718:
835:
56:
466:
607:) an order, award, judgment, or conviction, while decisions of British courts are said to be "under appeal" and one "appeals against" a judgment. An American court disposes of an appeal with words like "judgment affirmed" (the appeal is without merit) or "judgment reversed" (the appeal has merit), while a British court disposes of an appeal with words like "appeal dismissed" (the appeal is without merit) or "appeal allowed" (the appeal has merit).
853:
primarily hears cases on appeal but retains original jurisdiction over a limited range of cases. Some jurisdictions maintain a system of intermediate appellate courts, which are subject to the review of higher appellate courts. The highest appellate court in a jurisdiction is sometimes referred to as
660:
as routes to appellate relief, but both types of writs were severely limited in comparison to modern appeals in terms of availability, scope of review, and remedies afforded. For example, writs of error were originally not available as a matter of right and were issued only upon the recommendation
676:
The United States first created a system of federal appellate courts in 1789, but a federal right to appeal did not exist in the United States until 1889, when
Congress passed the Judiciary Act to permit appeals in capital cases. Two years later, the right to appeals was extended to other criminal
651:
Although some scholars argue that "the right to appeal is itself a substantive liberty interest", the notion of a right to appeal is a relatively recent advent in common law jurisdictions. Commentators have observed that common law jurisdictions were particularly "slow to incorporate a right to
1436:
See
Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 (39 & 40 Vict. c.59) (establishing a nearly unlimited right of appeal to the Lords in England and Wales); Act of 6 February 1889, ch. 113, § 6, 25 Stat. 656, 656 (establishing a statutory right to appeals in federal capital cases in the United
813:
The appeal may end with a reversal, in which the lower court's decision is found to be incorrect (resulting in the original judgement being vacated, and the lower court instructed to retry the case) or an affirmation, in which the lower court's decision is found to be correct.
673:, but only to obtain relief before judgment. Due to widespread dissatisfaction with writs (resulting in the introduction of at least 28 separate bills in Parliament), England switched over to appeals in civil cases in 1873, and in criminal cases in 1907.
1426:
270 (1930) ("hose equally expansible and collapsible terms 'law' and 'fact' ... They are basic assumptions; irreducible minimums and the most comprehensive maximums at the same instant. They readily accommodate themselves to any meaning we desire to give
575:
are reviewed by a higher authority, where parties request a formal change to an official decision. Appeals function both as a process for error correction as well as a process of clarifying and interpreting law. Although
1364:
979, 979-80 (1997) (noting that in the United States, "ppeals through rule 54(b),2 section 1292(b), 3 the collateral order doctrine, and other avenues have become increasingly limited"); see also
Information Guide:
655:
The idea of an appeal from court to court (as distinguished from court directly to the Crown) was unheard of in early
English courts. English common law courts eventually developed the writs of error and
910:
specifies that "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." In 1789,
1491:
1129, 1131 (2001) ("This established dichotomy between the responsibilities of the jury and those of the reviewing court resulted from the jury's revered position in our country's history.").
950:. Decisions in circuit courts are usually made by rotating three-judge panels chosen from judges sitting within that circuit, and circuit courts also occasionally decide cases
1298:, 704 N.W.2d 486, 491 (Minn. 2005) (but noting that the right to at least one review by direct appeal or postconviction review has been recognized in Minnesota); Stan Keillor,
689:, still do not formally recognize a right to criminal appeals. The U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that there is no federal constitutional right to an appeal.
806:
to challenge their arguments or to advance their own legal theories. After deliberating in chambers, appellate courts issue formal written opinions that resolve the
741:, most litigants appeal final orders and judgments from lower courts. A fundamental premise of many legal systems is that appellate courts review questions of law
1451:
1391:
1337:
1232:
Disagreement About
Disagreement: The Effect of A Circuit Split or "Other Circuit" Authority on the Availability of Federal Habeas Relief for State Convicts
1215:
Disagreement About
Disagreement: The Effect of A Circuit Split or "Other Circuit" Authority on the Availability of Federal Habeas Relief for State Convicts
935:
550:
849:
the decision of a lower court. Some courts maintain a dual function, where they consider both appeals and matters of "first instance". For example, the
747:, but appellate courts do not conduct independent fact-finding. Instead, appellate courts will generally defer to the record established by the
66:
1636:
Joseph D. Kearney & Thomas W. Merrill, The
Influence of Amicus Curiae Briefs on the Supreme Court, 148 U. Pa. L. Rev. 743, 837 n.6 (2000).
907:
1557:
1527:
1514:
1501:
1471:
794:
to submit a brief in support of a particular party or position. After submitting briefs, parties often have the opportunity to present an
1663:
Appellate Courts as First
Responders: The Constitutionality and Propriety of Appellate Courts' Resolving Issues in the First Instance
1621:
Appellate Courts as First
Responders: The Constitutionality and Propriety of Appellate Courts' Resolving Issues in the First Instance
767:. In the United States, for example, litigants may waive the right to appeal, as long as the waiver is "considered and intelligent".
863:
543:
1318:, 528 U.S. 259, 270 n.5 (2000) ("he Constitution does not . . . require states to create appellate review in the first place");
662:
362:
356:
665:(which was initially discretionary but by modern times was regularly granted). Certiorari was originally available only for
599:
have diverged significantly on the topic of appellate terminology. American cases go up "on appeal" and one "appeals from" (
990:
321, 359 (1970) ("the power of the courts to contribute to the growth of the law in keeping with the demands of society");
536:
1171:
1541:
The Illusion of Devil's Advocacy: How the Justices of the Supreme Court Foreshadow Their Decisions During Oral Argument
927:
850:
709:
1142:
1123:
1044:
790:
in which the parties present their arguments at length in writing. Appellate courts may also grant permission for an
100:
1485:"I Lost at Trial - in the Court of Appeals!": The Expanding Power of the Federal Appellate Courts to Reexamine Facts
1416:"I Lost at Trial - in the Court of Appeals!": The Expanding Power of the Federal Appellate Courts to Reexamine Facts
1380:"I Lost at Trial - in the Court of Appeals!": The Expanding Power of the Federal Appellate Courts to Reexamine Facts
630:
since 509 BC. Later it employed a complex hierarchy of appellate courts, where some appeals would be heard by the
931:
678:
412:
17:
584:
countries did not incorporate an affirmative right to appeal into their jurisprudence until the 19th century.
1366:
1358:
Gaining Appellate Review by "Manufacturing" A Final Judgment Through Voluntary Dismissal of Peripheral Claims
923:
763:
for litigants to appeal adverse decisions. However, most jurisdictions also recognize that this right may be
682:
1306:
399, 401-02 (2013) ("aying 'there is no constitutional right to appeal' in criminal cases is a shibboleth").
618:
and other systems of error correction have existed for many millennia. During the first dynasty of Babylon,
522:
305:
1132:
1, 1 (2011) ("The right to appeal is a comparatively recent addition to the common law criminal process.")
934:, which hear appeals from United States district courts within limited geographic areas. For example, the
919:
493:
485:
44:
435:
982:
1441, 1442 (2004) (discussing contemporary discourse regarding judicial activism); Jonathan Mallamud,
1702:
839:
722:
627:
397:
1717:
717:
161:
82:
998:
1, 6 (1960) (discussing appeals as "a deliberate and conscious technique of judicial lawmaking").
323:
37:
1322:, 519 U.S. 102, 110 (1996) ("the Federal Constitution guarantees no right to appellate review").
382:
29:
Resort to a superior court to review the decision of an inferior court or administrative agent
1455:
1395:
1341:
1034:
911:
699:
We are not final because we are infallible, but we are infallible only because we are final.
407:
266:
136:
1707:
1398:
1344:
883:
760:
261:
241:
8:
834:
771:
402:
33:
782:, appeals are generally presented to a judge, or a panel of judges. Before hearing oral
1458:
670:
635:
501:
292:
284:
279:
256:
251:
246:
171:
116:
1712:
1040:
705:
623:
600:
377:
328:
318:
297:
166:
1107:
Expanding as per the Process Rights of Indigent Litigants: Will Texaco Trickle Down?
1645:
915:
846:
818:
615:
592:
577:
514:
367:
221:
156:
78:
1669:
1521, 1542 (2012) (discussing role and function of intermediate appellate courts).
1369:(noting that the court has appellate jurisdiction over decisions of lower courts).
1405:, rather than appellate courts ...") (internal citations and quotations omitted).
1402:
1030:
888:
878:
873:
868:
845:
When considering cases on appeal, appellate courts generally affirm, reverse, or
829:
666:
604:
596:
430:
176:
74:
1332:
930:
and one district court judge. In 1891, Congress created the existing system of
743:
730:
445:
231:
770:
The appellate process usually begins when an appellate court grants a party's
1696:
1300:
Should Minnesota Recognize A State Constitutional Right to A Criminal Appeal?
1144:
Should Minnesota Recognize A State Constitutional Right to A Criminal Appeal?
1009:
Should Minnesota Recognize A State Constitutional Right to A Criminal Appeal?
795:
752:
726:
631:
1570:
807:
440:
313:
146:
634:. Additionally, appellate courts have existed in Japan since at least the
1650:
Rethinking the Supreme Court's Original Jurisdiction in State-Party Cases
1595:
943:
802:
or panel of judges. During oral arguments, judges often ask questions to
787:
748:
372:
271:
775:
738:
657:
581:
572:
470:
392:
216:
206:
151:
622:
and his governors served as the highest appellate courts of the land.
939:
756:
686:
642:
619:
351:
211:
141:
648:, a high appellate court to aid the state in adjudicating lawsuits.
465:
922:, which had appellate jurisdiction over certain matters decided by
783:
751:, unless some error occurred during the fact-finding process. Many
926:. These federal circuit courts consisted of two justices from the
951:
196:
32:
This article is about legal appeals. For rhetorical appeals, see
1262:"The Law of the Circuit" Revisited: What Role for Majority Rule?
938:
hears appeals originating from United States district courts in
1221:
831, 836 (2014) (discussing history of federal circuit courts).
803:
764:
387:
346:
1039:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 67.
947:
799:
737:
Although some courts permit appeals at preliminary stages of
669:; in the early 19th century, certiorari became available for
1182:(4). Columbia: University of Missouri School of Law: 326–338
779:
181:
652:
appeal into either its civil or criminal jurisprudence".
638:(1185–1333). During this time, the shogunate established
564:
1277:
Act of 6 February 1889, ch. 113, § 6, 25 Stat. 656, 656.
976:
The Origin & Current Meanings of "Judicial Activism"
1558:
Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States (2013)
1528:
Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States (2013)
1515:
Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States (2013)
1502:
Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States (2013)
1472:
Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States (2013)
1113:
463, 487-88 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted).
774:
or petition for certiorari. Unlike trials, which many
984:
Prospective Limitation and the Rights of the Accused
936:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
1094:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
992:Realist Jurisprudence & Prospective Overruling
1286:3 March 1891, ch. 517, § 5; 26 Stat. 826, 827-28.
1247:Daniel John Meador and Jordana Simone Bernstein,
1209:Daniel John Meador and Jordana Simone Bernstein,
1694:
1025:
1023:
1021:
43:"Appellant" redirects here. For other uses, see
1678:Gregory L. Acquaviva and John D. Castiglione,
1401: (1982) (" is the basic responsibility of
1068:The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water
640:
1367:Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
1125:A Comparative Analysis of the Right to Appeal
1018:
908:Article III of the United States Constitution
544:
63:The examples and perspective in this article
1268:625 (2008); see also Fed. R. App. P. 35(a).
854:a "court of last resort" or supreme court.
1680:Judicial Diversity on State Supreme Courts
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1066:Joseph W. Dellapenna & Joyeeta Gupta,
681:were established to review decisions from
551:
537:
1470:See e.g. Sup. Ct. R. 10(a), available at
101:Learn how and when to remove this message
1526:See, e.g., Sup. Ct. R. 28, available at
1513:See, e.g., Sup. Ct. R. 37, available at
1500:See, e.g., Sup. Ct. R. 15, available at
864:Appellate procedure in the United States
833:
716:
1172:"History of Criminal Appeal in England"
1169:
1154:
778:jurisdictions typically perform with a
14:
1695:
1556:See e.g. Sup. Ct. R. 41, available at
1029:
692:
626:recognized the right to appeal in the
1249:Appellate Courts in the United States
1211:Appellate Courts in the United States
580:have existed for thousands of years,
49:
1422:1129, 1130 (2001); cf. Leon Green,
823:
24:
1652:, 82 Cal. L. Rev. 555, 555 (1994).
1036:Garner's Dictionary of Legal Usage
928:Supreme Court of the United States
851:Supreme Court of the United States
710:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
1729:
1347: (1953) (Jackson, J., conc.).
1081:Borkowski's Textbook on Roman Law
914:the first system of intermediate
712:' role as a court of last resort.
704:—Associate Supreme Court Justice
974:See generally, Keenan D. Kmiec,
786:, parties will generally submit
464:
54:
1672:
1655:
1639:
1630:
1613:
1588:
1563:
1550:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1477:
1464:
1440:
1430:
1408:
1372:
1350:
1325:
1309:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1254:
1241:
1224:
1203:
1194:
932:United States courts of appeals
901:
679:United States courts of appeals
123:Criminal trials and convictions
1448:United States v. Mendoza-Lopez
1135:
1130:Duke J. of Comp. & Int. L.
1116:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1060:
1001:
968:
587:
413:Sexually violent predator laws
13:
1:
961:
729:in a 2009 case involving the
1386:1129, 1130 (2001); see also
306:Cruel and unusual punishment
7:
1545:J. App. Prac. & Process
1170:Orfield, Lester B. (1936).
857:
641:
77:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1734:
1200:U.S. Const. art. III, § 1.
827:
816:
610:
508: English/Welsh courts
42:
31:
1388:Pullman-Standard v. Swint
1213:7 (1994); Ruth A. Moyer,
723:New York Court of Appeals
628:Valerian and Porcian laws
894:
571:is the process in which
162:Presumption of innocence
1539:Sarah Levien Shullman,
1122:See Peter D. Marshall,
733:development in Brooklyn
685:. Some states, such as
324:Indefinite imprisonment
38:Appeal (disambiguation)
920:federal circuit courts
842:
810:presented for review.
734:
701:
383:Miscarriage of justice
36:. For other uses, see
1092:John Stewart Bowman,
837:
817:Further information:
720:
697:
408:Sex offender registry
128:Rights of the accused
1356:Rebecca A. Cochran,
884:List of legal topics
761:constitutional right
494:English/Welsh courts
422:Related areas of law
83:create a new article
75:improve this article
65:may not represent a
1483:Debra Lyn Bassett,
1414:Debra Lyn Bassett,
1378:Debra Lyn Bassett,
1260:Arthur D. Hellman,
1176:Missouri Law Review
772:petition for review
693:Appellate procedure
671:indictable offences
403:Restorative justice
34:Modes of persuasion
1686:1203, 1205 (2009).
1684:Seton Hall L. Rev.
1667:Notre Dame L. Rev.
1627:1521, 1522 (2012).
1625:Notre Dame L. Rev.
843:
735:
636:Kamakura shogunate
293:Capital punishment
285:Dangerous offender
172:Self-incrimination
117:Criminal procedure
1079:Paul Du Plessis,
708:, discussing the
706:Robert H. Jackson
624:Ancient Roman law
561:
560:
436:Criminal defenses
378:Habitual offender
329:Three-strikes law
319:Life imprisonment
298:Execution warrant
167:Exclusionary rule
111:
110:
103:
85:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
1725:
1703:Appellate review
1687:
1676:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1646:James E. Pfander
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1406:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1329:
1323:
1320:M.L.B. v. S.L.J.
1316:Smith v. Robbins
1313:
1307:
1305:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1238:831, 836 (2014).
1237:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1167:
1152:
1150:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1031:Garner, Bryan A.
1027:
1016:
1015:399, 402 (2013).
1014:
1005:
999:
997:
989:
981:
972:
955:
916:appellate courts
912:Congress created
905:
824:Appellate courts
819:Reversible error
713:
667:summary offences
663:attorney general
646:
616:Appellate courts
603:) or "appeals" (
593:American English
578:appellate courts
553:
546:
539:
525:
517:
509:
504:
496:
488:
469:
468:
368:Criminal justice
222:Directed verdict
113:
112:
106:
99:
95:
92:
86:
58:
57:
50:
21:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1718:Legal procedure
1693:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1677:
1673:
1661:Joan Steinman,
1660:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1619:Joan Steinman,
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1413:
1409:
1403:district courts
1377:
1373:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1330:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1304:Hamline L. Rev.
1303:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1266:S. Ill. U. L.J.
1265:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1236:U. Cin. L. Rev.
1235:
1230:Ruth A. Moyer,
1229:
1225:
1219:U. Cin. L. Rev.
1218:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1155:
1151:399, 402 (2013)
1149:Hamline L. Rev.
1148:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1028:
1019:
1013:Hamline L. Rev.
1012:
1006:
1002:
995:
987:
979:
973:
969:
964:
959:
958:
924:District Courts
906:
902:
897:
889:Scope of review
879:Judicial review
874:Criminal appeal
869:Civil procedure
860:
840:Court of Appeal
832:
830:Appellate court
826:
821:
715:
703:
695:
683:district courts
677:cases, and the
613:
597:British English
590:
557:
528:
520:
515:Canadian courts
512:
507:
502:Scottish courts
499:
491:
483:
475:
463:
450:
431:Civil procedure
417:
338:Post-sentencing
333:
302:
276:
226:
191:
177:Double jeopardy
107:
96:
90:
87:
72:
59:
55:
48:
41:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1689:
1688:
1671:
1654:
1638:
1629:
1612:
1587:
1562:
1549:
1532:
1519:
1506:
1493:
1476:
1463:
1439:
1429:
1424:Judge and Jury
1407:
1371:
1362:Mercer L. Rev.
1349:
1333:Brown v. Allen
1324:
1308:
1296:Spann v. State
1288:
1279:
1270:
1253:
1240:
1223:
1202:
1193:
1153:
1141:Stan Keillor,
1134:
1115:
1098:
1085:
1072:
1059:
1045:
1017:
1007:Stan Keillor,
1000:
996:U. Pa. L. Rev.
966:
965:
963:
960:
957:
956:
899:
898:
896:
893:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
859:
856:
838:The Victorian
828:Main article:
825:
822:
731:Atlantic Yards
727:oral arguments
696:
694:
691:
612:
609:
589:
586:
559:
558:
556:
555:
548:
541:
533:
530:
529:
527:
526:
518:
510:
505:
497:
489:
480:
477:
476:
474:
473:
471:Law portal
460:
457:
456:
452:
451:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:
424:
423:
419:
418:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
398:Rehabilitation
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
354:
349:
343:
340:
339:
335:
334:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
310:
309:
308:
301:
300:
295:
289:
288:
287:
282:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
238:
235:
234:
228:
227:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
203:
200:
199:
193:
192:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
133:
130:
129:
125:
124:
120:
119:
109:
108:
69:of the subject
67:worldwide view
62:
60:
53:
28:
18:Reversal (law)
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1730:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1489:Hous. L. Rev.
1486:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1433:
1421:
1420:Hous. L. Rev.
1417:
1411:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:Hous. L. Rev.
1381:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1216:
1206:
1197:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1111:N.Y.U.L. Rev.
1108:
1102:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1048:
1046:9780195384208
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1010:
1004:
993:
985:
977:
971:
967:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
855:
852:
848:
841:
836:
831:
820:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:oral argument
793:
792:amicus curiae
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:jurisdictions
750:
746:
745:
740:
732:
728:
724:
719:
714:
711:
707:
700:
690:
688:
684:
680:
674:
672:
668:
664:
659:
653:
649:
647:
645:
644:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
585:
583:
579:
574:
570:
566:
554:
549:
547:
542:
540:
535:
534:
532:
531:
524:
519:
516:
511:
506:
503:
498:
495:
492: Not in
490:
487:
482:
481:
479:
478:
472:
467:
462:
461:
459:
458:
454:
453:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
421:
420:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
342:
341:
337:
336:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
237:
236:
233:
230:
229:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
202:
201:
198:
195:
194:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
115:
114:
105:
102:
94:
84:
80:
76:
70:
68:
61:
52:
51:
46:
39:
35:
27:
19:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1632:
1620:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:
1565:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1466:
1461: (1987).
1447:
1442:
1432:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1357:
1352:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1231:
1226:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1179:
1175:
1143:
1137:
1124:
1118:
1106:
1105:Gary Stein,
1101:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1052:10 September
1050:. Retrieved
1035:
1008:
1003:
991:
983:
980:Cal. L. Rev.
975:
970:
903:
844:
812:
808:legal issues
791:
788:legal briefs
769:
742:
736:
702:
698:
675:
654:
650:
639:
614:
601:intransitive
591:
568:
562:
441:Criminal law
363:Life licence
314:Imprisonment
186:
147:Speedy trial
97:
88:
64:
26:
1708:Judiciaries
1600:cornell.edu
1575:cornell.edu
1547:271 (2004).
1446:See, e.g.,
1096:133 (2013).
988:Iowa L.Rev.
944:Mississippi
918:, known as
749:trial court
588:Terminology
373:Exoneration
1697:Categories
1605:14 October
1580:14 October
1571:"reversal"
1083:82 (2015).
1070:29 (2009).
962:References
776:common law
755:provide a
739:litigation
658:certiorari
605:transitive
582:common law
393:Recidivism
267:Guidelines
232:Sentencing
217:Not proven
207:Conviction
152:Jury trial
137:Fair trial
45:Appellants
1251:7 (1994).
940:Louisiana
804:attorneys
757:statutory
687:Minnesota
643:hikitsuke
620:Hammurabi
523:UK courts
486:US courts
352:Probation
262:Discharge
252:Custodial
247:Suspended
242:Mandatory
212:Acquittal
142:Pre-trial
79:talk page
1713:Lawsuits
1596:"affirm"
1437:States).
1399:273, 291
1345:443, 540
1186:28 April
1033:(2011).
858:See also
784:argument
446:Evidence
280:Totality
257:Periodic
91:May 2016
73:You may
1427:them.")
952:en banc
744:de novo
661:of the
632:emperor
611:History
455:Portals
197:Verdict
157:Counsel
1043:
994:, 109
946:, and
847:vacate
765:waived
725:hears
569:appeal
521:
513:
500:
484:
388:Pardon
359:
357:Tariff
347:Parole
187:Appeal
1682:, 39
1665:, 87
1623:, 87
1487:, 38
1454:
1418:, 38
1394:
1382:, 38
1360:, 48
1340:
1302:, 36
1264:, 32
1234:, 82
1217:, 82
1147:, 36
1128:, 22
1109:, 61
1011:, 36
986:, 56
978:, 92
948:Texas
895:Notes
800:judge
798:to a
573:cases
567:, an
272:Guilt
81:, or
1607:2023
1582:2023
1543:, 6
1456:U.S.
1396:U.S.
1342:U.S.
1188:2020
1054:2023
1041:ISBN
780:jury
721:The
595:and
182:Bail
1459:828
1452:481
1392:456
1338:344
759:or
565:law
563:In
1699::
1648:,
1598:.
1573:.
1450:,
1390:,
1336:,
1178:.
1174:.
1156:^
1020:^
942:,
1609:.
1584:.
1560:.
1530:.
1517:.
1504:.
1474:.
1190:.
1180:1
1056:.
954:.
552:e
545:t
538:v
104:)
98:(
93:)
89:(
71:.
47:.
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.