144:. Branches or antlers of various shapes were used to dig and extract food from the ground. As the use of tools evolved, a variety of instruments came about to substitute for the use of hooked or grasping fingers in the butchering of meat or dissection of bodies. The use of metals in tool making was of great importance. A variety of Roman metal instruments of the hook and retractor family have been found by archeologists. These instruments would generally be called hooks if the end was as narrow as the handle of the instrument. If the end was broad, it would be called a retractor. Also arising from this group of tools were other related tools for displacing (elevators and spatulas) and scooping (spoons and curettes).
401:
413:
31:
389:
188:
380:
131:
or professionally trained procedure assistants (specifically
Certified Surgical Assistants, Registered Nurse First Assistants, Physicians Assistants, or Surgical Technologists), may assist the operating surgeon in the process of retraction.
105:(also known as thoracic retractors, or distractors) with which surgeons may use to forcefully drive tissues apart to obtain exposure. Different surgery specialties can have specific kinds of retractors - e.g., for certain kinds of
81:, or angled blade, which is manually manipulated to help maintain a desired position of tissue during surgery. More sophisticated retractors may be clamped in place (usually to a tableside frame) or suspended at the end of a
437:
175:'s invention of a hinged rib spreading retractor in 1904 prompted a flurry of development of retractors in the early 20th century, culminating in 1936 in our modern device based on the design of
461:
159:
documents the use of a tongue spatula to keep the tongue out of the way while a form of tonsil hook is used to bring the tonsil forward for excision. In 1000 CE
85:. Retractors can also be "self-retaining" and no longer need to be held once inserted, having two or more opposing blades or hooks which are separated via
128:
714:
764:
578:
Meals, Clifton G.; Meals, Roy A. (September 2007). "A History of
Surgery in the Instrument Tray: Eponymous Tools Used in Hand Surgery".
110:
688:
663:
638:
613:
496:
163:, also known as Albucasis or Abulcasis, described a variety of surgical instruments including retractors in his famous text
204:
17:
757:
547:
486:
1194:
750:
488:
The
Evolution of Surgical Instruments – An Illustrated History from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century
400:
512:
Bonfils-Roberts, E.A. (May 1972). "The Rib
Spreader: A Chapter in the History of Thoracic Surgery".
412:
160:
882:
735:
388:
1086:
172:
8:
1130:
1025:
954:
851:
773:
176:
43:
1117:
1078:
1068:
989:
120:
67:
1163:
1158:
856:
828:
595:
529:
492:
47:
692:
667:
642:
617:
1168:
1009:
976:
836:
818:
798:
587:
521:
90:
59:
1173:
1125:
949:
944:
336:
86:
55:
207:
in the
Innovation category as the first and only retractor ever to be awarded.
1030:
994:
803:
591:
156:
106:
1188:
1135:
892:
846:
841:
152:
151:
used surgical tools such as retractors. In a description of the procedure of
554:
30:
1037:
897:
808:
599:
525:
355:
102:
533:
1063:
999:
984:
872:
187:
140:
Surgical retractors probably originate with very basic tools used in the
82:
781:
742:
351:
Balfour
Retractor - typically used in lower abdomen and pelvic surgery
114:
1058:
966:
904:
379:
164:
141:
94:
306:
Ribbon
Retractor - malleable, able to be bent as the surgeon desires
1153:
1102:
1004:
961:
199:
The following is an incomplete list of surgical retractors in use:
168:
1053:
939:
914:
877:
813:
790:
325:
192:
171:
described a variety of hooks and retractors in the 16th century.
148:
124:
101:
is also used to describe distinct, hand-cranked devices such as
919:
117:
lights to keep deep surgical wounds both dry and illuminated.
1107:
887:
203:
In 2021, a self-retaining ring retractor in the UK was given
77:
typically describes a simple steel tool possessing a curved,
51:
909:
78:
715:"The Balfour Retractor: Donald Church Balfour (1882–1963)"
111:
Minimally
Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusions
113:, some retractors are fitted both with suction and with
66:) so that body parts underneath may be accessed during
191:
A retractor system setup in place for undertaking a
719:
Female Pelvic
Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery
1186:
438:"Retractor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
689:"Retracting & Exposing Instruments (Cont.)"
664:"Retracting & Exposing Instruments (Cont.)"
639:"Retracting & Exposing Instruments (Cont.)"
614:"Retracting & Exposing Instruments (Cont.)"
511:
736:Famous Canadian Physicians: Dr. Norman Bethune
758:
310:
765:
751:
577:
772:
548:"General Instrument Sourcebook – KMedic"
186:
29:
210:
27:Surgical instrument to separate tissues
14:
1187:
712:
484:
746:
205:HRH The Queen's Award for Enterprise
147:In 4th century CE, Indian physician
34:Common handheld surgical retractors
24:
478:
25:
1206:
713:Powell, John L. (November 1999).
316:Rultract Skyhook Retractor System
411:
399:
387:
378:
234:"Cat's Paws" - sharp, wide rakes
46:used to separate the edges of a
706:
681:
366:Norfolk & Norwich Retractor
738:at Library and Archives Canada
656:
631:
606:
571:
540:
505:
454:
430:
13:
1:
423:
282:Richardson-Eastmann Retractor
7:
580:The Journal of Hand Surgery
485:Kirkup, John (2006-05-15).
342:Beckman-Weitlaner Retractor
10:
1211:
592:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.05.007
371:
258:Meyerding Finger Retractor
182:
135:
123:, whether they be another
97:or other method. The term
1146:
1116:
1095:
1077:
1046:
1018:
975:
932:
865:
827:
789:
780:
466:www.surgicalassistant.org
354:Finochietto Retractor or
311:Self-retaining retractors
155:from the 7th century CE,
225:Blair (Rollet) Retractor
62:(i.e. to provide tissue
54:or to hold away certain
345:Beckman-Eaton Retractor
240:Linde-Ragnell Retractor
161:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
1019:Retracting and viewing
526:10.1378/chest.61.5.469
300:Mayo-Collins Retractor
273:Cushing Vein Retractor
196:
35:
491:. Norman Publishing.
442:www.sciencedirect.com
303:"Army-Navy" Retractor
294:Parker-Mott Retractor
279:Richardson Retractor
255:Jackson Tracheal Hook
195:surgery intervention.
190:
33:
1195:Surgical instruments
1087:Yankauer suction tip
1047:Examination and prep
774:Surgical instruments
560:on November 12, 2006
418:Amputation retractor
276:Langenbeck Retractor
264:Love Nerve Retractor
211:Hand-held retractors
173:Jan Mikulicz-Radecki
852:Metzenbaum scissors
406:Army-Navy Retractor
326:Galaxy II retractor
322:Lone Star Retractor
177:Enrique Finochietto
121:Surgical assistants
68:surgical operations
44:surgical instrument
18:Retractor (medical)
990:Aortic cross-clamp
249:Farabeuf Retractor
197:
129:surgical residents
36:
1182:
1181:
1164:Periodontal probe
1159:Hypodermic needle
928:
927:
857:Tenotomy scissors
829:Surgical scissors
498:978-0-930405-86-1
360:Travers Retractor
348:Beckman Retractor
285:Deaver Retractor
270:Goelet Retractor
252:Mathieu Retractor
246:Volkman Retractor
237:Ragnell Retractor
216:Hohmann Retractor
48:surgical incision
16:(Redirected from
1202:
1169:Surgical stapler
1010:Pennington clamp
837:Bandage scissors
819:Von Graefe knife
787:
786:
767:
760:
753:
744:
743:
727:
726:
710:
704:
703:
701:
700:
691:. Archived from
685:
679:
678:
676:
675:
666:. Archived from
660:
654:
653:
651:
650:
641:. Archived from
635:
629:
628:
626:
625:
616:. Archived from
610:
604:
603:
575:
569:
568:
566:
565:
559:
553:. Archived from
552:
544:
538:
537:
509:
503:
502:
482:
476:
475:
473:
472:
458:
452:
451:
449:
448:
434:
415:
403:
394:Deaver retractor
391:
382:
291:Parker Retractor
261:Little Retractor
21:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:Surgical suture
1142:
1112:
1091:
1073:
1042:
1014:
971:
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861:
823:
776:
771:
741:
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541:
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446:
444:
436:
435:
431:
426:
419:
416:
407:
404:
395:
392:
383:
374:
369:
333:Gutow Retractor
330:Gelpi Retractor
313:
288:Doyen Retractor
267:Green Retractor
243:Davis Retractor
219:Lahey Retractor
213:
185:
138:
73:The broad term
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1126:Surgical drain
1122:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1083:
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1075:
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1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:Senn retractor
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
995:Foerster clamp
992:
987:
981:
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
964:
959:
958:
957:
952:
947:
936:
934:
930:
929:
926:
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923:
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901:
900:
895:
885:
880:
875:
869:
867:
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862:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
831:
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824:
822:
821:
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811:
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801:
795:
793:
784:
778:
777:
770:
769:
762:
755:
747:
740:
739:
732:
729:
728:
705:
680:
655:
630:
605:
586:(7): 942–953.
570:
539:
520:(5): 469–474.
504:
497:
477:
453:
428:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
410:
408:
405:
398:
396:
393:
386:
384:
377:
373:
370:
368:
367:
364:
363:West Retractor
361:
358:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
334:
331:
328:
323:
320:
319:Alms Retractor
317:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:Roux Retractor
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:Senn Retractor
220:
217:
212:
209:
201:
184:
181:
157:Paul of Aegina
137:
134:
107:spinal surgery
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:Jackson-Pratt
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1088:
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1084:
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1065:
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988:
986:
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974:
968:
965:
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956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
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941:
938:
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935:
931:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
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899:
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894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
868:
864:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
847:Mayo scissors
845:
843:
842:Iris scissors
840:
838:
835:
834:
832:
830:
826:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
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792:
788:
785:
783:
779:
775:
768:
763:
761:
756:
754:
749:
748:
745:
737:
734:
733:
725:(6): 363–364.
724:
720:
716:
709:
695:on 2019-09-16
694:
690:
684:
670:on 2019-09-16
669:
665:
659:
645:on 2019-09-16
644:
640:
634:
620:on 2019-09-16
619:
615:
609:
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593:
589:
585:
581:
574:
556:
549:
543:
535:
531:
527:
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519:
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467:
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457:
443:
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272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
231:Flexible Rake
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
208:
206:
200:
194:
189:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:tonsillectomy
150:
145:
143:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:rib spreaders
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
1038:Rib spreader
809:Liston knife
722:
718:
708:
697:. Retrieved
693:the original
683:
672:. Retrieved
668:the original
658:
647:. Retrieved
643:the original
633:
622:. Retrieved
618:the original
608:
583:
579:
573:
562:. Retrieved
555:the original
542:
517:
513:
507:
487:
480:
469:. Retrieved
465:
456:
445:. Retrieved
441:
432:
356:Rib spreader
202:
198:
146:
139:
119:
98:
74:
72:
63:
39:
37:
1096:Measurement
1064:Head mirror
1000:Gomco clamp
985:Allis clamp
955:Obstetrical
873:Bone cutter
83:robotic arm
782:Dissecting
699:2020-06-16
674:2020-06-16
649:2020-06-16
624:2020-06-16
564:2008-04-22
471:2022-02-22
447:2022-02-22
424:References
228:Rigid Rake
115:fiberoptic
109:, such as
64:retraction
1059:Endoscope
1026:Retractor
967:Tenaculum
905:Osteotome
883:Dermatome
339:Retractor
337:Weitlaner
165:Al-Tasrif
142:Stone Age
99:retractor
95:worm gear
75:retractor
40:retractor
1189:Category
1154:Catheter
1118:Drainage
1103:Calipers
1069:Speculum
1005:Hemostat
977:Clamping
962:Hemostat
933:Grasping
804:RF knife
600:17826545
169:Vesalius
1136:Penrose
1079:Suction
1054:Dilator
950:Debakey
945:Bulldog
940:Forceps
915:Rongeur
893:Cranial
878:Curette
791:Scalpel
534:4558402
372:Gallery
193:thyroid
183:Current
149:Susruta
136:History
125:surgeon
91:ratchet
60:tissues
920:Trocar
898:Dental
814:Lancet
799:Catlin
598:
532:
495:
462:"Home"
87:spring
79:hooked
56:organs
1147:Other
1108:Ruler
888:Drill
866:Other
558:(PDF)
551:(PDF)
514:Chest
52:wound
42:is a
910:Rasp
596:PMID
530:PMID
493:ISBN
58:and
588:doi
522:doi
1191::
721:.
717:.
594:.
584:32
582:.
528:.
518:61
516:.
464:.
440:.
179:.
167:.
127:,
93:,
89:,
70:.
38:A
766:e
759:t
752:v
723:5
702:.
677:.
652:.
627:.
602:.
590::
567:.
536:.
524::
501:.
474:.
450:.
50:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
