965:. International codes of conduct and national legislation on research integrity have officially endorsed open sharing of scientific output (publications, data, and code used to perform statistical analyses on the data) as ways to limit questionable research practices and to enhance reproducibility. Having both the data and the actual code enables others to reproduce the results for themselves (or to uncover problems in the analyses when trying to do so). The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity 2023 states, for example, the principles that, "Researchers, research institutions, and organisations ensure that access to data is as open as possible, as closed as necessary, and where appropriate in line with the FAIR Principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) for data management" and that "Researchers, research institutions, and organisations are transparent about how to access and gain permission to use data,
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1155:. Such tenets may allow doctors, care providers, and families to create a treatment plan and work towards the same common goal. These four values are not ranked in order of importance or relevance and they all encompass values pertaining to medical ethics. However, a conflict may arise leading to the need for hierarchy in an ethical system, such that some moral elements overrule others with the purpose of applying the best moral judgement to a difficult medical situation. Medical ethics is particularly relevant in decisions regarding
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1080:, indicate some form of scientific misconduct. However the ORI will only investigate allegations of impropriety where research was funded by federal grants. They routinely monitor such research publications for red flags and their investigation is subject to a statute of limitations. Other private organizations like the Committee of Medical Journal Editors (COJE) can only police their own members.
22:
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The concrete impact of codes of conduct and other measures put in place to ensure research integrity remain uncertain. Several case studies have highlighted that while the principles of typical codes of conduct adhere to common scientific ideals, they are seen as remote from actual work practices and
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Medical ethics encompasses beneficence, autonomy, and justice as they relate to conflicts such as euthanasia, patient confidentiality, informed consent, and conflicts of interest in healthcare. In addition, medical ethics and culture are interconnected as different cultures implement ethical values
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now available, but a limited number of dialysis machines to treat patients, an ethical question arose on which patients to treat and which ones not to treat, and which factors to use in making such a decision. More recently, new techniques for gene editing aiming at treating, preventing and curing
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Scientific literature on research integrity falls mostly into two categories: first, mapping of the definitions and categories, especially in regard to scientific misconduct, and second, empirical surveys of the attitudes and practices of scientists. Following the development of codes of conduct,
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As this field continues to develop and change throughout history, the focus remains on fair, balanced, and moral thinking across all cultural and religious backgrounds around the world. The field of medical ethics encompasses both practical application in clinical settings and scholarly work in
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The consequences of scientific misconduct can be damaging for perpetrators and journal audience and for any individual who exposes it. In addition there are public health implications attached to the promotion of medical or other interventions based on false or fabricated research findings.
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metadata, protocols, code, software, and other research materials". References to open science have incidentally opened up the debate over scientific integrity beyond academic communities, as it increasingly concerns a wider audience of scientific
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for clinical research. Researchers refer to populations with limited autonomy as "vulnerable populations"; these are subjects who may not be able to fairly decide for themselves whether to participate. Examples of vulnerable populations include
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taxonomies of non-ethical uses have been significantly expanded, beyond the long-established forms of scientific fraud (plagiarism, falsification and fabrication of results). Definitions of "questionable research practices" and the debate over
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Swedish definition: "Intention distortion of the research process by fabrication of data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or publication; or distortion of the research process in other
124:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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or any other condition which precludes their autonomy, and to a lesser extent, any population for which there is reason to believe that the research study could seem particularly or unfairly persuasive or misleading.
1252:, and technologies. It proposes the discussion about moral discernment in society (what decisions are "good" or "bad" and why) and it is often related to medical policy and practice, but also to broader questions as
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Nylenna, M.; Andersen, D.; Dahlquist, G.; Sarvas, M.; Aakvaag, A. (1999). "Handling of scientific dishonesty in the Nordic countries. National
Committees on Scientific Dishonesty in the Nordic Countries".
946:(2005), the Singapore statement on research integrity (2010), the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (2011 & 2017) and the Hong Kong principles for assessing researchers (2020).
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led to heightened debate on the ethical norms of sciences and the limitations of the self-regulation processes implemented by scientific communities and institutions. Formalized definitions of
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In Canada, there are different committees for different agencies. The committees are the
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and related scientific research. Medical ethics is based on a set of values that professionals can refer to in the case of any confusion or conflict. These values include the respect for
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diseases utilizing gene editing, are raising important moral questions about their applications in medicine and treatments as well as societal impacts on future generations.
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to the treatment of human and animal subjects. The societal responsibilities that science and research have are not traditionally included and are less well defined.
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developed out of centuries of general malpractice and science motivated only by results. Medical ethics in turn led to today's more broad understanding in
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1178:(1947) are two well-known and well respected documents contributing to medical ethics. Other important markings in the history of medical ethics include
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Danish definition: "Intention or gross negligence leading to fabrication of the scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist"
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Study participants are entitled to some degree of autonomy in deciding their participation. One measure for safeguarding this right is the use of
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differently, sometimes placing more emphasis on family values and downplaying the importance of autonomy. This leads to an increasing need for
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for research integrity are widespread. Along with codes of conduct at institutional and national levels, major international texts include the
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In Canada, mandatory research ethics training is required for students, professors and others who work in research. The US first legislated
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1667:"The Rise and Much-Sought Demise of the Adversarial Culture in Australian Research Ethics: Australasian Ethics Network Conference 2013"
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which led to international codes of research ethics. No approach has been universally accepted, but typically-cited codes are the 1947
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Shaw SE, Petchey RP, Chapman J, Abbott S (2009). "A double-edged sword? Health research and research governance in UK primary care."
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Wickson, Fern; Preston, Christopher; Binimelis, Rosa; Herrero, Amaranta; Hartley, Sarah; Wynberg, Rachel; Wynne, Brian (2017-06-09).
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3093:, Ezekiel Emanuel, Christine Grady, Robert Crouch, Reidar Lie, Franklin Miller, David Wendler, Oxford University Press, 2008
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1854:"Addressing Socio-Economic and Ethical Considerations in Biotechnology Governance: The Potential of a New Politics of Care"
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Portuguese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Morreim, E H; Winer, Jeffrey C (2023). "Guest authorship as research misconduct: definitions and possible solutions".
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also target a grey area of dubious scientific results, which may not be the outcome of voluntary manipulations.
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It is 10 years, to the month, since
Stephen Lock ... Reproduced with kind permission of the Editor, The Lancet.
926:, the concept of research integrity came to the fore in the late 1970s. A series of publicized scandals in the
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discusses basic principles for medical professionals. This document dates back to the fifth century BCE. Both
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1725:"Ethical considerations for research conducted with human participants in languages other than English"
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731:. Beyond the issues of falsification, fabrication and plagiarism that arise in every scientific field,
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Güldal D, Semin S (2000). "The influences of drug companies' advertising programs on physicians".
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2882:"Research Ethics Board: Overview of the Health Canada and Public Health Agency of Canada REB"
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Consequences for the environment, for society and for future generations must be considered.
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1264:. Bioethics is concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among
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1292:. It includes the study of values relating to primary care, other branches of medicine ("
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2471:"The Evolving Ethics of Dialysis in the United States: A Principlist Bioethics Approach"
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Butler, Catherine R.; Mehrotra, Rajnish; Tonelli, Mark R.; Lam, Daniel Y. (2016-04-07).
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are carried out in an ethical manner in accordance with national and international law.
938:, became the main policy response after 1990. In the 21st century, codes of conduct or
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Appel, JM. Must My Doctor Tell My
Partner? Rethinking Confidentiality In the HIV Era,
2010:
1367:, children, prisoners, soldiers, people under detention, migrants, persons exhibiting
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2154:"Consequences of Whistleblowing for the Whistleblower in Misconduct in Science Cases"
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several authors suggested that research ethics in a medical context is dominated by
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2584:. Canada: Waterloo, Ont : Wilfrid Laurier university Press. pp. 119–126.
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related to health (primarily focused on the human, but also increasingly includes
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Research Ethics and
Integrity for Social Scientists: Beyond Regulatory Compliance
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provides the following sample definitions, reproduced in The COPE report 1999:
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2842:"Continuing review of ethics in clinical trials: a surveillance study in Iran"
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2958:"Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans"
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physicians and ethical committees in hospitals and other healthcare settings.
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2018:
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After 2010, debates on research integrity have been increasingly linked to
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includes many large scale violations and crimes against humanity such as
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includes many large scale violations and crimes against humanity such as
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Clinical trials : what patients and healthy volunteers need to know
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Veit, Walter (2018). "Procreative
Beneficence and Genetic Enhancement".
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Ethical problems particularly encumber using children in clinical trials
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1947:
The Story of
Bioethics: From seminal works to contemporary explorations
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1792:
1770:
Stahl, Bernd
Carsten; Timmermans, Job; Flick, Catherine (2016-09-19).
1740:
3239:
2105:"SOCIOLOGY: Scientific Misconduct: Do the Punishments Fit the Crime?"
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Three percent of the 3,475 research institutions that report to the
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Secretariat on
Responsible Conduct of Research (5 February 2016).
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is both a field of study and professional practice, interested in
3208:
2608:
Brow, Julie A. (June 2002). "When culture and medicine collide".
1245:
1202:
1152:
1025:
1013:
2430:"The Code of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association"
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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1772:"Ethics of Emerging Information and Communication Technologies"
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1006:
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713:
1995:
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Proceedings of the 2013 Australasian Ethics Network Conference
2916:"The Course on Research Ethics (CORE): Implications for SoTL"
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The European Union only sets the guidelines for its member's
1051:
Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian countries
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A reconstruction of the skull purportedly belonging to the
789:, govern and oversee the responsible conduct of research.
2922:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–11,
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Mohamadi, Amin; Asghari, Fariba; Rashidian, Arash (2014).
2174:
3020:"Open science and codes of conduct on research integrity"
2293:
Beauchamp, J. (2013). "Principles of Biomedical Ethics".
2254:
1489:
1281:
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have rights which they expect to be honored, including:
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and, in modern times, from the much more broad field of
133:
to this template: there are already 473 articles in the
2650:"Good medical ethics, justice and provincial globalism"
2389:"The Hippocratic Oath and Principles of Medical Ethics"
2222:. New Delhi: Friends Publications (India). p. 90.
2219:
Introduction of Research Methods and Publication Ethics
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are the areas that raise ethical questions most often.
113:
a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
2475:
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2393:
The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles
2216:
Singh, Dr. Yatendra Kumar; Kumar Dubey, Bipin (2021).
2603:
2601:
2080:"What are the consequences of scientific misconduct?"
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which led to international codes of research ethics.
2575:
2573:
2382:
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117:
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Ethics and the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
2156:. Research Triangle Institute. 1995. Archived from
1952:
3067:
2742:"Are medical ethics universal or culture specific"
2733:
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2628:
2598:
2286:
1664:
2846:Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine
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2570:
2519:
2377:
2348:
2243:Part III. Department of Health and Human Services
1972:"European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity"
3335:
2312:Weise, Mary (2016). "Medical Ethics Made Easy".
2215:
911:is an aspect of research ethics that deals with
3139:
3090:The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics
2582:A Cross-Cultural Dialogue on Health Care Ethics
2527:"Safeguarding the future of human gene editing"
2269:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
35:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
2913:
1296:"), ethical education in science, animal, and
994:, a long-lasting case of scientific misconduct
159:accompanying your translation by providing an
104:Click for important translation instructions.
91:expand this article with text translated from
3125:
1665:Israel, Mark; Allen, G.; Thomson, C. (2013).
1244:), including those emerging from advances in
1084:
690:
2180:
1817:"Ethical Decision-Making in Social Research"
1066:Scientific misconduct can result in loss of
2696:
2260:
1914:Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research
1488:Large international organizations like the
1309:
1304:
3132:
3118:
2914:Stockley, Denise; Wright, Madison (2022),
2901:"Panel on Responsible Conduct of Research"
2888:. Government of Canada. 28 September 2004.
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2102:
1074:US Department of Health and Human Services
1001:is the violation of the standard codes of
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683:
214:
3035:
2857:
2816:
2767:
2757:
2665:
2502:
2445:
2404:
2356:"Bioethic Tools: Principles of Bioethics"
2292:
1879:
1791:
1353:
59:Learn how and when to remove this message
2964:, Informa Healthcare, pp. 876–882,
1910:
1718:
1716:
1439:is a body responsible for ensuring that
1135:which analyzes the practice of clinical
985:
972:
922:First introduced in the 19th century by
628:Library and information science software
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2427:
2386:
2261:Young, Michael; Wagner, Angela (2023),
1814:
1612:
893:
71:Ethical practice in scientific research
3336:
2955:
2579:
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623:Geographic information system software
3260:Guidelines for human subject research
3113:
3065:
3017:
2739:
2648:Prah Ruger, Jennifer (October 2014).
2311:
1958:
1722:
1713:
1514:Social Sciences & Medicine (2009)
1460:that forms Research Ethic Committees.
1091:Guidelines for human subject research
915:or rules of professional practice of
888:
3106:from Harvard School of Public Health
2607:
2549:
1729:British Educational Research Journal
1688:
1686:
1684:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1383:
1166:There are several codes of conduct.
815:
727:The discipline is most developed in
712:is a discipline within the study of
73:
15:
3104:list of research participant rights
3074:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2791:Beecher, Henry K. (June 16, 1966).
2103:Redman, B. K.; Merz, J. F. (2008).
2077:
13:
3059:
171:{{Translated|pt|Ética na ciência}}
14:
3375:
3171:Privacy for research participants
3097:
3018:Laine, Heidi (31 December 2018).
2962:Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy
2552:KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy
1911:Whitbeck, Caroline (2011-08-15).
1681:
1653:
1575:Regulation of genetic engineering
1492:have their own ethics committees.
1467:is the relevant ethics committee.
1337:privacy for research participants
1114:
792:Research in other fields such as
2956:Khaliq, Yasmin (November 2002),
2636:Medicine and Health Rhode Island
2039:
1545:Self-experimentation in medicine
1454:National Research Ethics Service
1428:This section is an excerpt from
1387:
1226:This section is an excerpt from
1120:This section is an excerpt from
978:This section is an excerpt from
958:their efficiency is criticized.
944:European Charter for Researchers
899:This section is an excerpt from
819:
716:. Its scope ranges from general
78:
20:
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2949:
2907:
2892:
2874:
2833:
2784:
2462:
2421:
2387:Berdine, Gilbert (2015-01-10).
2366:from the original on 2017-05-10
2305:
2295:Principles of Biomedical Ethics
2236:
2209:
2146:
2096:
2071:
2033:
1989:
1964:
1540:Unethical human experimentation
1184:in 1973 and the development of
857:Ethics committee § History
853:Unethical human experimentation
808:may generate ethical concerns.
2793:"Ethics and Clinical Research"
2740:Ahmed, Furqaan (August 2013).
2428:Riddick, Frank (Spring 2003).
1977:. ALLEA All European Academies
1939:
1917:. Cambridge University Press.
1904:
1845:
1808:
1763:
1615:"The Moral Terrain of Science"
1606:
1560:Scientific literature § Ethics
169:You may also add the template
1:
3300:Monitoring in clinical trials
2999:Social Science & Medicine
2667:10.1136/medethics-2014-102356
2531:login.proxylib.csueastbay.edu
2011:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07133-5
1600:
1535:Children in clinical research
1422:
1070:in the integrity of science.
3268:List of medical ethics cases
2326:10.1097/ncm.0000000000000151
2314:Professional Case Management
1723:Eaton, Sarah Elaine (2020).
1530:List of medical ethics cases
1507:
1220:
1103:derives, historically, from
1078:Office of Research Integrity
875:Tuskegee syphilis experiment
861:List of medical ethics cases
756:Tuskegee syphilis experiment
7:
2928:10.1007/978-3-031-11810-4_1
2809:10.1056/NEJM196606162742405
2711:10.2190/GYW9-XUMQ-M3K2-T31C
2564:10.13140/RG.2.2.11026.89289
2183:BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine
1523:
1498:institutional review boards
1452:In the United Kingdom, the
1172:The Declaration of Helsinki
141:will aid in categorization.
10:
3380:
3313:Institutional review board
3011:
2580:Coward, Harold G. (1999).
2195:10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111826
1465:Institutional review board
1463:In the United States, the
1427:
1379:
1294:the ethics of the ordinary
1225:
1119:
1088:
1085:Discipline specific ethics
1024:and of research ethics in
977:
898:
871:Nazi human experimentation
850:
811:
775:research ethics committees
752:Nazi human experimentation
116:Machine translation, like
3318:Data monitoring committee
3298:
3258:
3222:
3194:
3148:
2970:10.3109/9780824706081.150
1872:10.1007/s41055-017-0014-4
1776:Science and Public Policy
1699:. SAGE Publications Ltd.
1631:10.1007/s10670-013-9538-0
1613:Douglas, Heather (2014).
1590:Philosophy of engineering
650:Qualitative data analysis
93:the corresponding article
3323:Community advisory board
3245:Clinical research ethics
2406:10.12746/swrccc.v3i9.185
1923:10.1017/cbo9780511976339
1474:) and ethics committee (
1310:Study participant rights
1305:Clinical research ethics
1131:is an applied branch of
3278:Declaration of Helsinki
2124:10.1126/science.1158052
2078:Xie, Yun (2008-08-12).
2050:: 11–18. Archived from
1500:procedures in the 1974
1441:medical experimentation
777:, such as those of the
764:Declaration of Helsinki
180:For more guidance, see
3196:Human subject research
2903:. Canadian Government.
2759:10.4292/wjgpt.v4.i3.47
1445:human subject research
1354:Vulnerable populations
1332:shared decision-making
1161:involuntary commitment
1097:Human subject research
1009:in the publication of
995:
907:Research integrity or
867:list of historic cases
798:information technology
748:list of historic cases
737:human subject research
529:Inferential statistics
475:Descriptive statistics
422:Human subject research
3066:Speid, Lorna (2010).
1829:10.1057/9780230233768
1815:Iphofen, Ron (2011).
1784:10.1093/scipol/scw069
1693:Israel, Mark (2015).
1595:Philosophy of science
1502:National Research Act
1157:involuntary treatment
1016:. It is violation of
999:Scientific misconduct
989:
980:Scientific misconduct
973:Scientific misconduct
932:scientific misconduct
313:Philosophical schools
182:Knowledge:Translation
153:copyright attribution
3141:Research participant
2610:The Dental Assistant
2487:10.2215/CJN.04780515
2360:depts.washington.edu
2048:The COPE Report 1999
1585:Ethics of technology
1365:incarcerated persons
1300:, and public health.
1298:environmental ethics
1214:culturally sensitive
1168:The Hippocratic Oath
1095:Research ethics for
1018:scientific integrity
909:scientific integrity
901:Scientific integrity
894:Scientific integrity
718:scientific integrity
638:Reference management
588:Scientific modelling
330:Critical rationalism
3166:Respect for persons
3024:Informaatiotutkimus
2434:The Ochsner Journal
2041:"Coping with fraud"
1945:Walter, Klein eds.
1565:Psychology § Ethics
1456:is the responsible
1188:in the 1960s. With
1028:, including in the
1020:: violation of the
1014:scientific research
618:Argument technology
3037:10.23978/inf.77414
2248:2021-10-22 at the
1580:Engineering ethics
1570:Information ethics
1399:. You can help by
1314:Participants in a
1176:The Nuremberg Code
996:
889:Scientific conduct
831:. You can help by
612:Tools and software
556:Secondary research
480:Discourse analysis
161:interlanguage link
39:You can assist by
3364:Scientific method
3331:
3330:
3204:Clinical research
3181:Return of results
3176:Right to withdraw
3081:978-0-19-973416-0
2937:978-3-031-11809-8
2803:(24): 1354–1360.
2699:Int J Health Serv
2616:(3): 26, 28, 36.
2229:978-93-90649-38-9
1932:978-0-521-89797-6
1838:978-0-230-29634-3
1741:10.1002/berj.3623
1706:978-1-4739-1009-6
1483:ethics committees
1417:
1416:
1342:return of results
1320:clinical research
1022:scientific method
1003:scholarly conduct
849:
848:
707:
706:
673:Philosophy portal
581:Systematic review
566:Literature review
524:Historical method
507:Social experiment
442:Scientific method
427:Narrative inquiry
278:Interdisciplinary
272:Research strategy
193:
192:
105:
101:
69:
68:
61:
3371:
3308:Ethics committee
3186:Informed consent
3134:
3127:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3085:
3073:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3039:
3006:
2995:
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2988:
2987:
2986:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2911:
2905:
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2896:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2669:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2263:"Medical Ethics"
2258:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2109:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2030:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1883:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1690:
1679:
1678:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1610:
1555:Academic freedom
1437:ethics committee
1430:Ethics committee
1412:
1409:
1391:
1384:
1360:informed consent
1327:informed consent
1007:ethical behavior
936:codes of conduct
844:
841:
823:
816:
729:medical research
699:
692:
685:
645:Science software
544:Cultural mapping
512:Quasi-experiment
502:Field experiment
470:Content analysis
365:Critical realism
283:Multimethodology
218:
195:
194:
172:
166:
140:
139:|topic=
137:, and specifying
122:Google Translate
103:
99:
82:
81:
74:
64:
57:
53:
50:
44:
24:
23:
16:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3349:Research ethics
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3294:
3254:
3230:Research ethics
3223:Ethical systems
3218:
3214:Social research
3190:
3144:
3138:
3100:
3082:
3062:
3060:Further reading
3050:
3048:
3014:
3009:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2912:
2908:
2897:
2893:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2838:
2834:
2789:
2785:
2738:
2734:
2695:
2691:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2578:
2571:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2467:
2463:
2426:
2422:
2399:(9): 28–32–32.
2385:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2310:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2259:
2255:
2250:Wayback Machine
2241:
2237:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2076:
2072:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2005:(9172): 57–61.
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1909:
1905:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1813:
1809:
1768:
1764:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1691:
1682:
1663:
1654:
1625:(S5): 961–979.
1611:
1607:
1603:
1526:
1510:
1449:
1448:
1433:
1425:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1397:needs expansion
1382:
1356:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1145:non-maleficence
1125:
1117:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1081:
983:
975:
970:
969:
952:reproducibility
924:Charles Babbage
904:
896:
891:
863:
845:
839:
836:
829:needs expansion
814:
794:social sciences
766:, and the 1978
733:research design
710:Research ethics
703:
667:
666:
613:
605:
604:
551:Phenomenography
490:Autoethnography
455:
447:
446:
407:Grounded theory
402:Critical theory
397:Art methodology
392:Action research
387:
377:
376:
315:
305:
304:
273:
265:
264:
228:
226:Research design
189:
188:
187:
170:
164:
138:
106:
83:
79:
72:
65:
54:
48:
45:
38:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3377:
3367:
3366:
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3356:
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3346:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3284:Belmont Report
3280:
3275:
3273:Nuremberg Code
3270:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3250:Biobank ethics
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Medical ethics
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3098:External links
3096:
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2990:
2978:
2948:
2936:
2906:
2891:
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2832:
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2732:
2689:
2660:(1): 103–106.
2640:
2627:
2597:
2590:
2569:
2542:
2518:
2481:(4): 704–709.
2461:
2420:
2376:
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2285:
2253:
2235:
2228:
2208:
2173:
2145:
2095:
2070:
2032:
1988:
1963:
1951:
1938:
1931:
1903:
1866:(2): 193–199.
1844:
1837:
1807:
1762:
1735:(4): 848–858.
1712:
1705:
1680:
1652:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:Clinical trial
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1509:
1506:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1479:
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1316:clinical trial
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1238:ethical issues
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1129:Medical ethics
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1122:Medical ethics
1118:
1116:
1115:Medical ethics
1113:
1105:Medical ethics
1101:Animal testing
1086:
1083:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1040:of research.
984:
976:
974:
971:
905:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
879:Medical ethics
847:
846:
826:
824:
813:
810:
768:Belmont Report
760:Nuremberg Code
741:animal testing
714:applied ethics
705:
704:
702:
701:
694:
687:
679:
676:
675:
669:
668:
665:
664:
663:
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657:
652:
642:
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620:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
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597:
596:
595:
585:
584:
583:
578:
576:Scoping review
573:
568:
563:
553:
548:
547:
546:
536:
531:
526:
521:
519:Field research
516:
515:
514:
509:
504:
494:
493:
492:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
417:Historiography
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:
370:Subtle realism
367:
357:
352:
350:Postpositivism
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Constructivism
322:
320:Antipositivism
316:
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191:
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186:
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130:adding a topic
125:
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100:(January 2024)
88:
87:
86:
84:
77:
70:
67:
66:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3362:
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3339:
3324:
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3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
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3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
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3281:
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3248:
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3225:
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3210:
3207:
3205:
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3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
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3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3004:
3000:
2994:
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2979:0-8247-0608-0
2975:
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2967:
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2939:
2933:
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2925:
2921:
2917:
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2902:
2895:
2887:
2883:
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2869:
2865:
2860:
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2836:
2828:
2824:
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2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
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2770:
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2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:(3): 585–95.
2704:
2700:
2693:
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2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
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2383:
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2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
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2177:
2163:on 2017-08-24
2159:
2155:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:(5890): 775.
2117:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2057:on 2007-09-28
2053:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1973:
1967:
1961:, p. 52.
1960:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
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1512:Published in
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1395:This section
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1270:biotechnology
1267:
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1263:
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1259:
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1242:animal ethics
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928:United States
925:
920:
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913:best practice
910:
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886:
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868:
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827:This section
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802:biotechnology
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1881:10871/33650
1859:Food Ethics
1518:principlism
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1174:(1964) and
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806:engineering
762:, the 1964
485:Ethnography
385:Methodology
340:Fallibilism
288:Qualitative
258:Referencing
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3338:Categories
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2985:2024-01-07
2943:2024-01-07
2638:, Jun 2006
2536:2019-03-19
2370:2017-03-21
2280:2023-11-24
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1959:Laine 2018
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1778:: scw069.
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1423:Governance
1408:March 2024
1290:philosophy
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