Research - Knowledge

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is usually done free of charge. The tradition of peer reviews being done for free has however brought many pitfalls which are also indicative of why most peer reviewers decline many invitations to review. It was observed that publications from periphery countries rarely rise to the same elite status as those of North America and Europe, because limitations on the availability of resources including high-quality paper and sophisticated image-rendering software and printing tools render these publications less able to satisfy standards currently carrying formal or informal authority in the publishing industry. These limitations in turn result in the under-representation of scholars from periphery nations among the set of publications holding prestige status relative to the quantity and quality of those scholars' research efforts, and this under-representation in turn results in disproportionately reduced acceptance of the results of their efforts as contributions to the body of knowledge available worldwide.

1950:) research is an approach that involves the development of theory as opposed to using observation and experimentation. As such, non-empirical research seeks solutions to problems using existing knowledge as its source. This, however, does not mean that new ideas and innovations cannot be found within the pool of existing and established knowledge. Non-empirical research is not an absolute alternative to empirical research because they may be used together to strengthen a research approach. Neither one is less effective than the other since they have their particular purpose in science. Typically empirical research produces observations that need to be explained; then theoretical research tries to explain them, and in so doing generates empirically testable hypotheses; these hypotheses are then tested empirically, giving more observations that may need further explanation; and so on. See 1612: 1805: 4109: 2823: 76: 5093: 3759: 3849: 2561: 2257: 581: 2787: 1690: 4037: 2751: 4205: 2895: 1778:. However, some researchers advocate for the reverse approach: starting with articulating findings and discussion of them, moving "up" to identification of a research problem that emerges in the findings and literature review. The reverse approach is justified by the transactional nature of the research endeavor where research inquiry, research questions, research method, relevant research literature, and so on are not fully known until the findings have fully emerged and been interpreted. 5165: 3867: 4781: 3489: 4733: 3453: 938: 5189: 3885: 2215:) and the geographic locations where research occurs. Periphery scholars face the challenges of exclusion and linguicism in research and academic publication. As the great majority of mainstream academic journals are written in English, multilingual periphery scholars often must translate their work to be accepted to elite Western-dominated journals. Multilingual scholars' influences from their native communicative styles can be assumed to be incompetence instead of difference. 7748: 2419: 2623: 1377:: Consists of the subject area of one's interest and following that subject area to conduct subject-related research. The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is advisable. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the topic. 5021: 3687: 4757: 3471: 5045: 3705: 1817: 8604: 4709: 4493: 4133: 3417: 3237: 2841: 4589: 3309: 4565: 3291: 4949: 4661: 3989: 3633: 3363: 3111: 2715: 8579: 4997: 4613: 4061: 3669: 3327: 2769: 5117: 4973: 4853: 3777: 3651: 3561: 3525: 2967: 5141: 4397: 4349: 4325: 4157: 3831: 3795: 3399: 3147: 3075: 3057: 2859: 5213: 4877: 4253: 4229: 4013: 3965: 3921: 3903: 3579: 3435: 3003: 2949: 2913: 2733: 2697: 1122: 4925: 4541: 4517: 4445: 4181: 3813: 3615: 3273: 3255: 3219: 3165: 2877: 7762: 4805: 4685: 4301: 3507: 3381: 3039: 4637: 4085: 3345: 2931: 2805: 1324: 3021: 1529:, in artistic research, "perhaps more so than other disciplines, intuition is utilized as a method to identify a wide range of new and unexpected productive modalities". Most writers, whether of fiction or non-fiction books, also have to do research to support their creative work. This may be factual, historical, or background research. Background research could include, for example, geographical or procedural research. 1081: 3129: 1298: 3741: 4829: 3543: 1698: 4901: 4277: 3597: 2985: 1313: 4421: 3183: 1435:). However, if the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis, the experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used because researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. In this sense, a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually, becoming widely thought of as true. 5069: 4469: 4373: 3723: 3201: 3093: 7774: 1224: 1997: 1458:. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to a question, but instead, explore the issues and details that surround it. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, or ethnic. An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in 2672:

in the UK. These are managed primarily through universities and in some cases through military contractors. Many senior researchers (such as group leaders) spend a significant amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers to carry out

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the work and make it available for a wider audience. The system varies widely by field and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. There is also a large body of research that exists in either a thesis or dissertation form. These forms

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This could be due to changes in funding for research both in the East and the West. Focused on emphasizing educational achievement, East Asian cultures, mainly in China and South Korea, have encouraged the increase of funding for research expansion. In contrast, in the Western academic world, notably

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is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication. Usually, the peer review process involves experts in the same field who are consulted by editors to give a review of the scholarly works produced by a colleague of theirs from an unbiased and impartial point of view, and this

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has brought big impacts on research methods so that now many researchers do not put much effort into data collection; furthermore, methods to analyze easily available huge amounts of data have also been developed. Types of Research Method 1. Observatory Research Method 2. Correlation Research Method

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This research mainly focus on culture of group of people which includes share attributes, language, practices, structure, value, norms and material things, evaluate human lifestyle. Ethno: people, Grapho: to write, this disciple may include ethnic groups, ethno genesis, composition, resettlement and

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Mixed-method research, i.e. research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data, is becoming more common. This method has benefits that using one method alone cannot offer. For example, a researcher may choose to conduct a qualitative study and follow

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Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research. The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the method of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion

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Research, in its simplest terms, is searching for knowledge and searching for truth. In a formal sense, it is a systematic study of a problem attacked by a deliberately chosen strategy, which starts with choosing an approach to preparing a blueprint (design) and acting upon it in terms of designing

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In either qualitative or quantitative research, the researcher(s) may collect primary or secondary data. Primary data is data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used

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The steps generally represent the overall process; however, they should be viewed as an ever-changing iterative process rather than a fixed set of steps. Most research begins with a general statement of the problem, or rather, the purpose for engaging in the study. The literature review identifies

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A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the time, the prediction will be verified. As the accuracy of observation improves with time, the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction. In this case, a new hypothesis will arise to challenge the old,

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are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields, from the print to the electronic format. A study suggests that researchers should not give

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work, there are typically some new (for example) mathematical results produced or a new way of approaching an existing problem. In some subjects which do not typically carry out experimentation or analysis of this kind, the originality is in the particular way existing understanding is changed or

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If the research question is about people, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments (this is the only way that a quantitative study can be considered a true experiment). If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics to

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The open access movement assumes that all information generally deemed useful should be free and belongs to a "public domain", that of "humanity". This idea gained prevalence as a result of Western colonial history and ignores alternative conceptions of knowledge circulation. For instance, most

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comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use historical sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. There are various history guidelines that are commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and

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in the following manner – "Artistic research is to investigate and test with the purpose of gaining knowledge within and for our artistic disciplines. It is based on artistic practices, methods, and criticality. Through presented documentation, the insights gained shall be placed in a context."

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and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion of past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.

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There is alleged to be a double standard in the Western knowledge system. On the one hand, "digital right management" used to restrict access to personal information on social networking platforms is celebrated as a protection of privacy, while simultaneously when similar functions are used by

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The quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. These methods produce results that can be summarized, compared, and generalized to larger populations if the data are

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rather than present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified). Original research can take various forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to. In experimental work, it typically involves direct or indirect observation of the researched subject(s), e.g., in the

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to systematically investigate a topic, and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. Other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be

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This kind of research approach reduces the quality of research because international researchers may not ask the right questions or draw connections to local issues. The result of this approach is that local communities are unable to leverage the research to their own advantage. Ultimately,

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Generalization is the process of more broadly applying the valid results of one study. Studies with a narrow scope can result in a lack of generalizability, meaning that the results may not be applicable to other populations or regions. In comparative politics, this can result from using a

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Meta-research is the study of research through the use of research methods. Also known as "research on research", it aims to reduce waste and increase the quality of research in all fields. Meta-research concerns itself with the detection of bias, methodological flaws, and other errors and

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methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive). Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Quantitative research is linked with the

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are the focus of very few studies. Patterns of geographic bias also show a relationship with linguicism: countries whose official languages are French or Arabic are far less likely to be the focus of single-country studies than countries with different official languages. Within Africa,

1482:, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth. 1957:

A simple example of a non-empirical task is the prototyping of a new drug using a differentiated application of existing knowledge; another is the development of a business process in the form of a flow chart and texts where all the ingredients are from established knowledge. Much of

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For comparative politics, Western countries are over-represented in single-country studies, with heavy emphasis on Western Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Since 2000, Latin American countries have become more popular in single-country studies. In contrast, countries in

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Qualitative research refers to much more subjective non- quantitative, use different methods of collecting data, analyzing data, interpreting data for meanings, definitions, characteristics, symbols metaphors of things. Qualitative research further classified into following types:

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There are two major types of empirical research design: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they aim to answer:

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The controversial trend of artistic teaching becoming more academics-oriented is leading to artistic research being accepted as the primary mode of enquiry in art as in the case of other disciplines. One of the characteristics of artistic research is that it must accept

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great consideration to findings that are not replicated frequently. It has also been suggested that all published studies should be subjected to some measure for assessing the validity or reliability of its procedures to prevent the publication of unproven findings.

986:, who states that "research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. 1795:

talks about an inherent difficulty, if not a paradox, of doing research that can be paraphrased in the following way, "If you know what you're searching for, why do you search for it?! If you don't know what you're searching for, what are you searching for?!"

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and to the extent that the new hypothesis makes more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it. Researchers can also use a null hypothesis, which states no relationship or difference between the independent or dependent variables.

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populations, and is based on dimensions of mental health important to the Māori people – "taha wairua (the spiritual dimension), taha hinengaro (the mental dimension), taha tinana (the physical dimension), and taha whanau (the family dimension)".

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statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants.

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are different in the electronic environment. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is

906:, one should have enormous knowledge of subjects related to social science that they are specialized in. Similarly, in order to be a natural science researcher, the person should have knowledge of fields related to natural science ( 1766:. The hypothesis is the supposition to be tested. The researcher(s) collects data to test the hypothesis. The researcher(s) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical methods, engaging in what is known as 2268:. The reason given is: This subsection's claims are potentially outdated in the "digital age" given that near-total penetration of Web access among scholars worldwide enables any scholar to submit papers to any journal anywhere. 1831:

The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure):

1401:: Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from or about these samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and reliable. 2290:

is a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia,

993:: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws" 6317: 2325:

in the United Kingdom as well as in some state governments in the United States, funding cuts for university research have occurred, which some say may lead to the future decline of Western dominance in research.

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says, "... no researcher should accept any one or two tests as definitive. It is only when a range of tests are consistent over many kinds of data, researchers, and methods can one have confidence in the results."

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Research input and output worldwide, various years since 2014, Statistical Annex, by country, Table B1: Research expenditure as a share of GDP and in purchasing power parity dollars (PPP$ ), 2015–2018, year 2018

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Reverby, Susan M. (1 April 2012). "Zachary M. Schrag. Ethical Imperialism: Institutional Review Boards and the Social Sciences, 1965–2009. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2010. Pp. xii, 245. $ 45.00".

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of research can be found in databases explicitly for theses and dissertations. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in science, technology, and medicine. Most established

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collected using proper sampling and data collection strategies. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest.

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of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research may be funded by public authorities, charitable organizations, and private organizations. Scientific research can be subdivided by

1431:). Generally, a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by observing the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is rejected (see 6988:

Minasny, Budiman; Fiantis, Dian; Mulyanto, Budi; Sulaeman, Yiyi; Widyatmanti, Wirastuti (15 August 2020). "Global soil science research collaboration in the 21st century: Time to end helicopter research".

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Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it.

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single-country study, rather than a study design that uses data from multiple countries. Despite the issue of generalizability, single-country studies have risen in prevalence since the late 2000s.

1880:: It is very powerful strategy for demonstrating methodology to health professions education as well as best suited for exploring challenging problems in health professions educations. In addition, 1905:

This involves systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships, by asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze it utilizing

2377:) and the careers of local scientists. This form of "colonial" science has reverberations of 19th century scientific practices of treating non-Western participants as "others" in order to advance 5651:

Callaham, Michael; Wears, Robert; Weber, Ellen L. (2002). "Journal Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals".

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Schiesser, G. (2015). What is at stake – Qu'est ce que l'enjeu? Paradoxes – Problematics – Perspectives in Artistic Research Today, in: Arts, Research, Innovation and Society. Eds. Gerald Bast,

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In many disciplines, Western methods of conducting research are predominant. Researchers are overwhelmingly taught Western methods of data collection and study. The increasing participation of

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research hypotheses, choosing methods and techniques, selecting or developing data collection tools, processing the data, interpretation, and ending with presenting solution(s) of the problem.

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name seven points of attention to specify the Doctorate / PhD in the Arts compared to a scientific doctorate / PhD. The Florence Principles have been endorsed and are supported also by

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resulting from parachute science frequently only contribute to the career of the scientists from rich countries, thus limiting the development of local science capacity (such as

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Research input and output worldwide, various years since 2014, Statistical Annex, by country, Table C2: Total researchers and researchers per million inhabitants, 2015 and 2018

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Canagarajah, Suresh (October 1996). "'Nondiscursive' Requirements in Academic Publishing, Material Resources of Periphery Scholars, and the Politics of Knowledge Production".

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Talja, Sanna and Pamela J. Mckenzie (2007). Editor's Introduction: Special Issue on Discursive Approaches to Information Seeking in Context, The University of Chicago Press.

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Creswell, J.W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2008

2346:, frequently described as helicopter research, parachute science or research, parasitic research, or safari study, is when researchers from wealthier countries go to a 2062:

to the treatment of human and animal subjects. The societal responsibilities that science and research have are not traditionally included and are less well defined.

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defines artistic research as any kind of research employing the artistic mode of perception. For a survey of the central problematics of today's artistic research, see

7540: 5915: 2600:. There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and 7806: 6957: 1370:. Though the order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied: 1632:

and sensual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following concepts are part of most formal historical research:

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Patricia Leavy addresses eight arts-based research (ABR) genres: narrative inquiry, fiction-based research, poetry, music, dance, theatre, film, and visual art.

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is identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question. The research question may be parallel to the

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methods of data collection. Western methods of data collection may not be the most accurate or relevant for research on non-Western societies. For example, "

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The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research more generally to also include studying already existing knowledge: "studious inquiry or examination;

8612: 224: 1020:, is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review, or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. This material is of a 6178:

Rocco, T.S., Hatcher, T., & Creswell, J.W. (2011). The handbook of scholarly writing and publishing. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons. 2011

6051: 2528:) has been used both as a generic term for a person who has been carrying out scientific research, and as a job position within the frameworks of the 7436: 487: 5440: 8622: 8617: 7468: 7137: 5355: 6245: 7514: 2429: 1515: 967:

term "recerchier," a compound word from "re-" + "cerchier", or "sercher", meaning 'search'. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.

6423: 6892: 5715:"Resolving ethical challenges when researching with minority and vulnerable populations: LGBTIQ victims of violence, harassment and bullying" 6671: 7799: 2321:, argue for "the need a plural university world". Marginson argues that the East Asian Confucian model could take over the Western model. 2195: 7356:

Stefanoudis, Paris V.; Licuanan, Wilfredo Y.; Morrison, Tiffany H.; Talma, Sheena; Veitayaki, Joeli; Woodall, Lucy C. (22 February 2021).

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The total number of researchers (full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants for individual countries is shown in the following table.

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which led to international codes of research ethics. No approach has been universally accepted, but typically-cited codes are the 1947

556: 7939: 6695:"Commentary on Cultural Diversity Across the Pacific: The Dominance of Western Theories, Models, Research and Practice in Psychology" 5565: 2633: with: funding for research in the humanities and other areas. Presently, only scientific research is addressed. You can help by 1574: 5770: 6004:

Hughes, Rolf: "Leap into Another Kind: International Developments in Artistic Research", in Swedish Research Council, ed. (2013),

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indigenous communities consider that access to certain information proper to the group should be determined by relationships.

7662: 6498: 6399: 6278: 6183: 6093: 1317: 6504: 6203: 5687: 5475: 1033:, results, and conclusions of an experiment or set of experiments, or offers a novel interpretation of previous results. In 5871: 5831: 7672:

Cohen, N.; Arieli, T. (2011). "Field research in conflict environments: Methodological challenges and snowball sampling".

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Artistic research aims to enhance knowledge and understanding with presentation of the arts. A simpler understanding by

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Research expenditure by type of research as a share of GDP for individual countries is shown in the following table.

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cultural groups (i.e. indigenous communities) this is denounced as "access control" and reprehended as censorship.

2120: 8345: 7717: 1582: 492: 7752: 7037:"Neo-colonial science by the most industrialised upon the least developed countries in peer-reviewed publishing" 5620:"Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers" 1416: 1165: 855:, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: 7815: 7413: 5795:

Eisner, E. W. (1981). "On the Differences between Scientific and Artistic Approaches to Qualitative Research".

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Frequently, during this kind of research, the local colleagues might be used to provide logistics support as

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and samples, and publish the results with no or little involvement of local researchers. A 2003 study by the

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to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of

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Canagarajah, A. Suresh (1 January 1996). "From Critical Research Practice to Critical Research Reporting".

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qualitative or quantitative, and can use a variety of approaches, such as queer theory or feminist theory.

673: 477: 7443: 1172: 851:(R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on 2386: 2170:

across a large number of fields. This widespread difficulty in reproducing research has been termed the "

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Gauch, Jr., H.G. (2003). Scientific method in practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2003

8655: 8340: 7276: 6235: 5315: 2116: 2112: 2089: 2069:. Beyond the issues of falsification, fabrication and plagiarism that arise in every scientific field, 1775: 1506: 6884: 1581:. The Florence Principles relating to the Salzburg Principles and the Salzburg Recommendations of the 1045:

The degree of originality of the research is among the major criteria for articles to be published in

8590: 8547: 8542: 8517: 8432: 8422: 8417: 7778: 7604: 6085: 2674: 2359: 2015: 1306: 1248: 1239: 1154: 1139: 1094: 542: 504: 291: 32: 7736: 7112: 6921:"Does Information Really Want to be Free? Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the Question of Openness" 1611: 8427: 8330: 7977: 7924: 6559:

Ioannidis, John P. A.; Fanelli, Daniele; Dunne, Debbie Drake; Goodman, Steven N. (2 October 2015).

2657: 2597: 2529: 1395:: Details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured/assessed in the study. 926: 848: 757: 608: 598: 6341:"Adapting and Improving Methods to Manage Cognitive Pretesting of Multilingual Survey Instruments" 8447: 8275: 8226: 6655: 6373:

Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research.

6296:"Applying a project management approach to survey research projects that use qualitative methods" 2369:

but are not engaged for their expertise or given credit for their participation in the research.

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Educational Research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research

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for the research. It is good ethical research practice to use secondary data wherever possible.

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of the 20th century, is credited with saving more lives than any other scientist in that time.

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of the findings in local communities in order to address issues being studied by scientists.

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A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management

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provides a comprehensive list of U.S. Government and private foundation funding sources.

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flaws or holes in previous research which provides justification for the study. Often, a

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Even though Western dominance seems to be prominent in research, some scholars, such as

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1383:: A testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more variables. 8507: 8377: 8179: 8079: 8074: 7859: 7689: 7563: 7506: 7435:

Heiner Evanschitzky, Carsten Baumgarth, Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong (2006).

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which rely on local communities to implement solutions, neo-colonial science prevents

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of artistic research and its methodologies, from all arts disciplines and it runs the

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Dahdouh-Guebas, Farid; Ahimbisibwe, J.; Van Moll, Rita; Koedam, Nico (1 March 2003).

7014: 6866: 6785: 6661: 6636: 6600: 6582: 6539: 6494: 6405: 6395: 6274: 6268: 6179: 6162: 6142: 6118: 6089: 6023: 5762: 5693: 5668: 5598: 5530: 5407: 5325: 5257: 3008: 2237: 2187: 1951: 1759: 1755: 1722: 1713: 1624: 1616: 1606: 1499: 1459: 1367: 1234: 1070: 945: 804: 593: 532: 440: 425: 383: 366: 301: 286: 102: 97: 59: 7510: 7262: 7205: 7068: 6535: 5867: 1774:

are then reported and evaluated. At the end, the researcher may discuss avenues for

1407:: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data to draw conclusions about it. 8512: 8487: 8387: 8248: 8243: 8024: 7681: 7555: 7498: 7369: 7232: 7175: 7048: 7010: 7006: 6920: 6856: 6848: 6815: 6773: 6735: 6706: 6628: 6590: 6572: 6531: 6352: 6307: 5726: 5660: 5452: 5399: 5391: 2613: 2587: 2566: 2066: 1820: 1552: 1054: 1046: 983: 903: 832: 688: 403: 371: 361: 329: 142: 107: 5472: 2586:

have their own scientific journals and other outlets for publication, though many

2437: 8527: 8372: 8350: 8119: 8034: 8019: 7784: 6852: 6577: 6526:

Liu, Alex (2015). "Structural Equation Modeling and Latent Variable Approaches".

6490: 6480: 6195: 6136: 5479: 5345: 5280: 4786: 3494: 2560: 2487: 2318: 2167: 2130: 2070: 2047: 1984: 1771: 1629: 1519: 1463: 1428: 1398: 1331: 1328: 956: 868: 704: 410: 349: 266: 261: 256: 251: 92: 85: 75: 6777: 5823: 2199: 1619:(1795–1886), considered to be one of the founders of modern source-based history 8585: 8537: 8492: 8285: 8221: 8134: 8094: 7934: 7894: 7731: 6267:

Pawar, Neelam (December 2020). "6. Type of Research and Type Research Design".

5962: 5170: 4210: 3872: 2900: 2604:, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web. 2601: 2592: 2477: 2473: 2366: 2105: 2097: 2078: 1966:

research does not rely on externally available data; rather, it seeks to prove

1781: 1689: 1491: 1432: 1021: 828: 580: 435: 378: 276: 229: 209: 179: 7374: 7357: 7052: 6482:

Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches

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as opposed to the classical scientific methods. As such, it is similar to the

8639: 8397: 8367: 8305: 8106: 8054: 8049: 7959: 7685: 7383: 7246: 7189: 7060: 7018: 6640: 6586: 6561:"Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices" 6486: 5967:

The Conflict of the Faculties. Perspectives on Artistic Research and Academia

5766: 5731: 5714: 5664: 5566:"What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source" 5395: 5385: 5290: 5194: 3890: 2441: 2160: 2138: 1824: 1556: 1404: 1100: 963:", which means "to go about seeking", the term itself being derived from the 880: 836: 572: 430: 420: 6632: 5625:. Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney. p. 2. 5619: 937: 8357: 8216: 8154: 7889: 7437:"Replication Research in Marketing Revisited: A Note on a Disturbing Trend" 7391: 7254: 7197: 6870: 6604: 5672: 5252: 5026: 3692: 2513: 2382: 1487: 1451: 1058: 852: 271: 7349: 7036: 6357: 6312: 5748:"Who's Afraid of Artistic Research? On measuring artistic research output" 5568:. Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida. Archived from 5457: 5390:. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities. 1888:

approach is necessary to control the scope, schedule, and cost related to

8392: 8089: 8059: 8044: 7909: 7904: 5098: 5050: 4762: 4738: 3764: 3710: 3476: 3458: 2654: 2578: 2378: 2287: 2142: 2088:

includes many large scale violations and crimes against humanity such as

1963: 1770:. The results of the data analysis in rejecting or failing to reject the 1667: 1549: 1545: 1526: 1427:

A common misconception is that a hypothesis will be proven (see, rather,

1050: 1030: 884: 663: 622: 398: 344: 244: 199: 7747: 6958:"Sun sets on Western dominance as East Asian Confucian model takes lead" 6224:

Plato, & Bluck, R. S. (1962). Meno. Cambridge, UK: University Press.

2622: 1892:

design, participant recruitment, data collection, reporting, as well as

1816: 8325: 8320: 8265: 7929: 7899: 7881: 7034: 6747: 6711: 6694: 5808: 5441:"Professional Association and Pathways to Leadership in Our Profession" 5262: 4714: 4594: 4498: 4138: 3422: 3314: 3242: 2846: 2481: 2212: 1911: 1845:, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question. 1763: 1380: 964: 860: 800: 724: 678: 452: 356: 324: 296: 214: 204: 194: 39: 7075: 2228:

English-speaking countries are more represented than other countries.

894:

is a person engaged in conducting research, possibly recognized as an

8502: 7969: 7944: 7823: 7502: 4954: 4666: 4570: 3994: 3946:

Research expenditure as a share of GDP by type of research (%), 2018

3638: 3368: 3296: 3116: 2720: 2653:

Most funding for scientific research comes from three major sources:

2224: 2166:

inefficiencies. Among the finding of meta-research is a low rates of

1959: 1661: 1510: 1455: 1343: 1025: 941: 918: 911: 899: 808: 709: 683: 642: 627: 393: 7405: 6837:"Generalizability: The trees, the forest, and the low-hanging fruit" 6739: 6006:

Artistic Research Then and Now: 2004–2013, Yearbook of AR&D 2013

2358:

found that 70% of articles in a random sample of publications about

1121: 7700:

Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia and Rietjens, Sebastiaan. 2014.

6467:

Research and Evaluation for Busy Practitioners: A Time-Saving Guide

6454:

Research and Evaluation for Busy Practitioners: A Time-Saving Guide

5122: 5002: 4978: 4858: 4618: 4066: 3782: 3674: 3656: 3566: 3530: 3332: 2774: 1934: 1654: 1642: 1564: 1467: 944:, (384–322 BC), one of the early figures in the development of the 864: 816: 812: 734: 632: 319: 117: 112: 1749:

Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations

1323: 1024:

character. The purpose of the original research is to produce new

7846: 7761: 5218: 5146: 4882: 4354: 4330: 4258: 4234: 4162: 4042: 4018: 3970: 3926: 3908: 3836: 3800: 3584: 3440: 3404: 3080: 3062: 3026: 2972: 2954: 2918: 2864: 2756: 2738: 2702: 2689:

researchers (full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants 2018

2350:, collect information, travel back to their country, analyze the 2220: 1967: 1697: 1366:

Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural

1347: 1297: 922: 915: 907: 856: 714: 7355: 1808:

The research room at the New York Public Library, an example of

1312: 1057:

are commonly required to perform original research as part of a

8479: 7773: 7538: 7481: 6983: 6981: 6979: 5980:

The Exposition of Artistic Research: Publishing Art in Academia

4930: 4906: 4834: 4810: 4690: 4546: 4522: 4450: 4306: 4282: 4186: 3818: 3746: 3620: 3602: 3548: 3512: 3386: 3278: 3260: 3224: 3170: 3044: 2990: 2882: 2792: 2532:, universities, and in other research-oriented establishments. 2051: 1947: 1590: 6987: 2512:

In present-day Russia, and some other countries of the former

2211:

Research is often biased in the languages that are preferred (

883:, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as 5074: 4642: 4474: 4426: 4378: 4114: 4090: 3728: 3350: 3206: 3188: 3098: 2936: 2828: 2810: 2198:" was created as a criterion for psychological evaluation in 1931:

it up with a quantitative study to gain additional insights.

1788: 637: 6976: 6558: 1389:: Description of a concept by relating it to other concepts. 6657:

Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples

5381: 3134: 2351: 2127:, govern and oversee the responsible conduct of research. 1839:, which helps to identify and define a problem or question. 1792: 820: 7596: 7299: 7297: 7269: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7030: 7028: 5991:

Wilson, Nick and van Ruiten, Schelte / ELIA, eds. (2013),

929:

provide one pathway to mature in the research profession.

1706:

and results. The major steps in conducting research are:

6108:

Trochim, W.M.K, (2006). Research Methods Knowledge Base.

2299: 7294: 7155: 7100: 7025: 5943:"Swiss Science and Technology Research Council (2011), 5908:"Whose Terms? A Glossary for Social Practice: Research" 2577:

is a system that is necessary for academic scholars to

2081:

are the areas that raise ethical questions most often.

1038:

re-interpreted based on the outcome of the work of the

38:"Researched" redirects here. For the organisation, see 7138:"Scientists Say It's Time To End 'Parachute Research'" 5685: 5268:

List of countries by research and development spending

2500:

In several national and private academic systems, the

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as researchers has brought increased attention to the

1567:

of artistic research, to which anyone can contribute.

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Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences

6294:

Sha, Mandy; Childs, Jennifer Hunter (1 August 2014).

5594:

Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers

1579:

The Florence Principles' on the Doctorate in the Arts

1502:

as tools to apply measurement and critical analysis.

1342:

is a systematic way of gathering data and harnessing

1301:

Primary scientific research being carried out at the

7406:"Ведущий научный сотрудник: должностные обязанности" 5932:, pp. 4–5. London: A&C Black Publishers Limited. 7221:"Parasitic and parachute research in global health" 7083:"Q&A: Parachute Science in Coral Reef Research" 5978:Schwab, Michael, and Borgdorff, Henk, eds. (2014), 1146:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7814: 5713:Roffee, James A; Waling, Andrea (18 August 2016). 5650: 2673:their research but also as a source of merit. The 2607: 1851:, which tests the feasibility of a solution using 6273:. Vol. 15. KD Publications. pp. 46–57. 5498: 5496: 5494: 811:". It involves the collection, organization, and 45:"Researcher" redirects here. For other uses, see 27:Systematic study undertaken to increase knowledge 8637: 7702:Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies 6134: 6069: 5689:Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006–2007 edition 5356:Timeline of the history of the scientific method 1350:information and theories for the explanation of 7539:J. Scott Armstrong & Robert Fildes (2006). 7482:J. Scott Armstrong & Peer Soelberg (1968). 6375:Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. 5617: 2664:; and government research councils such as the 2548:Leading Researcher (Leading Research Associate) 2504:of research has resulted in formal job titles. 2010:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 1684: 1450:involves different methods such as for example 7164:"Closing the door on parachutes and parasites" 6759: 6757: 6084:. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 5993:SHARE Handbook for Artistic Research Education 5491: 1758:is conducted in a given subject area before a 7800: 6834: 6530:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–15. 6472: 6389: 5618:Singh, Michael; Li, Bingyi (6 October 2009). 2545:Senior Researcher (Senior Research Associate) 2539:Junior Researcher (Junior Research Associate) 2426:The examples and perspective in this section 1734:Choice of a methodology (for data collection) 1442: 777: 550: 7467:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6952: 6950: 6236:"Maurice R. Hilleman dies; created vaccines" 6196:"QUESTIONS ABOUT FREEDOM, DEMOCIDE, AND WAR" 6135:Shields, Patricia M.; Rangarjan, N. (2013). 5865: 5712: 2362:did not include a local research co-author. 7671: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6797: 6795: 6763: 6754: 6725: 6339:Sha, Mandy; Pan, Yuling (1 December 2013). 5706: 2551:Chief Researcher (Chief Research Associate) 1109:Learn how and when to remove these messages 982:Another definition of research is given by 7807: 7793: 7484:"On the Interpretation of Factor Analysis" 6233: 2444:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 2328: 2246: 1505:Artistic research has been defined by the 1029:laboratory or in the field, documents the 902:. In order to be a social researcher or a 784: 770: 557: 543: 74: 7373: 7236: 7179: 7162:Health, The Lancet Global (1 June 2018). 6947: 6860: 6819: 6710: 6594: 6576: 6394:. New York: Springer Publishing Company. 6356: 6311: 6293: 6075: 5905: 5730: 5456: 2460:Learn how and when to remove this message 2034:Learn how and when to remove this message 1731:, sometimes including a set of hypotheses 1575:European League of Institutes of the Arts 1555:for the identification, publication, and 1285:Learn how and when to remove this message 1267:Learn how and when to remove this message 1206:Learn how and when to remove this message 807:work undertaken to increase the stock of 6918: 6907: 6804:"The Return of the Single-Country Study" 6801: 6792: 6478: 5821: 2559: 1910:philosophical and theoretical stance of 1815: 1803: 1696: 1688: 1610: 1322: 1311: 1296: 936: 488:Library and information science software 7655:Research Methods in Indigenous Contexts 7358:"Turning the tide of parachute science" 6692: 6617: 5896:. Wien/New York: Springer. pp. 197–210. 5590: 5555:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. 2381:—and critics call for the end of these 2149: 1673: 1375:Observations and formation of the topic 14: 8638: 7331:"The Traces of Colonialism in Science" 7161: 7113:"The Problem With 'Parachute Science'" 6964:from the original on 20 September 2016 6925:International Journal of Communication 6338: 6008:, Stockholm: Swedish Research Council. 5918:from the original on 9 September 2014. 5794: 5745: 5528: 2408: 2312: 2177: 1600: 1064: 483:Geographic information system software 7788: 7541:"Monetary Incentives in Mail Surveys" 7335:Observatory of Educational Innovation 7218: 6821:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051017-113314 6653: 6507:from the original on 16 November 2023 6385: 6383: 6381: 6320:from the original on 25 November 2023 6266: 6017: 5852:Schwab, M. (2009). "Draft Proposal". 3956: 3953: 3950: 2300:Influence of the open-access movement 7652: 7548:International Journal of Forecasting 6674:from the original on 25 October 2018 6469:, p. 114. Bristol: The Policy Press. 6456:, p. 102. Bristol: The Policy Press. 6434:from the original on 20 October 2011 6248:from the original on 20 October 2012 6141:. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. 6022:(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford. 5995:, Amsterdam: Valand Academy, p. 249. 5834:from the original on 5 November 2011 5815: 5510:from the original on 18 October 2018 5380: 2617: 2412: 2250: 2065:The discipline is most developed in 2050:is a discipline within the study of 1990: 1474: 1422:Conclusion, reiteration if necessary 1217: 1144:adding citations to reliable sources 1115: 1074: 1049:and usually established by means of 1001: 996: 8301:Digital media use and mental health 8015:Sociology of the history of science 7306:"The Problem of 'Colonial Science'" 6835:Kukull, W. A.; Ganguli, M. (2012). 6660:(2nd ed.). London: Zed Books. 6525: 6206:from the original on 4 January 2012 5776:from the original on 5 October 2011 5438: 2392:especially for fields dealing with 2231: 1884:researcher Mandy Sha argued that a 1799: 1743:Analyzing and interpreting the data 24: 7646: 6885:"Peer Review of Scholarly Journal" 6808:Annual Review of Political Science 6392:Research Methods for Public Health 6378: 6332: 6042: 5982:, Leiden: Leiden University Press. 5828:Dans och Cirkushögskolan (website) 5632:from the original on 10 April 2011 1977: 1718:Specifying the purpose of research 1710:Identification of research problem 1509:(Dans och Cirkushögskolan, DOCH), 579: 25: 8667: 8010:Sociology of scientific ignorance 7855:History and philosophy of science 7837:Economics of scientific knowledge 7711: 7416:from the original on 1 April 2010 6935:from the original on 15 July 2017 6895:from the original on 30 July 2017 6699:Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 6270:Research Methodology: An Overview 2129:Research in other fields such as 1746:Reporting and evaluating research 1316:Scientific research equipment at 1090:This article has multiple issues. 8603: 8602: 8577: 7772: 7760: 7746: 7607:from the original on 21 May 2021 7560:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.04.007 5874:from the original on 13 May 2021 5531:"RESEARCH APPROACH: AN OVERVIEW" 5420:from the original on 5 June 2020 5248:European Charter for Researchers 5211: 5187: 5163: 5139: 5115: 5091: 5067: 5043: 5019: 4995: 4971: 4947: 4923: 4899: 4875: 4851: 4827: 4803: 4779: 4755: 4731: 4707: 4683: 4659: 4635: 4611: 4587: 4563: 4539: 4515: 4491: 4467: 4443: 4419: 4395: 4371: 4347: 4323: 4299: 4275: 4251: 4227: 4203: 4179: 4155: 4131: 4107: 4083: 4059: 4035: 4011: 3987: 3963: 3919: 3901: 3883: 3865: 3847: 3829: 3811: 3793: 3775: 3757: 3739: 3721: 3703: 3685: 3667: 3649: 3631: 3613: 3595: 3577: 3559: 3541: 3523: 3505: 3487: 3469: 3451: 3433: 3415: 3397: 3379: 3361: 3343: 3325: 3307: 3289: 3271: 3253: 3235: 3217: 3199: 3181: 3163: 3145: 3127: 3109: 3091: 3073: 3055: 3037: 3019: 3001: 2983: 2965: 2947: 2929: 2911: 2893: 2875: 2857: 2839: 2821: 2803: 2785: 2767: 2749: 2731: 2713: 2695: 2621: 2417: 2334:This section is an excerpt from 2255: 2154: 2054:. Its scope ranges from general 1995: 1983:This section is an excerpt from 1876:social welfare characteristics. 1563:(RC), a searchable, documentary 1222: 1120: 1079: 7630: 7619: 7589: 7532: 7475: 7428: 7398: 7323: 7303: 7212: 7130: 6877: 6828: 6719: 6686: 6647: 6611: 6552: 6536:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0325 6519: 6459: 6446: 6416: 6365: 6287: 6260: 6227: 6218: 6188: 6172: 6155: 6128: 6111: 6102: 6036: 6011: 5998: 5985: 5972: 5956: 5935: 5922: 5899: 5886: 5859: 5846: 5788: 5739: 5686:US Department of Labor (2006). 5679: 5644: 2608:Research statistics and funding 2542:Researcher (Research Associate) 2535:The following ranks are known: 1583:European University Association 1131:needs additional citations for 1098:or discuss these issues on the 7816:Science and technology studies 7219:Smith, James (1 August 2018). 7011:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114299 6621:The American Historical Review 6076:Garraghan, Gilbert J. (1946). 5856:. Bern University of the Arts. 5746:Lesage, Dieter (Spring 2009). 5611: 5584: 5558: 5545: 5522: 5465: 5432: 5374: 5306:Psychological research methods 2145:may generate ethical concerns. 1536:(SAR) publishes the triannual 1008:Knowledge:No original research 970: 13: 1: 7751:The dictionary definition of 7238:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30315-2 7181:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30239-0 6654:Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (2012). 5854:Journal for Artistic Research 5485:Scientific American Frontiers 5367: 5351:Society for Artistic Research 5301:Participatory action research 2666:National Institutes of Health 2555: 2356:Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1544:), an international, online, 1538:Journal for Artistic Research 1534:Society for Artistic Research 8363:Normalization process theory 7920:Philosophy of social science 7737:Resources in other libraries 6853:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f812 6802:Pepinsky, Thomas B. (2019). 6578:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264 6234:Sullivan P (13 April 2005). 6080:A Guide to Historical Method 5945:Research Funding in the Arts 5868:"What is artistic research?" 5597:. McGraw Hill Professional. 2564:Cover of the first issue of 2507: 2094:Tuskegee syphilis experiment 1693:Research design and evidence 1685:Steps in conducting research 1417:Test, revising of hypothesis 932: 674:Organizational communication 7: 6919:Christen, Kimberly (2012). 6778:10.1177/0741088396013004001 6045:"Florence principles, 2016" 5824:"Artistic research at DOCH" 5235: 2440:, discuss the issue on the 1242:. The specific problem is: 47:Researcher (disambiguation) 10: 8672: 7986:construction of technology 6479:Creswell, John W. (2014). 5439:Sha, Mandy (14 May 2019). 5316:Research-intensive cluster 2611: 2485: 2471: 2333: 2235: 2158: 2113:research ethics committees 2090:Nazi human experimentation 1982: 1962:is theoretical in nature. 1677: 1604: 1507:School of Dance and Circus 1448:Research in the humanities 1443:Research in the humanities 1068: 1005: 29: 8573: 8518:Politicization of science 8478: 8264: 8033: 7968: 7880: 7845: 7822: 7732:Resources in your library 7674:Journal of Peace Research 7375:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.029 6424:"Data Collection Methods" 5702:– via Google Books. 5607:– via Google Books. 3945: 3942: 2675:Social Psychology Network 2521: 2360:least-developed countries 2342:Neo-colonial research or 2264:This article needs to be 1628:synthesis. This includes 1346:. This research provides 1307:Idaho National Laboratory 927:Professional associations 510:Qualitative data analysis 33:Research (disambiguation) 7925:Philosophy of technology 7686:10.1177/0022343311405698 7225:The Lancet Global Health 7168:The Lancet Global Health 6018:Leavy, Patricia (2015). 5732:10.1177/1747016116658693 5665:10.1001/jama.287.21.2847 5591:Rozakis, Laurie (2007). 5535:Golden Research Thoughts 5396:10.1787/9789264239012-en 5273:List of words ending in 5195:United States of America 3891:United States of America 2670:Medical Research Council 2658:research and development 849:research and development 827:The primary purposes of 7087:The Scientist Magazine® 7053:10.1023/A:1022374703178 6633:10.1086/ahr.117.2.484-a 6371:Creswell, J.W. (2008). 5551:Creswell, J.W. (2008). 2375:funded research centers 2371:Scientific publications 2329:Neo-colonial approaches 2247:Publication peer review 2206: 2115:, such as those of the 2102:Declaration of Helsinki 7998:Sociology of knowledge 7765:Quotations related to 7657:. New York: Springer. 7491:Psychological Bulletin 6693:Stewart, Lisa (2012). 6390:Eyler, Amy A. (2020). 5797:Educational Researcher 5529:Grover, Vijey (2015). 5473:The Origins of Science 5361:Undergraduate research 2571: 2383:extractivist practices 2135:information technology 2086:list of historic cases 2075:human subject research 1942:Non-empirical research 1894:stakeholder engagement 1828: 1813: 1702: 1694: 1620: 1393:Operational definition 1336: 1320: 1309: 948: 584: 389:Inferential statistics 335:Descriptive statistics 282:Human subject research 8565:Transition management 8555:Technology assessment 8523:Regulation of science 8498:Evidence-based policy 8383:Sociotechnical system 8232:Traditional knowledge 8112:Psychology of science 8085:Mapping controversies 7991:shaping of technology 7950:Social constructivism 7915:Philosophy of science 7872:History of technology 7653:Groh, Arnold (2018). 7281:TheFreeDictionary.com 7277:"Helicopter Research" 6766:Written Communication 6358:10.29115/SP-2013-0024 6313:10.29115/SP-2014-0021 5866:Julian Klein (2010). 5458:10.29115/SP-2018-0039 5321:Research organization 2563: 2486:Further information: 2293:scholarly peer review 1960:cosmological research 1901:Quantitative research 1843:Constructive research 1819: 1807: 1721:Determining specific 1700: 1692: 1614: 1387:Conceptual definition 1326: 1315: 1300: 940: 877:practitioner research 583: 173:Philosophical schools 8470:Women in engineering 8316:Financial technology 8296:Digital anthropology 8065:Criticism of science 7978:Actor–network theory 7940:Religion and science 7832:Economics of science 7781:at Wikimedia Commons 7704:New York: Routledge. 7597:"Home | RePORT" 6960:. 24 February 2011. 5930:Research for Writers 5928:Hoffman, A. (2003). 5478:3 March 2003 at the 5243:Advertising research 3855:United Arab Emirates 2438:improve this section 2428:may not represent a 2409:Professionalisation 2402:institutionalization 2398:conservation biology 2387:decolonize knowledge 2344:neo-colonial science 2336:Neo-colonial science 2192:culturally sensitive 2150:Problems in research 2056:scientific integrity 1972:mathematical objects 1890:qualitative research 1865:Qualitative research 1837:Exploratory research 1729:conceptual framework 1680:Documentary research 1674:Documentary research 1525:According to artist 1496:qualitative research 1249:improve this article 1244:unsourced and vague. 1238:to meet Knowledge's 1140:improve this article 955:is derived from the 618:Communication theory 498:Reference management 448:Scientific modelling 190:Critical rationalism 31:For other uses, see 8311:Engineering studies 8281:Cyborg anthropology 8070:Demarcation problem 7955:Social epistemology 7310:Scientific American 7003:2020Geode.373k4299M 6241:The Washington Post 6057:on 21 December 2016 5894:Elias G. Carayannis 5506:. Merriam-Webster. 5331:Research university 5296:Operations research 2662:private foundations 2575:Academic publishing 2530:Academy of Sciences 2502:professionalisation 2313:Future perspectives 2178:Methods of research 1727:Specification of a 1601:Historical research 1411:Data Interpretation 1340:Scientific research 1065:Scientific research 478:Argument technology 8591:History of science 8508:Funding of science 8378:Skunkworks project 8075:Double hermeneutic 7860:History of science 6889:www.PeerViewer.com 6712:10.1017/prp.2012.1 6043:Rahmat, Omarkhil. 5906:Topal, H. (2014). 5755:Art & Research 5404:20.500.12749/13290 5341:Secondary research 5336:Scholarly research 5311:Research integrity 5286:Marketing research 2668:in the US and the 2572: 2496:Research assistant 2492:Research associate 2348:developing country 2184:indigenous peoples 2172:replication crisis 2014:You can assist by 1886:project management 1853:empirical evidence 1849:Empirical research 1829: 1814: 1810:secondary research 1768:empirical research 1723:research questions 1703: 1695: 1660:Identification of 1621: 1561:Research Catalogue 1337: 1321: 1310: 1305:Laboratory of the 949: 669:Mass communication 659:Discourse analysis 585: 472:Tools and software 416:Secondary research 340:Discourse analysis 8656:Scientific method 8633: 8632: 8560:Technology policy 8291:Dematerialization 8100:black swan events 7777:Media related to 7718:Library resources 7664:978-3-319-72774-5 6847:(23): 1886–1891. 6500:978-1-4522-2609-5 6401:978-0-8261-8206-7 6280:978-81-948755-8-1 6184:978-0-470-39335-2 6095:978-0-8371-7132-6 6020:Methods Meets Art 5326:Research proposal 5258:Internet research 5233: 5232: 3935: 3934: 2651: 2650: 2588:academic journals 2570:, 4 November 1869 2526:nauchny sotrudnik 2522:Научный сотрудник 2470: 2469: 2462: 2285: 2284: 2238:External validity 2188:scientific lacuna 2044: 2043: 2036: 1952:Scientific method 1823:, the preeminent 1760:research question 1756:literature review 1714:Literature review 1625:historical method 1617:Leopold von Ranke 1615:German historian 1607:Historical method 1500:intersubjectivity 1480:Artistic research 1475:Artistic research 1462:. Historians use 1460:historical method 1399:Gathering of data 1295: 1294: 1287: 1277: 1276: 1269: 1240:quality standards 1231:This article may 1216: 1215: 1208: 1190: 1113: 1071:Scientific method 1055:Graduate students 1047:academic journals 1014:Original research 1002:Original research 997:Forms of research 946:scientific method 794: 793: 567: 566: 533:Philosophy portal 441:Systematic review 426:Literature review 384:Historical method 367:Social experiment 302:Scientific method 287:Narrative inquiry 138:Interdisciplinary 132:Research strategy 16:(Redirected from 8663: 8606: 8605: 8581: 8533:Right to science 8513:Horizon scanning 8488:Academic freedom 8388:Technical change 8249:Women in science 8244:Unity of science 8025:Strong programme 7809: 7802: 7795: 7786: 7785: 7776: 7764: 7750: 7697: 7668: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7576: 7570:. Archived from 7545: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7519: 7513:. Archived from 7503:10.1037/h0026434 7488: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7466: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7448: 7442:. Archived from 7441: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7377: 7368:(4): R184–R185. 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7240: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7183: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7109: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7032: 7023: 7022: 6985: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6916: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6864: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6799: 6790: 6789: 6761: 6752: 6751: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6598: 6580: 6571:(10): –1002264. 6556: 6550: 6549: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6485:(4th ed.). 6476: 6470: 6463: 6457: 6452:Kara H. (2012). 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6387: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6315: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6192: 6186: 6176: 6170: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6132: 6126: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6083: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6056: 6050:. Archived from 6049: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6015: 6009: 6002: 5996: 5989: 5983: 5976: 5970: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5939: 5933: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5903: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5863: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5775: 5752: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5631: 5624: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5562: 5556: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5500: 5489: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5378: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4016: 4015: 4014: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3940: 3939: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3006: 3005: 3004: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2683: 2682: 2646: 2643: 2625: 2618: 2614:Research funding 2523: 2465: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2421: 2420: 2413: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2232:Generalizability 2067:medical research 2039: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2019: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1821:Maurice Hilleman 1800:Research methods 1776:further research 1405:Analysis of data 1327:German maritime 1290: 1283: 1272: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1226: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1148: 1124: 1116: 1105: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1018:primary research 984:John W. Creswell 904:social scientist 833:applied research 786: 779: 772: 689:Sociolinguistics 569: 568: 559: 552: 545: 505:Science software 404:Cultural mapping 372:Quasi-experiment 362:Field experiment 330:Content analysis 225:Critical realism 143:Multimethodology 78: 55: 54: 50: 43: 36: 21: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8569: 8528:Research ethics 8474: 8373:Reverse salient 8267: 8260: 8036: 8029: 8020:Sociotechnology 7964: 7876: 7841: 7818: 7813: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7714: 7665: 7649: 7647:Further reading 7644: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7577:on 20 June 2010 7574: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7520:on 21 June 2010 7517: 7486: 7480: 7476: 7460: 7459: 7452: 7450: 7449:on 20 June 2010 7446: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7362:Current Biology 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7312: 7302: 7295: 7285: 7283: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7217: 7213: 7160: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7111: 7110: 7101: 7091: 7089: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7033: 7026: 6986: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6917: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6833: 6829: 6800: 6793: 6762: 6755: 6740:10.2307/3588146 6728:TESOL Quarterly 6724: 6720: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6616: 6612: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6501: 6477: 6473: 6465:Kara H (2012). 6464: 6460: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6402: 6388: 6379: 6370: 6366: 6345:Survey Practice 6337: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6300:Survey Practice 6292: 6288: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6177: 6173: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6133: 6129: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6074: 6070: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6016: 6012: 6003: 5999: 5990: 5986: 5977: 5973: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5927: 5923: 5904: 5900: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5864: 5860: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5820: 5816: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5719:Research Ethics 5711: 5707: 5700: 5692:. Mcgraw-hill. 5684: 5680: 5659:(21): 2847–50. 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5550: 5546: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5492: 5480:Wayback Machine 5470: 5466: 5445:Survey Practice 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5414: 5387:Frascati Manual 5379: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5346:Social research 5281:Market research 5238: 5212: 5210: 5188: 5186: 5164: 5162: 5140: 5138: 5116: 5114: 5092: 5090: 5068: 5066: 5044: 5042: 5020: 5018: 4996: 4994: 4972: 4970: 4948: 4946: 4924: 4922: 4900: 4898: 4876: 4874: 4852: 4850: 4828: 4826: 4804: 4802: 4787:North Macedonia 4780: 4778: 4756: 4754: 4732: 4730: 4708: 4706: 4684: 4682: 4660: 4658: 4636: 4634: 4612: 4610: 4588: 4586: 4564: 4562: 4540: 4538: 4516: 4514: 4492: 4490: 4468: 4466: 4444: 4442: 4420: 4418: 4396: 4394: 4372: 4370: 4348: 4346: 4324: 4322: 4300: 4298: 4276: 4274: 4252: 4250: 4228: 4226: 4204: 4202: 4180: 4178: 4156: 4154: 4132: 4130: 4108: 4106: 4084: 4082: 4060: 4058: 4036: 4034: 4012: 4010: 3988: 3986: 3964: 3962: 3920: 3918: 3902: 3900: 3884: 3882: 3866: 3864: 3848: 3846: 3830: 3828: 3812: 3810: 3794: 3792: 3776: 3774: 3758: 3756: 3740: 3738: 3722: 3720: 3704: 3702: 3686: 3684: 3668: 3666: 3650: 3648: 3632: 3630: 3614: 3612: 3596: 3594: 3578: 3576: 3560: 3558: 3542: 3540: 3524: 3522: 3506: 3504: 3495:North Macedonia 3488: 3486: 3470: 3468: 3452: 3450: 3434: 3432: 3416: 3414: 3398: 3396: 3380: 3378: 3362: 3360: 3344: 3342: 3326: 3324: 3308: 3306: 3290: 3288: 3272: 3270: 3254: 3252: 3236: 3234: 3218: 3216: 3200: 3198: 3182: 3180: 3164: 3162: 3146: 3144: 3128: 3126: 3110: 3108: 3092: 3090: 3074: 3072: 3056: 3054: 3038: 3036: 3020: 3018: 3002: 3000: 2984: 2982: 2966: 2964: 2948: 2946: 2930: 2928: 2912: 2910: 2894: 2892: 2876: 2874: 2858: 2856: 2840: 2838: 2822: 2820: 2804: 2802: 2786: 2784: 2768: 2766: 2750: 2748: 2732: 2730: 2714: 2712: 2696: 2694: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2631:needs expansion 2616: 2610: 2593:Business models 2584:academic fields 2558: 2510: 2498: 2488:Research fellow 2484: 2466: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2435: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2405: 2339: 2331: 2319:Simon Marginson 2315: 2302: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2240: 2234: 2209: 2180: 2168:reproducibility 2163: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2131:social sciences 2104:, and the 1978 2071:research design 2048:Research ethics 2046: 2040: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2013: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1985:Research ethics 1980: 1978:Research ethics 1946:Non-empirical ( 1802: 1772:null hypothesis 1737:Data collection 1687: 1682: 1676: 1666:Attribution of 1645:of localization 1630:lower criticism 1609: 1603: 1520:Giaco Schiesser 1492:social sciences 1477: 1464:primary sources 1445: 1429:null hypothesis 1329:research vessel 1291: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1246: 1227: 1223: 1212: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1149: 1147: 1137: 1125: 1084: 1080: 1073: 1067: 1011: 1004: 999: 973: 935: 831:(as opposed to 790: 705:Public speaking 609:General aspects 603: 563: 527: 526: 473: 465: 464: 411:Phenomenography 350:Autoethnography 315: 307: 306: 267:Grounded theory 262:Critical theory 257:Art methodology 252:Action research 247: 237: 236: 175: 165: 164: 133: 125: 124: 88: 86:Research design 51: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8669: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8538:Science policy 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8493:Digital divide 8490: 8484: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8409:Technological 8407: 8406: 8405: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8286:Design studies 8283: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8246: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8229: 8224: 8222:Scientometrics 8219: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8095:Paradigm shift 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8039: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8006: 8005: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7980: 7974: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7935:Postpositivism 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7895:Antipositivism 7892: 7886: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7865:and technology 7857: 7851: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7812: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7770: 7758: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7712:External links 7710: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7698: 7680:(4): 423–436. 7669: 7663: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7629: 7618: 7601:report.nih.gov 7588: 7554:(3): 433–441. 7531: 7497:(5): 361–364. 7474: 7427: 7397: 7348: 7337:. 20 July 2020 7322: 7304:Vos, Asha de. 7293: 7268: 7211: 7154: 7129: 7117:Science Friday 7099: 7074: 7047:(3): 329–343. 7041:Scientometrics 7024: 6975: 6946: 6906: 6876: 6827: 6791: 6772:(4): 435–472. 6753: 6734:(2): 321–331. 6718: 6685: 6667:978-1848139503 6666: 6646: 6627:(2): 484–485. 6610: 6551: 6545:978-1118900772 6544: 6518: 6499: 6471: 6458: 6445: 6415: 6400: 6377: 6364: 6331: 6286: 6279: 6259: 6226: 6217: 6200:www.hawaii.edu 6187: 6171: 6154: 6147: 6127: 6110: 6101: 6094: 6068: 6035: 6029:978-1462519446 6028: 6010: 5997: 5984: 5971: 5963:Henk Borgdorff 5955: 5934: 5921: 5898: 5885: 5858: 5845: 5822:Unattributed. 5814: 5787: 5738: 5705: 5699:978-0071472883 5698: 5678: 5643: 5610: 5604:978-0071511223 5603: 5583: 5572:on 9 July 2011 5557: 5544: 5521: 5490: 5464: 5431: 5413:978-9264238800 5412: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5176: 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staff 2474:Academic ranks 2468: 2467: 2432:of the subject 2430:worldwide view 2425: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2340: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2314: 2311: 2301: 2298: 2283: 2282: 2263: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2233: 2230: 2208: 2205: 2179: 2176: 2159:Main article: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2106:Belmont Report 2098:Nuremberg Code 2079:animal testing 2052:applied ethics 2042: 2041: 2003: 2001: 1994: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1944: 1943: 1916: 1915: 1903: 1868: 1867: 1857: 1856: 1846: 1840: 1801: 1798: 1782:Rudolph Rummel 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1740:Verifying data 1738: 1735: 1732: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1701:Research cycle 1686: 1683: 1678:Main article: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1639:of origin date 1637:Identification 1605:Main article: 1602: 1599: 1593:, CUMULUS and 1476: 1473: 1444: 1441: 1433:falsifiability 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1356:the properties 1293: 1292: 1275: 1274: 1230: 1228: 1221: 1214: 1213: 1128: 1126: 1119: 1114: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1078: 1069:Main article: 1066: 1063: 1022:primary-source 1016:, also called 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 972: 969: 934: 931: 853:epistemologies 845:interpretation 829:basic research 792: 791: 789: 788: 781: 774: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760: 752: 751: 745: 744: 743: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 699: 698: 694: 693: 692: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 653: 652: 648: 647: 646: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 612: 611: 605: 604: 602: 601: 596: 590: 587: 586: 576: 575: 565: 564: 562: 561: 554: 547: 539: 536: 535: 529: 528: 525: 524: 523: 522: 517: 512: 502: 501: 500: 495: 485: 480: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 457: 456: 455: 445: 444: 443: 438: 436:Scoping review 433: 428: 423: 413: 408: 407: 406: 396: 391: 386: 381: 379:Field research 376: 375: 374: 369: 364: 354: 353: 352: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 277:Historiography 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 233: 232: 230:Subtle realism 227: 217: 212: 210:Postpositivism 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 185:Constructivism 182: 180:Antipositivism 176: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 156: 155: 145: 140: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 115: 105: 100: 95: 89: 84: 83: 80: 79: 71: 70: 64: 63: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8668: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8398:Technoscience 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8368:Media studies 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8306:Early adopter 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8276:Co-production 8274: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8263: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8125:communication 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8107:Pseudoscience 8105: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8055:Boundary-work 8053: 8051: 8050:Bibliometrics 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7960:Transhumanism 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7805: 7803: 7798: 7796: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7763: 7759: 7757:at Wiktionary 7756: 7755: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7650: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7535: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7470: 7464: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7298: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7264: 7260: 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June 2017. 6890: 6886: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6796: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6758: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6713: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6487:Thousand Oaks 6484: 6483: 6475: 6468: 6462: 6455: 6449: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6374: 6368: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6290: 6282: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6221: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6168: 6167:0-521-81689-0 6164: 6158: 6150: 6148:9781581072471 6144: 6140: 6139: 6131: 6124: 6123:0-13-613550-1 6120: 6114: 6105: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6072: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6031: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6001: 5994: 5988: 5981: 5975: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5948: 5946: 5938: 5931: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5912:newmuseum.org 5909: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5587: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5554: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5468: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5291:Open research 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5228: 5225: 5222: 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3120: 3118: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3064: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3010: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2920: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2902: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2794: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660:departments; 2659: 2656: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2629:This section 2627: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2464: 2461: 2453: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:global issues 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2310: 2306: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2279: 2267: 2262: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2239: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2161:Meta-research 2155:Meta-research 2144: 2140: 2139:biotechnology 2136: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2038: 2035: 2027: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2004:This article 2002: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878:Phenomenology 1874: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1825:vaccinologist 1822: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 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