827:. In retrospect, the occurrence of the syndrome may have first been reported in 1929. Also in 1964, George Johnson and colleagues published an investigation of an outbreak of influenza B that described 16 children who developed neurological problems, four of whom had a profile remarkably similar to Reye syndrome. Some investigators refer to this disorder as Reye-Johnson syndrome, although it is more commonly called Reye syndrome. In 1979, Karen Starko and colleagues conducted a case-control study in Phoenix, Arizona, and found the first statistically significant link between aspirin use and Reye syndrome. Studies in Ohio and Michigan soon confirmed her findings pointing to the use of aspirin during an upper respiratory tract or chickenpox infection as a possible trigger of the syndrome. Beginning in 1980, the CDC cautioned physicians and parents about the association between Reye syndrome and the use of salicylates in children and teenagers with chickenpox or virus-like illnesses. In 1982 the U.S. Surgeon General issued an advisory, and in 1986 the
793:'s issue of warning labels on aspirin in 1986. In the United States between 1980 and 1997, the number of reported cases of Reye syndrome decreased from 555 cases in 1980 to about two cases per year since 1994. During this time period 93% of reported cases for which racial data were available occurred in whites and the median age was six years. In 93% of cases a viral illness had occurred in the preceding three-week period. For the period 1991–1994, the annual rate of hospitalizations due to Reye syndrome in the United States was estimated to be between <0.3 - 1 per million population less than 18 years of age.
42:
638:, at least in the liver, and there are a number of ways that aspirin could cause or exacerbate mitochondrial damage. A potential increased risk of developing Reye syndrome is one of the main reasons that aspirin has not been recommended for use in children and teenagers, the age group for which the risk of lasting serious effects is highest.
784:
Reye syndrome occurs almost exclusively in children. While a few adult cases have been reported over the years, these cases do not typically show permanent neural or liver damage. Unlike in the United
Kingdom, the surveillance for Reye syndrome in the United States is focused on people under 18
808:
and a threefold (or greater) increase in serum aminotransferase and/or ammonia led to the identification of nine definite cases of Reye syndrome (0.79 cases per million children). Eight of the nine children with Reye syndrome were found to have been exposed to aspirin. In part because of this
800:
issued warnings against the use of aspirin in children under 12 years of age and warning labels on aspirin-containing medications were introduced. United
Kingdom surveillance for Reye syndrome documented a decline in the incidence of the illness after 1986. The reported incidence rate of Reye
1379:
Bennett, Charles L.; Starko, Karen M.; Thomsen, Henrik S.; Cowper, Shawn; Sartor, Oliver; Macdougall, Iain C.; Qureshi, Zaina P.; Bookstaver, P. Brandon; Miller, April D.; Norris, LeAnn B.; Xirasagar, Sudha; Trenery, Alyssa; Lopez, Isaac; Kahn, Adam; Murday, Alanna (December 2012).
336:
Prevention is typically by avoiding the use of aspirin in children. When aspirin was withdrawn for use in children in the US and UK in the 1980s, a decrease of more than 90% in rates of Reye syndrome was seen. Early diagnosis of the syndrome improves outcomes. Treatment is
668:, it is advised that the opinion of a doctor or pharmacist should be obtained before anyone under 19 years of age is given any medication containing aspirin (also known on some medicine labels as acetylsalicylate, salicylate, acetylsalicylic acid, ASA, or salicylic acid).
788:
In 1980, after the CDC began cautioning physicians and parents about the association between Reye syndrome and the use of salicylates in children with chickenpox or virus-like illnesses, the incidence of Reye syndrome in the United States began to decline, prior to the
356:. The syndrome most commonly affects children. It affects fewer than one in a million children a year. The general recommendation to use aspirin in children was withdrawn because of Reye syndrome, with use only recommended in
809:
survey result, the French
Medicines Agency reinforced the international attention to the relationship between aspirin and Reye syndrome by issuing its own public and professional warnings about this relationship.
1905:
1890:
775:
In children, mild to moderate to severe permanent brain damage is possible, especially in infants. Over thirty percent of the cases reported in the United States from 1981 through 1997 resulted in fatality.
615:. A retrospective study of 49 survivors of cases diagnosed as Reye syndrome showed that the majority of the surviving patients had various metabolic disorders, particularly a fatty-acid oxidation disorder
772:
Documented cases of Reye syndrome in adults are rare. The recovery of adults with the syndrome is generally complete, with liver and brain function returning to normal within two weeks of onset.
649:
content. There have been no cases of Reye syndrome following its use, and the measure is a precaution. Other medications containing salicylates are often similarly labeled as a precaution.
1382:"Linking drugs to obscure illnesses: lessons from pure red cell aplasia, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and Reye's syndrome. a report from the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR)"
796:
During the 1980s, a case-control study carried out in the United
Kingdom also demonstrated an association between Reye syndrome and aspirin exposure. In June 1986, the United Kingdom
2489:
664:(FDA) recommend that aspirin and combination products containing aspirin not be given to children under 19 years of age during episodes of fever-causing illnesses. Hence, in the
2875:
2870:
1183:
Ku AS, Chan LT (April 1999). "The first case of H5N1 avian influenza infection in a human with complications of adult respiratory distress syndrome and Reye's syndrome".
2887:
2865:
2038:
1843:
290:
usually does not. Death occurs in 20–40% of those affected with Reye syndrome, and about a third of those who survive are left with a significant degree of
1443:
631:
for viral illnesses and the development of Reye syndrome, but no animal model of Reye syndrome has been developed in which aspirin causes the condition.
2234:
1863:
867:
1821:
603:
The association with aspirin has been shown through epidemiological studies. The diagnosis of Reye syndrome greatly decreased in the 1980s, when
2229:
1161:
616:
804:
From
November 1995 to November 1996 in France, a national survey of pediatric departments for children under 15 years of age with unexplained
1065:
2031:
1096:
1050:
1439:
653:
2981:
2857:
2847:
2024:
1687:
Autret-Leca E, Jonville-Béra AP, Llau ME, et al. (2001). "Incidence of Reye's syndrome in France: a hospital-based survey".
1528:
1469:
Grosser, T; Ricciotti, E (2023). "Pharmacotherapy of
Inflammation, Fever, Pain, and Gout". In Brunton, LL; Knollmann, BC (eds.).
2827:
2500:
2852:
2484:
2690:
2678:
2140:
1386:
801:
syndrome decreased from a high of 0.63 per 100,000 population less than 12 years of age in 1983–1984 to 0.11 in 1990–1991.
1722:
Reye RD, Morgan G, Baral J (1963). "Encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera. A Disease entity in childhood".
1835:
2956:
2909:
2842:
2397:
821:, who, along with fellow physicians Graeme Morgan and Jim Baral, published the first study of the syndrome in 1963 in
2612:
2415:
1478:
1114:
1044:
110:
797:
676:
2731:
1757:
Starko KM, Ray CG, Dominguez LB, Stromberg WL, Woodall DF (December 1980). "Reye's syndrome and salicylate use".
645:(not the form specifically designed for teething) has labeling cautioning against its use in children, given its
2246:
2222:
2052:
657:
2925:
2810:
2726:
2668:
2438:
2217:
2894:
2268:
828:
790:
661:
1544:
Belay, E. D.; Bresee, J. S.; Holman, R. C.; Khan, A. S.; Shahriari, A.; Schonberger, L. B. (May 6, 1999).
2404:
2004:
679:
is that aspirin should not be given to those under the age of 16 years, unless specifically indicated in
608:
597:
314:
164:
2882:
2432:
2104:
1860:
875:
1801:
2832:
2800:
2774:
2752:
2601:
2180:
1231:
Orlowski JP, Hanhan UA, Fiallos MR (2002). "Is aspirin a cause of Reye's syndrome? A case against".
1153:
2899:
2673:
2087:
1920:
1533:. British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. 2007. p. 151.
1077:
2904:
2837:
2593:
2411:
2263:
2253:
2097:
1128:
159:
2016:
1092:
2769:
2761:
2716:
2392:
2364:
2212:
1034:
551:
1971:
1502:
1274:
Orlowski JP (August 1999). "Whatever happened to Reye's syndrome? Did it ever really exist?".
2784:
2658:
2476:
2454:
2369:
2292:
2202:
2189:
2114:
279:
152:
1447:
2721:
2538:
2427:
1196:
741:
1322:
8:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2961:
2650:
2297:
2152:
2092:
1909:
701:
317:
are also a risk factor. The syndrome is associated with changes on blood tests such as a
1357:
2971:
2820:
2805:
2793:
2543:
2494:
2331:
2194:
2082:
1914:
1782:
1664:
1639:
1416:
1381:
1256:
1208:
1015:
961:
936:
Pugliese, A; Beltramo, T; Torre, D (October 2008). "Reye's and Reye's-like syndromes".
831:
required a Reye syndrome-related warning label for all aspirin-containing medications.
706:
580:
The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown. It usually begins shortly after recovery from a
541:
483:
297:
The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown. It usually begins shortly after recovery from a
139:
1735:
1700:
1033:
McMillan, Julia A.; Feigin, Ralph D.; DeAngelis, Catherine; Jones, M. Douglas (2006).
352:
The first detailed description of Reye syndrome was in 1963 by
Australian pathologist
2583:
2549:
2521:
2512:
2444:
2420:
2287:
2135:
1931:
1813:
1774:
1739:
1704:
1669:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1573:
1565:
1484:
1474:
1421:
1403:
1361:
1326:
1291:
1287:
1248:
1244:
1200:
1040:
1007:
1003:
953:
612:
556:
386:
127:
1982:
1786:
1260:
1019:
965:
753:
338:
202:
41:
2706:
2577:
2572:
2357:
2352:
1766:
1731:
1696:
1659:
1651:
1604:
1557:
1411:
1395:
1353:
1318:
1283:
1240:
1212:
1192:
999:
945:
680:
436:
357:
326:
70:
1344:
Gosalakkal JA, Kamoji V (September 2008). "Reye syndrome and reye-like syndrome".
2628:
2319:
1925:
1867:
1226:
1224:
1222:
604:
581:
298:
192:
1561:
2685:
2634:
2462:
2171:
2048:
1936:
805:
761:
736:
672:
646:
634:
The serious symptoms of Reye syndrome appear to result from damage to cellular
561:
471:
346:
318:
283:
267:
1899:
1488:
1399:
1219:
2950:
2663:
2533:
2302:
2258:
2109:
1993:
1616:
1569:
1407:
725:
711:
665:
635:
451:
49:
Appearance of a liver from a child who died of Reye syndrome as seen with a
2207:
2077:
2060:
1743:
1708:
1624:
1592:
1577:
1545:
1425:
1365:
1295:
1252:
1204:
1011:
957:
818:
353:
330:
322:
291:
1817:
1778:
1770:
1686:
1673:
1330:
1110:
2166:
2127:
2069:
1966:
1655:
990:
Schrör, K (2007). "Aspirin and Reye syndrome: a review of the evidence".
720:
441:
183:
54:
16:
Syndrome characterized by acute brain damage and liver function problems
2277:
2147:
1988:
823:
731:
589:
306:
209:
132:
50:
1882:
2387:
2338:
2326:
2309:
2241:
1977:
1942:
949:
585:
396:
391:
302:
221:
2862:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
2567:
2559:
2525:
2379:
2282:
1999:
757:
546:
477:
409:
379:
342:
287:
271:
214:
144:
2046:
1947:
1471:
1039:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 2306.
642:
628:
593:
512:
310:
275:
188:
148:
2606:
2347:
2314:
1894:
715:
445:
431:
1546:"Reye's syndrome in the United States from 1981 through 1997"
567:
403:
1032:
1756:
465:
168:
99:
76:
1378:
1637:
1095:. University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine.
536:
87:
1133:
Case Based
Pediatrics for Medical Students and Residents
1800:
Mortimor, Edward A. Jr.; et al. (June 1, 1980).
1593:"Aspirin and Reye syndrome: a review of the evidence"
1543:
1230:
935:
592:. About 90% of cases in children are associated with
309:. About 90% of cases in children are associated with
111:
90:
84:
1872:
96:
93:
73:
57:
are pale-staining due to intracellular fat droplets.
1638:Hall SM, Plaster PA, Glasgow JF, Hancock P (1988).
1444:
Medicines and
Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
102:
81:
1440:"New advice on oral salicylate gels in under 16s"
2948:
1468:
1343:
375:Vasoconstrictive rash on palms of hands and feet
1721:
1640:"Preadmission antipyretics in Reye's syndrome"
683:or in the prevention of blood clot formation.
617:medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
368:Reye syndrome progresses through five stages:
2032:
1113:. National Reye's Syndrome Foundation. 1974.
505:Dilated pupils with minimal response to light
1836:"Aspirin Labels to Warn About Reye Syndrome"
1337:
1036:Oski's Pediatrics: Principles & Practice
2751:
1273:
2039:
2025:
1309:Hurwitz, E. S. (1989). "Reye's syndrome".
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
654:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
641:In some countries, oral mouthcare product
249:Less than one in a million children a year
40:
1663:
1415:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
691:
1799:
1473:(14th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
868:"NINDS Reye's Syndrome Information Page"
270:. Symptoms of Reye syndrome may include
1530:British National Formulary for Children
1308:
1185:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
627:There is an association between taking
461:Continuation of Stage I and II symptoms
2949:
2828:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
2501:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
1861:NINDS Reye's Syndrome Information Page
1590:
1197:10.1046/j.1440-1754.1999.t01-1-00329.x
1182:
1063:
989:
972:
890:
841:
2020:
1806:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1323:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036043
1164:from the original on February 6, 2015
1090:
1053:from the original on August 15, 2016.
1026:
696:Causes for similar symptoms include
656:(CDC), the U.S. Surgeon General, the
363:
2679:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2068:
1387:Journal of General Internal Medicine
874:. September 25, 2009. Archived from
1846:from the original on March 5, 2016.
1842:. Associated Press. March 8, 1986.
1824:from the original on June 11, 2008.
1550:The New England Journal of Medicine
1358:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.06.003
1099:from the original on March 6, 2013.
523:Very rapid onset following stage IV
13:
2910:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
1117:from the original on May 11, 2013.
382:that is not relieved by not eating
286:typically occurs in the syndrome,
274:, personality changes, confusion,
147:, personality changes, confusion,
14:
2998:
2613:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
2416:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
1854:
1129:"Chapter XVIII.17. Reye Syndrome"
2982:Diseases named after discoverers
2633:For more detailed coverage, see
2611:For more detailed coverage, see
2582:For more detailed coverage, see
2548:For more detailed coverage, see
2499:For more detailed coverage, see
1689:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
1609:10.2165/00148581-200709030-00008
1446:. April 23, 2009. Archived from
1288:10.1097/00003246-199908000-00032
1245:10.2165/00002018-200225040-00001
1004:10.2165/00148581-200709030-00008
798:Committee on Safety of Medicines
677:Committee on Safety of Medicines
333:in those who have the syndrome.
69:
1828:
1793:
1750:
1715:
1680:
1631:
1584:
1537:
1520:
1495:
1462:
1432:
1372:
1302:
1267:
1176:
779:
564:(above 300 mg/dL of blood)
1802:"Reye Syndrome-Ohio, Michigan"
1146:
1121:
1103:
1084:
1057:
938:Cell Biochemistry and Function
658:American Academy of Pediatrics
508:Loss of oculocephalic reflexes
1:
2926:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2811:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
2669:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1736:10.1016/S0140-6736(63)90554-3
1701:10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00366-8
1091:Boldt, D.W. (February 2003).
834:
760:may be used to help with the
345:may be used to help with the
2895:Progressive muscular atrophy
829:Food and Drug Administration
817:The syndrome is named after
767:
747:
686:
662:Food and Drug Administration
7:
2405:Primary progressive aphasia
1562:10.1056/NEJM199905063401801
609:inborn errors of metabolism
598:Inborn errors of metabolism
532:Dilated, nonreactive pupils
315:Inborn errors of metabolism
165:Persistent vegetative state
10:
3003:
2727:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
2433:Posterior cortical atrophy
2254:Striatonigral degeneration
2105:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1527:"2.9 Antiplatelet drugs".
1111:"What is Reye's Syndrome?"
812:
622:
611:was becoming available in
511:Minimal but still present
2957:Ailments of unknown cause
2833:Spinal muscular atrophies
2801:Primary lateral sclerosis
2783:
2760:
2744:
2699:
2659:Intracranial hypertension
2649:
2621:
2592:
2558:
2520:
2509:
2475:
2453:
2439:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2378:
2188:
2179:
2165:
2125:
2059:
1957:
1876:
1400:10.1007/s11606-012-2098-1
575:
253:
245:
220:
208:
198:
182:
174:
158:
138:
126:
61:
48:
39:
31:
26:
2900:Progressive bulbar palsy
2691:Intracranial hypotension
2674:Choroid plexus papilloma
2088:Herpesviral encephalitis
1591:Schrör, Karsten (2007).
613:industrialized countries
600:are also a risk factor.
319:high blood ammonia level
2412:Frontotemporal dementia
2098:Encephalitis lethargica
1866:August 1, 2016, at the
266:is a rapidly worsening
2717:Hepatic encephalopathy
1276:Critical Care Medicine
692:Differential diagnosis
671:Current advice in the
552:Multiple organ failure
2775:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2732:Static encephalopathy
2455:Mitochondrial disease
2293:Spasmodic torticollis
2203:Basal ganglia disease
1771:10.1542/peds.66.6.859
1503:"Reye Syndrome | NYP"
1311:Epidemiologic Reviews
1160:. Nemour Foundation.
499:Decerebrate posturing
488:Decorticate posturing
323:low blood sugar level
280:loss of consciousness
153:loss of consciousness
2722:Toxic encephalopathy
2428:Lewy bodies dementia
1656:10.1136/adc.63.7.857
1507:NewYork-Presbyterian
742:Shaken baby syndrome
452:Hyperactive reflexes
257:~30% chance of death
241:long term disability
2770:Friedreich's ataxia
2153:Meningoencephalitis
2093:Limbic encephalitis
1346:Pediatric Neurology
1076:(4). Archived from
1064:Knight, J. (2009).
728:due to other causes
702:metabolic disorders
2806:Pseudobulbar palsy
2544:Status epilepticus
2495:Multiple sclerosis
2332:Myoclonic epilepsy
2195:movement disorders
2141:Acute disseminated
2083:Viral encephalitis
1958:External resources
1840:The New York Times
1812:(29): 532, 810–2.
1070:Healthy Child Care
707:Viral encephalitis
596:(salicylate) use.
542:Respiratory arrest
484:respiratory arrest
428:Combative behavior
399:(possible symptom)
378:Persistent, heavy
364:Signs and symptoms
313:(salicylate) use.
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2740:
2739:
2645:
2644:
2584:Template:Headache
2550:Template:Epilepsy
2471:
2470:
2445:Vascular dementia
2288:Status dystonicus
2161:
2160:
2136:Encephalomyelitis
2014:
2013:
1556:(18): 1377–1382.
1450:on April 26, 2009
1442:(Press release).
1394:(12): 1697–1703.
1154:"Reye's Syndrome"
1066:"Reye's Syndrome"
878:on August 1, 2016
331:liver is enlarged
261:
260:
191:use in children,
21:Medical condition
2994:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2748:
2707:Brain herniation
2518:
2517:
2358:Intention tremor
2353:Essential tremor
2218:Postencephalitic
2186:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2066:
2065:
2047:Diseases of the
2041:
2034:
2027:
2018:
2017:
1874:
1873:
1848:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1730:(7311): 749–52.
1719:
1713:
1712:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1644:Arch. Dis. Child
1635:
1629:
1628:
1597:Paediatric Drugs
1588:
1582:
1581:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1080:on May 22, 2013.
1061:
1055:
1054:
1030:
1024:
1023:
992:Paediatric Drugs
987:
970:
969:
950:10.1002/cbf.1465
933:
888:
887:
885:
883:
864:
681:Kawasaki disease
437:Hyperventilation
358:Kawasaki disease
327:prothrombin time
325:, and prolonged
240:
238:
237:
234:
231:
115:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
44:
24:
23:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2932:
2858:Congenital DSMA
2779:
2736:
2695:
2641:
2629:Sleep disorders
2617:
2594:Cerebrovascular
2588:
2554:
2511:
2505:
2467:
2449:
2374:
2320:Choreoathetosis
2193:
2170:
2157:
2121:
2055:
2045:
2015:
2010:
2009:
1953:
1952:
1885:
1868:Wayback Machine
1857:
1852:
1851:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1798:
1794:
1755:
1751:
1720:
1716:
1685:
1681:
1636:
1632:
1589:
1585:
1542:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1481:
1467:
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1451:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1377:
1373:
1342:
1338:
1307:
1303:
1272:
1268:
1229:
1220:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1093:"Reye Syndrome"
1089:
1085:
1062:
1058:
1047:
1031:
1027:
988:
973:
934:
891:
881:
879:
866:
865:
842:
837:
815:
782:
770:
750:
700:Various inborn
694:
689:
625:
605:genetic testing
582:viral infection
578:
406:usually present
366:
299:viral infection
235:
232:
229:
228:
226:
203:Supportive care
193:viral infection
122:
113:
80:
72:
68:
35:Reye's syndrome
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2686:Cerebral edema
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2635:Template:Sleep
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2463:Leigh syndrome
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2199:
2197:
2190:Extrapyramidal
2183:
2174:
2172:encephalopathy
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2049:nervous system
2044:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1985:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1928:
1917:
1902:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:Classification
1871:
1870:
1856:
1855:External links
1853:
1850:
1849:
1827:
1792:
1765:(6): 859–864.
1749:
1714:
1679:
1630:
1603:(3): 195–204.
1583:
1536:
1519:
1494:
1479:
1461:
1431:
1371:
1352:(3): 198–200.
1336:
1301:
1266:
1218:
1175:
1158:KidsHealth.org
1145:
1120:
1102:
1083:
1056:
1045:
1025:
998:(3): 195–204.
971:
889:
839:
838:
836:
833:
814:
811:
806:encephalopathy
785:years of age.
781:
778:
769:
766:
762:brain swelling
749:
746:
745:
744:
739:
737:Kidney failure
734:
729:
723:
718:
709:
704:
693:
690:
688:
685:
673:United Kingdom
660:(AAP) and the
624:
621:
577:
574:
573:
572:
571:
570:
565:
562:Hyperammonemia
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
530:
527:
524:
518:
517:
516:
509:
506:
503:
502:Deepening coma
500:
497:
491:
490:
489:
486:
480:
474:
472:cerebral edema
468:
462:
456:
455:
454:
449:
439:
434:
429:
426:
423:
420:
414:
413:
412:
407:
400:
394:
389:
383:
376:
365:
362:
347:brain swelling
284:liver toxicity
259:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
243:
242:
224:
218:
217:
212:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
186:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
162:
156:
155:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
121:
120:
65:
63:
59:
58:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2999:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Reye syndrome
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Hydrocephalus
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2477:Demyelinating
2474:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Restless legs
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:Blepharospasm
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Hemiballismus
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:Brain abscess
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:Reye syndrome
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:(8): 857–62.
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:(7): 857–66.
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1480:9781264258079
1476:
1472:
1465:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:(8): 1582–7.
1281:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:(4): 225–31.
1238:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1046:9780781738941
1042:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
877:
873:
869:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
840:
832:
830:
826:
825:
820:
810:
807:
802:
799:
794:
792:
786:
777:
773:
765:
763:
759:
755:
752:Treatment is
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
727:
726:Liver failure
724:
722:
719:
717:
713:
712:Drug overdose
710:
708:
705:
703:
699:
698:
697:
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
666:United States
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
569:
566:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
521:
519:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
494:
492:
487:
485:
481:
479:
475:
473:
469:
467:
463:
460:
459:
457:
453:
450:
447:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
419:Deep lethargy
418:
417:
415:
411:
408:
405:
401:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
384:
381:
377:
374:
373:
371:
370:
369:
361:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
334:
332:
329:. Often, the
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:brain disease
265:
264:Reye syndrome
256:
252:
248:
244:
225:
223:
219:
216:
213:
211:
207:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
161:
160:Complications
157:
154:
150:
146:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
118:
117:
107:
67:
66:
64:
62:Pronunciation
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
27:Reye syndrome
25:
19:
2920:
2819:
2792:
2753:Degenerative
2711:
2490:Inflammatory
2437:
2370:Stiff-person
2208:Parkinsonism
2181:Degenerative
2078:Encephalitis
2061:Inflammation
2051:, primarily
1998:
1987:
1976:
1965:
1941:
1930:
1919:
1904:
1889:
1839:
1830:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1470:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:the original
1434:
1391:
1385:
1374:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1236:
1232:
1191:(2): 207–9.
1188:
1184:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1157:
1148:
1138:February 18,
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1123:
1105:
1086:
1078:the original
1073:
1069:
1059:
1035:
1028:
995:
991:
944:(7): 741–6.
941:
937:
880:. Retrieved
876:the original
871:
822:
819:Douglas Reye
816:
803:
795:
787:
783:
780:Epidemiology
774:
771:
751:
695:
670:
651:
640:
636:mitochondria
633:
626:
602:
579:
535:Isoelectric
385:Generalized
367:
354:Douglas Reye
351:
335:
296:
292:brain damage
263:
262:
184:Risk factors
18:
2905:Fazio–Londe
2745:Both/either
2539:Generalised
2398:Early-onset
2393:Alzheimer's
2128:spinal cord
1967:MedlinePlus
1317:: 249–253.
1233:Drug Safety
1168:February 6,
721:Head trauma
515:dysfunction
442:Fatty liver
55:Hepatocytes
32:Other names
2987:Disability
2977:Toxicology
2967:Pediatrics
2962:Hepatology
2951:Categories
2513:paroxysmal
2485:Autoimmune
2278:Dyskinesia
2148:Meningitis
2126:Brain and
1989:Patient UK
1932:DiseasesDB
1759:Pediatrics
1489:1304471208
835:References
824:The Lancet
754:supportive
732:Meningitis
647:salicylate
590:chickenpox
584:, such as
557:Flaccidity
458:Stage III
444:(found on
397:Nightmares
339:supportive
307:chickenpox
301:, such as
210:Medication
133:Pediatrics
51:microscope
2972:Syndromes
2510:Episodic/
2388:Tauopathy
2339:Akathisia
2327:Myoclonus
2310:Athetosis
2242:Tauopathy
1983:emerg/399
1978:eMedicine
1943:SNOMED CT
1617:1174-5878
1570:0028-4793
1408:1525-1497
882:August 8,
768:Prognosis
748:Treatment
716:poisoning
687:Diagnosis
586:influenza
529:Deep coma
526:Areflexia
493:Stage IV
476:Possible
470:Possible
464:Possible
425:Confusion
416:Stage II
410:Headaches
392:Confusion
303:influenza
246:Frequency
222:Prognosis
199:Treatment
128:Specialty
2876:SMALED2B
2871:SMALED2A
2568:Migraine
2560:Headache
2526:epilepsy
2522:Seizures
2380:Dementia
2283:Dystonia
2000:Orphanet
1948:74351001
1864:Archived
1844:Archived
1822:Archived
1787:41712701
1744:14055046
1709:11470397
1625:17523700
1578:10228187
1426:22692632
1366:18725066
1296:10470768
1261:20552758
1253:11994026
1205:10365363
1162:Archived
1115:Archived
1097:Archived
1051:Archived
1020:58727745
1012:17523700
966:22361194
958:18711704
758:Mannitol
547:Seizures
520:Stage V
496:Seizures
482:Rarely,
478:seizures
422:Delirium
387:lethargy
380:vomiting
372:Stage I
343:mannitol
288:jaundice
282:. While
276:seizures
272:vomiting
215:Mannitol
149:seizures
145:Vomiting
140:Symptoms
2888:SMA-PME
2883:SMA-PCH
2866:SMALED1
2578:Tension
2573:Cluster
2298:Meige's
2115:Amoebic
1926:D012202
1818:7079050
1779:7454476
1674:3415311
1665:1779086
1512:May 26,
1417:3509314
1331:2680560
1213:7985883
813:History
675:by the
643:Bonjela
629:aspirin
623:Aspirin
594:aspirin
311:aspirin
239:
227:
189:Aspirin
178:Unknown
2607:Stroke
2421:Pick's
2348:Tremor
2315:Chorea
1972:001565
1915:331.81
1816:
1785:
1777:
1742:
1724:Lancet
1707:
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1203:
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964:
956:
576:Causes
446:biopsy
432:Stupor
278:, and
254:Deaths
175:Causes
119:
116:-drohm
2921:both:
2853:DSMA1
2848:SMAX2
2843:SMAX1
2823:only:
2796:only:
2700:Other
2622:Other
2534:Focal
2167:Brain
2070:Brain
1937:11463
1900:G93.7
1783:S2CID
1257:S2CID
1209:S2CID
1016:S2CID
962:S2CID
872:NINDS
568:Death
513:liver
404:fever
2524:and
2235:PKAN
2230:NBIA
2005:3096
1921:MeSH
1910:9-CM
1814:PMID
1775:PMID
1740:PMID
1705:PMID
1670:PMID
1621:PMID
1613:ISSN
1574:PMID
1566:ISSN
1514:2024
1485:OCLC
1475:ISBN
1456:2009
1422:PMID
1404:ISSN
1362:PMID
1327:PMID
1292:PMID
1249:PMID
1201:PMID
1170:2015
1140:2023
1041:ISBN
1008:PMID
954:PMID
884:2016
652:The
607:for
466:coma
169:coma
112:rye
2838:SMA
2821:LMN
2794:UMN
2785:MND
2651:CSF
2602:TIA
2247:PSP
2223:NMS
2192:and
2053:CNS
1906:ICD
1891:ICD
1767:doi
1732:doi
1697:doi
1660:PMC
1652:doi
1605:doi
1558:doi
1554:340
1412:PMC
1396:doi
1354:doi
1319:doi
1284:doi
1241:doi
1193:doi
1000:doi
946:doi
791:FDA
714:or
588:or
537:EEG
402:No
305:or
114:SIN
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2762:SA
2269:OA
2264:HD
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