté combatants was led by Zamanillo; he was then succeeded by Julio Pérez Salas, Carlos Ponce de León, and since 1965 by Ignacio Romero Osborne, Marquéz de Marchellina (1903–1985), Canal 2000, p.

6867:

the best known case, widely publicized by the Francoist propaganda, was this of the Hernandorena volunteers; the one in his 60s was the father of a mid-age volunteer, who in turn was the father of another, teenage volunteer, Blinkhorn 2008, p.

7915:

organization; 2) education; 3) psychological warfare; 4) technical instruction (shooting, explosives, radiocommunication, driving, topografy) and 5) defense (espionage, counter-espionage, judicial action), Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 125

994:

Personal information on leadership is scattered, fragmented, and imprecise. Circumstantial evidence suggests that Juan María Roma played a major, if not key role in organization of early requeté. Another Catalan Carlist leader associated was

845:

for their gallantry. Also, some correspondents of Traditionalist press used the term as their pen-name. It seems that the first attempts to create a Carlism-flavored framework for juvenile and youth activities were related to the city of

9083:

Loyalist troops for a few weeks held up 7-times-stronger Nationalist units. The engagement formed key part of the Battle of Asturias. Having conquered Cantabria, the rebels- their total strength estimated at 30,000 – pushed West towards

7235:

internal FET statistics of conflicts devised a number of rubrics the categorize them, with headings like "Falange exige el sometimiento al requeté", "Catalanismo del requeté", or "apoyo del clero al requeté", Peñalba Sotorrío 2012, pp.

7784:

Juan Zavala Castella (1915–1975) was a requeté commander during the war and a professional military later, which might seem hardly compatible with Huguista concerns about excessive Requeté militarisation. He was the older brother of

7017:

see notes on "trabajos reorganizativos" of early 1940, inspired by the nationwide Carlist leadership. As usual, the Navarrese remained extremely cautious, anxious not to be subjected to external command, Villanueva Martínez 2003, p.

1277:

dictatorship of 1923. It is neither known to what extent the deteriorating militancy resulted rather from other processes, like general downturn of Carlism in Catalonia, outpaced by republican, Catalanist or Anarchist organizations.

1312:

remained ambiguous. In the early 1920s the two formations used to confront each other in violent fist-fights; later it was reported that some individuals held double membership. Since the mid-1920s numerous requeté members entered

7518:

e.g. during the carefully prepared inaugural address of Don Carlos Hugo at the summit of Montejurra in 1957, it was not the Requeté members but the AET affiliates who formed personal guard of the prince, Martorell Pérez 2014, p.

5060:

e.g. in 1913 a group of requeté when on excursion was provoked by the Radicals, who demanded them to take down their berets; an altercation ensused. One requeté member fired a revolver and heavily wounded one of the challengers,

8390:

e.g. a Navarrese Hermandad de Caballeros Voluntarios de la Cruz used to organize public sermons in Pamplona in the late 1970s, Fernando Mikelarena, Víctor Moreno, José Ramón Urtasun, Carlos Martínez, Pablo Ibáñez, Txema Aranaz,

7407:

there were even much older Requeté members present in the organisation. Perhaps a unique case was this of Perico Olaortúa, a metalworking industry worker from Biscay, who was an active requeté in 1909, Martorell Pérez 2009, p.

1590: 9360:

Totals unknown. S.Miguel reported 21 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 281; Mola reported at least 11 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 644; Oriamendi reported at least 10 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 474; figures for other 5 battalions assumed to be

6627:

in October 1936 the Nationalist intendancy figures were 188.581 men under arms in total, of which there were 12,213 requetes; falangist volunteers were 25,307, Lucas Molina Franco, Pablo Sagarra Renedo, Óscar González López,

1308:

services. In some provinces requeté activity ceased completely. In unclear circumstances a Barcelona branch declared itself dissolved and renamed to "Los Mosqueteros de Jaime III". Relations with the primoderiverista militia

9093:

Navarra 300, Aróstegui 2013, p. 180; Lácar 566, Aróstegui 2013, p. 209; Montejurra 380, Aróstegui 2013, p. 243, S.Fermín 375, Aróstegui 2013, p. 310; Mola 455, Aróstegui 2013, p. 347; Zumalacarregui 370, Aróstegui 2013, p.

9008:

2013, pp. 177, 208; the Montejurra battalion lost 100 men (including 40 KIA) at Monte Urcullu only, Aróstegui 2013, p. 241. Hypothetical extrapolation of partial data would produce the figures of slightly above 1,000 losses

6617:

in late July 1936 the Northern enclave, composed of Asturias, Cantabria and part of Vascongadas, was separated from the closest outlets of main Republican republican territory by some 140-km-wide area of western Aragón and

8403:, but later moved to rather defensive positions, e.g. protesting against perceived attempts to wipe them out form history, Fernando Mikelarena, Víctor Moreno, José Ramón Urtasun, Pablo Ibáñez, Carlos Martínez, Ángel Zoco, 7417:

e.g. one scholar claims that apart from ceremonial duties, Requeté was partially turning into a mutual assistance organization, busy with day-to-day matters like common insurance, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta,

1894:

In the early 1970s the Huguista-dominated Carlist movement underwent total structural transformation; the intention was to turn it into a new, mass-based party. During a series of rallies staged in 1971–1972 in the French

1346:

visible. A study on Catalan Carlism of the early 1930s does not contain a single paragraph on any attempt to revitalize the requeté structures in the region in 1930–1931; the only evidence of focus on the organization was

743:

Apart from academic associations, until the end of the 19th century there were no youth organisations in Spain. They started to emerge in the early 1900s as branches of various political movements; in 1903, a first youth

7328:. However, at times the rallies ended in detentions, e.g. following a 1945 Mártires de la Tradición sermon in Madrid there were 32 participants detained; some were later sent to labor camps, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 167 5773:

e.g. in August 1927 the Ministry of Interior warned the civil governors of Catalan provinces that a meeting of some 150 Carlists, called by the Barcelona requete, was about planning the coup, Robert Vallverdú i Martí,

7008:, Benito Santesteban or Jaime del Burgo. Some scholars claim that Requeté drifted with no particular direction, apart that it sought independence from local political structures, Villanueva Martínez 2003, pp. 105, 108 1036:

Standard requeté practice was taking part in religious events, usually field masses, parades, or pilgrimages. Members of the group were supposed to practice to become good Christians, e.g. they were expected to take

9704: 9350:

Some tercios reported 60 casualties each during their Catalan advance, e.g. Mola claimed 59 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 644, and N.S.d.Pilar claimed 63 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 533. Data for other tercios assumed to be

8303:

a 230-page study on ETA war against the Carlists, mostly in the 1970s and 1980s, does not contain a single note on any revenge squad or armed self-defence on part of the Traditionalists, see Víctor Javier Ibáñez,

1926:

of the same year. In 1977 de Prado was nominated Jefe Nacional de Requetés by the emergent Comunión Tradicionalista. However, there is hardly any trace of organized Requeté network existent in the late 1970s. The

9251:

Total figures unknown. Montejurra reported 203 casualties, Aróstegui 2013, p. 252; N.S.d.Camino reported 70, Aróstegui 2013, p. 335; Lácar reported 22, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 219–220; figures for other 3 battalions

7337:

e.g. in 1946 the administration prohibited a Carlist rally in Vilalba de los Arcos, intended to honor the dead fallen during the battle of 1938; the order was enforced by Guardia Civil, Martorell Pérez 2009, p.

1215:

and in 1917 some politicians already suggested that the organization was actually financed by Germany; as there has never been a shadow of evidence unearthed, the claim was most likely entirely unsubstantiated.

9073:

It is known that Montserrat lost 110 to 140 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 692, and M.d.Molina lost 240 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 546–547. KIA for Almogavares and M.d.l.Nieves unclear, but both units were almost wiped

8342:

in the press Asociación Juvenil Tradicionalista was referred as "a handful of young requetés" who "visten camisa y pantalón caqui, correaje y boina roja con borlete. Su símbolo son las aspas tradicionalistas",

8277:

an amateur footage, reportedly of 1976–1977, shows a 10-men uniformed requete-styled team during outdoor drills in Catalonia. It is unclear whether the group was representative of any organized structure, see

836:

Exact origins of requeté organization are not clear. In the early 1900s loose Carlist groups in Catalonia referred to themselves as "requeté", a name that dates back to the crack battalion of Navarre in the

7866:. It is not clear whether his decoration during the year of his destitution was the mark of disorientation within the party ranks, internal struggle, or cynical manoeuvring intended to ensure his compliance 2947:

in 1909–1913 the requeté cells were noted in Badalona, Barcelona, Blanes, Girona, Igualada, Lérida, Manresa, Olot, Plá de Cabra, Reus, Sabadell, Tarragona, Tarrasa, Tortosa, Vich and other Catalan locations

9280:

Heaviest fighting took place in early September and at the turn of October and November; during much of October some of the battalions remained in reserve, while other army units were manning the frontline

8931:

Calamúa, Monte Arrate, Monte Cónico and Morcaicu; they changed hands a number of times, as pro-Republican Basque units and Carlist troops, many also composed of the Basques, engaged in hand-to-hand combat

7885:

one of the first moves of San Cristóbal as the new Requeté jefe was to call a nationwide meeting of all regional Requeté jefes in Pamplona, the first ever and probably also the last one in history of the

1092: 7492:

e.g. in the town of Tudela, in the Carlist heartland Navarre, there was a group of requetés active in the early 1940s; in 1941 and posing as part of the state party, they issued an own bulletin, compare

4867:

no copy survived until today. According to its referred statements, requetés were to learn the military craft and be ready to give blood "for God, Fatherland and Don Jaime", González Calleja 1998, p. 492

1653:

Exact role of Requeté is not clear. There is no information on military training, though various groups contemplated using the structures either as recruitment pool for units supposed to fight along the

7274:

Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 305. The leaders implicated were the member of local Navarrese Requeté leadership Juan Cruz Ancín, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 278, and Zamanillo, Villanueva Martínez 1997, p. 637

6833:

one scholar estimated that some 55% of requeté volunteers came from Navarre, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 256; according to another source, Navarrese volunteers alone were as many as 40,000, Redondo, Zavala, 1957

999:, allegedly bent on turning requeté into shock troops designed to take part in street fightings. In Valencia, the major person related was a retired artilleryman, in the Carlist ranks known as general, 9113:

Partial data from 3 tercios indicates at least 110 KIA; Navarra lost 59 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 180, Lácar lost at least 25 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 210, and Mola lost some 10 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 47

6992:

membership was not imposing. In 1945 the Pamplona Requeté organisation grouped some 180 members. In all Navarre Requeté cells existed – at least on paper – in 35 locations, Aurora Villanueva Martínez,

6919:

summarised KIA losses by tercio as given by Aróstegui 2013, pp. 828–832; the author seems leaning towards a lower end of the estimates. For preference for the upper end see Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan,

6452:

Blinkhorn 2008, p. 224. In June 1936 the Requeté organisation included two tenientes coroneles, capable of commanding units comparable to a regiment, Rada and Utrilla, Antonio Lizarza Iribarren,

8959:

Columna Cayuela was 950 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 319; Navarre was full 4 companies, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 294–296; Fermin was 2 companies ca. 300 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 294; Lacar strength unknown

1003:; already in 1910 some press titles referred to "requeté d’en Llorens." Among leaders of local groups, in 1910 the president of Barcelona requeté was named Martin Gibernau; in 1911 it was first 9341:

Lácar 960 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 225; Montejurra 600 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 256; Mola 870 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 643; other battalions unknown, but supposed to be in full 5-company-strength.

8950:

Some of the units were in the process of being formed, e.g. companies which later formed the battalion of N.S.d.Camino were at the time known rather as "Columna Cayuela", Aróstegui 2013, p. 319

8214:

other signatories included Hermenegildo García Llorente, José María Vázquez de Prada Juárez, Luis Ulloa Messeguer, Antonio Fernández Cortés and Federico Ferrando Sales, García Riol 2015, p. 323

6744:

practice in the Montserrat Terç that freshly taken prisoners were interrogated on the spot, and Catalans were offered enlisting before having been reported as POWs, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 84

9186:

Having gained access to the Mediterranean in April 1938, Nationalist troops were commencing their drive South towards the Levantine plain; they were crossing the depopulated Maestrazgo region

6378:

González Calleja 1991, p. 74 González Calleja 2011, p. 261. The assumption was that requeté units would report to local military commanders and offer assistance, González Calleja 2011, p. 262

9064:

Montserrat lost almost 200 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 690; Molina lost 240 men, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 546–547; Almogavares lost 240 men, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 579–580; for M.d.l.Nieves data unclear

8870:

Heaviest fighting took place in the mountain range known as Peña de Aya (especially at Monte Pikoketa), and on approaches to Andoain, Renteria and the Irún suburbs of San Marcial and Behovia

1409:

Sanz de Lerín offered 6,000 requetés, but scholars dismiss this claim as pure fantasy. Beyond Navarre there was barely any growth and even in Catalonia requeté was much of a disappointment.

9313:, Aróstegui 2013, p. 222. At various points in time Lácar reported 40 KIA, Montejurra 10 KIA, Cristo Rey 10 KIA, Burgos-Sanguesa 30 KIA, 8.Alava 20 KIA, Alcazar 40 KIA, N.S.d.Pilar 50 KIA 7934:

both the position of Delegado Nacional de Requetés was abandoned and the entire Delegación Nacional de Requetés was dissolved, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 224, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 275

1376:, which implied reliance on rural and small-town militancy rather than on large urban centers like Barcelona or Valencia. Requeté was to acquire a format in-between a para-military and a 5463:

in the early 1910s information on new Requeté circulos having been set up were abundant; by end of the decade they were exceptional, like the case of a new círculo opened in Alicante,

1052:, religion, and propaganda. Marching in organized, disciplined and military-like formations with standards and at times with accompanying music, the members walked to sanctuaries like 6842:

e.g. in Tercio de Montserrat there were 9 pairs of 2 brothers, 1 case of 3 brothers, and 2 pairs of father and son serving (all 4 were killed in action), Francisco Javier de Lizarza,

1646:

After the war Requeté battalions were disbanded, though the organization languished as part of local Carlist structures. Theoretically Comunión Tradicionalista amalgamated within the

760:

founded Juventud Republicana, operating under a colloquial name of "jóvenes bárbaros"; in 1911 they formed Federación de Juventudes Radicales. In the early 1910s, youth conservative

9261:

Exact KIA figures unknown. Lácar in a single episode lost 22 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 219–220. N.S.d.Camino reported 5 KIA vs 65 WIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 335. The total extrapolated

6100:

Comité de Acción was dissolved by the new claimant, Don Alfonso Carlos, as it interfered with talks with the Alfonsinos, González Calleja 1991, p. 72; González Calleja 2011, p. 76.

4805:

the basic cell was to be an "escuadra" of 16 men commanded by a cabo; 2 escuadras were to be led by a sargento, 4 escuadras (sección) by teniente, 8 escuadras (compañia) by captain

9223:

Having crossed Maestrazgo in May and June the Nationalists were pushing on towards Valencia; the sierra was the last natural obstacle separating them from the Levantine capital

8103:

e.g. in 1969 representatives of Hermandad de Maestrazgo were admitted by Don Juan Carlos shortly after his taking oath as the future king of Spain, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 177

1797:

Under the new command Requeté put more focus on paramilitary instruction. There were systematic training courses organized, Márquez de Prado pondered upon assistance to Cuban

7000:

58 (1997). In the early 1940s the Navarrese Requeté was plagued by disintegration and internal conflict between prominent leaders of the organisation, like Antonio Lizarza,

6244:

examples of extremely efficient delegados regionales, appointed by Delegado Nacional, were Antonio Lizarza in Navarre and Josép M. Cunill in Catalonia, Aróstegui 2013, p. 81

9159:

Totals unknown. Navarra recorded at least 51 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 183; Begoña reported at least 25 KIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 500; data for the other 5 battalions unknown

9026:

Carlist battalions were deployed at separate though not distant points: M.d. Molina in Quinto del Ebro, Montserrat in Codo, M.d.l. Nieves and Almogavares both in Belchite

6592:

quedarse cortas", Aróstegui 2013, p. 808. Some historians claim that there were 40,000 Carlist volunteers "en los primeros dias" of the war, Josep Carles Clemente Muñoz,

6271:

the role was mostly about appointemtns, liaison, propaganda and logistics; dstirctly military issues were sorted out by first Varela and then Rada, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 221

1041:

at least monthly; however, there is no explicit information identified on abstinence vows taken, e.g. these related to tobacco or alcohol. Many requeté cells embarked on

9309:

Information on KIA is fragmentary, though it is known that some units were losing 20–30 men during single tactical engagements, e.g. Lacar lost 25 KIA during assault on

6808:"El número de requetés encuadrados en los Tercios o en otras unidades menores y de segunda línea, pasó de los 70.000 en algunos momentos", Luis Redondo, Juan de Zavala, 7091:

Villanueva Martínez 2003, p. 103. Indeed, some requetés enlisted to División Azul, but officially the Carlist executive discouraged recruitment, Canal 2000, pp. 348–349

5429:

González Calleja 1991, p. 71. It is not clear how long Najera continued at his role. The last identified reference to Pérez Nájera as the requete jefe comes from 1922,

4945:

it seems that there were individuals named "Instructor de Requetes" deployed, probably to co-ordinate military training; their efforts were revealed decades later, see

1671:

or security forces. Already prior to 1939 most conflicts within the state party were related to requetés refusing to abandon their identity and to embrace the official

975:

Larger of more affluent groups boasted of their own standards, usually received during pompous ceremonies; in Catalonia the first such case was noted in 1910, while in

7789:(29 year old at the time), who formed the Huguista hard political core. Deputy jefé delegado was suggested to be José Cruz de Berasaluce, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 197 6137:

Blinkhorn 2008, p. 90. During Sanjurjada there were 2 Carlists dead during the skirmishes in Madrid; they might have been requeté members, González Calleja 1991, p. 72

6147:

d’esgléises i convents", some marches or uniformed guards in front of religious monuments during Semana Santa and "poca cosa més", Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. 138–139

1708:

claimant cultivated by the regime. Over time the official policy towards Carlist organizations became more lenient and administration permitted even massive rallies.

8374:

the specific date was related to the 50th anniversary of the Carlist rally at an estate known as Quintillo, which at the time sent shock waves across most of Spain,

4720: 4524: 4418: 4357: 4266: 3978: 3932: 3872: 3864: 3721: 3577: 3477: 3319: 3311: 3181: 3166: 3151: 3134: 3104: 3017: 2920: 2905: 2890: 2831: 2816: 2727: 7827:

Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 80-81. Elsewhere the author points to existence of the entire body, named Delegación Nacional, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 45

1858:. However, some Traditionalists have concluded that the Huguistas had already won the battle for Requeté, which in turn enabled their control of the entire party. 6812:, Madrid 1957, p. 379; some earlier Carlist propaganda prints claimed even 100,000, compare "cien mil requetés de la última cruzada", José María Codon Fernández, 9587:

La rebeldía carlista. Memoria de una represión silenciada: Enfrentamientos, marginación y persecución durante la primera mitad del régimen franquista (1936–1955)

7057:

La rebeldía carlista. Memoria de una represión silenciada: Enfrentamientos, marginación y persecución durante la primera mitad del régimen franquista (1936–1955)

4563: 4555: 4486: 4441: 4197: 4167: 4144: 4136: 4106: 4091: 4076: 4061: 4046: 4023: 4008: 3993: 3947: 3849: 3834: 3826: 3811: 3751: 3676: 3547: 3515: 3387: 3372: 3342: 3334: 3287: 3001: 2969: 2758: 2743: 2699: 8412: 731: 9332:

N.S.d. Pilar was withdrawn already in mid-January, Virgen Blanca and Oriamendi left in mid-Feb; the remaining battalions remained in Catalonia until mid-March

6339:

González Calleja 2011, p. 199, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 222. Some scholars claim the handover between Varela and Rada took place in late 1935, Aróstegui 2013, p. 86

1045:, reported as engaged in social work among the poor or the sick or involved in other initiatives. In some cells, there were specific charity sections set up. 8205:

in 1972 Fal Conde corresponded with San Cristobál on re-establishing Carlist structures based on a Requeté organization, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 180

7170:, p. 40. Moreover, it seems that in the mid-1940s in some regions AET and Requeté sections were merged, see ID card reproduced in Martorell Pérez 2014, p. 44 9195:

Begoña 270 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 504; N.S.d.Camino 750 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 333; Montejurra 576 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 249; for Lácar figures unclear

6388:

scheduled hours, couriers with orders and messages kept coming and going and telephones kept ringing, González Calleja 2011, p. 262, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 213

6038:

some authors claim even that in 1931 Requeté was born as a new organisation and see little or no continuity compared to earlier efforts, Jeremy MacClancy,

1550: 6703:

e.g. Tercio de Montserrat formed part of 5. División Organica, a cavalry division, a reserve brigade and a Moroccan division, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 693–694

1977:

Arrival of the digital era and the social media has produced a resurgence of individuals or groups posing as "Requeté". A few profiles on platforms like

8142:, approved at the II Congreso del Pueblo Carlista, contained outline of the party organization but failed to mention Requeté, Clemente 1977, pp. 342–350 7214:"en el conjunto periodo un 70% de los registros que hacen referencia a la resistencia a la Unificacíon mencionan al requeté" Mercedes Peñalba Sotorrío, 6212:

had to issue specific orders and press the issue, though local requeté still insisted on remnants of autonomy, e.g. own uniforms. The Catalan commander

9714: 1776:

In the late 1950s Requeté, increasingly perceived as an antiquated section of Carlist machinery, was getting more and more sidelined. Though the young

1553:. Other tercios were assigned to various larger heterogeneous units. The wartime deployment of most Requeté tercios was first in the Vascongadas, then 1486:

the organization was powerful enough to seize control over the region almost single-handedly; moreover, it contributed to the rapid capture of Western

8978:

Estimate, probably tending to underreporting. There is only partial and anecdotic information on irrecoverable losses. The usual 20% KIA ratio applied

7818:

guard during Traditionalist rallies and provided personal protection to members of the royal family when present, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 123

7325: 5693: 5662: 5617: 5530: 5409: 5388: 5348: 5278: 5263: 5248: 5210: 5202: 5187: 5172: 5074: 5018: 4824: 4677: 4641: 4633: 4578: 4540: 4516: 4471: 4456: 4426: 4403: 4373: 4312: 4274: 4251: 4228: 3887: 3781: 3706: 3645: 3585: 3033: 2985: 2861: 2846: 1459: 7501:. However, at some point later on the cell disappeared and there was no requeté group operational in the city until 1961, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, 7498: 6630:

El factor humano. Organización y liderazgo para ganar una guerra. La Jefatura de Movilización, Instrucción y Recuperación en la Guerra Civil española

5494:. It seems that there were not a marginal number of workers involced in Requeté, as some were later noted as involved in Sindicatos Libres, see e.g. 776:

youth formations started to emerge in the early 1900s, but their origins are highly unclear. Groups named Batallones de la Juventud were recorded in

5799: 4327: 3615: 3447: 1993:

demonstrate some sort of self-proclaimed adhesion to the requeté tradition. Some go somewhat further and form informal "Friends of Requeté" groups,

5814: 5738: 5723: 5708: 5677: 5647: 5632: 5602: 5587: 5538: 5522: 5514: 5499: 5491: 5483: 5468: 5368: 5317: 5309: 5293: 5233: 5218: 5157: 5142: 5127: 5112: 5097: 5082: 5066: 5049: 5041: 5033: 5010: 4995: 4925: 4910: 4895: 4880: 4856: 4841: 4745: 4608: 4593: 4501: 4388: 4342: 4304: 4289: 4243: 4212: 4152: 4121: 4038: 3962: 3917: 3902: 3766: 3736: 3660: 3630: 3600: 3500: 3485: 3462: 3432: 3417: 3402: 3357: 3250: 3211: 3196: 3119: 3065: 3049: 2936: 2157: 8063:

in 1971 a group signed as Dirección Nacional de Acción Política y Participación demanded immediate dismissal of Manuel Piorno, José María Zavala,

7799:

Valiente that in Navarre there already was "Consejo del Requeté", bent on confronting political Comunión structures, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 190

8113:

attempt to re-channel Carlist mobilisation from Partido Carlista to new, pro-Francoist structures, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 193, 234–237

8400: 9694: 7457:

e.g. Requeté is barely mentioned in a monographic article on change of the Carlist policy of the mid-1950s, compare Mercedes Vázquez de Prada,

1668: 1647: 1875:

faction abandoned any attempt to regain control over the organization and focused on struggle to retain influence in the ex-combatant Requeté

1682: 1679:, when official requeté structures actively prepared the disturbances. With diminishing frequency the brawls continued until the early 1950s. 1354:

was declared, Requeté continued to stagnate with no apparent direction. In the summer of 1931 the Carlist executive engaged in talks with the

2533:

González Calleja, Eduardo; Sandra Souto Kustrín, "De la dictadura a la república. Orígenes y auge de los movimientos juveniles en España",

790: 9709: 1694:

Police kept monitoring requeté cells but there was no systematic effort to suppress them. Displaying a badge in public or having a Requeté

9150:

Total losses are not known; estimate based on extrapolation of Navarra battalion losses, which were 197 casualties, Aróstegui 2013, p. 183

2654:

social transformations as background of emergence of youth Catalanist movement are discussed in initial chapter of Genís Samper i Triedu,

1428:. In early 1935 Requeté has already gained a convincingly military character which it had previously lacked; its strength was 20,000 men. 1000: 9724: 6816:, Sevilla 1961, p. 17, and this figure is at times maintained – though not by professional historians – also recently, see Miguel Ayuso, 4796:

so-called "Requeté Joven" was to group teenagers capable of withstanding a march with 12 kg backpack; "Requeté Viejo" was to group adults

698:(1936–1939); 6) party branch in-between youth and ex-combatant organisation (1940s–1950s); 7) internal "order of the faithful" (1960s). 7555: 1581: 1358:

and army generals about an anti-Republican coup, but given shortage of resources, they realized ruritanian nature of any such attempt.

9300:"gran numero de bajas", Aróstegui 2013, p. 606, while in case of Montejurra it was "relativamente pocas bajas", Aróstegui 2013, p. 254 9177:

battleground is generally known in historiography as Milano (at times distinguished into "posición Milano I" and "posición Milano II")

7845:

in 1963 all party financial needs were estimated at 2,8m ptas; the Requeté needs were specified as 0,1m, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 178

7439:

compare the image of somnabulic Carlist centres in the early 1950s as described by young party militants, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 380

2956:

in 1909–1913 the requeté cells were noted in Alcoy, Castellón, Orihuela, Valencia, Villarreal, Cartagena and other Levantine locations

8491: 8294:. Again, it is not clear whether this was an act organized by a local, isolated cell, or whether there was a wider structure involved 7320:"solían ser seguidos y observados por policías o emisarios del Gobernador Civil", Miralles Climent 2018, p. 167, for sample see e.g. 343: 6604:, p. 168. Others suggest rather the figure of 30,000 requeté volunteers, compared to 10,000 of the Falange, Manuel Martorell Pérez, 3080: 1417: 1373: 899: 581: 1732: 358: 5892:

compare April 1930 April notes about requeté taking part in sporting competition in Paris in presence of the claimant Don Jaime,

1515: 706: 5757:, Series V, Historía Contemporánea 17 (2005), p. 125. Villores joined Somatén himself, who joined the organization himself, see 363: 7854:

at the same time he received from the claimant the Orden de la Legitimidad Proscrita, the highest Carlist award, Miguel Ayuso,

7131:

e.g. in 1940 some clandestine Requeté centers were selling shirts, berets, badges and other ware, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 215

1922:. His group, named Jefatura Nacional de Requetés, kept issuing manifestos also in 1976 and it might have been involved in the 1866: 8755: 8739: 7575:

88 (2015), p. 171. Also the Alfonsist press was careful to note all cases of alleged requeté support for Don Juan, see e.g.

4535:

in 1911 a 16-year-old was court-martialled for cutting down telegraph poles during unrest and strike in Cullera and Jativa,

6923:, Barcelona 2015, p. 28. Some authors claim that there were "at least" 6,000 dead, see "nejméně 6 000 mužů", Jiří Chalupa, 5404:

in 1915 the president of Valencian requeté was Ramón Tarazona, an individual who was not later noted for Carlist activity,

1347: 89: 8251:

hallaban con don Sixto no tenían verdadera instrucción militar" and might have fired in panic, Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 623

7836:

in 1962 Secretaría Nacional was divided into 4 departments, and one of them was for Requeté, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 165

1789: 423: 73: 910:. However, in various parts of Spain, local cells were perceived as an emulation of "‘Requeté’ al estilo de Barcelona". 9699: 8511: 6690:

one scholar claims that Carlist volunteers formed "columna vertebral" of Navarrese Brigades, Daniel Jesús García Riol,

408: 9017:

Estimate based on partial and anecdotic data, see Aróstegui 2013, pp. 177, 208, 238, 241, 270, 321, 467–468, 482, 489.

9648: 9634: 9619: 9594: 9573: 9559: 9538: 9524: 9503: 9485:

Paramilitarització i violencia politica a l’Espanya del primer terc de segle: el requeté tradicionalista (1900–1936)

9478: 9446: 9432: 9407: 9382: 8889: 8330: 7617: 7427: 7223: 7193: 7167: 7119: 7064: 6936: 6898: 6886: 6796: 6762: 6731: 6659: 6601: 6540: 6520: 6500: 6421: 6410:"Por Dios, por la Patria y el Rey marchemos sobre Madrid". El intento de sublevación carlista en la primavera de 1936 6366: 6047: 5999: 5850: 5783: 4661: 2778: 2683: 2663: 2629: 2599: 1514:

and reach Madrid, but failed. During first weeks of the war the requeté volunteers might have formed some 15% of all

632: 8811: 7593:

El papel del carlismo navarro en el inicio de la fragmentación definitiva de la comunión tradicionalista (1957–1960)

3528:

Paramilitarització i violencia politica a l’Espanya del primer terc de segle: el requeté tradicionalista (1900–1936)

8169:

this was also the reason why Huguistas were determined not to use the "requeté" name, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 224

8076:

e.g. in 1959 some pro-Juanista Carlists set up Hermandad Nacional Monárquica del Maestrazgo, Ramón Rodón Guinjoan,

6531:"en cuestión de días, las milicias carlistas—el Requeté—había establecido su control sobre Navarra", Paul Preston, 1759: 1755: 1598: 448: 7046:

e.g. in 1944 the Navarrese organisation distributed leaflets calling for recruitment, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 247

6513:

La nueva Covadonga insurgente: Orígenes sociales y culturales de la sublevación de 1936 en Navarra y el País Vasco

1549:, units composed also of army detachments and other militias; during much of the war they operated jointly as the 1518:

troops on the peninsula and proved vital for some of their initial strategic achievements, namely cutting off the

709:

advantage on some key frontline sections. It is not clear whether there is any Requeté network operational today.

9035:

In August 1937 Republican army commenced a strategic advance across Aragon, with the objective of taking Zaragoza

8786:"el Requeté es el Ejercito Legitimista Español", "El Requeté, en la actualidad, usa los mismos emblemas..." etc, 8064: 8044:

e.g. in 1971 a new Catalan executive did not include a representative for requeté, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 226

7786: 1891:; in 1972–1973 some of them acted as intended but failed centers of revitalized, anti-Huguista Carlist movement. 1802: 1424:. In late 1934 requetés for the first time ever offered their service to military commanders confronted with the 1187:

also increasingly frequent information on requeté groups sabotaging electoral action, e.g. attempting to destroy

232: 8078:

Una aproximación al estudio de la Hermandad Nacional Monárquica del Maestrazgo y del Partido Social Regionalista

7569:

Una aproximación al estudio de la Hermandad Nacional Monárquica del Maestrazgo y del Partido Social Regionalista

1855: 1381:

resemblance either to juvenile format from its early phase or to urban street-fight squads from the late 1910s.

428: 8135: 6855: 6488: 6213: 5562: 4961:

reportedly because the advent of World War One shifted attention, Eduardo G. Calleja, Julio Aróstegui Sánchez,

2799: 1850:

of the organisation. On the other, some decisions suggested buildup of "grupos de acción", possibly engaged in

403: 373: 5360: 1421: 398: 8831:

Number of soldiers in Carlist units; combatants in non-Carlist units forming the Nationalist troops excluded

6713:

North-East of Madrid, in Extremadura, in southern Catalonia, again in Extremadura and finally in New Castile

1742:

and his team, affected Requeté little; the focus was rather on AET. Uniformed militants were needed as part

1350:, the high Carlist honor the claimant conferred upon Beltrán. When in April 1931 the monarchy collapsed and 1338:, resided; at times he appeared in public with the local Valencian requeté leader, Pelayo Beltrán Ripollés. 1211:

narrative. During a popular feast in Barcelona they assaulted participants who carried cartoons mocking the

7677: 7656: 7283:

the last identified episode of street-fights involving requetés is from 1953, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 298

7226:, p. 102. At times Requetés refused to share the barracks with Falange units, Peñalba Sotorrío 2012, p. 105 5882: 1999: 1091:, arms confiscations, or administrative measures applied by civil governors against specific circulos. The 842: 453: 9719: 8291: 2480: 32: 7483:

e.g. in the early 1950s the Requeté jefé in Catalonia was Jesús Calderón, Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 136

6177:

Compendio de Ordenanzas, Reglamento y Obligaciones del Boina Roja, Jefe de Patrulla and Jefe del Requeté

1482:

failed and requeté rebels fell prisoners, went into hiding or fled to the Nationalist zone. However, in

996: 17: 5359:

see e.g. a note on requeté parade from the Cathedral to the palace of the then Catalan Carlist leader,

2931:

in Tarrasa the local branch was to "organizar bajo la base de la Juventud tradicionalista un requeté",

1810: 1777: 1739: 1212: 1004: 9471:

Contrarrevolucionarios. Radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República 1931–1936

5992:

Contrarrevolucionarios. Radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República 1931–1936

4816: 1526:

army the percentage kept dropping to some 3% by the end of the war. They were grouped in Carlist-only

9496:

La razón de la fuerza: orden público, subversión y violencia política en la España de la Restauración

8471: 8456: 8379: 8348: 6753:

the ratio calculated for Tercio de Montserrat, originating from Catalonia, Robert Vallverdú i Martí,

4654:

La razón de la fuerza: orden público, subversión y violencia política en la España de la Restauración

1479: 1448: 1232: 1198:

the Requeté activity assumed a visibly pro-German and anti-French tone. When the president of France

915: 69: 8750:

see e.g. death notice of María Teresa de Borbón Parma, signed by La Jefatura Nacional del Requeté,

8441: 8363: 8286:. Another photo, reportedly from 1979, apparently shows a ceremony of new recruits taking oath, see 7863: 7697: 7580: 5970: 5928: 5913: 5897: 5866: 5830: 5333: 4950: 4182: 3796: 3691: 3562: 3226: 2641:

by some authors these organisations are named "precursores de los famosos Requetés, Melchor Ferrer,

9627:

La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936–1975)

5762: 1503: 764:

groups started to emerge. At that time also non-political organizations began to appear; the first

757: 325: 8795: 8775: 8707: 7112:

La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936–1975)

6755:

La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936–1975)

6029:

with branches in Sandander, Barcelona and Bilbao, González Calleja 1991, p. 71, Canal 2000, p. 298

1273:, inefficiency of Najera and the new leadership, or limitations on public activity imposed by the 682:

units, that operated between the mid-1900s and the early 1970s, though exact dates are not clear.

413: 368: 353: 8535: 8262:

La Comunión Tradicionalista (CT): de su formación a la unidad de los tradicionalistas (1975-1986)

7001: 4421:; also one year later requetés pelted Barcelona trams with stones to enforce halt in circulation, 3671:"si en aquel tiempo luchaban con el fusil en la mano ahora tenemos que luchar con el periódico", 2390: 1931:

campaign of assassinations against Carlists produced no emergence of any retaliatory structures.

1919: 1910: 1662:. It seems that the cells were engaged mostly in illicit propaganda activities, like leafleting, 1351: 1223: 940: 524: 509: 378: 65: 5877:

e.g. in May 1930 the Barcelona Requeté prepare excursion to Sanctuario de la Virgen de Queralt,

5392: 5380: 2465: 2437: 1750:

and in large cities "requetés" were at times detained, e.g. for carrying placards aimed against

1335: 1288: 438: 348: 9439:

La insurgencia carlista. Los grupos armados del carlismo: el Requeté, los G.A.C. y las F.A.R.C.

7005: 6575: 6060: 4368:

e.g. in 1912 groups of requetés prowled along Ramblas shouting "abajo la república portuguesa"

3973:

which included orchestral music, poetry, films, stage acting and literary monologues, see e.g.

2515: 1994: 1888: 1880: 1835: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1720: 1542: 1274: 1257: 801: 785: 752:, and in 1906, Federación de Juventudes Socialistas staged its national congress. In 1904, the 722: 187: 2715: 2352:

Castellano-Mola, Lácar, Montejurra, S.Miguel, Oriamendi, Ortiz d.Zárate, N.S.d.Pilar, V.Blanca

1522:

from France and forming a bulwark which separated the Republican-held Vascongadas and Aragon.

1478:. In 3 out of 4 regions of highest Carlist militancy, Catalonia, Levante and Vascongadas, the 6579: 2495: 1928: 1365: 1120: 625: 565: 298: 5908:

see e.g. news on Barcelona requetés celebrating the Carlist feast of Martyrs of Tradtition,

855: 576: 93: 9453:

Carlismo y violencia en la II República: 1931–36, la organización del Requeté vasco-navarro

9169: 8607: 2051: 1900: 1672: 1511: 1355: 1065: 393: 388: 172: 8583: 5391:. Though the organisation was apparently born in Manresa, the leader of Manresan Carlism, 2557:

Ni tan jóvenes ni tan bárbaros; las juventudes en el republicanismo lerrouxista barcelonés

2275: 1269:

factor, like half-completed Llorens’ reform, grave political crisis of Carlism during the

8: 6348:

Blinkhorn 2008, p. 223 González Calleja 2011, p. 372, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. 303–306

6209: 6208:

some existing Catalan requeté juntas refused to dissolve themselves; the regional leader

2402: 2344: 2180: 1923: 1570: 1546: 1171: 1167: 1053: 303: 57: 8667: 8647: 7055:

e.g. in 1946 one militant was nominated "sargento del Requeté", Josep Miralles Climent,

6929:

Sedmdesát let od vypuknutí španělské občanské války – vnitřní a vnější aspekty konfliktu

6493:

Sin piedad: Limpieza política en Navarra, 1936. Responsables, colaboradores y ejecutores

4740:

already in November 1911 the republican press ridiculed Llorens and his reorganisación,

2306: 2124:

N.S.d.Camino, S.Ignacio, Lácar, Montejurra, S.Miguel, Navarra, Oriamendi, Zumalacárregui

1199: 8892:, pp. 234, 299. Units listed emerged in course of the second half of 1936 or even later 6479:

for a hagiographic account of Carlist rising in Navarre see Antonio de Lizarza et al.,

2185: 1444: 1425: 1175: 1042: 814: 784:(1903) when staging marches and parades, apparently intended to demonstrate prowess of 753: 476: 222: 28: 9214:

No figures available; upper limit of the usual 20% KIA ratio of all casualties applied

6650:

in March 1939 the Nationalists had some 900,000 men in their ranks, Stanley G. Payne,

2286:

N.S.d.Begoña, N.S.d.Camino, Lácar, S.Miguel, Castellano-Mola, Montejurra, M.d.l.Nieves

1906: 1443:

The third phase commenced when in mid-1935 Varela handed over as Inspector General to

1431: 9644: 9630: 9615: 9590: 9569: 9555: 9534: 9520: 9499: 9474: 9442: 9428: 9403: 9378: 8885: 8854: 8710:. The individual signed as Requeté commander maintains also his private profile, see 8326: 8131: 7613: 7423: 7219: 7189: 7163: 7115: 7087: 7060: 6932: 6894: 6882: 6851: 6792: 6758: 6727: 6655: 6597: 6536: 6516: 6496: 6484: 6417: 6362: 6043: 5995: 5846: 5779: 5558: 4657: 3282:

some of the requeté standards featured the Catalan symbol, "cuatro barras", see e.g.

2795: 2774: 2719: 2679: 2659: 2625: 2595: 2484: 2433: 1627: 1471: 1464: 1283: 838: 702: 486: 481: 471: 433: 319: 291: 279: 141: 85: 9580:

El carlismo militante (1965–1980). Del tradicionalismo al socialismo autogestionario

7160:

Carlos Hugo frente a Juan Carlos. La solución federal para España que Franco rechazó

4628:

especially a 1912 incident in Villaviciosa was noted by many press titles, see e.g.

9689: 8850: 8539: 7459:

El nuevo rumbo político del carlismo hacia la colaboración con el régimen (1955–56)

2421: 2216: 1847: 1843: 1798: 1623: 1562: 1519: 1166:

The reform attempted by Llorens coincided with peak of requeté activity during the

1029: 659: 654: 618: 418: 383: 156: 77: 9510:

La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965–1973)

8627: 8405:

La connivencia de la Iglesia con la Hermandad de Caballeros Voluntarios de la Cruz

6692:

La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965–1973)

1075: 9655:

Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo

9641:

El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957–1967)

8858: 6978:

Organizacion, actividad y bases del carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo

6571: 2116: 1831: 1608: 1507: 1475: 1208: 1124: 969: 943: 891: 667: 605: 559: 443: 262: 8719: 7610:

El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957–1967)

1048:

Among outdoor activities, numerous excursions were usually formatted in-between

808:

organization operated in Barcelona and proved particularly dynamic in the urban

6949:

or wounded was even given as 40,000, referred after Rodón Guinjoan 2015, p. 353

2476: 2425: 2311: 1728: 1615: 1490:, and in the late summer of 1936 it proved crucial for Nationalist takeover of 1413: 1219: 1123:. Reportedly impressed by the 1908-established French monarchist the formation 1038: 907: 879: 534: 8283: 1826: 9683: 8921:

Detailed figures unknown. The usual ratio of KIA to all losses was around 20%

7757:

organization by means of personal appointments, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 197

6789:

Banderas blancas, boinas rojas: una historia política del carlismo, 1876–1939

6454:

Memorias de la conspiración. Cómo se preparó en Navarra la Cruzada. 1931–1936

2445: 1705: 1659: 1603: 1204: 1115: 1088: 869: 761: 268: 257: 6511:

5 (1986), pp. 131–140. For massive anthropological study see Javier Ugarte,

1622:, their casualties were above the average Nationalist losses. The number of 1325: 1182:

and produced casualties, including fatal ones. Since 1915 there are news on

8587: 6848:

Identidad y nacionalismo en la España contemporánea: el carlismo, 1833–1975

2398: 2224:

N.S.d.Begoña, N.S.d.Camino, Lácar, Montejurra, Navarra, Oriamendi, V.Blanca

1806: 1655: 1619: 1188: 687: 679: 599: 571: 285: 274: 207: 9242:

260 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 504; Mola was 680 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 642.

7182:

An anthropological approach to carlism ritual. Montejurra during francoism

6925:

Poražení vítězové – konflikt z let 1936–39 jako "čtvrtá karlistická válka"

5555:

Identidad y nacionalismo en la España contemporánea: el Carlismo 1833–1875

701:

The Requeté played a major role in Spanish history in early months of the

9705:

Military units and formations of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)

9173: 6216:

found it hard to enforce homogeneity, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. 199–200

2460: 1499: 1494:. Smaller Requeté detachments played some role during seizure of Western 1195: 1183: 895: 695: 514: 504: 227: 192: 9566:

El Carlismo frente al estado español: rebelión, cultura y lucha política

7265:

Miralles Climent 2018, p. 171. See also Villanueva Martínez 2003, p. 107

6072:

González Calleja 1991, p. 71; Canal 2000, p. 298; Aróstegui 2013, p. 73.

2811:

two years later the Manresa requeté president was Jaime Rius y Godayol,

2193:

S. Fermín, Lácar, Montejurra, Navarra, Roncesvalles-Mola, Zumalácarregui

7394: 7205:

Martorell Pérez 2009, pp. 60–70, 197, Miralles Climent 2018, pp. 62–125

7145: 5981:

González Calleja 1991, p. 71, Canal 2000, p. 298, Aróstegui 2013, p. 73

2079: 1939: 1876: 1842:

Initial line of San Cristobál is unclear. On the one hand, he prepared

1566: 1406: 1028:. The members were selling party periodicals or pamphlets with Carlist 1025: 765: 554: 539: 308: 202: 197: 2441: 1314: 1309: 1299: 796: 8687: 8559: 6774:

the ratio calculated for some tercios from Alava, Germán Ruiz Llano,

6082:

authors tend to agree with this statement, see Aróstegui 2013, p. 75.

2339: 1978: 1956: 1944: 1884: 1851: 1738:

Visible revitalisation of Carlism, related to the 1957 appearance of

1611: 1554: 1530: 1495: 1436: 1079: 988: 947: 883: 809: 781: 519: 251: 61: 7727:"much smaller format" than his father, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 160 2319:

Alcazar, Burgos-Sangüesa, Cristo Rey, Lácar, Montejurra, N.S.d.Pilar

1966: 1899:

Comunión Tradicionalista was transformed into a totally new entity,

1704:

appearances of a requeté-styled group which accompanied an offshoot

1487: 887: 882:. Since 1910 there were notes related also to Madrid, since 1911 to 8187:

Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 230–232, García Riol 2015, p. 321

6359:

Los años críticos: República, conspiración, revolución y alzamiento

2429: 2417: 1986: 1687: 1676: 1663: 1558: 1527: 1491: 1270: 1179: 1158: 1135: 1069: 983: 976: 859: 735: 586: 544: 81: 8306:

Una resistencia olvidada. Tradicionalistas mártires del terrorismo

7659:, also Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 435, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 120 6994:

Los incidentes del 3 de diciembre de 1945 en la Plaza del Castillo

6976:

this was the case of Navarre in 1939, Aurora Villanueva Martínez,

2771:

Banderas blancas, boinas rojas: una historia política del carlismo

1638: 1361: 914:

infantil", similar to later Pelayos of the 1930s rather than to a

825: 27:"Requete" redirects here. For the Spanish superlative prefix, see 7374:

this was the case of Luis Elizalde, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 396

6491:. For a decidedly hostile account, see Fernando Mikelarena Peña, 5843:

El carlisme català durant la Segona República Espanyola 1931–1936

5776:

El carlisme català durant la Segona República Espanyola 1931–1936

2510: 2394: 1990: 1982: 1971: 1896: 1765: 1700: 1695: 1483: 1377: 1293: 1061: 1049: 960: 931: 903: 847: 829: 773: 691: 675: 164: 131: 7905:

information and propaganda, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 124

6414:

David contra Goliat: guerra y asimetría en la Edad Contemporánea

2046: 1389: 1248: 8426:

El Laureado Tercio de Requetés de Nuestra Senyora de Montserrat

8393:¿Qué esconde la Hermandad de Caballeros Voluntarios de la Cruz? 8126:

did not mtention Requeté a single time, Josep Carles Clemente,

6412:, Daniel Macías Fernández, Fernando Puell de la Villa (eds.), 4041:. In a few cases a requeté cell had its "director espiritual", 2413: 2148: 2111: 1819: 1716: 1536: 1393: 1130: 1103: 1057: 956: 863: 777: 749: 529: 9414:

La tradición recuperada. El Requeté carlista y la insurrección

8988:

and mountain ranges, with no particular battle climax recorded

8021:

even against the historical background. In the vastly popular

6505:

Navarra 1936: ¿Insurrección militar y/o levantamiento popular?

5751:

El Fenix que siempre renace. El carlismo ourensano (1894–1936)

4963:

La tradición recuperada. El Requeté carlista y la insurrección

4819:, so it might not reflect fully the original idea of Llorens, 4636:; for clashes between requetés and bizkaitarras in Bilbao see 1072:

group was noted. Trophies involved were named "Copa Requeté".

1016: 7144:, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 158. It was undergoing the usual 6877:

Javier Munoz-Basols, Manuel Delgado Morales, Laura Lonsdale,

6844:

Los combatientes carlistas en la Guerra de España (1936–1939)

2471: 2456: 1952: 1342: 1303:

Rare picture of requeté in action, strike unrest in Barcelona

1260: 964: 214: 121: 9375:

Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936–1939

9131:

Climax of the battle fell on the second week of January 1938

8882:

Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936–1939

8484:

Ha mort Felio Vilarrubias Solanes, glòria catalana d’Espanya

7808:

Miralles Climent 2015, p. 223, Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 251

7186:

Violencias fraticidas: carlistas y liberales en el siglo XIX

7148:

and some issues were withdrawn, Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 326

5517:. According to other sources the name was "José Torrecasa", 2676:

Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936–1939

1970:

Repeatedly vandalized stones with names of fallen requetés,

1412:

The second phase is associated with suspended army colonel,

1235:, a 75-year-old military, the jefé of all requeté in Spain. 9674: 9545:

La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil

9122:

La Muela is a small plateau just West to the city of Teruel

8504:¿El último requeté? Félix Urrizburu Cabodevilla (1920-2023) 7548:Żołnierz Tradycji. José Arturo Márquez de Prado (1924–2017) 6606:

La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil

1545:

leaning. The Navarrese tercios were grouped into so-called

1107: 745: 549: 53: 1793:

uniformed Requeté members during a rally near Madrid, 1966

1758:, it recommended a firm and intransigent stand versus the 1626:

is estimated between 4,000 and 6,000; the total number of

1474:

was the only moment when Requeté had a tangible impact on

9389:

La tradición militar del carlismo y el origen del Requeté

1727:

In the early 1950s Requeté was increasingly trapped in a

47: 9168:

The area in question is located between the villages of

6503:. For brief academic narrative see Angel Pascual Bonis, 9552:

Retorno a la lealtad; el desafío carlista al franquismo

6671:

for detailed discussion see Aróstegui 2013, pp. 159–790

4715:

in 1911 Don Jaime referred to "mis queridos requetés",

1153: 9610:, Daniel Montañá Buchaca, Josep Rafart Canals (eds.) 9425:

El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977

7420:

El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977

6561:

Aróstegui 2013, pp. 164–176, 192–202, 229–236, 262–269

4758:

El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica

2718:; the name was also used by some Carlist units in the 2712:

The Revolutions of Spain, from 1808 to the End of 1836

1934: 756:

set up Juventud Vasca. The same year in Barcelona the

7994:

Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 121, see also p. 127

6433:

González Calleja 2011, p. 373, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 224

2592:

Organizaciones infantiles y juveniles de tiempo libre

9601:

Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939–1976)

8998:

466, Zumalacarregui 570 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 488.

7503:

La oposición al colaboracionismo carlista en Navarra

6921:

Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939–1976)

6235:

González Calleja 1991, p. 74, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 136

6091:

González Calleja 2011, p. 69; Blinkhorn 2008, p. 63.

2005: 1943:

Stone erected by ex-combatant requeté organisation,

1341:

In May 1930 Don Jaime called the Carlist leaders to

8138:, pp. 327–336. Another lengthy document from 1972, 5939:

González Calleja 1991, p. 71, Aróstegui 2013, p. 70

1420:. Some 150 militants attended military training in 9423:Caspistegui Gorasurreta, Francisco Javier (1997). 6281:Navy and Aviation, González Calleja 2011, p. 197-8 6063:and Generoso Huarte, González Calleja 1991, p. 71. 1203:neutralist (effectively pro-German) or openly pro- 1178:youth. Not few of these incidents involved use of 6818:El carlismo en la conspiración y guerra en España 1068:seemed much less popular, and a single case of a 9681: 8323:Essays in Basque social Anthropology and History 6822:Anales de la Fundación Francisco Elías de Tejada 5957:compare Vallverdú i Martí 2008, pp. 19–20, 32–36 5395:, has never been mentioned as related to requeté 1686:Unidentified uniformed unit with Carlist flags, 7967:direction, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 230 6787:"minimo de sesenta mil", Jordi Canal i Morell, 4978:according to the digital Spanish press archive 866:notified setup of their own requeté branches. 8128:Historia del carlismo contemporaneo, 1935–1972 6776:El voluntariado alavés durante la Guerra Civil 6456:, Pamplona 1953, pp. 66, 83, Joaquín Arrarás, 2059:S.Fermín, Lácar, S.Miguel, Montejurra, Navarra 9412:Calleja, Eduardo G.; Julio Aróstegui (1994). 8124:Declaracíon al I Congreso del Pueblo Carlista 6059:Recruitment and instruction was to be led by 5551:Carlist worker groups in Catalonia, 1900–1923 2373:Other notable Civil War Requeté engagements: 2255:N.S.d.Begoña, N.S.d.Camino, Lácar, Montejurra 1534: 1093:1911 street battle in Sant Feliú de Llobregat 626: 9515:Pablo Larraz Andía, Víctor Sierra-Sesumaga, 1642:Requeté combatant: post-war propaganda image 1238: 1098: 705:, when its units were critical for ensuring 6110:until November 1932, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 78. 2645:, vol. XXVIII/1, Sevilla 1959, pp. 273–274. 1320: 686:direction (early 1920s to early 1930s); 4) 9608:El Requetè contra Franco: el carloctavisme 8082:Aportes: Revista de historia contemporánea 6879:The Routledge Companion to Iberian Studies 6330:army duties, González Calleja 2011, p. 261 5304:see references to "sargento del requeté", 1633: 1510:formed part of troops attempting to cross 1384: 1011: 921: 633: 619: 9715:Paramilitary organisations based in Spain 8319:GAC, Militant Carlist Activism, 1968–1972 6632:, Madrid 2021, ISBN 9788490916100, p. 101 6458:Historia de la Segunda República Española 6119:Canal 2000, p. 299, Aróstegui 2013, p. 76 2873:published in a Traditionalist periodical 1879:, since 1965 headed by another Huguista, 1784: 963:gathered 200 youth, while in the town of 8788:Nota de la Jefatura Nacional del Requeté 8768:Nota de la Jefatura Nacional del Requeté 8700:Nota de la Jefatura Nacional del Requeté 8482:see e.g. the death notice reproduced in 6533:Revolución y guerra en España, 1931–1939 2397:(September–October; d. Rey, Estibaliz); 1965: 1938: 1905: 1865: 1861: 1825: 1788: 1764: 1715: 1711: 1681: 1637: 1458: 1454: 1430: 1388: 1360: 1324: 1298: 1218: 1157: 1129: 1102: 1074: 1015: 982: 868: 824: 795: 6594:Breve historia de las guerras carlistas 5328:see references to "jefe del distrito", 4223:e.g. on foot from Valencia to Lourdes, 1607:generations serving. Because along the 14: 9682: 2090:N.S.d.Camino, S.Fermín, Lácar, Navarra 1618:the Requetés were usually deployed as 1024:One of the key requeté activities was 873:"Mom, I am training to become requeté" 9695:Anti-communist organizations in Spain 9517:Requetés: de las trincheras al olvido 9400:Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931–1939 7670:José Arturo Márquez de Prado y Pareja 7649:José Arturo Márquez de Prado y Pareja 2622:Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931–1939 653: 8241:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 264 8232:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 271 8223:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 138 8196:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 158 8178:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 246 8035:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 303 7216:Entre la boina roja y la camisa azul 6889:, p. 419, Isidora Dolores Ibárruri, 2714:, vol. 2, London, p. 438, available 2643:Historia del tradicionalismo español 2401:(October; Virgen Blanca, 8. Alava); 1630:is given between 13,000 and 34,000. 1154:Post-reform organization (1913–1920) 9710:Military wings of political parties 8012:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 77 7895:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 98 7708:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 30 2432:(April–May; S. Miguel, Oriamendi); 2405:(November–December; Virgen Blanca) 1935:Recent times (1980s and afterwards) 1658:or as an espionage network for the 820: 24: 9725:Defunct paramilitary organizations 9367: 9055:unclear, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 408–9 7142:Boletín de Información del Requeté 6570:led by the Andalu' requete leader 5549:for details see Colin M. Winston, 968:adolescent females served even as 25: 9736: 9665: 6810:El requeté: la tradición no muere 5363:, who was greeted with vivas, La 2010:Major Civil War Requeté battles: 2006:Appendix. Major Civil War battles 1114:Requeté of the early 1910s was a 9354: 9344: 9335: 9326: 9316: 9303: 9293: 9290:250 men, Aróstegui 2013, p. 796. 9283: 9274: 9264: 9255: 9245: 9235: 9226: 9217: 9208: 9198: 9189: 9180: 9162: 9153: 9144: 9134: 9125: 9116: 9107: 9097: 9087: 9077: 9067: 9058: 9048: 9038: 9029: 9020: 9011: 9001: 8991: 8981: 8972: 8962: 8953: 8944: 8934: 8924: 8915: 8905: 8895: 8873: 8864: 8843: 8834: 8825: 8816: 8800: 8780: 8766:"dado en mi Puesto di Control", 8760: 8744: 8724: 8692: 8672: 8652: 8632: 8612: 8592: 8582:service, available respectively 8564: 8544: 8534:service, available respectively 8516: 8496: 8476: 8461: 8446: 8431: 8417: 8384: 8368: 8353: 8336: 8311: 8297: 8271: 8254: 8244: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8208: 8199: 8190: 8181: 8172: 8163: 8154: 8145: 8116: 8106: 8097: 8088: 8070: 8057: 8047: 8038: 8029: 8015: 8006: 7997: 7988: 7979: 7970: 7960: 7946: 7937: 7928: 7918: 7908: 7898: 7889: 7879: 7869: 7848: 7839: 7830: 7821: 7811: 7802: 7792: 7778: 7769: 7760: 7750: 7740: 7730: 7720: 7711: 7702: 7682: 7662: 7641: 7632: 7623: 7602: 7585: 7560: 7540: 7531: 7522: 7512: 7486: 7477: 7468: 7451: 7442: 7433: 7411: 7401: 7387: 7377: 7368: 7359: 7350: 7341: 7331: 7314: 7305: 7296: 7286: 7277: 7268: 7259: 7249: 7239: 7229: 7208: 7199: 7173: 7151: 7134: 7125: 7104: 7094: 7080: 7070: 7049: 7040: 7031: 7021: 7011: 6986: 6970: 6961: 6952: 6942: 6913: 6904: 6871: 6861: 6836: 6827: 6802: 6781: 6768: 6747: 6737: 6716: 6706: 6697: 6684: 6674: 6665: 6644: 6635: 6621: 6611: 6585: 6564: 6555: 6546: 6525: 6481:Navarra Fue La Primera 1936–1939 6473: 6463: 6446: 6436: 6427: 6401: 6391: 6381: 6372: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6323: 6313: 6304: 6294: 6284: 6274: 6265: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6219: 6202: 6193: 6183: 6169: 6159: 6150: 6140: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6075: 6066: 6053: 6032: 6023: 6014: 6005: 5984: 5975: 5960: 5951: 5942: 5933: 5918: 5902: 5886: 5871: 5856: 5835: 5820: 5804: 5789: 5767: 5743: 5728: 5713: 5698: 5682: 5667: 5652: 5637: 5622: 5607: 5592: 5577: 5568: 5543: 5504: 5473: 5457: 5448: 5439: 5423: 5414: 5398: 5373: 5353: 5338: 5322: 5298: 5283: 5268: 5253: 5238: 5223: 5192: 5177: 5162: 5147: 5132: 5117: 5102: 5087: 5054: 5023: 5000: 4985: 4972: 4955: 4939: 4930: 4915: 4900: 4885: 4870: 4861: 4846: 4829: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4750: 4734: 4725: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4667: 4646: 4622: 4613: 4598: 4583: 4568: 4545: 4529: 4506: 4491: 4476: 4461: 4446: 4431: 4408: 4393: 4378: 4362: 4347: 4332: 4317: 4294: 4279: 4256: 4233: 4217: 4202: 4187: 4172: 4157: 4126: 4111: 4096: 4081: 2656:Joventut fa Catalunya: 1900–1985 2555:for details, see Joan B. Culla, 2382:Location (month; units engaged) 1580: 1348:Cruz de la Legitimidad Proscrita 1247: 930: 721: 171: 114: 46: 9437:Clemente, Josep Carles (2016). 8849:Includes the category known as 8260:Juan Carlos Senent Sansegundo, 5817:, Vallverdú i Martí 2008, p. 17 4066: 4051: 4028: 4013: 3998: 3983: 3967: 3952: 3937: 3922: 3907: 3892: 3877: 3854: 3839: 3816: 3801: 3786: 3771: 3756: 3741: 3726: 3711: 3696: 3681: 3665: 3650: 3635: 3620: 3605: 3590: 3567: 3552: 3537: 3520: 3505: 3490: 3467: 3452: 3437: 3422: 3407: 3392: 3377: 3362: 3347: 3324: 3301: 3292: 3276: 3255: 3240: 3231: 3216: 3201: 3186: 3171: 3156: 3139: 3124: 3109: 3094: 3085: 3070: 3060:for Santa Cruz de Tenerife see 3054: 3038: 3022: 3006: 2990: 2974: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2925: 2910: 2895: 2880: 2866: 2851: 2836: 2821: 2805: 2784: 2763: 2748: 2733: 2704: 2689: 2668: 2648: 9232:Most combat took place in July 8732:Comunicado oficial del Requeté 8122:a lengthy 1971 document named 7943:Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 199 7668:José Martín Brocos Fernández, 7647:José Martín Brocos Fernández, 6927:, Paulína Springerová (ed.), 5015:La Correspondencia de Valencia 4309:La Correspondencia de Valencia 2769:Canal i Morell, Jordi (2006). 2635: 2614: 2605: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2549: 2540: 2527: 2448:(December; Virgén d.l. Reyes) 13: 1: 9459:16/194 (1992), pp. 12–20 8160:Miralles Climent 2015, p. 272 8151:Miralles Climent 2015, p. 515 8140:Linea ideológica del carlismo 8094:García Riol 2015, pp. 313–320 8003:García Riol 2015, pp. 120–121 7985:Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 279 7976:Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 255 7638:Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 118 7365:Miralles Climent 2018, p. 298 7356:Miralles Climent 2018, p. 393 7347:Miralles Climent 2018, p. 334 7302:Miralles Climent 2018, p. 382 6582:, Aróstegui 2013, pp. 705–781 6291:p. 198 Blinkhorn 2008, p. 214 6253:González Calleja 2011, p. 193 6199:González Calleja 2011, p. 199 6156:González Calleja 2011, p. 123 4787:González Calleja 1998, p. 492 712: 9653:Aurora Villanueva Martínez, 9599:Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, 8794:service 02.08.15, available 8774:service 02.08.15, available 8754:service 26.03.20, available 8738:service 20.11.16, available 8706:service 02.08.15, available 8411:service 31.10.18, available 8399:service 22.10.18, available 8290:service 29.08.19, available 7766:Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 476 7717:Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 476 7629:Vázquez de Prada 2016, p. 95 7554:service 20.06.17, available 7537:Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 435 7311:Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 209 7037:Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 203 6357:José Manuel Martínez Bande, 6020:González Calleja 1991, p. 71 5599:La Correspondencia de España 5584:La Correspondencia de España 5574:González Calleja 1991, p. 70 5511:La Correspondencia de España 5454:González Calleja 1991, p. 70 5420:González Calleja 1991, p. 70 5124:La Correspondencia de España 5094:La Correspondencia de España 4877:La Correspondencia de España 4756:Agustín Fernández Escudero, 4552:La Correspondencia de España 4385:La Correspondencia de España 4194:La Correspondencia de España 4133:La Correspondencia de España 3748:La Correspondencia de España 3482:La Correspondencia de España 3284:La Correspondencia de España 2611:González, Souto 2007, p. 77. 2581:González, Souto 2007, p. 77. 2572:González, Souto 2007, p. 78. 2546:González, Souto 2007, p. 80. 2535:Revista española de historia 2521: 2469:(March; Virgén d.l. Reyes); 2420:(January; Burgos-Sanguesa); 791:series of minor disturbances 678:organization, at times with 31:. For the French title, see 7: 9639:Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, 9462:Maximiliano García Venero, 8840:Killed, wounded and missing 7608:Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, 7591:Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, 6846:, Stanley G. Payne (ed.), 6778:, Madrid 2016, pp. 109, 165 6002:, p. 68, Canal 2000, p. 298 5553:, Stanley G. Payne (ed.), 2504: 850:. In 1907, a local review, 841:, distinguished by general 33:Master of Requests (France) 10: 9741: 9661:19 (2003), pp. 97–117 9625:Robert Vallverdú i Martí, 9508:Daniel Jesús García Riol, 9494:Eduardo González Calleja, 9491:147 (1991), pp. 69–76 9483:Eduardo González Calleja, 9469:Eduardo González Calleja, 9464:Historia de la Unificación 9398:Blinkhorn, Martin (2008). 8853:and combatants counted as 8317:compare Jeremy MacClancy, 8266:Investigaciones Históricas 7856:El ultimo jefe de requetes 7787:José María Zavala Castella 7690:El ultimo jefe de requetes 7110:Robert Vallverdú i Martí, 7086:following outbreak of the 6608:, Valencia 2009, pp. 80–81 6574:and local commanders like 6175:in late 1932 Varela wrote 5990:Eduardo González Calleja, 5841:Robert Vallverdú i Martí, 4652:Eduardo González Calleja, 3526:Eduardo González Calleja, 2620:Blinkhorn, Martin (2008). 2475:(April; Ortiz d. Zarate); 2463:(March; Ortiz d. Zarate); 769:intended to group minors. 26: 9700:Military history of Spain 9387:Aróstegui, Julio (1988). 9373:Aróstegui, Julio (2013). 8941:range in March/April 1937 8490:blog 10.04.19, available 7674:Real Academia de Historia 7653:Real Academia de Historia 5533:, or "José Torrecasana", 5525:,"José Torres Casanova", 5365:Correspondencia de España 2674:Aróstegui, Julio (2013). 2381: 2378: 2307:Sierra de Pàndols/Caballs 2156:Almogávares, M.d.Molina, 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 1239:Dormant phase (1920–1930) 1099:Attempted overhaul (1913) 916:paramilitary organisation 137: 127: 109: 101: 96:. Centre: standard-bearer 52:Clockwise from top left: 45: 40: 9585:Josep Miralles Climent, 9578:Josep Miralles Climent, 9564:Josep Miralles Climent, 9550:Manuel Martorell Pérez, 9543:Manuel Martorell Pérez, 8806:see photo of 02.05.20, 5759:Somatén. Boletín Oficial 2710:Walton, William (1837). 1470:The early period of the 1321:Reformatting (1930–1931) 1271:Mellista breakup of 1919 326:Traditionalist Communion 9612:El carlisme ahir i avui 9606:Ferrán Sánchez Agustí, 7528:García Riol 2015, p. 42 6931:, Hradec Králové 2007, 5761:I/10 (1924), available 5755:Espacio, Tiempo y Forma 5749:Julio Prada Rodríguez, 3237:see accompanying photos 1799:counter-revolutionaries 1634:Early Francoism (1940s) 1385:New Requeté (1931–1936) 1012:Main activities (1910s) 922:Early phase (1907–1913) 510:Traditional Catholicism 76:; monument to Requeté, 9531:The Decline of Carlism 9418:Historia contemporánea 7465:69 (2009), pp. 179–208 6641:Aróstegui 2013, p. 810 6576:Ignacio Romero Osborne 6552:Aróstegui 2013, p. 406 6310:Blinkhorn 2008, p. 221 6262:Blinkhorn 2008, p. 208 6040:The Decline of Carlism 4967:Historia contemporánea 4688:Ferrer 1960, pp. 65–66 4590:El Defensor de Córdoba 3310:l 04.03.11, available 3298:Aróstegui 2013, p. 57. 2516:Traditionalism (Spain) 2498:(January; Montserrat) 2416:(January; S. Rafael); 1974: 1947: 1914: 1881:Ignacio Romero Osborne 1871: 1839: 1794: 1785:Late Francoism (1960s) 1773: 1724: 1691: 1643: 1535: 1498:. Units from Navarre, 1467: 1440: 1397: 1368: 1330: 1304: 1227: 1194:Slightly ahead of the 1163: 1138: 1111: 1083: 1021: 991: 874: 833: 804: 789:the century" – i.e. a 671: 663: 9451:Manuel Ferrer Muñoz, 8861:executed by the enemy 8712:Gilberto Motilla Olmo 7957:I/7 (1965), pp. 18–19 7028:Martínez 2003, p. 102 6958:MacClancy 2000, p. 75 6814:Tradición y monarquia 6580:Enrique Barrau Salado 6460:, Madrid 1965, p. 494 6011:Aróstegui 2013, p. 73 5948:Aróstegui 2013, p. 71 5535:El Avisador Numantino 5154:El Avisador Numantino 4936:Aróstegui 2013, p. 60 4778:Aróstegui 2013, p. 60 4760:, Madrid 2012, p. 458 4731:Aróstegui 2013, p. 57 4706:Aróstegui 2013, p. 56 4697:Aróstegui 2013, p. 53 3544:La Campañia de Gracia 2790:Canal, Jordi (2000). 2773:, 1876–1939, Madrid, 2563:59 (2005), pp. 51–67. 2537:67/225 (2007), p. 76. 2487:(August; Montserrat) 2424:(February; Alcazar); 1969: 1942: 1909: 1869: 1862:Decomposition (1970s) 1829: 1792: 1768: 1719: 1712:Mid-Francoism (1950s) 1685: 1641: 1599:Political unification 1462: 1455:Civil War (1936–1939) 1434: 1392: 1364: 1328: 1302: 1222: 1161: 1133: 1106: 1078: 1019: 986: 872: 828: 799: 694:(1931–1936); 5) army 193:Political Catholicism 8510:05.07.23, available 8502:Fernando Alejandre, 8470:25.09.14, available 8455:26.04.95, available 8440:30.09.95, available 8378:18.05.84, available 8362:17.11.81, available 8347:24.12.80, available 8026:Carlist organization 7862:13.06.17, available 7696:13.06.17, available 7579:15.05.66, available 7324:25.01.40, available 7140:the print was named 6694:, Madrid 2015, p. 37 6443:Calleja 2011, p. 373 5969:26.12.30, available 5927:26.12.30, available 5912:21.03.30, available 5896:11.04.30, available 5881:09.05.30, available 5865:21.02.30, available 5829:28.02.30, available 5813:25.02.28, available 5798:19.02.27, available 5796:La Tradició Catalana 5737:18.03.21, available 5722:13.08.20, available 5707:26.07.24, available 5692:01.06.23, available 5676:12.05.28, available 5661:18.09.26, available 5646:30.01.26, available 5631:24.01.25, available 5616:30.04.22, available 5601:06.06.23, available 5586:08.01.23, available 5537:07.05.21, available 5529:07.05.21, available 5521:07.05.21, available 5513:07.05.21, available 5498:17.10.30, available 5490:07.05.21, available 5482:29.12.20, available 5467:19.05.18, available 5433:10.03.22, available 5408:18.03.15, available 5393:Joaquín Gomis Cornet 5387:09.10.16, available 5381:Luis Garcia Guijarro 5367:23.05.13, available 5347:22.06.19, available 5332:28.08.19, available 5316:14.08.20, available 5308:13.08.20, available 5292:25.07.15, available 5277:10.05.17, available 5262:19.02.15, available 5247:08.02.15, available 5232:11.10.13, available 5217:27.10.15, available 5209:10.04.16, available 5201:09.03.14, available 5186:24.06.15, available 5171:11.09.13, available 5156:17.11.15, available 5141:10.11.13, available 5111:28.07.13, available 5096:27.01.19, available 5081:01.06.17, available 5073:15.11.15, available 5065:28.04.13, available 5048:06.04.18, available 5040:22.12.17, available 5032:12.12.16, available 5017:23.10.17, available 5009:10.12.18, available 4994:24.07.18, available 4949:13.06.30, available 4924:08.11.14, available 4909:05.06.13, available 4894:05.06.13, available 4879:23.10.13, available 4855:03.12.13, available 4840:15.10.13, available 4823:04.04.13, available 4744:26.11.12, available 4719:08.12.11, available 4676:08.06.14, available 4640:24.12.12, available 4632:10.08.12, available 4607:03.12.10, available 4592:26.07.12, available 4577:28.11.11, available 4562:24.11.10, available 4554:06.02.11, available 4539:22.12.11, available 4523:17.06.11, available 4515:29.05.13, available 4500:06.12.12, available 4485:19.04.11, available 4470:02.11.11, available 4455:28.09.11, available 4440:03.12.10, available 4425:06.04.12, available 4417:14.04.11, available 4402:08.09.09, available 4387:14.07.12, available 4372:14.07.12, available 4356:06.06.10, available 4341:10.12.18, available 4326:23.04.14, available 4311:23.10.17, available 4303:02.09.11, available 4288:13.08.12, available 4273:17.02.12, available 4265:15.10.10, available 4250:23.12.12, available 4242:04.06.12, available 4227:21.04.13, available 4211:15.02.12, available 4196:17.04.11, available 4181:01.06.11, available 4166:02.11.10, available 4151:20.07.12, available 4143:25.04.11, available 4135:06.11.10, available 4120:18.11.15, available 4105:09.02.11, available 4090:22.04.09, available 4075:20.05.10, available 4060:25.02.11, available 4045:29.07.11, available 4037:05.12.11, available 4022:03.11.10, available 4007:27.07.11, available 3992:09.05.11, available 3977:08.12.11, available 3961:15.02.12, available 3946:06.11.10, available 3931:24.07.09, available 3916:20.04.12, available 3901:01.02.12, available 3886:25.06.13, available 3871:17.09.10, available 3863:04.12.09, available 3848:09.01.09, available 3833:29.10.10, available 3825:22.04.09, available 3810:21.01.10, available 3795:01.06.11, available 3780:08.06.13, available 3765:21.06.13, available 3750:15.04.11, available 3735:28.11.14, available 3720:11.12.09, available 3705:01.02.12, available 3690:19.01.10, available 3675:21.10.10, available 3659:29.09.12, available 3644:25.08.12, available 3629:05.11.12, available 3614:15.10.11, available 3599:10.12.11, available 3584:16.09.11, available 3576:02.09.11, available 3561:09.12.10, available 3546:06.08.10, available 3514:02.11.10, available 3499:27.01.13, available 3484:05.08.12, available 3476:01.07.11, available 3461:09.01.13, available 3446:23.04.14, available 3431:14.08.12, available 3416:14.08.12, available 3401:20.07.12, available 3386:18.05.11, available 3371:18.05.11, available 3356:18.11.15, available 3341:30.07.11, available 3333:29.01.11, available 3318:17.12.11, available 3286:10.06.10, available 3249:02.09.11, available 3225:22.03.11, available 3210:06.08.12, available 3195:12.09.11, available 3180:22.06.10, available 3165:08.01.10, available 3150:06.05.11, available 3133:24.07.09, available 3118:07.05.21, available 3103:26.12.08, available 3079:19.01.10, available 3064:08.11.12, available 3048:16.05.12, available 3032:12.08.11, available 3016:28.10.11, available 3000:06.06.11, available 2984:07.08.11, available 2968:02.12.10, available 2935:16.11.12, available 2919:04.12.09, available 2904:26.12.08, available 2889:13.02.09, available 2860:14.11.08, available 2845:31.10.08, available 2830:03.10.08, available 2815:12.03.10, available 2757:04.04.07, available 2742:08.12.04, available 2726:15.11.01, available 2698:19.09.03, available 2485:Vilalba de los Arcos 2483:(July, Montserrat); 2440:(July; M.d.Molina); 1673:national-syndicalism 1512:Sierra de Guadarrama 1374:vasco-navarrese area 1020:Requeté on excursion 902:, and since 1912 to 9659:Geronimo de Uztariz 8810:service, available 8718:service, available 8686:service, available 8666:service, available 8646:service, available 8626:service, available 8606:service, available 8558:service, available 8282:service, available 7676:service, available 7655:service, available 7497:service, available 7004:, Juan Villanueva, 6981:Geronimo de Uztariz 5126:06.02.17 available 4717:La Bandera Regional 4498:La Region Extremeña 4438:Diario del Comercio 4271:La Bandera Regional 4263:La Bandera Regional 3975:La Bandera Regional 3929:La Bandera Regional 3869:La Bandera Regional 3861:La Bandera Regional 3718:La Bandera Regional 3582:La Bandera Regional 3574:La Bandera Regional 3497:El Diario Palentino 3316:La Bandera Regional 3261:see e.g. photos in 3163:La Bandera Regional 3148:La Bandera Regional 3131:La Bandera Regional 3101:La Bandera Regional 3091:Canal 2000, p. 265. 3030:La Bandera Regional 3014:La Bandera Regional 2917:La Bandera Regional 2902:La Bandera Regional 2887:La Bandera Regional 2875:La Bandera Regional 2858:La Bandera Regional 2843:La Bandera Regional 2828:La Bandera Regional 2813:La Bandera Regional 2590:Barba, C.; et al., 2472:Puente de Montañana 2436:(July; S. Miguel); 2345:Catalonia Offensive 2280:Maestrazgo Campaign 2249:Maestrazgo Campaign 2025:Battalions engaged 1924:Montejurra shooting 1756:José María Valiente 1593:In mass, Civil War 1547:Brigades of Navarre 1449:Carlist-only rising 1418:José-Luis Zamanillo 1336:marqués de Villores 1289:Marqués de Villores 758:radical republicans 754:Basque nationalists 304:Marcha de Oriamendi 9720:Militias in Europe 9629:, Barcelona 2014, 9622:, pp. 167–178 9529:Jeremy MacClancy, 9420:11, pp. 29–54 8620:Amigos del Requete 8268:42 (2022), p. 1243 8130:, Barcelona 1977, 7552:Myśl Konserwatywna 7509:262 (2015), p. 800 7474:Canal 2000, p. 356 7322:Pensamiento Alaves 7114:, Barcelona 2014, 6983:19 (2003 ), p. 101 6967:Canal 2000, p. 344 6910:Payne 2012, p. 184 6757:, Barcelona 2014, 6722:Stanley G. Payne, 5967:El Cruzado Español 5925:El Cruzado Español 5910:El Cruzado Español 5894:El Cruzado Español 5879:El Cruzado Español 5863:El Cruzado Español 5845:, Barcelona 2008, 5827:El Cruzado Español 5778:, Barcelona 2008, 5688:for Santander see 5527:El Eco de Santiago 5496:El Día de Palencia 5445:Canal 2000, p. 267 5406:Diario de Valencia 5361:Duque de Solferino 5275:Heraldo de Menorca 5169:Diario de Valencia 4947:El Cruzado Espanol 4821:Diario de Valencia 4619:Ferrer 1960, p. 46 4605:Diario de Comercio 4225:Diario de Valencia 3884:Diario de Valencia 3846:El Tradicionalista 3778:Diario de Valencia 3642:Diario de Valencia 3308:La Bandera Regiona 2755:El Tradicionalista 2740:El Tradicionalista 2658:, Barcelona 1987, 2479:(May; Oriamendi); 2403:Villareal de Alava 2393:(July; Abarzuza); 2213:La Muela de Teruel 1975: 1948: 1915: 1872: 1852:terrorist activity 1840: 1795: 1774: 1725: 1692: 1644: 1551:Navarre Army Corps 1468: 1441: 1426:October revolution 1398: 1369: 1331: 1305: 1228: 1176:Basque nationalist 1164: 1139: 1112: 1084: 1022: 992: 987:Junta de requeté, 959:; a 1911 rally in 875: 834: 805: 748:group appeared in 577:Juan Donoso Cortés 223:Counter-revolution 29:Spanish adjectives 9489:Revista de Girona 9170:Iglesuela del Cid 7925:2015, pp. 474–475 7599:72 (2011), p. 405 7597:Príncipe de Viana 7507:Príncipe de Viana 7422:, Pamplona 1997; 7088:German-Soviet war 6998:Principe de Viana 6893:, New York 2005, 6824:12 (2006), p. 164 6652:The Franco Regime 6509:Príncipe de Viana 6495:, Pamplona 2015, 6483:, Pamplona 2006, 5519:Diario de Córdoba 5488:Diario de Córdoba 5379:see reference on 5330:El Correo Español 5109:Heraldo de Zamora 4769:Canal 2006, p. 38 4560:Diario de Tortosa 4324:Diario de Galicia 3733:Diario de Tortosa 3688:El Correo Español 3559:El Correo Español 3534:147 (1991), p. 70 3532:Revista de Girona 3444:Diario de Galicia 3271:La Hormiga de Oro 3267:La Hormiga de Oro 3263:La Hormiga de Oro 3223:El Correo Español 3116:Diario de Córdoba 3077:El Correo Español 3044:for Pamplona see 3012:for Palencia see 2982:Diario de Córdoba 2933:El Eco de Navarra 2720:Third Carlist War 2502: 2501: 2371: 2370: 2276:Sierra de Espadán 2186:Asturias Campaign 2084:Gipuzkoa Campaign 2052:Gipuzkoa Campaign 2000:Don Carlos Javier 1748:Montejurra ascent 1746:rallies like the 1284:Sindicatos Libres 1233:Juan Pérez Nájera 1162:Requeté ridiculed 997:Dalmacio Iglesias 839:First Carlist War 655:[rekeˈte] 643: 642: 487:Spanish Civil War 454:de Zumalacárregui 320:Sindicatos Libres 280:Cross of Burgundy 147: 146: 142:Spanish Civil War 86:Spanish Civil War 16:(Redirected from 9732: 9673: 9603:, Barcelona 2015 9582:, Castellón 2015 9395:8, pp. 3–24 9362: 9358: 9352: 9348: 9342: 9339: 9333: 9330: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9307: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9278: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9259: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9230: 9224: 9221: 9215: 9212: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9193: 9187: 9184: 9178: 9166: 9160: 9157: 9151: 9148: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9129: 9123: 9120: 9114: 9111: 9105: 9101: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9062: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9033: 9027: 9024: 9018: 9015: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8995: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8976: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8951: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8919: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8877: 8871: 8868: 8862: 8847: 8841: 8838: 8832: 8829: 8823: 8820: 8814: 8804: 8798: 8784: 8778: 8764: 8758: 8748: 8742: 8728: 8722: 8696: 8690: 8676: 8670: 8656: 8650: 8636: 8630: 8616: 8610: 8600:Requeté Carlista 8596: 8590: 8576:Requeté Colomenc 8568: 8562: 8552:Tercios Requetés 8548: 8542: 8520: 8514: 8500: 8494: 8480: 8474: 8465: 8459: 8450: 8444: 8435: 8429: 8428:, Barcelona 1992 8421: 8415: 8388: 8382: 8372: 8366: 8357: 8351: 8340: 8334: 8315: 8309: 8301: 8295: 8275: 8269: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8239: 8233: 8230: 8224: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8206: 8203: 8197: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8179: 8176: 8170: 8167: 8161: 8158: 8152: 8149: 8143: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8095: 8092: 8086: 8074: 8068: 8065:Juan J. Palomino 8061: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8042: 8036: 8033: 8027: 8019: 8013: 8010: 8004: 8001: 7995: 7992: 7986: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7950: 7944: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7926: 7922: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7837: 7834: 7828: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7806: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7782: 7776: 7773: 7767: 7764: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7709: 7706: 7700: 7686: 7680: 7666: 7660: 7645: 7639: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7621: 7606: 7600: 7589: 7583: 7564: 7558: 7546:Jacek Bartyzel, 7544: 7538: 7535: 7529: 7526: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7490: 7484: 7481: 7475: 7472: 7466: 7455: 7449: 7446: 7440: 7437: 7431: 7415: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7391: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7372: 7366: 7363: 7357: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7318: 7312: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7281: 7275: 7272: 7266: 7263: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7218:, Estella 2013, 7212: 7206: 7203: 7197: 7188:, Estella 2009, 7177: 7171: 7155: 7149: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7123: 7108: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7084: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7038: 7035: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7009: 6990: 6984: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6917: 6911: 6908: 6902: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6825: 6806: 6800: 6785: 6779: 6772: 6766: 6751: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6726:, Madison 2000, 6724:Fascism in Spain 6720: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6695: 6688: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6654:, Madison 1987, 6648: 6642: 6639: 6633: 6625: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6589: 6583: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6553: 6550: 6544: 6529: 6523: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6450: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6405: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6370: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6064: 6057: 6051: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6003: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5973: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5931: 5922: 5916: 5906: 5900: 5890: 5884: 5875: 5869: 5860: 5854: 5839: 5833: 5824: 5818: 5811:El Eco de Gerona 5808: 5802: 5793: 5787: 5771: 5765: 5747: 5741: 5732: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5702: 5696: 5686: 5680: 5674:El Eco de Gerona 5671: 5665: 5656: 5650: 5644:El Eco de Gerona 5641: 5635: 5629:El Eco de Gerona 5626: 5620: 5611: 5605: 5596: 5590: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5566: 5547: 5541: 5508: 5502: 5477: 5471: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5437: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5402: 5396: 5377: 5371: 5357: 5351: 5342: 5336: 5326: 5320: 5302: 5296: 5287: 5281: 5272: 5266: 5257: 5251: 5242: 5236: 5227: 5221: 5196: 5190: 5181: 5175: 5166: 5160: 5151: 5145: 5136: 5130: 5121: 5115: 5106: 5100: 5091: 5085: 5058: 5052: 5027: 5021: 5004: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4976: 4970: 4969:11 (1994), p. 32 4959: 4953: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4919: 4913: 4904: 4898: 4889: 4883: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4859: 4850: 4844: 4833: 4827: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4754: 4748: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4723: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4671: 4665: 4650: 4644: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4602: 4596: 4587: 4581: 4572: 4566: 4549: 4543: 4533: 4527: 4510: 4504: 4495: 4489: 4480: 4474: 4465: 4459: 4450: 4444: 4435: 4429: 4412: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4382: 4376: 4366: 4360: 4351: 4345: 4336: 4330: 4321: 4315: 4298: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4260: 4254: 4237: 4231: 4221: 4215: 4206: 4200: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4170: 4161: 4155: 4130: 4124: 4115: 4109: 4100: 4094: 4085: 4079: 4070: 4064: 4055: 4049: 4032: 4026: 4017: 4011: 4002: 3996: 3987: 3981: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3911: 3905: 3896: 3890: 3881: 3875: 3858: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3820: 3814: 3805: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3760: 3754: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3715: 3709: 3700: 3694: 3685: 3679: 3669: 3663: 3654: 3648: 3639: 3633: 3624: 3618: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3541: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3509: 3503: 3494: 3488: 3471: 3465: 3456: 3450: 3441: 3435: 3426: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3396: 3390: 3381: 3375: 3366: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3328: 3322: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3280: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3143: 3137: 3128: 3122: 3113: 3107: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3074: 3068: 3058: 3052: 3042: 3036: 3026: 3020: 3010: 3004: 2994: 2988: 2980:for Córdoba see 2978: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2929: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2899: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2819: 2809: 2803: 2788: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2752: 2746: 2737: 2731: 2708: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2672: 2666: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2459:(March; Lácar); 2438:Fuentes del Tajo 2428:(April; Lácar); 2376: 2375: 2217:Battle of Teruel 2181:Sierra de Mazuco 2013: 2012: 1901:Partido Carlista 1870:Montejurra, 1973 1848:demilitarization 1844:decentralization 1762:and the regime. 1584: 1540: 1520:Northern enclave 1329:Carlist standard 1251: 1200:Raymond Poincaré 1008:the Madrid one. 1005:Fernando Bertrán 970:standard-bearers 934: 821:Emergence (1907) 725: 657: 652: 635: 628: 621: 608: 560:Veronese Easters 344:Alfonso Carlos I 175: 152: 151: 120: 118: 117: 50: 38: 37: 21: 9740: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9680: 9679: 9671: 9668: 9643:, Madrid 2016, 9589:, Madrid 2018, 9568:, Madrid 2004, 9554:, Madrid 2010, 9547:, Valencia 2009 9519:, Madrid 2011, 9498:, Madrid 1998, 9473:, Madrid 2011, 9370: 9368:Further reading 9365: 9359: 9355: 9349: 9345: 9340: 9336: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9317: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9294: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9275: 9269: 9265: 9260: 9256: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9227: 9222: 9218: 9213: 9209: 9203: 9199: 9194: 9190: 9185: 9181: 9167: 9163: 9158: 9154: 9149: 9145: 9139: 9135: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9117: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9068: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9049: 9043: 9039: 9034: 9030: 9025: 9021: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8982: 8977: 8973: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8884:, Madrid 2013, 8878: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8848: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8822:Year / Month(s) 8821: 8817: 8805: 8801: 8785: 8781: 8765: 8761: 8749: 8745: 8729: 8725: 8697: 8693: 8680:Nuevos Requetés 8677: 8673: 8657: 8653: 8637: 8633: 8617: 8613: 8597: 8593: 8569: 8565: 8549: 8545: 8521: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8481: 8477: 8466: 8462: 8451: 8447: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8418: 8389: 8385: 8373: 8369: 8358: 8354: 8341: 8337: 8316: 8312: 8302: 8298: 8276: 8272: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8231: 8227: 8222: 8218: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8146: 8121: 8117: 8111: 8107: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8075: 8071: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8048: 8043: 8039: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8016: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7899: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7870: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7831: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7687: 7683: 7667: 7663: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7612:, Madrid 2016, 7607: 7603: 7590: 7586: 7565: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7332: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7273: 7269: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7230: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7178: 7174: 7162:, Madrid 2014, 7156: 7152: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7071: 7059:, Madrid 2018, 7054: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7002:Esteban Ezcurra 6991: 6987: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6881:, London 2017, 6876: 6872: 6866: 6862: 6850:, Madrid 2001, 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6807: 6803: 6791:, Madrid 2006, 6786: 6782: 6773: 6769: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6596:, Madrid 2011, 6590: 6586: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6551: 6547: 6535:, Madrid 1986, 6530: 6526: 6515:, Madrid 1998, 6478: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6416:, Madrid 2014, 6406: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6361:, Madrid 2011, 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6067: 6061:Jaime del Burgo 6058: 6054: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6010: 6006: 5994:, Madrid 2011, 5989: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5923: 5919: 5907: 5903: 5891: 5887: 5876: 5872: 5861: 5857: 5840: 5836: 5825: 5821: 5809: 5805: 5794: 5790: 5772: 5768: 5748: 5744: 5733: 5729: 5718: 5714: 5703: 5699: 5687: 5683: 5672: 5668: 5657: 5653: 5642: 5638: 5627: 5623: 5612: 5608: 5597: 5593: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5557:, Madrid 1996, 5548: 5544: 5509: 5505: 5478: 5474: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5403: 5399: 5378: 5374: 5358: 5354: 5343: 5339: 5327: 5323: 5303: 5299: 5288: 5284: 5273: 5269: 5258: 5254: 5243: 5239: 5228: 5224: 5197: 5193: 5182: 5178: 5167: 5163: 5152: 5148: 5137: 5133: 5122: 5118: 5107: 5103: 5092: 5088: 5059: 5055: 5028: 5024: 5005: 5001: 4990: 4986: 4980:PrensaHistorica 4977: 4973: 4960: 4956: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4920: 4916: 4905: 4901: 4890: 4886: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4851: 4847: 4834: 4830: 4817:Cirici Ventalló 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4751: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4672: 4668: 4656:, Madrid 1998, 4651: 4647: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4603: 4599: 4588: 4584: 4573: 4569: 4550: 4546: 4534: 4530: 4511: 4507: 4496: 4492: 4481: 4477: 4466: 4462: 4451: 4447: 4436: 4432: 4413: 4409: 4398: 4394: 4383: 4379: 4367: 4363: 4352: 4348: 4337: 4333: 4322: 4318: 4299: 4295: 4284: 4280: 4261: 4257: 4238: 4234: 4222: 4218: 4209:El Conquistador 4207: 4203: 4192: 4188: 4177: 4173: 4162: 4158: 4131: 4127: 4116: 4112: 4101: 4097: 4086: 4082: 4071: 4067: 4056: 4052: 4033: 4029: 4018: 4014: 4003: 3999: 3988: 3984: 3972: 3968: 3959:El Conquistador 3957: 3953: 3942: 3938: 3927: 3923: 3912: 3908: 3897: 3893: 3882: 3878: 3859: 3855: 3844: 3840: 3821: 3817: 3806: 3802: 3791: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3761: 3757: 3746: 3742: 3731: 3727: 3716: 3712: 3701: 3697: 3686: 3682: 3670: 3666: 3655: 3651: 3640: 3636: 3625: 3621: 3612:La Regeneracion 3610: 3606: 3595: 3591: 3572: 3568: 3557: 3553: 3542: 3538: 3525: 3521: 3510: 3506: 3495: 3491: 3472: 3468: 3457: 3453: 3442: 3438: 3427: 3423: 3412: 3408: 3397: 3393: 3382: 3378: 3367: 3363: 3352: 3348: 3329: 3325: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3281: 3277: 3260: 3256: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3221: 3217: 3206: 3202: 3191: 3187: 3176: 3172: 3161: 3157: 3144: 3140: 3129: 3125: 3114: 3110: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3075: 3071: 3059: 3055: 3043: 3039: 3028:for Bilbao see 3027: 3023: 3011: 3007: 2996:for Orense see 2995: 2991: 2979: 2975: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2930: 2926: 2915: 2911: 2900: 2896: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2867: 2856: 2852: 2841: 2837: 2826: 2822: 2810: 2806: 2789: 2785: 2768: 2764: 2753: 2749: 2738: 2734: 2709: 2705: 2694: 2690: 2673: 2669: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2636: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2594:, Madrid 1994, 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2507: 2430:Monte Saibigain 2117:Biscay Campaign 2008: 1937: 1889:Don Juan Carlos 1887:structures and 1864: 1832:guard of honour 1787: 1752:Don Juan Carlos 1740:Don Carlos Hugo 1714: 1636: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1569:and finally in 1476:Spanish history 1457: 1387: 1323: 1275:Primo de Rivera 1266: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1241: 1168:Restoration era 1156: 1125:Camelots du Roi 1101: 1014: 1001:Joaquín Llorens 952: 951: 950: 942: 937: 936: 935: 924: 856:Juan María Roma 852:Lo Mestre Titas 823: 800:Carlist youth, 741: 740: 739: 733: 728: 727: 726: 715: 650: 639: 606:Politics portal 604: 592: 591: 500: 492: 491: 467: 459: 458: 339: 331: 330: 263:Carlo-francoism 246: 238: 237: 183: 150: 115: 113: 97: 66:Second Republic 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9738: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9678: 9677: 9667: 9666:External links 9664: 9663: 9662: 9651: 9637: 9623: 9614:, Berga 2013, 9604: 9597: 9583: 9576: 9562: 9548: 9541: 9527: 9513: 9506: 9492: 9481: 9467: 9460: 9449: 9435: 9421: 9410: 9396: 9385: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9353: 9343: 9334: 9325: 9315: 9302: 9292: 9282: 9273: 9263: 9254: 9244: 9234: 9225: 9216: 9207: 9197: 9188: 9179: 9161: 9152: 9143: 9133: 9124: 9115: 9106: 9096: 9086: 9076: 9066: 9057: 9047: 9037: 9028: 9019: 9010: 9000: 8990: 8980: 8971: 8961: 8952: 8943: 8933: 8923: 8914: 8904: 8894: 8872: 8863: 8842: 8833: 8824: 8815: 8799: 8779: 8759: 8743: 8723: 8691: 8671: 8651: 8631: 8611: 8591: 8572:Requeté Català 8563: 8543: 8515: 8495: 8488:DolcaCatalunya 8475: 8460: 8445: 8430: 8416: 8383: 8367: 8352: 8345:Blanco y Negro 8335: 8310: 8296: 8270: 8253: 8243: 8234: 8225: 8216: 8207: 8198: 8189: 8180: 8171: 8162: 8153: 8144: 8115: 8105: 8096: 8087: 8069: 8056: 8046: 8037: 8028: 8014: 8005: 7996: 7987: 7978: 7969: 7959: 7945: 7936: 7927: 7917: 7907: 7897: 7888: 7878: 7868: 7847: 7838: 7829: 7820: 7810: 7801: 7791: 7777: 7768: 7759: 7749: 7739: 7729: 7719: 7710: 7701: 7688:Miguel Ayuso, 7681: 7661: 7640: 7631: 7622: 7601: 7584: 7559: 7539: 7530: 7521: 7511: 7485: 7476: 7467: 7450: 7441: 7432: 7410: 7400: 7386: 7376: 7367: 7358: 7349: 7340: 7330: 7313: 7304: 7295: 7285: 7276: 7267: 7258: 7248: 7238: 7228: 7207: 7198: 7172: 7150: 7133: 7124: 7103: 7093: 7079: 7069: 7048: 7039: 7030: 7020: 7010: 6985: 6969: 6960: 6951: 6941: 6912: 6903: 6870: 6860: 6835: 6826: 6801: 6780: 6767: 6746: 6736: 6715: 6705: 6696: 6683: 6673: 6664: 6643: 6634: 6620: 6610: 6584: 6563: 6554: 6545: 6524: 6472: 6462: 6445: 6435: 6426: 6400: 6390: 6380: 6371: 6350: 6341: 6332: 6322: 6312: 6303: 6293: 6283: 6273: 6264: 6255: 6246: 6237: 6228: 6218: 6201: 6192: 6182: 6168: 6158: 6149: 6139: 6130: 6121: 6112: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6074: 6065: 6052: 6031: 6022: 6013: 6004: 5983: 5974: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5932: 5917: 5901: 5885: 5870: 5855: 5834: 5819: 5803: 5788: 5766: 5742: 5727: 5712: 5697: 5681: 5666: 5651: 5636: 5621: 5606: 5591: 5576: 5567: 5542: 5503: 5472: 5456: 5447: 5438: 5422: 5413: 5397: 5372: 5352: 5337: 5321: 5297: 5282: 5267: 5252: 5237: 5222: 5191: 5176: 5161: 5146: 5139:La Información 5131: 5116: 5101: 5086: 5053: 5030:El Restaurador 5022: 5007:El Restaurador 4999: 4984: 4971: 4954: 4938: 4929: 4914: 4899: 4884: 4869: 4860: 4845: 4828: 4807: 4798: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4749: 4733: 4724: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4674:Las Provincias 4666: 4645: 4638:Las Provincias 4621: 4612: 4597: 4582: 4567: 4544: 4528: 4505: 4490: 4475: 4460: 4445: 4430: 4415:Las Provincias 4407: 4392: 4377: 4361: 4346: 4339:El Restaurador 4331: 4316: 4293: 4278: 4255: 4232: 4216: 4201: 4186: 4171: 4156: 4141:El Restaurador 4125: 4118:El Restaurador 4110: 4095: 4080: 4065: 4058:El Restaurador 4050: 4027: 4012: 3997: 3982: 3966: 3951: 3936: 3921: 3906: 3891: 3876: 3853: 3838: 3815: 3800: 3785: 3770: 3755: 3740: 3725: 3710: 3703:Las Provincias 3695: 3680: 3673:El Restaurador 3664: 3649: 3634: 3619: 3604: 3589: 3566: 3551: 3536: 3519: 3504: 3489: 3466: 3459:El Restaurador 3451: 3436: 3421: 3406: 3391: 3376: 3361: 3354:El Restaurador 3346: 3331:Diario de Reus 3323: 3300: 3291: 3275: 3254: 3239: 3230: 3215: 3200: 3185: 3178:Las Provincias 3170: 3155: 3138: 3123: 3108: 3093: 3084: 3069: 3053: 3037: 3021: 3005: 2989: 2973: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2924: 2909: 2894: 2879: 2865: 2850: 2835: 2820: 2804: 2783: 2762: 2747: 2732: 2724:Las Provincias 2703: 2688: 2667: 2647: 2634: 2613: 2604: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2548: 2539: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2477:Peñas de Aholo 2466:Mano de Hierro 2454: 2450: 2449: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2312:Battle of Ebro 2309: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2160:, M.d.l.Nieves 2154: 2151: 2145: 2144:Central Aragon 2141: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2110:Approaches to 2107: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2045:Approaches to 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2007: 2004: 1936: 1933: 1863: 1860: 1786: 1783: 1772:bulletin, 1959 1744:Traditionalist 1729:generation gap 1713: 1710: 1635: 1632: 1616:Foreign Legion 1589: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1543:Traditionalist 1456: 1453: 1414:Enrique Varela 1386: 1383: 1322: 1319: 1256: 1255: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1155: 1152: 1100: 1097: 1039:holy communion 1013: 1010: 939: 938: 929: 928: 927: 926: 925: 923: 920: 843:Zumalacarregui 822: 819: 786:Traditionalism 730: 729: 720: 719: 718: 717: 716: 714: 711: 641: 640: 638: 637: 630: 623: 615: 612: 611: 610: 609: 602: 594: 593: 590: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 535:White movement 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 501: 499:Related topics 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 484: 479: 474: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332: 329: 328: 323: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 289: 282: 277: 272: 265: 260: 255: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 230: 225: 220: 212: 205: 200: 195: 190: 188:Traditionalism 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 168: 167: 161: 160: 148: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 51: 43: 42: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9737: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9650: 9649:9788416558407 9646: 9642: 9638: 9636: 9635:9788498837261 9632: 9628: 9624: 9621: 9620:9788494101700 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9602: 9598: 9596: 9595:9788416558711 9592: 9588: 9584: 9581: 9577: 9575: 9574:9788475600864 9571: 9567: 9563: 9561: 9560:9788497391115 9557: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9540: 9539:9780874173444 9536: 9533:, Reno 2000, 9532: 9528: 9526: 9525:9788499700465 9522: 9518: 9514: 9512:, Madrid 2015 9511: 9507: 9505: 9504:9788400077785 9501: 9497: 9493: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9480: 9479:9788420664552 9476: 9472: 9468: 9466:, Madrid 1970 9465: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9448: 9447:9788416373031 9444: 9440: 9436: 9434: 9433:9788431315641 9430: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9409: 9408:9780521207294 9405: 9402:, Cambridge, 9401: 9397: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9384: 9383:9788499709758 9380: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9357: 9347: 9338: 9329: 9319: 9312: 9306: 9296: 9286: 9277: 9267: 9258: 9248: 9238: 9229: 9220: 9211: 9201: 9192: 9183: 9175: 9171: 9165: 9156: 9147: 9137: 9128: 9119: 9110: 9100: 9090: 9080: 9070: 9061: 9051: 9041: 9032: 9023: 9014: 9004: 8994: 8984: 8975: 8965: 8956: 8947: 8937: 8927: 8918: 8908: 8902:2013, p. 293. 8898: 8891: 8890:9788499709970 8887: 8883: 8876: 8867: 8860: 8857:and presumed 8856: 8852: 8846: 8837: 8828: 8819: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8570:see profiles 8567: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8469: 8464: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8387: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8361: 8356: 8350: 8346: 8339: 8333:, pp. 177–185 8332: 8331:9781877802027 8328: 8325:, Reno 1989, 8324: 8320: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8274: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8247: 8238: 8229: 8220: 8211: 8202: 8193: 8184: 8175: 8166: 8157: 8148: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8109: 8100: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8066: 8060: 8050: 8041: 8032: 8024: 8018: 8009: 8000: 7991: 7982: 7973: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7940: 7931: 7921: 7911: 7901: 7892: 7882: 7872: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7842: 7833: 7824: 7814: 7805: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7772: 7763: 7753: 7743: 7733: 7723: 7714: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7635: 7626: 7619: 7618:9788416558407 7615: 7611: 7605: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7534: 7525: 7515: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7495:Todocolección 7489: 7480: 7471: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7445: 7436: 7429: 7428:9788431315641 7425: 7421: 7414: 7404: 7396: 7390: 7380: 7371: 7362: 7353: 7344: 7334: 7327: 7323: 7317: 7308: 7299: 7289: 7280: 7271: 7262: 7252: 7242: 7232: 7225: 7224:9788423533657 7221: 7217: 7211: 7202: 7195: 7194:9788423531653 7191: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7169: 7168:9788477682653 7165: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7128: 7121: 7120:9788498837261 7117: 7113: 7107: 7097: 7089: 7083: 7073: 7066: 7065:9788416558711 7062: 7058: 7052: 7043: 7034: 7024: 7014: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6982: 6979: 6973: 6964: 6955: 6945: 6938: 6937:9788070417881 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6907: 6900: 6899:9780717804689 6896: 6892: 6891:Autobiography 6888: 6887:9781317487319 6884: 6880: 6874: 6864: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6805: 6798: 6797:9788496467347 6794: 6790: 6784: 6777: 6771: 6764: 6763:9788498837261 6760: 6756: 6750: 6740: 6733: 6732:9780299165642 6729: 6725: 6719: 6709: 6700: 6693: 6687: 6677: 6668: 6661: 6660:9780299110741 6657: 6653: 6647: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6614: 6607: 6603: 6602:9788499671710 6599: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6558: 6549: 6542: 6541:9788420695327 6538: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6521:9788470305313 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6501:9788476819166 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6466: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6439: 6430: 6424:, pp. 143–169 6423: 6422:9788461705504 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6394: 6384: 6375: 6368: 6367:9788499207469 6364: 6360: 6354: 6345: 6336: 6326: 6316: 6307: 6297: 6287: 6277: 6268: 6259: 6250: 6241: 6232: 6222: 6215: 6211: 6210:Lorenzo Alier 6205: 6196: 6186: 6178: 6172: 6162: 6153: 6143: 6134: 6125: 6116: 6106: 6097: 6088: 6078: 6069: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6048:9780874173444 6045: 6042:, Reno 2000, 6041: 6035: 6026: 6017: 6008: 6001: 6000:9788420664552 5997: 5993: 5987: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5851:9788478260805 5848: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5785: 5784:9788478260805 5781: 5777: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5690:El Cantábrico 5685: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5571: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5451: 5442: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5385:El Cantábrico 5382: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5215:El Salmantino 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4728: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4662:9788400077785 4659: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4248:El Cantábrico 4245: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3657:El Salmantino 3653: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2966:El Salmantino 2962: 2953: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2779:9788496467347 2776: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2684:9788499709758 2681: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2664:9788439308706 2661: 2657: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2631: 2630:9780521207294 2627: 2624:, Cambridge, 2623: 2617: 2608: 2601: 2600:9788427710641 2597: 2593: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481:Merida Pocket 2478: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2374: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2034:Total Losses 2014: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1955:uniforms and 1954: 1946: 1941: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1913:(later photo) 1912: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1706:carloctavista 1702: 1697: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1604:working-class 1600: 1591: 1583: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:military coup 1477: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1439:requeté, 1934 1438: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1422:Fascist Italy 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1396:requeté, 1933 1395: 1391: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1327: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1236: 1234: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1160: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1116:heterogeneous 1109: 1105: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1089:Guardia Civil 1081: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1018: 1009: 1006: 1002: 998: 990: 985: 981: 978: 973: 971: 966: 962: 958: 949: 945: 941: 933: 919: 917: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 871: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 840: 831: 827: 818: 816: 811: 803: 798: 794: 792: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 737: 732: 724: 710: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 648: 636: 631: 629: 624: 622: 617: 616: 614: 613: 607: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 595: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 567: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 496: 495: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 469: 463: 462: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 335: 334: 327: 324: 322: 321: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 294: 290: 288: 287: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 270: 269:Carloctavismo 266: 264: 261: 259: 258:Carlist Party 256: 254: 253: 249: 248: 242: 241: 234: 233:Accidentalism 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 218: 213: 211: 210: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 179: 178: 174: 170: 169: 166: 163: 162: 158: 154: 153: 149:Military unit 143: 140: 136: 133: 130: 126: 123: 112: 108: 104: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 49: 44: 39: 34: 30: 19: 9672:(in Spanish) 9658: 9654: 9640: 9626: 9611: 9607: 9600: 9586: 9579: 9565: 9551: 9544: 9530: 9516: 9509: 9495: 9488: 9484: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9452: 9438: 9427:, Pamplona, 9424: 9417: 9413: 9399: 9392: 9388: 9374: 9356: 9346: 9337: 9328: 9318: 9310: 9305: 9295: 9285: 9276: 9266: 9257: 9247: 9237: 9228: 9219: 9210: 9200: 9191: 9182: 9164: 9155: 9146: 9136: 9127: 9118: 9109: 9099: 9089: 9079: 9069: 9060: 9050: 9045:to own lines 9040: 9031: 9022: 9013: 9003: 8993: 8983: 8974: 8964: 8955: 8946: 8936: 8926: 8917: 8907: 8897: 8881: 8875: 8866: 8845: 8836: 8827: 8818: 8807: 8802: 8791: 8787: 8782: 8771: 8767: 8762: 8751: 8746: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8715: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8683: 8679: 8674: 8663: 8659: 8654: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8623: 8619: 8614: 8603: 8599: 8594: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8566: 8555: 8551: 8546: 8531: 8530:hashtags in 8527: 8523: 8518: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8487: 8483: 8478: 8467: 8463: 8452: 8448: 8437: 8433: 8425: 8419: 8409:NuevaTribuna 8408: 8404: 8397:NuevaTribuna 8396: 8392: 8386: 8375: 8370: 8359: 8355: 8344: 8338: 8322: 8318: 8313: 8305: 8299: 8287: 8279: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8246: 8237: 8228: 8219: 8210: 8201: 8192: 8183: 8174: 8165: 8156: 8147: 8139: 8127: 8123: 8118: 8108: 8099: 8090: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8059: 8049: 8040: 8031: 8022: 8017: 8008: 7999: 7990: 7981: 7972: 7962: 7954: 7948: 7939: 7930: 7920: 7910: 7900: 7891: 7886:organisation 7881: 7871: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7841: 7832: 7823: 7813: 7804: 7794: 7780: 7771: 7762: 7752: 7742: 7732: 7722: 7713: 7704: 7693: 7689: 7684: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7652: 7648: 7643: 7634: 7625: 7609: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7562: 7551: 7547: 7542: 7533: 7524: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7494: 7488: 7479: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7444: 7435: 7419: 7413: 7403: 7389: 7379: 7370: 7361: 7352: 7343: 7333: 7321: 7316: 7307: 7298: 7288: 7279: 7270: 7261: 7256:264–265, 298 7251: 7241: 7231: 7215: 7210: 7201: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7159: 7153: 7141: 7136: 7127: 7111: 7106: 7096: 7082: 7072: 7056: 7051: 7042: 7033: 7023: 7013: 7006:Amadeo Marco 6997: 6993: 6988: 6980: 6977: 6972: 6963: 6954: 6944: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6906: 6890: 6878: 6873: 6863: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6788: 6783: 6775: 6770: 6754: 6749: 6739: 6723: 6718: 6708: 6699: 6691: 6686: 6676: 6667: 6651: 6646: 6637: 6629: 6623: 6613: 6605: 6593: 6587: 6572:Luis Redondo 6566: 6557: 6548: 6532: 6527: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6475: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6438: 6429: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6393: 6383: 6374: 6358: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6325: 6315: 6306: 6296: 6286: 6276: 6267: 6258: 6249: 6240: 6231: 6221: 6214:Josep Cunill 6204: 6195: 6185: 6176: 6171: 6161: 6152: 6142: 6133: 6124: 6115: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6077: 6068: 6055: 6039: 6034: 6025: 6016: 6007: 5991: 5986: 5977: 5966: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5935: 5924: 5920: 5909: 5904: 5893: 5888: 5878: 5873: 5862: 5858: 5842: 5837: 5826: 5822: 5810: 5806: 5795: 5791: 5775: 5769: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5734: 5730: 5719: 5715: 5704: 5700: 5689: 5684: 5673: 5669: 5658: 5654: 5643: 5639: 5628: 5624: 5613: 5609: 5598: 5594: 5583: 5579: 5570: 5565:, pp. 85–101 5554: 5550: 5545: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5495: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5464: 5459: 5450: 5441: 5430: 5425: 5416: 5405: 5400: 5384: 5375: 5364: 5355: 5344: 5340: 5329: 5324: 5313: 5305: 5300: 5289: 5285: 5274: 5270: 5259: 5255: 5244: 5240: 5229: 5225: 5214: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5183: 5179: 5168: 5164: 5153: 5149: 5138: 5134: 5123: 5119: 5108: 5104: 5093: 5089: 5078: 5070: 5062: 5056: 5046:La Tradición 5045: 5038:La Tradición 5037: 5029: 5025: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4992:La Tradición 4991: 4987: 4979: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4946: 4941: 4932: 4921: 4917: 4906: 4902: 4891: 4887: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4852: 4848: 4837: 4831: 4820: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4757: 4752: 4741: 4736: 4727: 4716: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4673: 4669: 4653: 4648: 4637: 4629: 4624: 4615: 4604: 4600: 4589: 4585: 4574: 4570: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4536: 4531: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4497: 4493: 4482: 4478: 4467: 4463: 4452: 4448: 4437: 4433: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4399: 4395: 4384: 4380: 4369: 4364: 4353: 4349: 4338: 4334: 4323: 4319: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4285: 4281: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4224: 4219: 4208: 4204: 4193: 4189: 4178: 4174: 4163: 4159: 4149:La Tradición 4148: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4117: 4113: 4102: 4098: 4087: 4083: 4072: 4068: 4057: 4053: 4043:La Tradición 4042: 4034: 4030: 4019: 4015: 4004: 4000: 3989: 3985: 3974: 3969: 3958: 3954: 3943: 3939: 3928: 3924: 3914:La Tradición 3913: 3909: 3898: 3894: 3883: 3879: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3845: 3841: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3807: 3803: 3792: 3788: 3777: 3773: 3763:La Tradición 3762: 3758: 3747: 3743: 3732: 3728: 3717: 3713: 3702: 3698: 3687: 3683: 3672: 3667: 3656: 3652: 3641: 3637: 3626: 3622: 3611: 3607: 3596: 3592: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3558: 3554: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3511: 3507: 3496: 3492: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3458: 3454: 3443: 3439: 3428: 3424: 3413: 3409: 3399:La Tradición 3398: 3394: 3383: 3379: 3368: 3364: 3353: 3349: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3283: 3278: 3270: 3269:, 15.06.12, 3266: 3265:, 06.07.12, 3262: 3257: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3222: 3218: 3207: 3203: 3192: 3188: 3177: 3173: 3162: 3158: 3147: 3141: 3130: 3126: 3115: 3111: 3100: 3096: 3087: 3076: 3072: 3061: 3056: 3045: 3040: 3029: 3024: 3013: 3008: 2997: 2992: 2981: 2976: 2965: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2932: 2927: 2916: 2912: 2901: 2897: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2868: 2857: 2853: 2842: 2838: 2827: 2823: 2812: 2807: 2791: 2786: 2770: 2765: 2754: 2750: 2739: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2706: 2695: 2691: 2675: 2670: 2655: 2650: 2642: 2637: 2621: 2616: 2607: 2591: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2542: 2534: 2529: 2470: 2464: 2372: 2244: 2028:Assignement 2009: 1995:re-enactment 1976: 1961: 1949: 1916: 1893: 1873: 1841: 1816: 1796: 1775: 1769: 1737: 1726: 1693: 1652: 1645: 1620:shock troops 1597: 1563:Teruel front 1524: 1469: 1445:Ricardo Rada 1442: 1411: 1402: 1399: 1370: 1340: 1332: 1306: 1296:background. 1280: 1267: 1229: 1193: 1189:ballot boxes 1165: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1134:Abanderada, 1113: 1085: 1047: 1035: 1023: 993: 974: 953: 912: 876: 851: 835: 806: 771: 742: 700: 688:paramilitary 684: 680:paramilitary 646: 644: 600:Spain portal 564: 466:Carlist Wars 318: 313: 292: 286:Detente bala 284: 275:Chapelgorris 267: 250: 216: 208: 70:Pérez Nájera 9174:Mosqueruela 8308:, s.l. 2017 7620:, pp. 72–74 6180:regulations 5720:El Luchador 5659:El Adelanto 5480:El Progreso 5306:El Luchador 5290:El Noroeste 5079:El Luchador 5063:El Adelanto 4907:El Porvenir 4164:Los Debates 4088:El Porvenir 3899:El Porvenir 3823:El Porvenir 3512:Los Debates 3062:El Progreso 2998:El Noroeste 2792:El carlismo 2722:, see e.g. 2696:La Libertad 2496:Valsequillo 2391:Cuelgamuros 1811:Ramón Massó 1648:state party 1516:Nationalist 1500:Old Castile 1463:on parade, 1184:automobiles 944:Abanderadas 900:Vascongadas 896:Old Castile 802:Barceloneta 780:(1902) and 707:Nationalist 696:shock units 515:Integralism 374:Charles VII 138:Engagements 105:1900s-1970s 58:Restoration 9684:Categories 9441:, Cuenca, 9377:, Madrid, 9361:comparable 9351:comparable 9205:casualties 8682:profile, 8662:profile, 8642:hashtag, 8622:profile, 8602:profile, 8554:profile, 8136:8425307597 8023:Montejurra 7955:Montejurra 7395:Montejurra 7146:censorship 6856:8487863469 6489:8493508187 5563:8487863469 5207:La Atalaya 5199:La Atalaya 5071:La Atalaya 4742:La Opinión 4370:La Atalaya 3831:La Defensa 3339:La Defensa 3273:, 21.09.12 2800:8420639478 2794:, Madrid, 2678:, Madrid, 2158:Montserrat 2147:Battle of 1957:red berets 1836:Montejurra 1721:Montejurra 1628:casualties 1602:mostly of 1567:Maestrazgo 1531:battalions 1437:Andalusian 1407:Sanjurjada 1356:Alfonsists 1224:Sant Feliu 1172:Catalanist 1119:claimant, 1054:Montserrat 1026:propaganda 815:Anarchists 772:The first 766:Boy Scouts 713:Background 566:Viva Maria 555:Sanfedismo 540:Jacobitism 505:Legitimism 409:Larramendi 369:Charles VI 354:Bordaberry 309:Montejurra 299:Literature 293:Integrismo 228:Legitimism 209:Hispanismo 203:Monarchism 198:Patriotism 78:Montserrat 8730:see e.g. 8698:see e.g. 8644:Instagram 8532:Instagram 8528:#requetes 8524:#requetés 8508:El Debate 5705:La Tierra 5614:El Pueblo 5431:El Debate 5345:El Pueblo 5314:El Debate 5260:La Prensa 5245:El Pueblo 5184:El Pueblo 4630:El Pueblo 4575:El Pueblo 4537:El Pueblo 4521:El Pueblo 4513:El Pueblo 4483:El Pueblo 4468:El Pueblo 4453:El Pueblo 4423:El Pueblo 4400:El Pueblo 4354:El Pueblo 4301:El Clamor 4286:El Tiempo 3474:La Aurora 3247:El Clamor 2522:Footnotes 2399:Isusquiza 2355:Offensive 2340:Catalonia 2322:Offensive 2316:1938/9-11 2289:Offensive 2258:Offensive 2227:Defensive 2196:Offensive 2190:1937/9-10 2163:Defensive 2127:Offensive 2093:Offensive 2080:Deva Line 2062:Offensive 2031:Strength 2016:Location 1979:Instagram 1945:Catalonia 1920:Don Sixto 1911:Don Sixto 1885:Francoist 1877:hermandad 1778:Huguistas 1760:Juanistas 1612:Regulares 1571:Catalonia 1555:Cantabria 1496:Andalusia 1472:Civil War 1465:Civil War 1435:Drill of 1366:Don Jaime 1196:Great War 1121:Don Jaime 1080:Tarragona 989:Barcelona 948:Barcelona 884:Andalusia 782:Barcelona 746:socialist 703:Civil War 572:Cristeros 545:Cavaliers 520:Miguelism 379:Enrique V 364:Charles V 252:Aduaneros 74:Zamanillo 62:Andalusia 9675:Requetés 9457:Historia 9311:cota 361 8808:Facebook 8792:Facebook 8772:Facebook 8752:Facebook 8736:Facebook 8716:Facebook 8704:Facebook 8664:Facebook 8640:#requeté 8624:Facebook 8580:Facebook 7463:Hispania 7398:Carlists 7196:, p. 305 7067:, p. 298 6901:, p. 181 6858:, p. 148 6799:, p. 329 6734:, p. 269 6662:, p. 244 6369:, p. 194 5735:El Orzán 5465:El Norte 5230:El Norte 4922:El Norte 4892:El Norte 4853:El Norte 4838:El Norte 4664:, p. 479 4240:La Rioja 4103:El Norte 4073:El Norte 4035:El Norte 4020:Libertad 3990:El Norte 3944:El Norte 3808:El Norte 3627:El Norte 3597:El Norte 3429:El Norte 3414:El Norte 3384:El Norte 3369:El Norte 3046:El Norte 2802:, p. 265 2781:, p. 38. 2686:, p. 53. 2632:, p. 39. 2602:, p. 98. 2505:See also 2461:Esquedas 2426:Marquína 2418:Matillas 2367:Success 2349:1939/1-3 2334:Success 2301:Failure 2283:1938/7-8 2270:Success 2239:Success 2221:1938/1-2 2208:Success 2175:Failure 2139:Success 2121:1937/4-6 2105:Failure 2074:Success 2056:1936/8-9 2019:Part of 1987:Facebook 1830:Requeté 1688:Donostia 1677:Pamplona 1664:graffiti 1614:and the 1609:Moroccan 1559:Asturias 1528:infantry 1492:Gipuzkoa 1403:decurias 1352:Republic 1263:requeté 1209:Austrian 1207:and pro- 1180:firearms 1136:Pamplona 1070:climbing 1066:football 977:Valencia 908:Canarias 860:Sabadell 762:Maurista 738:, Spain 736:scouting 674:) was a 672:Errekete 651:Spanish: 587:Loyalism 582:Royalism 525:Vendéens 449:Valiente 444:Tristany 414:de Mella 404:Javier I 182:Ideology 157:a series 155:Part of 82:Donostia 41:Requetés 18:Requetés 9690:Carlism 9393:Aportes 9252:unknown 8969:unknown 8912:unknown 8702:post, 8684:Twitter 8660:Requeté 8604:YouTube 8556:Twitter 8288:Twitter 8280:YouTube 7573:Aportes 7430:, p. 30 7236:100–103 7018:102-103 6939:, p. 12 6765:, p. 33 6681:Ituarte 6618:Navarre 6543:, p. 59 6470:Levante 6398:284–285 6050:, p. 27 5853:, p. 19 5786:, p. 16 5486:, also 5312:, also 5213:, also 5205:, also 5077:, also 5069:, also 5044:, also 5036:, also 5013:, also 4558:, also 4307:, also 4269:, also 4179:El País 4147:, also 4139:, also 4005:La Cruz 3867:, also 3829:, also 3793:El País 3208:La Cruz 3193:La Cruz 2511:Carlism 2442:Andújar 2434:Brunete 2395:Braojos 2087:1936/10 2040:Result 2037:Killed 1991:YouTube 1983:Twitter 1972:Navarre 1897:Arbonné 1838:, 1960s 1807:Algeria 1801:and to 1770:Requeté 1701:Seville 1696:ID card 1660:British 1508:Galicia 1484:Navarre 1378:militia 1315:Somatén 1310:Somatén 1294:Fascist 1226:requeté 1110:requeté 1082:requeté 1062:cycling 1050:tourism 1043:charity 961:Terrasa 904:Navarre 892:Galicia 880:Levante 848:Manresa 832:requeté 830:Manresa 810:Catalan 774:Carlist 692:militia 676:Carlist 664:Requetè 660:Catalan 647:Requeté 550:Toryism 530:Chouans 434:Savalls 429:Rodezno 424:Navarro 419:Mendiri 399:Jaime I 359:Cabrera 314:Requeté 245:General 165:Carlism 132:Militia 110:Country 90:Llorens 56:, late 9647: 9633: 9618: 9593: 9572: 9558: 9537: 9523: 9502: 9477: 9445: 9431: 9406: 9381: 9271:Lácar) 8888: 8329: 8134: 7616: 7426: 7384:p. 135 7222: 7192: 7166: 7118: 7063: 6935: 6897: 6885: 6854: 6795: 6761: 6730: 6658: 6600: 6539: 6519: 6499: 6487: 6420: 6365: 6046: 5998: 5849: 5782: 5561: 4660: 2798: 2777: 2682: 2662: 2628: 2598: 2446:Arjona 2422:Jarama 2414:Lopera 2252:1938/5 2245:Milano 2153:1937/8 2149:Aragon 2112:Bilbao 1820:budget 1723:, 1954 1561:, the 1537:tercio 1533:named 1488:Aragón 1401:named 1394:Madrid 1213:Kaiser 1205:German 1058:Poblet 1030:Cortes 957:Lleida 888:Aragón 864:Girona 778:Madrid 750:Bilbao 734:Early 690:party 668:Basque 477:Second 394:Gambra 349:Barrio 338:People 217:Fueros 215:Local 119: 102:Active 9084:Gijón 4092:hhere 2457:Caspe 2379:Year 2358:5,500 2328:1,300 2325:4,000 2292:4,000 2261:2,000 2233:1,000 2230:4,500 2199:2,500 2166:1,200 2133:1,200 2130:4,000 2096:2,000 2065:2,500 2022:Date 1953:khaki 1656:Nazis 1343:Paris 1261:Valls 965:Valls 482:Third 472:First 439:Selva 389:Feliú 122:Spain 9645:ISBN 9631:ISBN 9616:ISBN 9591:ISBN 9570:ISBN 9556:ISBN 9535:ISBN 9521:ISBN 9500:ISBN 9475:ISBN 9443:ISBN 9429:ISBN 9404:ISBN 9379:ISBN 9323:Olot 9172:and 9141:500. 9094:489. 8886:ISBN 8859:POWs 8812:here 8796:here 8776:here 8756:here 8740:here 8720:here 8708:here 8688:here 8678:see 8668:here 8658:see 8648:here 8638:see 8628:here 8618:see 8608:here 8598:see 8588:here 8586:and 8584:here 8560:here 8550:see 8540:here 8538:and 8536:here 8526:and 8522:see 8512:here 8492:here 8472:here 8457:here 8442:here 8413:here 8401:here 8380:here 8364:here 8349:here 8327:ISBN 8292:here 8284:here 8132:ISBN 7864:here 7698:here 7678:here 7657:here 7614:ISBN 7581:here 7556:here 7499:here 7424:ISBN 7393:the 7338:320. 7326:here 7220:ISBN 7190:ISBN 7164:ISBN 7116:ISBN 7061:ISBN 6933:ISBN 6895:ISBN 6883:ISBN 6852:ISBN 6793:ISBN 6759:ISBN 6728:ISBN 6656:ISBN 6598:ISBN 6578:and 6537:ISBN 6517:ISBN 6497:ISBN 6485:ISBN 6418:ISBN 6363:ISBN 6044:ISBN 5996:ISBN 5971:here 5929:here 5914:here 5898:here 5867:here 5847:ISBN 5831:here 5815:here 5800:here 5780:ISBN 5763:here 5739:here 5724:here 5709:here 5694:here 5678:here 5663:here 5648:here 5633:here 5618:here 5603:here 5588:here 5559:ISBN 5539:here 5531:here 5523:here 5515:here 5500:here 5492:here 5484:here 5469:here 5435:here 5410:here 5389:here 5369:here 5349:here 5334:here 5318:here 5310:here 5294:here 5279:here 5264:here 5249:here 5234:here 5219:here 5211:here 5203:here 5188:here 5173:here 5158:here 5143:here 5128:here 5113:here 5098:here 5083:here 5075:here 5067:here 5050:here 5042:here 5034:here 5019:here 5011:here 4996:here 4951:here 4926:here 4911:here 4896:here 4881:here 4857:here 4842:here 4825:here 4746:here 4721:here 4678:here 4658:ISBN 4642:here 4634:here 4609:here 4594:here 4579:here 4564:here 4556:here 4541:here 4525:here 4517:here 4502:here 4487:here 4472:here 4457:here 4442:here 4427:here 4419:here 4404:here 4389:here 4374:here 4358:here 4343:here 4328:here 4313:here 4305:here 4290:here 4275:here 4267:here 4252:here 4244:here 4229:here 4213:here 4198:here 4183:here 4168:here 4153:here 4145:here 4137:here 4122:here 4107:here 4077:here 4062:here 4047:here 4039:here 4024:here 4009:here 3994:here 3979:here 3963:here 3948:here 3933:here 3918:here 3903:here 3888:here 3873:here 3865:here 3850:here 3835:here 3827:here 3812:here 3797:here 3782:here 3767:here 3752:here 3737:here 3722:here 3707:here 3692:here 3677:here 3661:here 3646:here 3631:here 3616:here 3601:here 3586:here 3578:here 3563:here 3548:here 3516:here 3501:here 3486:here 3478:here 3463:here 3448:here 3433:here 3418:here 3403:here 3388:here 3373:here 3358:here 3343:here 3335:here 3320:here 3312:here 3288:here 3251:here 3227:here 3212:here 3197:here 3182:here 3167:here 3152:here 3135:here 3120:here 3105:here 3081:here 3066:here 3050:here 3034:here 3018:here 3002:here 2986:here 2970:here 2937:here 2921:here 2906:here 2891:here 2862:here 2847:here 2832:here 2817:here 2796:ISBN 2775:ISBN 2759:here 2744:here 2728:here 2716:here 2700:here 2680:ISBN 2660:ISBN 2626:ISBN 2596:ISBN 2561:Ayer 2492:1939 2453:1938 2410:1937 2387:1936 2047:Irún 1846:and 1690:1942 1624:KIAs 1506:and 1504:Leon 1174:and 1108:Olot 906:and 898:and 645:The 128:Type 94:Roma 54:Olot 9657:, 9487:, 9455:, 9416:, 9391:, 9104:243 9074:out 8855:MIA 8851:KIA 8790:, 8770:, 8734:, 8714:, 8578:, 8574:or 8506:, 8486:, 8468:ABC 8453:ABC 8438:ABC 8407:, 8395:, 8376:ABC 8360:ABC 8321:, 8264:, 8085:239 8080:, 8054:357 7860:ABC 7858:, 7694:ABC 7692:, 7672:, 7651:, 7595:, 7577:ABC 7571:, 7550:, 7505:, 7461:, 7408:411 7293:131 7246:234 7184:, 7101:268 7077:105 6996:, 6868:259 6820:, 6507:, 6301:181 6190:189 5753:, 4965:, 3530:, 2559:, 2364:100 2361:400 2331:200 2298:100 2295:500 2264:200 2236:200 2205:150 2202:500 2172:550 2169:800 2136:300 2099:300 2071:100 2068:500 1989:or 1929:ETA 1856:GAC 1834:at 1805:in 1803:OAS 1733:AET 1669:FET 1056:or 862:or 384:Fal 9686:: 7519:87 5383:, 4519:, 4246:, 3580:, 3480:, 3337:, 3314:, 2267:50 2102:50 1985:, 1981:, 1573:. 1565:, 1557:, 1502:, 1191:. 1064:; 972:. 946:, 894:, 890:, 886:, 817:. 670:: 666:, 662:: 658:; 159:on 92:; 88:; 84:, 80:; 72:; 68:; 64:, 60:; 2730:. 2444:- 649:( 634:e 627:t 620:v 35:. 20:)

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Index