209:(anterior, middle, and posterior) are typically included, as they assist in elevating the rib cage. The involvement of these muscles seems to depend on the degree of respiratory effort. During quiet breathing, the scalenes are consistently physically active, while the sternocleidomastoids are quiet. With an increase in the respiratory volume, sternocleidomastoids also become active. Both muscles are simultaneously activated when one breathes in at the maximal flow rate.
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from the thoracic cavity. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, so that its center moves caudally (downward) and its edges move cranially (upward). This compresses the abdominal cavity, raises the ribs upward and outward and thus expands the thoracic cavity. This expansion draws air into the
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Along with the diaphragm, the intercostal muscles are one of the most important groups of respiratory muscles. These muscles are attached between the ribs and are important in manipulating the width of the rib cage. There are three layers of intercostal muscles. The
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are most important in respiration. These have fibres that are angled obliquely downward and forward from rib to rib. The contraction of these fibres raises each rib toward the rib above, with the overall effect of raising the
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Campbell, E. J. M. (1955). The role of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in breathing in normal subjects. An electromyographic study. Journal of
Anatomy, 89, 378.
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have fibres that are angled obliquely downward and backward from rib to rib. These muscles can therefore assist in lowering the rib cage, adding force to exhalation.
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Accessory muscles of respiration are muscles that assist, but do not play a primary role, in breathing. Use of these while at rest is often interpreted as a sign of
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Raper, A. J., Thompson, W. T., Shapiro, W., & Patterson, J. L. (1966). Scalene and sternomastoid muscle function. Journal of
Applied Physiology, 21, 497-502.
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116:. The elasticity of these muscles is crucial to the health of the respiratory system and to maximize its functional capabilities.
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During quiet breathing, there is little or no muscle contraction involved in exhalation; this process is simply driven by the
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Apart from the above neck muscles, the following muscles have also been observed contributing to respiration:
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Kim E. Barrett; Susan M. Barman; Scott
Boitano; Heddwen Brooks (24 July 2009). "35. Pulmonary Function".
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Netter FH. Atlas of Human
Anatomy 3rd ed. Icon Learning Systems. Teterboro, New Jersey 2003 - plate 191
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Kendall, F., McCreary, E., Provance, P., Rodgers, M., Romai, W. (2005).
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from the body by increasing intra-abdominal pressure, and preventing
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Muscles testing and function with posture and pain (5th ed.)
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Ratnovsky, Anat (2008). "Mechanics of respiratory muscles".
201:. There is no definitive list of accessory muscles, but the
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138:. It is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the
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Ganong's Review of
Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition
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266:levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
408:"Signs of Respiratory Distress in Children"
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335:Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology
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412:University of Rochester Medical Center
385:. McGraw-Hill Companies,Incorporated.
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134:is the major muscle responsible for
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44:Muscles of the body's respiration
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193:Accessory muscles of respiration
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108:and, to a lesser extent, the
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309:internal intercostal muscles
264:(Kendall et al., 2005). The
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163:by exerting pressure on the
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282:elastic recoil of the lungs
250:serratus posterior inferior
246:serratus posterior superior
189:, assisting in inhalation.
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167:as it passes through the
112:drive respiration during
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302:internal oblique muscle
298:external oblique muscle
86:muscles of respiration
68:Anatomical terminology
33:Muscles of respiration
276:Muscles of exhalation
270:sides of the nostrils
294:transverse abdominis
258:transversus thoracis
199:respiratory distress
203:sternocleidomastoid
175:Intercostal muscles
110:intercostal muscles
92:that contribute to
18:Respiratory muscles
254:levatores costarum
242:quadratus lumborum
126:Thoracic diaphragm
392:978-0-07-160567-0
214:serratus anterior
169:esophageal hiatus
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290:rectus abdominis
230:latissimus dorsi
222:pectoralis minor
218:pectoralis major
140:abdominal cavity
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483:Respiration
406:Bass, Pat.
161:acid reflux
50:Identifiers
315:References
268:lifts the
262:subclavius
98:exhalation
94:inhalation
363:207505401
286:emphysema
226:trapezius
165:esophagus
136:breathing
132:diaphragm
120:Diaphragm
106:diaphragm
477:Category
355:18583200
207:scalenes
205:and the
187:rib cage
88:are the
90:muscles
61:D012132
417:11 May
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155:, and
153:faeces
104:. The
359:S2CID
157:urine
149:vomit
145:lungs
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419:2015
387:ISBN
351:PMID
307:The
300:and
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130:The
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
