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tradition. In 1968, in response to Paul VI's
Populorum Progessio, the Latin American bishops met in MedellĂn, Colombia, and issued a series of documents condemning "structural injustice" (e.g. 1:2, 2:16, 10:2, and 15:1), calling for a "struggle for liberation," and insisting that "in many instances Latin America finds itself faced with a situation of injustice that can be called institutional violence" (2:16). The bishops in MedellĂn then insist on giving "effective preference to the poorest and most needy sectors of society," thus giving the first voice to what is now concretized as "the preferential option for the poor." Here, "at MedellĂn in 1968 the Latin American bishops took the single most decisive step toward an 'option for the poor."
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transferring property from private individuals to the community, the present mischievous state of things will be set to rights, inasmuch as each citizen will then get his fair share of whatever there is to enjoy. But their contentions are so clearly powerless to end the controversy that were they carried into effect the working man himself would be among the first to suffer. They are, moreover, emphatically unjust, for they would rob the lawful possessor, distort the functions of the State, and create utter confusion in the community
372:
157:
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exceeding distress due to illness, injury, or natural disaster, this extreme necessity should be met with public aid, since each family is a part of the commonwealth. By the same token, if there occur a grave disturbance of mutual rights within a household, public authority should intervene to give each party its proper due. Authorities should only intervene when a family or community is unable or unwilling to fulfill its mutual rights and duties.
234:
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1283:
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27:
994:. However, the pope also recommended that civil authorities act to protect workers' rights and to keep the peace. The law should intervene no further than necessary to stop abuses. In many cases, governments had acted solely to support the interests of businesses, while suppressing workers unions attempting to bargain for better working conditions.
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Now, there is a good deal of evidence in favor of the opinion that many of these societies are in the hands of secret leaders, and are managed on principles ill-according with
Christianity and the public well-being; and that they do their utmost to get within their grasp the whole field of labor, and
1010:
Leo states that "...according to natural reason and
Christian philosophy, working for gain is creditable, not shameful, to a man, since it enables him to earn an honorable livelihood." He asserts that God has given human dignity to each person, creating them in God's image and endowing them with free
1270:
Portuguese intellectuals, workers organizations and trade unions and other study groups were everywhere present after 1890 in many
Portuguese Republican circles, as well as the conservative circles that produced Salazar. Wiarda concludes that the Catholic social movement was not only powerful in its
896:
Let the working man and the employer make free agreements, and in particular let them agree freely as to the wages; nevertheless, there underlies a dictate of natural justice more imperious and ancient than any bargain between man and man, namely, that wages ought not to be insufficient to support a
1159:
Private societies, then, although they exist within the body politic, and are severally part of the commonwealth, cannot nevertheless be absolutely, and as such, prohibited by public authority. For, to enter into a "society" of this kind is the natural right of man; and the State has for its office
1093:
Whoever has received from the divine bounty a large share of temporal blessings, whether they be external and material, or gifts of the mind, has received them for the purpose of using them for the perfecting of his own nature, and, at the same time, that he may employ them, as the steward of God's
1087:
Private ownership, as we have seen, is the natural right of man, and to exercise that right, especially as members of society, is not only lawful, but absolutely necessary. "It is lawful," says St. Thomas
Aquinas, "for a man to hold private property; and it is also necessary for the carrying on of
1165:
The State should watch over these societies of citizens banded together in accordance with their rights, but it should not thrust itself into their peculiar concerns and their organization, for things move and live by the spirit inspiring them, and may be killed by the rough grasp of a hand from
1122:
The richer class have many ways of shielding themselves, and stand less in need of help from the State; whereas the mass of the poor have no resources of their own to fall back upon, and must chiefly depend upon the assistance of the State. And it is for this reason that wage-earners, since they
1151:
are one type of private society, and a special focus of the encyclical: "The most important of all are workingmen's unions, for these virtually include all the rest.... t were greatly to be desired that they should become more numerous and more efficient." Other private societies are families,
1077:
Pope Leo strongly criticizes socialism for seeking to replace the rights and duties of parents, families and communities with the central supervision of the state. The civil government should not intrude into the family, the basic building block of society. However, if a family finds itself in
955:
4. To remedy these wrongs the socialists, working on the poor man's envy of the rich, are striving to do away with private property, and contend that individual possessions should become the common property of all, to be administered by the State or by municipal bodies. They hold that by thus
1134:
This phrase, "option for the poor," is not without its controversy within contemporary CST. Although regularly used today, the phrase came into common use only in the 1970s, largely among Latin
American Liberation Theologians, and has accrued little papal rearticulation within the encyclical
947:
Pope Leo XIII saw socialism as fundamentally flawed, seeking to replace rights and
Catholic moral teaching with the ideology of state power. He believed that this would lead to the destruction of the family unit, where moral, productive individuals were taught and raised most successfully.
274:
It discusses the relationships and mutual duties between labor and capital, as well as government and its citizens. Of primary concern is the need for some amelioration of "the misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class". It supports the
1116:
God
Himself seems to incline rather to those who suffer misfortune; for Jesus Christ calls the poor "blessed"; (Matt.5:3) He lovingly invites those in labor and grief to come to Him for solace; (Matt. 11:28) and He displays the tenderest charity toward the lowly and the
924:
regarding its proper use: "He that hath a talent, let him see that he hide it not; he that hath abundance, let him quicken himself to mercy and generosity; he that hath art and skill, let him do his best to share the use and the utility hereof with his neighbor."
892:. He restated the church's long-standing teaching regarding the crucial importance of private property rights, but recognized, in one of the best-known passages of the encyclical, that the free operation of market forces must be tempered by moral considerations:
915:
Although the encyclical follows traditional teaching concerning the rights and duties of property and the relations of employer and employee, it applies the old doctrines specifically to modern conditions (hence the title). Leo first quotes
1147:(the commonwealth, public society), and smaller, private societies within it. Civil society exists to protect the common good and preserve the rights of all equally. Private societies serve various special purposes within civil society.
1049:
as at least a living wage, but Leo recommends paying enough to support the worker, his wife and family, with a little savings left over for the worker to improve his condition over time. He also prefers that women work at home.
1062:. All people have equal dignity regardless of social class, and a good government protects the rights and cares for the needs of all its members, rich and poor. Everyone can contribute to the common good in some important way.
897:
frugal and well-behaved wage-earner. If through necessity or fear of a worse evil the workman accept harder conditions because an employer or contractor will afford him no better, he is made the victim of force and injustice.
1271:
own right but it also resonated with an older
Portuguese political culture which emphasized a natural law tradition, patrimonialism, centralized direction and control, and the 'natural' orders and hierarchies of society.
887:
The pope declared that the role of the state is to promote justice through the protection of rights, while the church must speak out on social issues to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony, calming
828:(rector after 1873), a member of seven Roman congregations including the Congregation for Studies, and co-founder of the Academia Romano di San Tommaso in 1870. Zigliara's fame as a scholar at the forefront of the
1227:(1911), states that the document "has inspired a vast Catholic social literature, while many non-Catholics have acclaimed it as one of the most definite and reasonable productions ever written on the subject."
1111:
As for those who possess not the gifts of fortune, they are taught by the Church that in God's sight poverty is no disgrace, and that there is nothing to be ashamed of in earning their bread by labor.
1069:
lists three principal aspects of the common good: 1) respect for the human person and his rights; 2) social well-being and development; and 3) peace, "the stability and security of a just order."
904:
is remarkable for its vivid depiction of the plight of the nineteenth-century urban poor and for its condemnation of unrestricted capitalism. Among the remedies it prescribes are the formation of
935:
also recognizes the special status of the poor in relation to social issues, expressing God's compassion and favor for them: this is elaborated in the modern
Catholic principle of the "
1058:
Without recommending one form of government over another, Pope Leo puts forth principles for the appropriate role of the state. The primary purpose of a state is to provide for the
3176:
1065:
Leo asserts no one should be forced to share his goods; however, when one is blessed with material wealth, one has a duty to use this to benefit as many others as possible. The
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1240:
was "uncomfortably" situated between laborers and industrialists, and that "it both opened up space for anticapitalist critique and severely restricted its horizons..."
734:
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1702:
1340:
The opening words in Latin are "Rerum novarum semel excitata cupidine", which in the official English translation is rendered "the spirit of revolutionary change".
2162:
1556:
4251:
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1364:
argues that the word "revolution" is misleading in the context, and that a more appropriate rendering of the Latin would be "the burning desire for change".
1790:
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To build social harmony, the Pope proposes a framework of reciprocal rights and duties between workers and employers. Some of the duties of workers are:
2716:
2196:
807:
48:
41:
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3166:
2121:
1377:
201:
1422:
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825:
196:
1731:
4241:
2155:
222:
2749:
2242:
4216:
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1131:, however, does not appear in Rerum Novarum and was developed more fully, in radically different ways, by later theologians and popes.
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214:
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1980:
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is subtitled "On the Conditions of Labor". In this document, Pope Leo XIII articulates the Catholic Church's response to the
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91:
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1038:, and outdoor work in certain seasons, as dangerous to health and requiring additional protections. He condemns the use of
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1598:
4236:
4101:
3430:
2420:
2088:
2075:
793:
509:
355:
110:
70:
1901:
See Donal Dorr, Option for the Poor: A Hundred Years of Vatican Social Teaching (Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1992), 226.
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398:
77:
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2799:
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1967:, Central Issues in Contemporary Economic Theory and Policy, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 19â31,
1266:, its basic policies were deeply rooted in European Catholic social thought, especially those deriving from
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2779:
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59:
4410:
4176:
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4018:
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1002:
The encyclical mentions several fundamental principles to guide relationships between capital and labor.
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3234:
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1703:""Rerum Novarum" and Seven Principles of Catholic Social Doctrine | Barbara Lanari | Ignatius Insight"
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mostly belong in the mass of the needy, should be specially cared for and protected by the government.
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also affirms the right to private property, but communism greatly restricts or eliminates this right.
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By reminding workers and employers of their rights and duties, the church can form and awaken their
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632:
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305:
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on 15 May 1891. It is an open letter, passed to all Catholic patriarchs, primates, archbishops and
832:
revival was widespread in Rome and elsewhere. "Zigliara also helped prepare the great encyclicals
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and strongly opposed traditionalism and ontologism in favor of the moderate realism of Aquinas."
37:
1174:. He urged workers, if their union seemed on the wrong track, to form alternative associations.
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4246:
4156:
4106:
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3650:
3531:
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3101:
2814:
2051:
Howard J. Wiarda, "The Portuguese Corporative System: Basic Structures and Current Functions."
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in affirming that private property is a fundamental principle of natural law. He then quotes
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419:
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in the 1930s, many key ideas from the encyclical were incorporated into Portuguese law. The
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has been interpreted as both a criticism of the illusions of socialism and a primer of the
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84:
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8:
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He deplored government suppression of religious orders and other Catholic organizations.
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479:
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3404:
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2254:
2081:
Catholic Social Teaching, 1891âPresent: A Historical, Theological, and Ethical Analysis
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563:
465:
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Leo strongly supported the right of private societies to exist and govern themselves:
4427:
4390:
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4261:
4038:
3918:
3883:
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1976:
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give periods of rest, not expecting work for long hours that preclude adequate sleep;
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729:
694:
661:
616:
532:
486:
331:
326:
317:
140:
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Wages ought not to be insufficient to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner.
4422:
4383:
4320:
4306:
4121:
4028:
3938:
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3795:
3790:
3725:
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3521:
3511:
3479:
3474:
3240:
3045:
3025:
2945:
2930:
2829:
2731:
2605:
2445:
2403:
2398:
2378:
2361:
2274:
1968:
1689:
1263:
764:
754:
646:
639:
625:
335:
295:
3968:
3815:
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253:, with the direct translation of the Latin meaning "of revolutionary change"), or
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3953:
3858:
3720:
3603:
3546:
3516:
3298:
3265:
3209:
3203:
3060:
2965:
2869:
2681:
2175:
2140:
2108:
2099:
1794:
1557:"'Rerum Novarum' (The Condition of Labor), Berkley Center, Georgetown University"
1524:
865:
570:
539:
523:
322:
276:
3998:
2130:
1972:
1965:
Building a New Europe: Volume 2: Eastern Europeâs Transition to a Market Economy
749:
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2919:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2837:
2691:
2676:
2615:
2491:
2481:
2237:
1171:
917:
889:
834:
759:
739:
708:
701:
133:
4126:
2554:
1960:
4445:
4415:
4033:
4013:
3948:
3888:
3785:
3684:
3625:
3578:
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3541:
3245:
3171:
3121:
3081:
2764:
2739:
2515:
2425:
2410:
2332:
1664:
1356:
has meant "political innovations" or "revolution" since at least the days of
1345:
1144:
1104:
501:
432:
288:
264:
237:
144:
1521:
A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary
1262:
as an economic model, especially in labor relations. According to historian
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3988:
3978:
3933:
3903:
3825:
3810:
3667:
3526:
3484:
3355:
3230:
3086:
3050:
2789:
2711:
2555:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2279:
1961:""Rerum Novarum" Inverted: Abuses of Socialism and Illusions of Capitalism"
1306:
1211:
1170:
Leo supported unions, yet opposed at least some parts of the then emerging
685:
585:
456:
403:
313:
280:
1018:
give time off from work to worship God, and to fulfill family obligations;
371:
3913:
3873:
3820:
3730:
3598:
3583:
3536:
3156:
2985:
2960:
2935:
2908:
2895:
2804:
2706:
2393:
1599:"Ite ad Thomam: "Go to Thomas!": There Was Thomism Before Aeterni Patris"
1391:
1361:
1311:
1301:
1259:
1203:
1148:
1059:
1039:
1030:
pay a fair daily wage, for which employees should give a full day's work.
905:
744:
339:(1991), each of which commemorates an anniversary of the publication of
4181:
3868:
3640:
3551:
2940:
2525:
1427:
1014:
To respect their workers' dignity in the workplace, employers should:
991:
926:
869:
408:
291:
260:
3415:
4131:
3963:
881:
877:
284:
233:
1959:
Uzawa, Hirofumi (1993), Baldassarri, Mario; Mundell, Robert (eds.),
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not require work under unsafe conditions with danger of bodily harm;
26:
3399:
2754:
2508:
2496:
2070:
by Anthony Cooney, John, C. Medaille, Patrick Harrington (Editor).
1282:
1195:
778:
381:
1382:, official English translation from the Vaticanâs official website
156:
3679:
3011:
2625:
2247:
1027:
not require work under immoral conditions that endanger the soul;
983:
to provide work suited to each person's strength, gender, and age
829:
250:
1665:
Ryan, John Augustine. "Rerum Novarum." The Catholic Encyclopedia
986:
to respect the dignity of workers and not treat them as bondsmen
3177:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
2620:
2530:
2435:
1357:
1042:
as interfering with education and the development of children.
1035:
377:
268:
2137:
At VPlater Project: online modules on Catholic Social Teaching
1353:
820:
The first draft and content of the encyclical was written by
972:
individually, to refrain from vandalism or personal violence
1477:"10: Christian social thought; A: Catholic social teaching"
1258:("New State") promulgated by Salazar accepted the idea of
1081:
3066:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
2083:
by Charles E. Curran. Georgetown University Press, 2002.
1680:
Gregory the Great. Hom. in Evang., 9, n. 7 (PL 76, 1109B)
969:"fully and faithfully" to perform their agreed-upon tasks
912:, particularly as an alternative to state intervention.
2127:
English translation from the Vaticanâs official website
1214:, a trained economist, elaborated the idea in his book
271:, that addressed the condition of the working classes.
2006:
1622:"The Age of Compromise (1800s): Revival and Expansion"
975:
collectively, to refrain from rioting and insurrection
3097:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
312:
are supplemented by later encyclicals, in particular
2101:
The Condition of Labor. Open letter to Pope Leo XIII
1278:
4452:
Documents of the Catholic Social Teaching tradition
1994:
1179:
force working men either to join them or to starve.
1098:
2170:
1483:. Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 8.
1160:to protect natural rights, not to destroy them....
136:for 'of revolutionary change in the world'
1788:and Seven Principles of Catholic Social Doctrine"
4443:
3167:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
1202:. The encyclical also contains a proposal for a
1479:. In Gilley, Sheridan; Stanley, Brian (eds.).
1248:With the regime established in Portugal under
3431:
2156:
1690:The Busy Christianâs Guide to Social Teaching
1206:, although the text does not use this term: â
1152:business partnerships, and religious orders.
801:
304:is considered a foundational text of modern
1515:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879).
1236:judged that, from a socialist perspective,
1103:Leo emphasizes the dignity of the poor and
1034:The pope specifically mentions work in the
126:
4217:Christian Democrat Organization of America
3438:
3424:
3182:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
3132:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
2163:
2149:
2096:by Rev. John A. Ryan. Macmillan, NY, 1906.
2033:. New York: Jacobin Foundation. p. 67
1514:
853:were also influential in its composition.
808:
794:
370:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1732:"Rerum Novarum (May 15, 1891) | LEO XIII"
1470:
1468:
1466:
1352:, which literally means "new things" but
942:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII (1891)
2024:
1580:
1243:
1005:
232:
3614:Friendly separation of church and state
3445:
1849:
1847:
1660:
1658:
1186:
1138:
1082:Rights and duties of property ownership
4444:
1772:
1474:
1463:
1435:(2663): 5. 23 May 1891. Archived from
1094:providence, for the benefit of others.
256:Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor
47:Please improve this article by adding
4227:European Christian Political Movement
4092:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
3419:
2144:
2012:
2000:
1958:
1683:
1385:
979:Some of the duties of employers are:
824:, professor from 1870 to 1879 at the
2055:2#2 1973) pp 73â80, quoting page 74.
1844:
1655:
1481:World Christianities c. 1815âc. 1914
1317:List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII
960:
20:
4087:Christian Democratic People's Party
3036:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
1531:political innovations, a revolution
13:
2591:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2061:
1619:
1584:New Themes in Christian Philosophy
1529:But, in gen., novae res signifies
1230:In 2016, the left-wing periodical
14:
4488:
4237:Conservative Christian Fellowship
4102:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
2115:
1388:Essential Catholic Social Thought
951:In the encyclical, the Pope says:
4077:Christian Democratic and Flemish
3398:
3386:
2717:Fourth Council of Constantinople
2672:Second Council of Constantinople
1838:Catechism of the Catholic Church
1281:
1129:preferential option for the poor
1099:Preferential option for the poor
1067:Catechism of the Catholic Church
937:preferential option for the poor
777:
155:
25:
4212:Centrist Democrat International
4097:Christian Social People's Party
2687:Third Council of Constantinople
2611:First Council of Constantinople
2135:with guided readings â see 4.2.
2045:
2018:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1800:Homiletic & Pastoral Review
1760:
1748:
1724:
1695:
1674:
1643:
1613:
1072:
294:, while affirming the right to
2926:Dissolution of the monasteries
2192:History of the Catholic Church
1591:
1574:
1549:
1537:
1508:
1451:
1415:
1334:
1143:Leo distinguished the larger,
1053:
399:Social teachings of the papacy
346:
1:
2800:Fourth Council of the Lateran
2775:Second Council of the Lateran
2384:Apostles in the New Testament
1409:
997:
847:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler
49:secondary or tertiary sources
4472:Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII
2914:Catholic Counter-Reformation
2780:Third Council of the Lateran
2770:First Council of the Lateran
2226:Catholic ecumenical councils
2025:Puirseil, Niamh (May 2016).
1587:. Ardent Media. p. 177.
1327:
1210:â The U.S. theologian Msgr.
7:
4242:Centre for European Studies
4177:Popular Republican Movement
4072:Christian Democratic Appeal
1973:10.1007/978-1-349-22922-2_1
1274:
1250:AntĂłnio de Oliveira Salazar
308:. Many of the positions in
185:37 of 85 of the pontificate
10:
4493:
4232:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
4082:Christian Democratic Party
2260:History of the Roman Curia
1485:Cambridge University Press
1386:Brady, Bernard V. (2008).
1371:
1045:Fair wages are defined in
884:movements and ideologies.
856:
4338:
4271:
4257:Center for Public Justice
4198:
4117:Croatian Democratic Union
4057:American Solidarity Party
4048:
3850:
3697:
3453:
3381:
3281:
3147:
3074:
3009:
2996:European wars of religion
2893:
2828:
2730:
2652:
2543:
2466:
2326:
2315:
2307:Eastern Catholic Churches
2182:
1011:will and immortal souls.
849:and the British Cardinal
210:
189:
181:
173:
163:
154:
125:
4374:Christian libertarianism
4314:Sollicitudo rei socialis
3661:Environmental protection
3465:Catholic social teaching
3127:Mary of the Divine Heart
2750:Clash against the empire
2702:Second Council of Nicaea
2596:Old St. Peter's Basilica
2068:Catholic Social Teaching
1581:McInerny, Ralph (1968).
908:and the introduction of
633:Sollicitudo rei socialis
364:Catholic social teaching
306:Catholic social teaching
4222:European People's Party
4062:Austrian People's Party
3393:Vatican City portal
2745:Investiture Controversy
2601:First Council of Nicaea
1707:www.ignatiusinsight.com
1669:Robert Appleton Company
1200:exploitation of workers
826:College of Saint Thomas
4247:European Ideas Network
3532:Economic progressivism
3405:Catholicism portal
3216:Second Vatican Council
3102:Our Lady of La Salette
2909:Protestant Reformation
2896:Protestant Reformation
2815:Second Council of Lyon
2204:Ecclesiastical history
2111:by Henry George. 1891.
1671:, 1911. 5 October 2016
1181:
1168:
1162:
1127:This principle of the
1125:
1119:
1113:
1096:
1090:
958:
943:Criticism of Socialism
899:
845:The German theologian
822:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
784:Catholicism portal
735:René de La Tour du Pin
555:Second Vatican Council
241:
127:
36:relies excessively on
4379:Christian nationalism
4172:Polish People's Party
4142:National Action Party
3636:Social market economy
3594:Person Dignity Theory
3507:Consistent life ethic
3470:Christian corporatism
3112:First Vatican Council
2810:First Council of Lyon
2574:Constantine the Great
2270:Christian monasticism
2027:"Labour in Name Only"
1475:Molony, John (2006).
1322:Political Catholicism
1244:Influence in Portugal
1224:Catholic Encyclopedia
1176:
1163:
1157:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1091:
1085:
1006:Dignity of the person
953:
910:collective bargaining
894:
420:Tranquillitas ordinis
236:
4462:1891 in Christianity
4293:Graves de communi re
4286:Populorum progressio
3289:Sexual abuse scandal
3198:Mit brennender Sorge
3041:Age of Enlightenment
2820:Bernard of Clairvaux
2697:Byzantine Iconoclasm
2636:Council of Chalcedon
2416:Council of Jerusalem
2285:Role in civilization
2265:Religious institutes
2197:By country or region
1487:. pp. 148â149.
1187:Influence and legacy
1139:Right of association
851:Henry Edward Manning
602:Populorum progressio
595:Octogesima adveniens
473:Mit brennender Sorge
177:On capital and labor
165:Signature date
4396:Religious democracy
4362:Christian socialism
4357:Christian communism
4352:Christian anarchism
4067:Christian Democracy
3621:Religious pluralism
3589:Option for the poor
3447:Christian democracy
3117:Papal infallibility
3107:Our Lady of Lourdes
3056:Shimabara Rebellion
2900:Counter-Reformation
1667:Vol. 12. New York:
1439:on 26 February 2014
1297:Class collaboration
876:which had provoked
671:Caritas in veritate
480:Non abbiamo bisogno
4252:Schuman Foundation
3646:Sphere sovereignty
3162:Our Lady of FĂĄtima
2951:Ignatius of Loyola
2875:Catherine of Siena
2843:Pope Boniface VIII
2662:Benedict of Nursia
2631:Council of Ephesus
2468:Ante-Nicene period
2421:Split with Judaism
2255:Crusading movement
2107:2010-11-13 at the
1793:2016-10-09 at the
1784:Lanari, Barbara. "
1620:Ashley, Benedict.
1289:Catholicism portal
564:Dignitatis humanae
466:Divini redemptoris
242:
4439:
4438:
4428:Ethical socialism
4391:Liberal democracy
4300:Quadragesimo anno
4262:Paneuropean Union
4152:Nationalist Party
3609:Religious liberty
3413:
3412:
3373:COVID-19 pandemic
3351:Pope Benedict XVI
3256:Pope John Paul II
3031:Pope Benedict XIV
3017:French Revolution
3001:Thirty Years' War
2991:Robert Bellarmine
2976:John of the Cross
2880:Pope Alexander VI
2865:Council of Vienne
2795:Francis of Assisi
2785:Pope Innocent III
2654:Early Middle Ages
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2586:Arian controversy
2539:
2538:
2487:Apostolic Fathers
2015:, pp. 74â76.
1982:978-1-349-22922-2
1601:. 30 January 2010
1494:978-0-521-81456-0
1401:978-1-57075-756-3
1390:. Maryknoll, NY:
1088:human existence."
961:Rights and duties
922:Gregory the Great
874:industrialization
818:
817:
730:Gaspard Mermillod
695:Evangelii gaudium
662:Pope Benedict XVI
617:Pope John Paul II
533:Mater et magistra
487:Quadragesimo anno
327:Mater et magistra
318:Quadragesimo anno
231:
230:
150:
137:
121:
120:
113:
95:
4484:
4423:Social democracy
4384:Theoconservatism
4321:Centesimus annus
4307:Laborem exercens
4122:Democratic Rally
3706:Arizmendiarrieta
3656:Environmentalism
3574:Multiculturalism
3522:Dignity of labor
3512:Cultural mandate
3480:Communitarianism
3475:Christian ethics
3440:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3403:
3402:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3368:Patriarch Kirill
3241:Pope John Paul I
3046:Anti-clericalism
3026:Pope Innocent XI
2946:Society of Jesus
2931:Council of Trent
2885:Age of Discovery
2830:Late Middle Ages
2732:High Middle Ages
2722:EastâWest Schism
2606:Pope Sylvester I
2552:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2451:General epistles
2446:Pauline epistles
2379:John the Baptist
2362:Great Commission
2324:
2323:
2275:Catholic culture
2165:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1709:. Archived from
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1628:. Archived from
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1559:. Archived from
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1419:
1405:
1365:
1338:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1264:Howard J. Wiarda
1198:response to the
810:
803:
796:
782:
781:
765:G. K. Chesterton
755:Joseph Bernardin
647:Evangelium vitae
640:Centesimus annus
626:Laborem exercens
510:Social teachings
384:
374:
351:
350:
336:Centesimus annus
296:private property
166:
159:
148:
139:
132:
130:
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4467:May 1891 events
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4369:Christian right
4334:
4333:
4332:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4207:Catholic Action
4194:
4193:
4192:
4162:Patriotic Union
4044:
4043:
4042:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3604:Public morality
3547:Just war theory
3517:Culture of life
3449:
3444:
3414:
3409:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3299:World Youth Day
3277:
3266:World Youth Day
3210:Pacem in terris
3204:Pope John XXIII
3143:
3070:
3061:Edict of Nantes
3019:
3015:
3005:
2971:Teresa of Ăvila
2966:Tridentine Mass
2902:
2898:
2889:
2870:Knights Templar
2824:
2726:
2682:Gregorian chant
2640:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2547:
2535:
2462:
2331:
2319:
2311:
2178:
2176:Catholic Church
2169:
2118:
2109:Wayback Machine
2064:
2062:Further reading
2059:
2053:Iberian studies
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1803:, December 2009
1795:Wayback Machine
1782:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
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1740:
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1730:
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1725:
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1701:
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1696:
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1675:
1663:
1656:
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1635:
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1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1525:Clarendon Press
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1473:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1423:"Rerum novarum"
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1246:
1189:
1141:
1105:working classes
1101:
1084:
1075:
1056:
1008:
1000:
963:
945:
868:in the wake of
866:social conflict
859:
814:
776:
771:
770:
769:
724:
716:
715:
714:
688:
678:
677:
676:
664:
654:
653:
652:
619:
609:
608:
607:
588:
578:
577:
576:
571:Gaudium et spes
557:
547:
546:
545:
540:Pacem in terris
526:
524:Pope John XXIII
516:
515:
514:
504:
494:
493:
492:
459:
449:
448:
447:
435:
425:
385:
376:
349:
283:, rejects both
277:rights of labor
227:
218:
206:
164:
146:
138:
131:
117:
106:
100:
97:
60:"Rerum novarum"
54:
52:
46:
42:primary sources
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4490:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:1891 documents
4454:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4347:Christian left
4344:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:Related topics
4336:
4335:
4331:
4324:
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4310:
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4275:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4259:
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4239:
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4229:
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4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4167:People's Party
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4147:National Party
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4112:Civic Platform
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4053:
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4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
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3991:
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3981:
3976:
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3966:
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3956:
3951:
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3911:
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3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
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3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3673:in Catholicism
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Social justice
3628:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3395:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3187:Lateran Treaty
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3012:Baroque period
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Peter Canisius
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2956:Francis Xavier
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2920:Exsurge Domine
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:Pope Clement V
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:Avignon Papacy
2848:Western Schism
2845:
2840:
2838:Thomas Aquinas
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2692:Saint Boniface
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Pope Gregory I
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Biblical canon
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2549:
2545:Late antiquity
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Pope Clement I
2482:Church Fathers
2479:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2243:Biblical canon
2238:Catholic Bible
2235:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2131:Exposition of
2128:
2117:
2116:External links
2114:
2113:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2078:
2063:
2060:
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2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1951:
1939:
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1903:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1843:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1736:www.vatican.va
1723:
1694:
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1654:
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1626:The Dominicans
1612:
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1268:Rerum Novarum.
1245:
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1185:
1172:labor movement
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1080:
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1052:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
988:
987:
984:
977:
976:
973:
970:
962:
959:
944:
941:
918:Thomas Aquinas
890:class conflict
858:
855:
835:Aeterni Patris
816:
815:
813:
812:
805:
798:
790:
787:
786:
773:
772:
768:
767:
762:
760:Hilaire Belloc
757:
752:
747:
742:
740:Heinrich Pesch
737:
732:
726:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
713:
712:
709:Fratelli tutti
705:
698:
690:
689:
684:
683:
680:
679:
675:
674:
666:
665:
660:
659:
656:
655:
651:
650:
643:
636:
629:
621:
620:
615:
614:
611:
610:
606:
605:
598:
590:
589:
584:
583:
580:
579:
575:
574:
567:
559:
558:
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
536:
528:
527:
522:
521:
518:
517:
513:
512:
506:
505:
500:
499:
496:
495:
491:
490:
483:
476:
469:
461:
460:
455:
454:
451:
450:
446:
445:
437:
436:
431:
430:
427:
426:
424:
423:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
375:
367:
366:
360:
359:
348:
345:
332:John Paul II's
229:
228:
220:
211:
208:
207:
205:
204:
199:
193:
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
161:
160:
152:
151:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4489:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4280:Rerum novarum
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4199:Organisations
4197:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:New Democracy
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:von der Leyen
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:Nell-Breuning
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:Social Gospel
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:Neo-Calvinism
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:Mixed economy
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Human dignity
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Mother Teresa
3244:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Pope Pius XII
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3138:Rerum novarum
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Pope Leo XIII
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:United States
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Pope Pius VII
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Scholasticism
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Pope Urban II
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Justin Martyr
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:New Testament
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Commissioning
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:Apostolic Age
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2219:Papal primacy
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2133:Rerum novarum
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:Rerum novarum
2122:Full text of
2120:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:A Living Wage
2092:
2090:
2089:0-87840-881-9
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:0-9535077-6-9
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2003:, p. 60.
2002:
1997:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1947:Rerum novarum
1943:
1936:
1935:Rerum novarum
1931:
1924:
1923:Rerum novarum
1919:
1912:
1911:Rerum novarum
1907:
1898:
1891:
1890:Rerum novarum
1886:
1879:
1878:Rerum novarum
1874:
1867:
1866:Rerum novarum
1862:
1855:
1854:Rerum novarum
1850:
1848:
1841:
1840:, §§1907â1909
1839:
1833:
1826:
1825:Rerum novarum
1821:
1814:
1813:Rerum novarum
1809:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Rerum Novarum
1780:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1767:Rerum novarum
1763:
1756:
1755:Rerum novarum
1751:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1713:on 2021-01-18
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1650:Rerum novarum
1646:
1632:on 2013-12-13
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1563:on 2016-04-14
1562:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1544:Rerum novarum
1540:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:Rerum novarum
1454:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:Rerum novarum
1376:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:idiomatically
1351:
1347:
1346:genitive case
1343:
1342:Rerum novarum
1337:
1333:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1238:Rerum novarum
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1216:A Living Wage
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Rerum novarum
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:civil society
1136:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1048:
1047:Rerum novarum
1043:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1003:
995:
993:
985:
982:
981:
980:
974:
971:
968:
967:
966:
957:
952:
949:
940:
938:
934:
933:Rerum novarum
930:
928:
923:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
902:Rerum novarum
898:
893:
891:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:Rerum novarum
854:
852:
848:
843:
841:
840:Rerum novarum
837:
836:
831:
827:
823:
811:
806:
804:
799:
797:
792:
791:
789:
788:
785:
780:
775:
774:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
723:Other figures
720:
719:
711:
710:
706:
704:
703:
699:
697:
696:
692:
691:
687:
682:
681:
673:
672:
668:
667:
663:
658:
657:
649:
648:
644:
642:
641:
637:
635:
634:
630:
628:
627:
623:
622:
618:
613:
612:
604:
603:
599:
597:
596:
592:
591:
587:
582:
581:
573:
572:
568:
566:
565:
561:
560:
556:
551:
550:
542:
541:
537:
535:
534:
530:
529:
525:
520:
519:
511:
508:
507:
503:
502:Pope Pius XII
498:
497:
489:
488:
484:
482:
481:
477:
475:
474:
470:
468:
467:
463:
462:
458:
453:
452:
444:
443:
442:Rerum novarum
439:
438:
434:
433:Pope Leo XIII
429:
428:
422:
421:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
394:
393:
389:
388:
383:
379:
373:
369:
368:
365:
362:
361:
357:
353:
352:
344:
342:
341:Rerum novarum
338:
337:
333:
329:
328:
324:
320:
319:
315:
311:
310:Rerum novarum
307:
303:
302:Rerum Novarum
299:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:
270:
266:
265:Pope Leo XIII
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
246:Rerum novarum
239:
238:Pope Leo XIII
235:
225:
224:
217:
216:
209:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
162:
158:
153:
149:
142:
135:
129:
128:Rerum novarum
124:
115:
112:
104:
101:February 2014
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: â
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
44:
43:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4477:Distributism
4326:
4319:
4312:
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4186:
4137:Kataeb Party
4107:Centre Party
3766:John Paul II
3698:Philosophers
3668:Subsidiarity
3557:Conservative
3527:Distributism
3485:Conservatism
3360:
3356:Pope Francis
3282:21st century
3231:Pope Paul VI
3208:
3196:
3149:20th century
3137:
3136:
3087:Pope Pius IX
3075:19th century
3051:Pope Pius VI
2918:
2790:Latin Empire
2760:Universities
2712:Pope Leo III
2579:Christianity
2564:state church
2556:Great Church
2357:Resurrection
2320:(30â325/476)
2317:Early Church
2302:Latin Church
2297:Papal States
2292:Vatican City
2132:
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2100:
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1711:the original
1706:
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1630:the original
1625:
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844:
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833:
819:
750:Ăscar Romero
707:
700:
693:
686:Pope Francis
669:
645:
638:
631:
624:
600:
593:
586:Pope Paul VI
569:
562:
538:
531:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:Pope Pius XI
441:
440:
418:
414:Subsidiarity
404:Distributism
340:
334:
325:
323:John XXIII's
316:
309:
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289:unrestricted
273:
255:
254:
245:
244:
243:
221:
213:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
35:
18:
4328:Laudato si'
4127:Fianna FĂĄil
3959:MikoĆajczyk
3851:Politicians
3651:Stewardship
3584:Neo-Thomism
3537:Familialism
3495:Progressive
3362:Laudato si'
3157:Pope Pius X
2986:Philip Neri
2961:Pope Pius V
2936:Thomas More
2805:Inquisition
2707:Charlemagne
2667:Monasticism
2477:Persecution
2369:Holy Spirit
2352:Crucifixion
2231:First seven
1500:19 February
1443:21 February
1392:Orbis Books
1362:John Molony
1312:Integralism
1302:Corporatism
1260:corporatism
1255:Estado Novo
1204:living wage
1060:common good
1054:Common good
1040:child labor
745:Dorothy Day
702:Laudato si'
347:Composition
330:(1961) and
169:15 May 1891
4446:Categories
4182:VMRO-DPMNE
4039:Windthorst
3944:Mazowiecki
3884:De Gasperi
3736:Dooyeweerd
3726:Chesterton
3641:Solidarity
3599:Popularism
3552:Liberalism
3455:Principles
3235:coronation
2941:Pope Leo X
2526:Tertullian
2456:Revelation
2431:Background
2013:Brady 2008
2001:Brady 2008
1988:2020-09-02
1741:2020-09-02
1717:2020-09-08
1636:2013-08-20
1605:26 October
1567:2015-03-03
1523:. Oxford:
1428:The Tablet
1410:References
1117:oppressed.
998:Principles
992:conscience
927:Liberalism
870:capitalism
409:Solidarity
292:capitalism
263:issued by
261:encyclical
249:(from its
223:Pastoralis
202:In English
141:Encyclical
71:newspapers
38:references
4272:Documents
4132:Fine Gael
4019:Vogelsang
4014:Tindemans
3984:Pöttering
3864:Andreotti
3836:Vogelsang
3781:Lamennais
3251:Communism
3221:Ecumenism
2567:(380â451)
2559:(180â451)
2548:(313â476)
2470:(100â325)
2037:August 2,
1350:res novae
1328:Footnotes
882:communist
878:socialist
314:Pius XI's
285:socialism
4401:Buddhist
3974:Pastrana
3919:Korfanty
3909:Ketteler
3859:Adenauer
3841:Williams
3831:Tischner
3791:Maritain
3786:Leo XIII
3776:Korfanty
3771:Ketteler
3761:Habsburg
3741:Gebhardt
3721:Berggrav
3261:HIV/AIDS
2755:Crusades
2509:Irenaeus
2502:Ignatius
2497:Polycarp
2347:Ministry
2335:(30â100)
2209:Timeline
2105:Archived
1791:Archived
1275:See also
1218:(1906).
1196:Catholic
1166:without.
390:Overview
382:Holy See
356:a series
354:Part of
321:(1931),
279:to form
259:, is an
197:In Latin
147:Leo XIII
4406:Islamic
4049:Parties
4004:Strauss
3994:Schuman
3979:Pethrus
3969:Quadros
3954:Metsola
3939:Martens
3879:Caldera
3811:Pius XI
3796:Mounier
3680:Welfare
3490:Liberal
3226:Judaism
2626:Vulgate
2436:Gospels
2411:Stephen
2328:Origins
2248:Vulgate
2184:General
2174:of the
2172:History
2031:Jacobin
1949:, p. 54
1937:, p. 55
1925:, p. 51
1913:, p. 49
1892:, p. 37
1880:, p. 24
1868:, p. 21
1856:, p. 22
1827:, p. 42
1815:, p. 46
1757:, p. 36
1652:, p. 45
1517:"novus"
1372:Sources
1344:is the
1233:Jacobin
857:Message
830:Thomist
380:of the
269:bishops
251:incipit
226: â
219:
215:In ipso
212:â
174:Subject
85:scholar
4416:Mormon
4411:Jewish
4029:WaĆÄsa
4009:Sturzo
3949:Merkel
3929:Kuyper
3904:Joseph
3889:Erhard
3826:Sturzo
3751:Görres
3746:Gilson
3716:Belloc
3711:Baader
3500:Social
3192:Nazism
3014:to the
2621:Jerome
2531:Origen
2214:Papacy
2087:
2074:
1979:
1491:
1460:, p. 1
1398:
1358:Cicero
378:Emblem
281:unions
182:Number
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80:
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3999:Söder
3989:Prodi
3934:Letta
3899:Groen
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3816:Röpke
3806:Pesch
3756:Groen
3685:State
3294:Islam
2562:Roman
2521:Canon
2394:Peter
2342:Jesus
1036:mines
145:Pope
134:Latin
92:JSTOR
78:books
4188:More
3964:Moro
3924:Kurz
3914:Kohl
3894:Frei
3869:Beel
3562:Ordo
3344:2023
3339:2019
3334:2016
3329:2013
3324:2011
3319:2008
3314:2005
3309:2002
3304:2000
3271:1995
2441:Acts
2404:Paul
2399:John
2374:Mary
2085:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2039:2020
1977:ISBN
1607:2014
1546:, §3
1502:2014
1489:ISBN
1445:2014
1396:ISBN
1221:The
880:and
872:and
838:and
287:and
190:Text
64:news
3731:Day
2330:and
2280:Art
1969:doi
1769:§20
1348:of
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143:of
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1963:,
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