36:
113:
714:
832:
823:. So a monopole mounted over an ideal ground plane has a radiation pattern identical to a dipole antenna. The feedline from the transmitter or receiver is connected between the bottom end of the monopole element and the ground plane. The ground plane must have good conductivity; any resistance in the ground plane is in series with the antenna, and serves to dissipate power from the transmitter.
1063:
867:
without having to run additional traces; component leads needing grounding are routed directly through a hole in the board to the ground plane on another layer. The large area of copper also conducts the large return currents from many components without significant voltage drops, ensuring that the ground connection of all the components are at the same reference potential.
886:
between adjacent circuit traces. When digital circuits switch state, large current pulses flow from the active devices (transistors or integrated circuits) through the ground circuit. If the power supply and ground traces have significant impedance, the voltage drop across them may create noise
866:
A ground plane is often made as large as possible, covering most of the area of the PCB which is not occupied by circuit traces. In multilayer PCBs, it is often a separate layer covering the entire board. This serves to make circuit layout easier, allowing the designer to ground any component
814:
The radio waves from an antenna element that reflect off a ground plane appear to come from a mirror image of the antenna located on the other side of the ground plane. In a monopole antenna, the radiation pattern of the monopole plus the virtual
902:
with the trace. The oppositely-directed return currents flow through the ground plane directly beneath the trace. This confines most of the electromagnetic fields to the area near the trace and consequently reduces crosstalk.
921:
Ground planes are sometimes split and then connected by a thin trace. This allows the separation of analog and digital sections of a board or the inputs and outputs of amplifiers. The thin trace has low enough
887:
voltage pulses that disturb other parts of the circuit (ground bounce). The large conducting area of the ground plane has much lower impedance than a circuit trace, so the current pulses cause less disturbance.
890:
In addition, a ground plane under printed circuit traces can reduce crosstalk between adjacent traces. When two traces run parallel, an electrical signal in one can be coupled into the other through
1067:
767:
range, the ground plane can be smaller, and metal disks, screens and wires are used as ground planes. At upper VHF and UHF, the metal skin of a car or aircraft can serve as a ground plane for
910:
is often used in addition to a ground plane in a multilayer circuit board, to distribute DC power to the active devices. The two facing areas of copper create a large parallel plate
993:
759:
used for broadcast antennas, the Earth itself (or a body of water such as a salt marsh or ocean) is used as a ground plane. For higher frequency antennas, in the
717:
For a monopole antenna (a), the Earth acts as a ground plane to reflect radio waves directed downwards, making them seem to come from a virtual "
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to keep the two sides very close to the same potential while keeping the ground currents of one side from coupling into the other side, causing
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from the other antenna elements. In order to be effective the plane has to have a correct relationship with the
958:
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210:
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448:
285:
706:. Ground plane shape and size play major roles in determining its radiation characteristics including
927:
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438:
659:, a ground plane is a large area of copper foil on the board which is connected to the power supply
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To function as a ground plane, the conducting surface must be at least a quarter of the
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terminal and serves as a return path for current from different components on the board.
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serves as a ground plane. The ground plane need not be a continuous surface. In the
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is a flat or nearly flat horizontal conducting surface that serves as part of an
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that prevents noise from being coupled from one circuit to another through the
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theory, a ground plane is a conducting surface large in comparison to the
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963:
944:
907:
851:(PCB) is a large area or layer of copper foil connected to the circuit's
643:
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518:
423:
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27:
Electrically conductive surface, usually connected to electrical ground
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245:
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The term has two different meanings in separate areas of electrical
894:
by magnetic field lines from one linking the other; this is called
305:
874:
PCBs, the major reason for using large ground planes is to reduce
898:. When a ground plane layer is present underneath, it forms a
811:
long radiating from the base of a quarter-wave whip antenna.
563:
300:
290:
180:
541:
646:'s ground wire and serves as a reflecting surface for
702:, irrespective of whether this is bonded to e.g. an
779:an area of copper foil on the opposite side of a
1096:
642:, such as the Earth, which is connected to the
1035:copyright, 1990, 1994 by Elpidio C. Latorilla
819:" make it appear as a two element center-fed
588:
595:
581:
826:
619:surface, usually connected to electrical
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
830:
791:, the "plane" consists of several wires
712:
43:This article includes a list of general
940:Antenna (radio) § Effect of ground
751:of the radio waves in radius. In lower
667:
14:
1097:
330:Wireless electronic devices and health
1050:. Computer Support Group, Inc., 2006.
698:by being connected to the braid of a
542:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
336:International Telecommunication Union
1039:John Whitmore, sci.electronics >
859:. It serves as the return path for
835:The large light-green areas on this
668:
361:Radiation sources / regions
325:Wireless device radiation and health
29:
855:point, usually one terminal of the
348:World Radiocommunication Conference
24:
1041:What is a PCB with a Ground plane?
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1121:
1110:Telecommunications infrastructure
1066: This article incorporates
1061:
863:from many different components.
111:
34:
1079:General Services Administration
1048:Ground Plane Antenna Calculator
1022:Groundplane antenna model FA-2
986:
13:
1:
994:"COMT Pre-Course Study Guide"
979:
959:Printed circuit board milling
211:Low-noise block downconverter
196:Counterpoise (ground system)
7:
933:
449:Friis transmission equation
10:
1126:
286:Municipal wireless network
1056:Criterion Cellular, 2006.
1026:PRACTICAL ANTENNA DESIGN
892:electromagnetic induction
878:and interference through
533:Bell Laboratories Layered
18:Return path (electronics)
1054:What is a Ground Plane?
771:projecting from it. In
566:Multiple Access (WSDMA)
564:Wideband Space Division
64:more precise citations.
1074:Federal Standard 1037C
1068:public domain material
840:
827:Printed circuit boards
755:antennas, such as the
722:
657:printed circuit boards
609:electrical engineering
296:Radio masts and towers
1087: (in support of
1046:Amateur Quarter Wave
849:printed circuit board
837:printed circuit board
834:
781:printed circuit board
716:
484:Signal-to-noise ratio
319:Safety and regulation
912:decoupling capacitor
839:are the ground plane
785:ground plane antenna
669:Radio antenna theory
469:Radiation resistance
773:microstrip antennas
694:, in the case of a
615:is an electrically
1043:. August 11, 1992.
841:
723:
676:telecommunications
535:Space-Time (BLAST)
389:Near and far field
900:transmission line
777:monopole antennas
686:, to reflect the
605:
604:
489:Spurious emission
474:Radio propagation
464:Radiation pattern
439:Equivalent radius
434:Electrical length
341:Radio Regulations
186:Block upconverter
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1117:
1092:
1086:
1081:. Archived from
1065:
1064:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
999:. Archived from
998:
990:
969:Salisbury screen
876:electrical noise
810:
806:
804:
803:
800:
797:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:
739:
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696:monopole antenna
670:
597:
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362:
276:Cellular network
216:Passive radiator
115:
92:
91:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
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882:and to prevent
872:radio frequency
870:In digital and
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746:
740:
737:
734:
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729:
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555:Spread spectrum
550:Reconfiguration
537:
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413:
412:Characteristics
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56:Please help to
55:
39:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1113:
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1107:
1085:on 2022-01-22.
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1028:second edition
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821:dipole antenna
757:mast radiators
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479:Radio spectrum
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399:Vertical plane
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151:Satellite dish
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70:September 2012
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1038:
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1024:from the book
1021:
1020:
1006:on 2021-07-04
1002:
995:
989:
985:
975:
974:Image antenna
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817:image antenna
812:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:whip antennas
766:
762:
758:
754:
728:
720:
719:image antenna
715:
711:
709:
705:
701:
700:coaxial cable
697:
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509:Beam steering
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271:Amateur radio
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191:Coaxial cable
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19:
1083:the original
1073:
1059:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1008:. Retrieved
1001:the original
988:
920:
916:power supply
905:
889:
880:ground loops
869:
865:
857:power supply
845:ground plane
844:
842:
813:
789:whip antenna
784:
775:and printed
724:
692:antenna feed
680:ground plane
679:
673:
625:
613:ground plane
612:
606:
379:Ground plane
378:
266:Antenna farm
123:Common types
76:
67:
48:
1089:MIL-STD-188
964:Copper pour
945:Power plane
928:ground loop
908:power plane
721:" (b).
704:earth spike
688:radio waves
648:radio waves
644:transmitter
628:engineering
519:Beamforming
424:Directivity
374:Focal cloud
236:Transmitter
62:introducing
1099:Categories
1032:Philippine
1010:2022-07-08
980:References
950:Microstrip
727:wavelength
640:wavelength
617:conductive
524:Small cell
502:Techniques
429:Efficiency
419:Array gain
174:Components
156:Television
45:references
954:Stripline
924:impedance
896:crosstalk
884:crosstalk
753:frequency
514:Beam tilt
394:Side lobe
384:Main lobe
369:Boresight
246:Twin-lead
206:Feed line
1105:Antennas
934:See also
540:Massive
306:Wireless
221:Receiver
146:Monopole
105:Antennas
97:a series
95:Part of
861:current
805:
793:
744:
732:
684:antenna
636:antenna
281:Hotspot
259:Systems
226:Rotator
136:Fractal
58:improve
853:ground
807:
787:style
661:ground
621:ground
459:Height
444:Factor
131:Dipole
47:, but
1070:from
1004:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
847:on a
301:Wi-Fi
291:Radio
241:Tuner
181:Balun
952:and
708:gain
678:, a
611:, a
454:Gain
231:Stub
201:Feed
161:Whip
141:Loop
765:UHF
763:or
761:VHF
674:In
655:In
634:In
607:In
1101::
1091:).
1077:.
1030:,
930:.
918:.
906:A
843:A
796:1
735:1
710:.
630:.
623:.
99:on
1013:.
815:"
809:λ
802:4
799:/
749:)
747:λ
741:4
738:/
730:(
650:.
596:e
589:t
582:v
343:)
339:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
