Academic publishing

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challenges the value of publishers. Many items on the list could be argued to be of value primarily to the publishers themselves, e.g. "Make money and remain a constant in the system of scholarly output". However, others provide direct value to researchers and research in steering the academic literature. This includes arbitrating disputes (e.g. over ethics, authorship), stewarding the scholarly record, copy-editing, proofreading, type-setting, styling of materials, linking the articles to open and accessible datasets, and (perhaps most importantly) arranging and managing scholarly peer review. The latter is a task that should not be underestimated as it effectively entails coercing busy people into giving their time to improve someone else's work and maintain the quality of the literature. Not to mention the standard management processes for large enterprises, including infrastructure, people, security, and marketing. All of these factors contribute in one way or another to maintaining the scholarly record.

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Above, for example, we question the necessity of the current infrastructure for peer review, and if a scholar-led crowdsourced alternative may be preferable. In addition, one of the biggest tensions in this space is associated with the question if for-profit companies (or the private sector) should be allowed to be in charge of the management and dissemination of academic output and execute their powers while serving, for the most part, their own interests. This is often considered alongside the value added by such companies, and therefore the two are closely linked as part of broader questions on appropriate expenditure of public funds, the role of commercial entities in the public sector, and issues around the privatisation of scholarly knowledge.

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decisions based on indicators that are unrelated to research quality, such as the JIF. All the above questions are being investigated and alternatives could be considered and explored. Yet, in the current system, publishers still play a role in managing processes of quality assurance, interlinking and findability of research. As the role of scholarly publishers within the knowledge communication industry continues to evolve, it is seen as necessary that they can justify their operation based on the intrinsic value that they add, and combat the perception that they add no value to the process.

45: 376:(who are academics in the same field) who check that the content of the paper is suitable for publication in the journal. A paper may undergo a series of reviews, revisions, and re-submissions before finally being accepted or rejected for publication. This process typically takes several months. Next, there is often a delay of many months (or in some fields, over a year) before an accepted manuscript appears. This is particularly true for the most popular journals where the number of accepted articles often outnumbers the space for printing. Due to this, many academics 956:: "the foundations and governments that fund research, the universities and laboratories that employ researchers, endowments set up by discipline or institution, friends of the cause of open access, profits from the sale of add-ons to the basic texts, funds freed up by the demise or cancellation of journals charging traditional subscription or access fees, or even contributions from the researchers themselves". For more recent open public discussion of open access funding models, see 998:, the majority of university academics prefer open access publishing without author fees, as it promotes equal access to information and enhances scientific advancement, a previously unexplored but crucial topic for the region's higher education. It has also been argued that good science done by academic institutions who cannot afford to pay for open access might not get published at all, but most open access journals permit the waiver of the fee for financial hardship or authors in 994:

articles in order to justify raising their fees. It may be criticized on financial grounds as well because the necessary publication or subscription fees have proven to be higher than originally expected. Open access advocates generally reply that because open access is as much based on peer reviewing as traditional publishing, the quality should be the same (recognizing that both traditional and open access journals have a range of quality). In several regions, including the

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well as through typesetting, printing, and web publishing. Investment analysts, however, have been skeptical of the value added by for-profit publishers, as exemplified by a 2005 Deutsche Bank analysis which stated that "we believe the publisher adds relatively little value to the publishing process... We are simply observing that if the process really were as complex, costly and value-added as the publishers protest that it is, 40% margins wouldn't be available."

90:, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. There is also a tendency for existing journals to divide into specialized sections as the field itself becomes more specialized. Along with the variation in review and publication procedures, the kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions to knowledge or research differ greatly among fields and subfields. In the sciences, the desire for statistically significant results leads to 4214: 1069: 1151: 900:

1990s declined to almost untenable levels, as many libraries cancelled subscriptions, leaving fewer and fewer peer-reviewed outlets for publication; and many humanities professors' first books sell only a few hundred copies, which often does not pay for the cost of their printing. Some scholars have called for a publication subvention of a few thousand dollars to be associated with each

1037:) have already introduced such a hybrid option, and more are following. The fraction of the authors of a hybrid open access journal that makes use of its open access option can, however, be small. It also remains unclear whether this is practical in fields outside the sciences, where there is much less availability of outside funding. In 2006, several 395:. Paper journals are now generally made available in electronic form as well, both to individual subscribers, and to libraries. Almost always these electronic versions are available to subscribers immediately upon publication of the paper version, or even before; sometimes they are also made available to non-subscribers, either immediately (by 200:

Early scientific journals embraced several models: some were run by a single individual who exerted editorial control over the contents, often simply publishing extracts from colleagues' letters, while others employed a group decision-making process, more closely aligned to modern peer review. It was

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Prestige journals using the APC model often charge several thousand dollars. Oxford University Press, with over 300 journals, has fees ranging from £1000-£2500, with discounts of 50% to 100% to authors from developing countries. Wiley Blackwell has 700 journals available, and they charge different

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In 2009 and 2010, surveys and reports found that libraries faced continuing budget cuts, with one survey in 2009 finding that 36% of UK libraries had their budgets cut by 10% or more, compared to 29% with increased budgets. In the 2010s, libraries began more aggressive cost cutting with the leverage

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in a 2011 report stated that in share of English scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada. The report predicted that China would overtake the United States sometime before 2020, possibly as early as 2013. China's scientific

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as they become more advanced in science and technology. Although the large majority of scientific output and academic documents are produced in developed countries, the rate of growth in these countries has stabilized and is much smaller than the growth rate in some of the developing countries. The

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In May 2016, the Council for the European Union agreed that from 2020 all scientific publications as a result of publicly funded research must be freely available. It also must be able to optimally reuse research data. To achieve that, the data must be made accessible, unless there are well-founded

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had a larger share of the world's total from 36.6% to 39.3% and from 32.8% to 37.5% of the "top one per cent of highly cited scientific papers". However, the United States' output dropped from 52.3% to 49.4% of the world's total, and its portion of the top one percent dropped from 65.6% to 62.8%.

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issue many new humanities books every year. The arrival of online publishing opportunities has radically transformed the economics of the field and the shape of the future is controversial. Unlike science, where timeliness is critically important, humanities publications often take years to write

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It could be questioned though, whether these functions are actually necessary to the core aim of scholarly communication, namely, dissemination of research to researchers and other stakeholders such as policy makers, economic, biomedical and industrial practitioners as well as the general public.

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systems, commercial software packages, or open source and free software. A manuscript undergoes one or more rounds of review; after each round, the author(s) of the article modify their submission in line with the reviewers' comments; this process is repeated until the editor is satisfied and the

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The process of peer review is organized by the journal editor and is complete when the content of the article, together with any associated images, data, and supplementary material are accepted for publication. The peer review process is increasingly managed online, through the use of proprietary

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Unlike most industries, in academic publishing the two most important inputs are provided "virtually free of charge". These are the articles and the peer review process. Publishers argue that they add value to the publishing process through support to the peer review group, including stipends, as

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There is increasing frustration amongst OA advocates, with what is perceived as resistance to change on the part of many of the established academic publishers. Publishers are often accused of capturing and monetising publicly funded research, using free academic labour for peer review, and then

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system has emerged without thought to its consequences; they claim that the predictable result is the publication of much shoddy work, as well as unreasonable demands on the already limited research time of young scholars. To make matters worse, the circulation of many humanities journals in the

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Several models are being investigated, such as open publication models or adding community-oriented features. It is also considered that "Online scientific interaction outside the traditional journal space is becoming more and more important to academic communication". In addition, experts have

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However, scholarly publishing is not a simple process, and publishers do add value to scholarly communication as it is currently designed. Kent Anderson maintains a list of things that journal publishers do which currently contains 102 items and has yet to be formally contested from anyone who

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to various venues as well as the fact that some publishers profit beyond reasonable scale. What is missing most from the current publishing market, is transparency about the nature and the quality of the services publishers offer. This would allow authors to make informed choices, rather than

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Fee-based open access publishing has been criticized on quality grounds, as the desire to maximize publishing fees could cause some journals to relax the standard of peer review. Although, similar desire is also present in the subscription model, where publishers increase numbers or published

217:. The pandemic has also deepened the western monopoly of science-publishing, "by August 2021, at least 210,000 new papers on covid-19 had been published, according to a Royal Society study. Of the 720,000-odd authors of these papers, nearly 270,000 were from the US, the UK, Italy or Spain." 298:

when libraries can not afford to purchase them. For example, the ARL found that in "1986, libraries spent 44% of their budgets on books compared with 56% on journals; twelve years later, the ratio had skewed to 28% and 72%." Meanwhile, monographs are increasingly expected for tenure in the

184:, a sociologist, found that 92% of cases of simultaneous discovery in the 17th century ended in dispute. The number of disputes dropped to 72% in the 18th century, 59% by the latter half of the 19th century, and 33% by the first half of the 20th century. The decline in contested claims for 3744:

Vanholsbeeck, Marc; Thacker, Paul; Sattler, Susanne; Ross-Hellauer, Tony; Rivera-López, Bárbara S.; Rice, Curt; Nobes, Andy; Masuzzo, Paola; Martin, Ryan; Kramer, Bianca; Havemann, Johanna; Enkhbayar, Asura; Davila, Jacinto; Crick, Tom; Crane, Harry; Tennant, Jonathan P. (2019-03-11).

1025:, authors or their funders pay a subscription journal a publication fee to make their individual article open access. The other articles in such hybrid journals are either made available after a delay or remain available only by subscription. Most traditional publishers (including 235:

In the 1960s and 1970s, commercial publishers began to selectively acquire "top-quality" journals that were previously published by nonprofit academic societies. When the commercial publishers raised the subscription prices significantly, they lost little of the market, due to the

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Perhaps the most widely recognized failing of peer review is its inability to ensure the identification of high-quality work. The list of important scientific papers that were initially rejected by peer-reviewed journals goes back at least as far as the editor of

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The publishing of academic journals has started in the 17th century, and expanded greatly in the 19th. At that time, the act of publishing academic inquiry was controversial and widely ridiculed. It was not at all unusual for a new discovery to be announced as a

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While journal editors largely agree the system is essential to quality control in terms of rejecting poor quality work, there have been examples of important results that are turned down by one journal before being taken to others. Rena Steinzor wrote:

593:, that all of the referencing and labelling is correct, and that the text is consistent and legible; often this work involves substantive editing and negotiating with the authors. Because the work of academic copy editors can overlap with that of 188:

in research discoveries can be credited to the increasing acceptance of the publication of papers in modern academic journals, with estimates suggesting that around 50 million journal articles have been published since the first appearance of the

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impact, as measured by other scientists citing the published papers the next year, is smaller although also increasing. Developing countries continue to find ways to improve their share, given research budget constraints and limited resources.

294:). The university budget cuts have reduced library budgets and reduced subsidies to university-affiliated publishers. The humanities have been particularly affected by the pressure on university publishers, which are less able to publish 1096:

fastest scientific output growth rate over the last two decades has been in the Middle East and Asia with Iran leading with an 11-fold increase followed by the Republic of Korea, Turkey, Cyprus, China, and Oman. In comparison, the only

608:. The author will review and correct proofs at one or more stages in the production process. The proof correction cycle has historically been labour-intensive as handwritten comments by authors and editors are manually transcribed by a 558:. The best journals have the highest rejection rates (around 90–95%). American Psychological Association journals' rejection rates ranged "from a low of 35 per cent to a high of 85 per cent." The complement is called "acceptance rate". 758:) literature is a large industry which generated $ 23.5 billion in revenue in 2011; $ 9.4 billion of that was specifically from the publication of English-language scholarly journals. The overall number of journals contained in the 4124:

Greco, Albert N (2015). "Academic Libraries and the Economics of Scholarly Publishing in the Twenty-First Century: Portfolio Theory, Product Differentiation, Economic Rent, Perfect Price Discrimination, and the Cost of Prestige".

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Peer review is a central concept for most academic publishing; other scholars in a field must find a work sufficiently high in quality for it to merit publication. A secondary benefit of the process is an indirect guard against

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suggested measures to make the publication process more efficient in disseminating new and important findings by evaluating the worthiness of publication on the basis of the significance and novelty of the research finding.

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Academic authors cite sources they have used, in order to support their assertions and arguments and to help readers find more information on the subject. It also gives credit to authors whose work they use and helps avoid

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being paid by authors or their funders, sometimes misleadingly called "open access model". The reason this term is misleading is due to the existence of many other models, including funding sources listed in the original

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is very different in different fields. Some fields, like economics, may have very "hard" or highly quantitative standards for publication, much like the natural sciences. Others, like anthropology or sociology, emphasize

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hijacked the entire world of basic and clinical science, with unprecedented shifts in funding priorities worldwide and a boom in medical publishing, accompanied by an unprecedented increase in the number of publications.

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since reviewers are usually familiar with the sources consulted by the author(s). The origins of routine peer review for submissions dates to 1752 when the Royal Society of London took over official responsibility for

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Academic publishing is undergoing major changes as it makes the transition from the print to the electronic format. Business models are different in the electronic environment. Since the early 1990s, licensing of

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and years more to publish. Unlike the sciences, research is most often an individual process and is seldom supported by large grants. Journals rarely make profits and are typically run by university departments.

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Publishing could certainly be done at a lower cost than common at present. There are significant researcher-facing inefficiencies in the system including the common scenario of multiple rounds of rejection and

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were the only developing countries among the 31 nations that produced 97.5% of the most cited scientific articles in a study published in 2004. The remaining 162 countries contributed less than 2.5%. The

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amounts for each journal. Springer, with over 2600 journals, charges US$ 3000 or EUR 2200 (excluding VAT). A study found that the average APC (ensuring open access) was between $ 1,418 and US$ 2,727.

532:"Confirmatory bias" is the unconscious tendency to accept reports which support the reviewer's views and to downplay those which do not. Experimental studies show the problem exists in peer reviewing. 2883: 1204:

selling the resulting publications back to academia at inflated profits. Such frustrations sometimes spill over into hyperbole, of which "publishers add no value" is one of the most common examples.

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of around 40% making it one of the most profitable industries, especially compared to the smaller publishers, which likely operate with low margins. These factors have contributed to the "

620:, and other programs, but it still remained a time-consuming and error-prone process. The full automation of the proof correction cycles has only become possible with the onset of online 79:

or editorial refereeing to qualify texts for publication. Peer review quality and selectivity standards vary greatly from journal to journal, publisher to publisher, and field to field.

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A crisis in academic publishing is "widely perceived"; the apparent crisis has to do with the combined pressure of budget cuts at universities and increased costs for journals (the

151:, was the earliest academic journal published in Europe. Its content included obituaries of famous men, church history, and legal reports. The first issue appeared as a twelve-page 2255: 762:

database increased from around 8,500 in 2010 to around 9,400 in 2020, while the number of articles published increased from around 1.1 million in 2010 to 1.8 million in 2020.

3243: 113:, thereby shifting some fees from the reader to the researcher or their funder. Many open or closed journals fund their operations without such fees and others use them in 1491: 121:, in which authors themselves make a copy of their published articles available free for all on the web. Some important results in mathematics have been published only on 2159: 887:

The following describes the situation in the United States. In many fields, such as literature and history, several published articles are typically required for a first

3329: 407:. Ellison in 2011 reported that in economics the dramatic increase in opportunities to publish results online has led to a decline in the use of peer-reviewed articles. 589:, inclusion in a specific issue of a journal, and then printing and online publication. Academic copy editing seeks to ensure that an article conforms to the journal's 3273: 403:

of anywhere from two to twenty-four months or more, in order to protect against loss of subscriptions. Journals having this delayed availability are sometimes called

368:. It contains original research results or reviews existing results. Such a paper, also called an article, will only be considered valid if it undergoes a process of 2071: 1517: 197:

was steadfast in its not-yet-popular belief that science could only move forward through a transparent and open exchange of ideas backed by experimental evidence.

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Funders often ask for brief 1- to 5-page concept papers (also called "white papers" in the government contracting sector) prior to submission of a full proposal.

1878: 3709: 2525: 272:" – total expenditures on serials increased 7.6% per year from 1986 to 2005, yet the number of serials purchased increased an average of only 1.9% per year. 2880: 2133: 2067:"The Business of Academic Publishing: A Strategic Analysis of the Academic Journal Publishing Industry and its Impact on the Future of Scholarly Publishing" 260:) accounted for 50% of articles published in 2013. (Since 2013, Springer Science+Business Media has undergone a merger to form an even bigger company named 2491: 2950: 2753: 3484: 106:

via the Internet. In open access publishing, a journal article is made available free for all on the web by the publisher at the time of publication.

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Each scholarly journal uses a specific format for citations (also known as references). Among the most common formats used in research papers are the

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Under Open Access, the content can be freely accessed and reused by anyone in the world using an Internet connection. The terminology going back to

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is in principle similar to publishing elsewhere in the academy; a range of journals, from general to extremely specialized, are available, and

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Elgamri, Alya; Mohammed, Zeinab; El-Rhazi, Karima; Shahrouri, Manal; Ahram, Mamoun; Al-Abbas, Al-Mubarak; Silverman, Henry (April 2024).

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Potential readership of Open Access material is far greater than that for publications where the full-text is restricted to subscribers.

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The possibility of rejections of papers is an important aspect in peer review. The evaluation of quality of journals is based also on

71:. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called " 4788: 4062:

Brienza, Casey (2012). "Opening the wrong gate? The academic spring and scholarly publishing in the humanities and social sciences".

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The online distribution of individual articles and academic journals then takes place without charge to readers and libraries. Most

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Harnad, S., Brody, T., Vallieres, F., Carr, L., Hitchcock, S., Gingras, Y, Oppenheim, C., Stamerjohanns, H., & Hilf, E. (2004)

815:. Reasons for this departure include a large number of such conferences, the quick pace of research progress, and computer science 612:

onto a clean version of the proof. In the early 21st century, this process was streamlined by the introduction of e-annotations in

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interactions of multiple authors and exposes them as explicit, actionable historic events. At the end of this process, a final

3325: 2578: 784:, for minor research results and engineering and design work (including computer software), round out the primary literature. 4113: 3476: 102:, particularly journals, has been very common. An important trend, particularly with respect to journals in the sciences, is 647:

From time to time some published journal articles have been retracted for different reasons, including research misconduct.

75:". Most scientific and scholarly journals, and many academic and scholarly books, though not all, are based on some form of 3265: 2881:

https://wcrif.org/images/2019/ArchiveOtherSessions/day2/36.%20CC4%20-%20Debora%20Weber-wulffO-019%2020190602-HongKong.pdf

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A partial exception to scientific publication practices is in many fields of applied science, particularly that of U.S.

4548: 3598: 3568: 2802: 995: 933:. The impact of the work available as Open Access is maximised because, quoting the Library of Trinity College Dublin: 340: 2951:

https://ori.hhs.gov/avoiding-plagiarism-self-plagiarism-and-other-questionable-writing-practices-guide-ethical-writing

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There are various types of peer review feedback that may be given prior to publication, including but not limited to:

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Tenopir, Carol and Donald King. "Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Librarians and Publishers. SLA, 2000.

3678: 3351: 2529: 1034: 245: 17: 3002: 2129: 1321: 922: 792:(which provide a synthesis of research articles on a topic to highlight advances and new lines of research), and 667: 597:, editors employed by journal publishers often refer to themselves as "manuscript editors". During this process, 31: 2498: 355: 4558: 3107: 2793:

de Jager, Marije (2013). "Journal copy-editing in a non-anglophone environment". In Matarese, Valerie ) (ed.).

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Björk, Bo-Christer; Solomon, David (October 2013). "The publishing delay in scholarly peer-reviewed journals".

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Perelman, Grisha (November 11, 2002). "The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications".

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Belcher, Wendy Laura. "Writing Your Journal Article in Twelve Weeks: A Guide to Academic Publishing Success".

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Merton, Robert K. (December 1963). "Resistance to the Systematic Study of Multiple Discoveries in Science".

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In the late 20th century author-produced camera-ready copy has been replaced by electronic formats such as

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Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing

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A Breakdown in Communication: Journal Reactions to Information about Plagiarism and Duplicate Publications

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and reporting on first-hand observation as well as quantitative work. Some social science fields, such as

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have their own journals and other outlets for publication, although many academic journals are somewhat

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Patterson, David (University of California, Berkeley); Snyder, Lawrence; Ullma, Jeffrey (August 1999).

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servers become much popular during the pandemic, the Covid situation has an impact also on traditional

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The production process, controlled by a production editor or publisher, then takes an article through

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Getting it Published, 2nd Edition: A Guide for Scholars and Anyone Else Serious About Serious Books

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reasons for not doing so, for example, intellectual property rights or security or privacy issues.

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empowered library systems in reducing their subscription costs by 70% with the cancellation of the

2202:"The impact of the economic downturn on libraries: With special reference to university libraries" 1899: 1165:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

972: 172:, reserving priority for the discoverer, but indecipherable for anyone not in on the secret: both 4700: 4644: 1592: 1030: 943:

Details of contents also appear in normal search engines like Google, Google Scholar, Yahoo, etc.

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demand for these journals. Although there are over 2,000 publishers, five for-profit companies (

4740: 4456: 4412: 3352:""Open access and without fees": Arab university professors' views on the journal access types" 3295: 3123:

Best, Joel (September 2016). "Following the Money Across the Landscape of Sociology Journals".

2368: 1704: 1367: 957: 864: 743: 237: 2949:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Office of Research Integrity Retrieved from 2614:"Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system" 2586: 136: 4730: 4705: 4482: 4391: 4303: 3386: 3003:

International Publishers Association (IPa); World Intellectual Property Organization (2023).

2978:(Third ed.). International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers. 2251: 1336: 1217: 1168: 730: 708:. The CMS style uses footnotes at the bottom of page to help readers locate the sources. The 621: 300: 479:, often operating by rules radically different from those for most other academic journals. 230: 4720: 4685: 4639: 4527: 4487: 4472: 3901: 2831: 1942: 1816: 1241: 1046: 816: 811:

research. An equally prestigious site of publication within U.S. computer science are some

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Scientific and technical journal publications per million residents of the world as of 2020

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Flexible membership funding model for Open Access publishing with no author-facing charges

666:. The topic of dual publication (also known as self-plagiarism) has been addressed by the 8: 4199:

Knowledge mobilization and educational research: Politics, languages and responsibilities

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Scholarly publishing, knowledge mobility and internationalization of Chinese universities

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Kronick, David A. (9 March 1990). "Peer Review in 18th-Century Scientific Journalism".

2473: 2386: 2300: 2180: 1965: 1930: 1840: 1780: 1747: 1696: 1646: 1468: 1306: 1286: 1276: 1092: 999: 773: 738: 594: 392: 320: 388:' copy of their paper for free download from their personal or institutional website. 4746: 4634: 4601: 4422: 4343: 4184: 4169: 4158: 4146: 4109: 4095: 4083: 4054: 4033:

Best, Joel (2016). "Following the Money Across the Landscape of Sociology Journals".

4023: 4001: 3919: 3862: 3705: 3663: 3651: 3406: 3367: 3198: 3179: 3144: 3103: 3070: 2932: 2920: 2900: 2851: 2819: 2798: 2754:""Copy editor" vs. "manuscript editor" vs...: venturing onto the minefield of titles" 2702: 2684: 2592: 2567: 2563: 2461: 2000: 1970: 1844: 1832: 1804: 1785: 1767: 1650: 1638: 1346: 1331: 641: 257: 205: 3874: 3799: 3557: 3219:"About Open Access - the Library of Trinity College Dublin - Trinity College Dublin" 2588:

Rescuing Science from Politics: Regulation and the Distortion of Scientific Research

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or new tenure-track hire, in order to alleviate the financial pressure on journals.

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In academic publishing, a paper is an academic work that is usually published in an

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Luzón, María José (2007). "The Added Value Features of Online Scholarly Journals".

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Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Mohammad, Marwa Ahmed; Zibin, Aseel (2023-01-01).

3167: 3132: 3095: 3016: 2912: 2839: 2692: 2676: 2641: 2628: 2559: 2465: 2457: 2428: 2420: 2390: 2378: 2334: 2292: 2213: 1993:"Is the staggeringly profitable business of scientific publishing bad for science?" 1960: 1950: 1824: 1775: 1759: 1700: 1688: 1680: 1630: 1510:"Russian mathematician wins $ 1 million prize, but he appears to be happy with $ 0" 1411: 1406: 1394: 1362: 1236: 901: 880: 808: 785: 781: 428: 365: 181: 91: 64: 1666:"Article 50 million: An estimate of the number of scholarly articles in existence" 4710: 4507: 4497: 4444: 4427: 4353: 3539: 2957: 2887: 2879:. Paper presented at the 6th World Conference on Research Integrity (WCRI) 2019. 2354:"Peer Review for Journals: Evidence on Quality Control, Fairness, and Innovation" 2217: 2187: 2137: 2108: 1955: 1544: 1495: 1450: 1049:

in the UK announced the availability of extra funding to their grantees for such

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to a publisher, is divided into two distinct phases: peer review and production.

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By 2004, it was noted that the output of scientific papers originating from the

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and similar works intended for broad public consumption or academic libraries.

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not until the middle of the 20th century that peer review became the standard.

148: 118: 4075: 4046: 3857: 3840: 3646: 3629: 3402: 3136: 2916: 2901:"Self-Plagiarism Research Literature in the Social Sciences: A Scoping Review" 2680: 2424: 2382: 1805:"How a torrent of COVID science changed research publishing — in seven charts" 1634: 4823: 4715: 4522: 4492: 4376: 4361: 3987: 3939:"The changing role of research publishing: A case study from Springer Nature" 3697: 3515: 3410: 3371: 2924: 2688: 2318: 2276: 2004: 1771: 1642: 1133: 927:

Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities

848: 617: 517: 476: 456: 265: 241: 194: 3326:"What's the deal with Article Processing Charges (APCs)? | MSK Library Blog" 3099: 4005: 3923: 3866: 3655: 2706: 1974: 1836: 1789: 1128: 888: 801: 637: 609: 582: 451: 173: 109:

Both open and closed journals are sometimes funded by the author paying an

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Supporting Research Writing: Roles and challenges in multilingual settings

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Larivière, Vincent; Haustein, Stefanie; Mongeon, Philippe (10 June 2015).

4695: 4553: 4512: 4366: 1871:"The West already monopolized scientific publishing. Covid made it worse" 1351: 1316: 820: 629: 590: 586: 521: 437: 433: 421:

An academic paper typically belongs to some particular category such as:

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Nicholas, David; Rowlands, Ian; Jubb, Michael; Jamali, Hamid R. (2010).

1473: 688:

The American Psychological Association (APA) style is often used in the

299:

humanities. In 2002 the Modern Language Association expressed hope that

4575: 4477: 4153:

Nelson, Cary and Stephen Watt. "Scholarly Books" and "Peer Review" in

3743: 3599:"China poised to overhaul US as biggest publisher of scientific papers" 3158:

Davidson, Cathy (1 April 2004). "The Futures of Scholarly Publishing".

3042:"Evaluating Computer Scientists and Engineers For Promotion and Tenure" 3039: 2632: 2311: 2269: 1692: 876: 852: 844: 827: 713: 663: 566:

The process of academic publishing, which begins when authors submit a

495: 468: 56: 4248: 3540:"Bulletin Board - Which nation's scientific output is rising fastest?" 2130:

Report from the Ad Hoc Committee on the Future of Scholarly Publishing

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countries in top 20 ranking with fastest performance improvement are,

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on Monday, 5 January 1665, shortly before the first appearance of the

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is now often required before tenure. Some critics complain that this

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Subfield of publishing distributing academic research and scholarship

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In recent decades there has been a growth in academic publishing in

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Open Access is often confused with specific funding models such as

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This article is about academic publishing. For academic press, see

3426:"All European scientific articles to be freely accessible by 2020" 2972:

The STM Report: An Overview of Scientific and Scholarly Publishing

1267:

EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of Scientific Articles

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for large projects, broad arguments, or compilations of articles.

4606: 4570: 4517: 1140: 982:

that limit access to academic materials to paying customers. The

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CHI '05 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems

1714: 4654: 4417: 4407: 1399:

Reinvention: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research

1356: 1124: 1105: 904: 152: 68: 3630:"Breaking barriers in publishing demands a proactive attitude" 2031:"Time to break academic publishing's stranglehold on research" 1900:"Five companies control more than half of academic publishing" 1748:"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Scientific Publishing" 940:

Details of contents can be read by specialised web harvesters.

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Getting published : a guide for lecturers and researcher

1281: 1120: 1101: 391:

Some journals, particularly newer ones, are now published in

122: 4155:

Academic Keywords: A Devil's Dictionary for Higher Education

3677:

Beverungen, Armin; Böhm, Steffen; Land, Christopher (2012).

180:

used this approach. However, this method did not work well.

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Just Being Difficult? Academic Writing in the Public Arena.

3012: 1162:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

793: 3090:

Grudin, Jonathan (April 2–7, 2005). "Why CHI Fragmented".

2448:

Ellison, Glenn (July 2011). "Is Peer Review in Decline?".

2199: 855:, have significant shared interests with professions like 636:, and various others, where a remote service oversees the 4094:

Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 2003.

1931:"The oligopoly of academic publishers in the digital era" 1593:"history of publishing - Scholarly journals | Britannica" 856: 819:

support for the distribution and archiving of conference

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Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship

1928: 3485:"Iran showing fastest scientific growth of any country" 2665:"Rejection Blues: Why Do Research Papers Get Rejected?" 1097: 3569:"China, Brazil and India lead southern science output" 2585:

Wagner, Wendy Elizabeth; Steinzor, Rena (2006-07-24).

747:

Shares of the top five STM publishers in 2010 and 2020

670:(COPE), as well as in the research literature itself. 2552:

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

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Seeking the New Normal: Periodicals Price Survey 2010

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Journal of the American Medical Directors Association

863:, and scholars in these fields often also publish in 334: 264:.) Available data indicate that these companies have 3455:"Competitiveness Council, 26-27/05/2016 - Consilium" 63:

and scholarship. Most academic work is published in

3501: 3094:. Portland, Oregon: ACM Press. pp. 1083–1084. 3890:"Open Access: The True Cost of Science Publishing" 3676: 3083: 2820:"Reform retractions to make them more transparent" 2351: 1577:Vol. 1, Issue 1, is dated March 6, 1665. See also 220: 3972:"Big Publishing and the Economics of Competition" 2899:Eaton, Sarah Elaine; Crossman, Katherine (2018). 2669:The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 1538:The Amsterdam printing of the Journal des sçavans 1018:, whether or not they publish them in a journal. 4821: 1466: 3963: 3930: 3670: 3356:Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education 2064: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1986: 1984: 1745: 1575:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1547:, Dibner Library of the Smithsonian Institution 1395:"Preliminary testing: The devil of statistics?" 971:remove all the financial, technical, and legal 954:the Budapest Open Access Initiative Declaration 692:. The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) is used in 356:Scientific literature § Scientific article 161:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 3780:Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 2584: 2174: 1141:Role for publishers in scholarly communication 1002:. In any case, all authors have the option of 4264: 4197:." in Tara Fenwick and Lesley Farrell, eds. 3566: 2898: 2528:. The Gerber Foundation. 2012. Archived from 1746:Sloane, Philip D.; Zimmerman, Sheryl (2021). 1657: 1392: 1292:List of academic databases and search engines 3747:"Ten Hot Topics around Scholarly Publishing" 3075:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2410: 2241: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2053: 1981: 1568: 931:Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing 142: 134: 3887: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 2969:Ware, Mark; Wabe, Michael (November 2012). 1868: 1427:The green and the gold roads to Open Access 719: 503:However, there were some earlier examples. 117:. The Internet has facilitated open access 4271: 4257: 3969: 3936: 3771: 2747: 2745: 2323:"Reinventing Academic Publishing - Part 3" 2281:"Reinventing Academic Publishing - Part 1" 2111:. As cited in McGuigan & Russell 2008. 360:Academic journal § Scholarly articles 3995: 3954: 3913: 3856: 3762: 3645: 3482: 2962: 2696: 2662: 2640: 2432: 2372: 2114: 2065:McGuigan, GS; Russell, RD (Winter 2008). 1964: 1954: 1779: 1472: 1410: 1191:Learn how and when to remove this message 3881: 3812: 3726: 3596: 3590: 3157: 3005:"The Global Publishing Industry in 2020" 2968: 2792: 2663:Khadilkar, Suvarna Satish (2018-08-01). 2441: 1869:Subramanian, Samanth (25 January 2022). 1498:, Sydney Morning Herald, August 21, 2006 742: 43: 37:For broader coverage of this topic, see 4278: 4061: 2751: 2742: 2611: 2549: 2447: 2317: 2275: 1990: 1507: 1262:European Association of Science Editors 910: 410: 14: 4822: 3192: 3089: 2497:. Hanover Grants. 2011. Archived from 2149: 2011:from the original on 27 September 2020 1910:from the original on 12 September 2015 1620: 990:are prominent examples of this model. 4779:Academic databases and search engines 4252: 4123: 3838: 3777: 3627: 3323: 2817: 2797:. Oxford: Chandos. pp. 157–171. 2492:"Brief: How to Write a Concept Paper" 2206:The Journal of Academic Librarianship 2162:from the original on 29 November 2019 2041:from the original on 26 November 2018 1663: 1559: 1531: 1487:Nadejda Lobastova and Michael Hirst, 1419: 561: 471:is the generic term for a journal of 4321: 4032: 3609:from the original on 30 October 2020 3424:Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse. 3122: 1802: 1550: 1436: 1144: 891:job, and a published or forthcoming 788:in the sciences include articles in 417:Types of scientific journal articles 3679:"The Poverty of Journal Publishing" 3358:. ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print). 3033: 2100:Association of Research Libraries, 2094: 1302:List of scholarly publishing stings 1257:Current research information system 826:Since 2022, the Belgian web portal 724: 24: 4549:Academic journal publishing reform 4090:Culler, Jonathan, and Kevin Lamb. 4016: 3276:from the original on 11 April 2019 2652:from the original on Dec 23, 2023. 1520:from the original on July 27, 2020 833: 752:Scientific, technical, and medical 601:from the author to the publisher. 349: 341:Academic journal publishing reform 335:Academic journal publishing reform 25: 4841: 4205: 3976:American Journal of Public Health 3423: 2612:Mahoney, Michael J. (June 1977). 1991:Buranyi, Stephen (27 June 2017). 1342:Serials, periodicals and journals 710:Modern Language Association (MLA) 549: 4212: 3483:MacKenzie, Debora (2010-02-18). 2564:10.1001/jama.1990.03440100021002 2462:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00261.x 1489:"Maths genius living in poverty" 1149: 1067: 949:Article Processing Charges (APC) 4242:Journal of Scholarly Publishing 4127:Journal of Scholarly Publishing 3970:De Camargo, Kenneth R. (2014). 3832: 3821:from the original on 2019-12-21 3806: 3715:from the original on 2021-05-13 3621: 3579:from the original on 2011-07-24 3546:from the original on 2012-05-13 3465:from the original on 2016-05-29 3447: 3417: 3378: 3343: 3332:from the original on 2022-01-13 3317: 3306:from the original on 2017-08-28 3288: 3258: 3236: 3225:from the original on 2020-08-05 3211: 3186: 3160:Journal of Scholarly Publishing 3151: 3116: 3058:from the original on 2013-09-22 2996: 2985:from the original on 2015-02-13 2939: 2892: 2869: 2858:from the original on 2022-01-23 2811: 2786: 2731:from the original on 2022-03-09 2713: 2656: 2605: 2543: 2518: 2484: 2404: 2258:from the original on 2020-12-06 2235: 2224:from the original on 2021-04-21 2193: 2083:from the original on 2017-06-30 2023: 1922: 1892: 1881:from the original on 2022-04-30 1862: 1851:from the original on 2022-03-07 1796: 1739: 1724:(Podcast). 2016. Archived from 1614: 1603:from the original on 2021-04-16 1585: 1322:Rankings of academic publishers 1080:growth of scholarly literature 1035:Springer Science+Business Media 923:Budapest Open Access Initiative 668:Committee on Publication Ethics 246:Springer Science+Business Media 221:Publishers and business aspects 32:academic press (disambiguation) 2721:"Rejection Rate - an overview" 2621:Cognitive Therapy and Research 2591:. Cambridge University Press. 1508:Kaufman, Marc (July 2, 2010), 1501: 1481: 1460: 1412:10.31273/reinvention.v12i2.339 1393:Pearce, J; Derrick, B (2019). 1386: 599:copyright is often transferred 482: 231:Scientific journal § Cost 13: 1: 4809:Category:Scientific documents 4064:Publishing Research Quarterly 3888:Van Noorden, Richard (2013). 3813:Anderson, Kent (2018-02-06). 2150:Sample, Ian (24 April 2012). 1623:European Journal of Sociology 1379: 1297:List of preprint repositories 1045:and several divisions of the 870: 227:Academic journal § Costs 4804:Category:Academic publishing 3567:David Dickson (2004-07-16). 2218:10.1016/j.acalib.2010.06.001 1956:10.1371/journal.pone.0127502 1444:Open Access: An Introduction 712:style is widely used in the 650: 405:delayed open access journals 7: 3937:Inchcoombe, Steven (2017). 3792:10.2190/H702-6473-8569-2R3Q 3764:10.3390/publications7020034 3197:. Temple University Press. 2352:J. Scott Armstrong (1997). 2242:Denise Wolfe (2020-04-07). 2126:Modern Language Association 1764:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.01.073 1224: 514:Philosophical Transaction's 501:Philosophical Transactions. 10: 4846: 4622:Indexes and search engines 3943:Insights: The UKSG Journal 3839:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2018). 3628:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2019). 3597:Alok Jha (28 March 2011). 3364:10.1108/JARHE-06-2023-0249 2844:10.1038/d41586-020-01694-x 2818:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2020). 2767:(2): 39–41. 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(2019). 2752:Iverson, Cheryl (2004). 2361:Energy & Environment 2327:IEEE Intelligent Systems 2285:IEEE Intelligent Systems 1006:their articles in their 1000:underdeveloped countries 720:Publishing by discipline 542:Double-blind peer review 539:Single-blind peer review 4799:Style/formatting guides 4701:Scholarly communication 4401:Other publication types 3459:www.consilium.europa.eu 3100:10.1145/1056808.1056822 3049:Computing Research News 2413:Journal of Informetrics 1031:Oxford University Press 776:and considered to be a 520:'s report of the first 303:would solve the issue. 39:Scholarly communication 4741:Least publishable unit 4413:Collection of articles 3845:Nature Human Behaviour 3634:Nature Human Behaviour 3195:Blow Up the Humanities 2526:"Concept Paper Format" 1580:History of the Journal 1368:Collection of articles 1171:by rewriting it in an 1014:in order to make them 865:professional magazines 748: 530: 143: 135: 49: 4731:Electronic publishing 4706:Scientific literature 4483:Article-level metrics 3817:. 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Data analysis with 301:electronic publishing 47: 4774:Open-access journals 4721:Open scientific data 4528:SCImago Journal Rank 4488:Author-level metrics 4473:Acknowledgment index 2725:ScienceDirect Topics 2037:. 21 November 2018. 1242:Acknowledgment index 1093:developing countries 969:open access journals 911:Open access journals 817:professional society 813:academic conferences 735:Technical literature 489:Academic peer review 411:Categories of papers 397:open access journals 393:electronic form only 254:Taylor & Francis 115:predatory publishing 100:electronic resources 84:academic disciplines 4830:Academic publishing 4769:Scientific journals 4280:Academic publishing 4230:Academic publishing 4139:10.3138/jsp.47.1.01 3906:2013Natur.495..426V 3021:10.34667/tind.46277 2836:2020Natur.582..149V 2339:10.1109/MIS.2008.12 2297:10.1109/MIS.2007.93 2248:library.buffalo.edu 1947:2015PLoSO..1027502L 1821:2020Natur.588..553E 1327:Research paper mill 1232:Academic authorship 1051:open access journal 917:Open access journal 774:scientific journals 624:platforms, such as 475:scholarship in the 164:, on 6 March 1665. 144:Journal des savants 137:Journal des sçavans 67:articles, books or 55:is the subfield of 53:Academic publishing 4789:Copyright policies 4784:University presses 4691:Scientific writing 4559:Citation advantage 4466:Impact and ranking 4299:Scientific journal 4179:Wellington, J. J. 4104:Germano, William. 2956:2020-09-21 at the 2886:2020-10-01 at the 2774:on 3 December 2010 2633:10.1007/BF01173636 2186:2010-09-28 at the 2136:2006-09-23 at the 2107:2008-12-16 at the 1673:Learned Publishing 1597:www.britannica.com 1543:2011-09-19 at the 1494:2017-10-07 at the 1449:2010-08-30 at the 1307:Monographic series 1287:Library publishing 1277:HAL (open archive) 1173:encyclopedic style 1160:is written like a 1108:at 13th globally. 1077:has a profile for 1053:publication fees. 978:2021-05-06 at the 881:university presses 875:Publishing in the 838:Publishing in the 749: 739:Medical literature 562:Publishing process 516:1796 rejection of 321:Unpaywall Journals 147:), established by 59:which distributes 50: 4817: 4816: 4794:Preprint policies 4764:Academic journals 4747:Publish or perish 4602:Version of record 4542:Reform and access 4344:Literature review 4114:978-0-226-28853-6 3900:(7442): 426–429. 3430:english.eu2016.nl 2945:Roig, M. 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Merton 146: 140: 92:publication bias 65:academic journal 21: 18:Research Article 4845: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4752: 4711:Learned society 4674: 4616: 4580: 4537: 4508:Journal ranking 4498:Citation impact 4461: 4396: 4354:Grey literature 4348: 4310: 4282: 4277: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4019: 4017:Further reading 4014: 4013: 3968: 3964: 3935: 3931: 3915:10.1038/495426a 3886: 3882: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3822: 3811: 3807: 3776: 3772: 3742: 3727: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3565: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3491: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3466: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3439: 3437: 3422: 3418: 3391:Research Ethics 3383: 3379: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3333: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3191: 3187: 3156: 3152: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3088: 3084: 3068: 3067: 3061: 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2118: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2040: 2036: 2035:New Scientist 2032: 2026: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1815:(7839): 553. 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1728:on 2017-11-08 1727: 1723: 1717: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1385: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 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" 4180: 4154: 4130: 4126: 4105: 4091: 4067: 4063: 4038: 4034: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3949:(2): 13–19. 3946: 3942: 3932: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3823:. Retrieved 3808: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3754: 3751:Publications 3750: 3717:. Retrieved 3689: 3686:Organization 3685: 3672: 3640:(10): 1034. 3637: 3633: 3623: 3611:. Retrieved 3603:The Guardian 3602: 3592: 3581:. Retrieved 3572: 3548:. Retrieved 3534: 3523:. Retrieved 3516:the original 3503: 3492:. Retrieved 3488: 3478: 3467:. Retrieved 3458: 3449: 3438:. Retrieved 3434:the original 3429: 3419: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3355: 3345: 3334:. Retrieved 3319: 3308:. Retrieved 3299: 3290: 3278:. Retrieved 3269: 3260: 3252:the original 3247: 3238: 3227:. Retrieved 3213: 3194: 3188: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3091: 3085: 3060:. Retrieved 3048: 3035: 3024:. Retrieved 3009:www.wipo.int 3008: 2998: 2987:. Retrieved 2971: 2964: 2946: 2941: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2876: 2871: 2860:. Retrieved 2827: 2823: 2813: 2794: 2788: 2776:. 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