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After the spacecraft lands, it may need to be refurbished to prepare it for its next flight. This process may be lengthy and expensive, taking up to a year. And the spacecraft may not be able to be recertified as human-rated after refurbishment. There is eventually a limit on how many times a
56:
that have been designed with repeated launch, orbit, deorbit and atmospheric reentry in mind. This contrasts with conventional spacecraft which are designed to be expended (thrown away, allowed to burn during reentry) after use. Examples of reusable spacecraft are
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Spacecraft that land horizontally on a runway require wings and undercarriage. These typically consume about 9-12% of the spacecraft mass, which either reduces the payload or increases the size of the spacecraft. Concepts such as
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heat tiles like those used on the Space
Shuttle are fragile, and this was proved on the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Making a resistant yet lightweight and effective heat tile poses a challenge. The
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194:, was originally intended to propusively land on land. However, such concept of reusability was canceled in 2017 and now Dragon 2 uses parachutes to land in the ocean.
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included its own engines, used for deorbiting. Deorbiting slows the spacecraft down, lowering its perigee to inside the atmosphere where the vehicle descends to Earth.
198:
spacecraft can be refurbished before it has to be retired, but how often a spacecraft can be reused differs significantly between the various spacecraft designs.
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coatings that can withstand multiple thermal cycles constitutes a key requirement in the development of new reusable spacecraft. Current materials for such high
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131:. However, the requirements of reusable space systems differ from those of single use reentry vehicles, especially with regards to
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77:. Such spacecraft need mechanisms to prevent the disintegration of the spacecraft and its occupants/cargo during reentry.
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As a rough rule of thumb, around 15% of the landed weight of an atmospheric reentry vehicle is
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656:"SpaceX Abandons Plan To Make Astronaut Spacecraft Reusable; Boeing Sticks With Reuse Plan"
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Ablative heat shields are reliable, but they can only be used once, and are heavy.
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626:"Thermal Protection Materials: Development, Characterization, and Evaluation"
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High emissivity coatings on fibrous ceramics for reusable space systems
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680:"SpaceX launches Dragon as it prepares for next cargo contract"
575:"Coming Up: Crew Dragon Deorbit Burn – Commercial Crew Program"
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Comparison of Soyuz, Starliner, Crew Dragon, Orion, and Susie.
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127:. Historically these materials were first developed on ICBM
182:
can be accomplished either with parachutes or propulsively.
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119:(TPS) can be made of a variety of materials, including
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requirements. In particular the need for durable high
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Reusable spacecraft include mechanisms to deorbit and
16:
Spacecraft designed for repeated use and reusability
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168:offer some reduction in wing mass, as does the
143:coatings include transition metal disilicides.
94:in a controlled fashion. For this purpose, the
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190:with parachute reusability. Its derivative,
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723:
709:
489:Chinese next-generation crewed spacecraft
1133:Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
494:Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
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155:material was used on the Space Shuttle.
33:
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555:"Dragon – Spacecraft & Satellites"
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598:Chung, Winchell D. Jr. (2011-05-30).
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624:Johnson, Sylvia (September 2012).
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19:This article is about reusable
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631:. NASA Ames Research Center.
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1267:Ya Guidao Gainian Feixingqi
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202:List of reusable spacecraft
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117:Thermal Protection Systems
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159:Landing and refurbishment
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148:Reinforced carbon-carbon
121:reinforced carbon-carbon
1059:Reusable Booster System
1049:Liquid Fly-back Booster
732:Reusable launch systems
1262:Goodyear Meteor Junior
796:(orbiter and boosters)
644:Corrosion Science 2019
535:Reusable launch system
266:
92:reenter the atmosphere
63:Space Shuttle orbiters
45:
41:landing from orbit on
29:Reusable launch system
1189:Space Shuttle orbiter
388:Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar
351:(never flew in space)
311:Space Shuttle orbiter
264:
174:Space Shuttle orbiter
39:Space Shuttle orbiter
37:
1377:Reusable spacecraft
1160:Buran-class orbiter
1001:Energia II (Uragan)
341:Destroyed in flight
329:Destroyed in flight
294:North American X-15
50:reusable spacecraft
898:Rocket Lab Neutron
267:
186:was an example of
125:ablative materials
46:
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1228:Orel (spacecraft)
1101:
1100:
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909:Starship (SpaceX)
654:Thompson, Loren.
180:Vertical landings
86:Atmospheric entry
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1211:Boeing Starliner
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914:Stoke Space Nova
863:8R (first stage)
860:6X (first stage)
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23:. For distinct
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600:"Basic Design"
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52:is a class of
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184:SpaceX Dragon
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172:shape of the
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104:SpaceX Dragon
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96:Space Shuttle
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75:SpaceX Dragon
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61:(such as the
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36:
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22:
1353:* indicates
1217:Dream Chaser
1183:SpaceShipTwo
1177:SpaceShipOne
1032:
771:Falcon Heavy
735:
688:. Retrieved
686:. 2019-07-25
683:
674:
663:. Retrieved
659:
649:
637:
619:
608:. Retrieved
603:
593:
582:. Retrieved
578:
569:
558:. Retrieved
549:
447:(never flew)
441:(never flew)
435:(never flew)
429:(never flew)
424:
417:
409:
376:SpaceShipTwo
362:
355:
347:
335:
323:
316:
241:Dream Chaser
225:Cargo Dragon
207:U.S. And ESA
196:
178:
162:
145:
115:
108:
89:
67:Dream Chaser
49:
47:
1310:Silver Dart
1242:upper stage
1171:Gemini SC-2
1128:Boeing X-37
1089:VentureStar
1021:Hyperbola-2
948:Kankoh-maru
881:Orbex Prime
850:Hyperbola-3
829:Ariane Next
808:* (booster)
802:* (booster)
777:New Shepard
276:Space Rider
236:Boeing X-37
231:New Shepard
222:Crew Dragon
133:heat shield
59:spaceplanes
1382:Spacecraft
1371:Categories
1355:suborbital
1111:Spacecraft
1074:Tianjiao-1
1069:Sea Dragon
992:(boosters)
925:Tianlong-3
856:Long March
736:spacecraft
690:2020-05-31
665:2020-05-31
610:2011-07-04
584:2020-05-31
560:2020-05-31
541:References
348:Enterprise
324:Challenger
283:(proposed)
170:delta wing
141:emissivity
137:emissivity
102:, and the
54:spacecraft
21:spacecraft
1320:X-30 NASP
1282:Cancelled
1250:Proposals
1236:(capsule)
1230:(capsule)
1224:(capsule)
1213:(capsule)
1167:(capsule)
1031:Hopper /
1006:Falcon 1e
941:Proposals
933:(engines)
875:New Glenn
363:Endeavour
317:Discovery
98:included
73:like the
1357:vehicles
1240:Starship
1222:Mengzhou
1144:Shenlong
1139:Dragon 2
1011:Falcon 5
967:Canceled
919:Terran R
887:Pallas-1
844:Electron
834:CALLISTO
765:Falcon 9
529:See also
517:Canceled
466:Canceled
414:orbiter
382:Canceled
356:Atlantis
336:Columbia
218:Dragon 2
192:Dragon 2
100:OMS pods
65:and the
1305:Mustard
1153:Retired
1135:(CSSHQ)
1033:Phoenix
974:Adeline
869:Miura 5
787:Retired
426:Ptichka
288:Retired
43:STS-126
1294:Kliper
1257:Avatar
1165:Dragon
1121:Active
1079:Spiral
1026:HOPE-X
990:Ares V
984:Ares I
979:Angara
953:SASSTO
931:Vulcan
904:Skylon
893:RLV-TD
839:CORONA
800:Petrel
758:Active
660:Forbes
523:HOPE-X
511:Avatar
499:RLV-TD
483:Others
472:Kliper
393:Hermes
299:Gemini
212:Active
153:LI-900
81:Design
69:) and
27:, see
1273:SUSIE
1234:Orion
1064:Roton
1039:HOTOL
1016:Nexus
629:(PDF)
419:Buran
411:Buran
281:SUSIE
251:Orion
129:MIRVs
1326:X-33
1315:SOAR
1299:Lynx
1194:X-15
1054:MAKS
823:Amur
806:Skua
734:and
477:MAKS
460:Orel
445:2.03
439:2.02
433:2.01
304:SC-2
123:and
1289:H-2
1084:V-2
1044:K-1
1373::
682:.
658:.
602:.
577:.
176:.
113:.
48:A
1334:*
1328:*
1322:*
1301:*
1269:*
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1179:*
1173:*
779:*
724:e
717:t
710:v
693:.
668:.
613:.
587:.
563:.
343:)
339:(
331:)
327:(
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
