184:
illegal resident spies can be difficult, sometimes involving ruses that are more expensive and complex to administer than paying a diplomatic official would be. Espionage agencies may arrange to pay a host country organization or corporation to allow the illegal resident spy to pose as a member of its staff and be nominally paid by that organization/corporation.
176:
Their intelligence status may be easy for counterintelligence agencies to discern or suspect. On the other hand, an illegal resident spy has the advantage of being unknown as a foreigner to the host country, and one among millions of the country's ordinary citizens. The disadvantage is the lack of diplomatic immunity to fall back upon in case of arrest.
183:
Also, an illegal resident spy can stay in the host country if diplomatic relations break down. Legal resident spies are forced to leave with the diplomatic mission. A legal resident spy is easier to pay, for the salary can be openly incorporated into the diplomatic payroll. Making arrangements to pay
179:
A legal resident spy has opportunities to meet high-level personnel of the host country as part of "official" business, and an illegal resident spy does not. However, conversely, illegal resident spies have easier access to a wide range of potential sources who would be put off by having to approach
134:
An illegal resident spy operates under non-official cover. They cannot claim immunity from prosecution when arrested. They may operate under a false name and have documents purportedly establishing them as a national of the country, or from a different country than the one for which they are spying.
187:
A legal resident spy has full and aboveboard access to embassy facilities for secure communications, meetings, and other services. An illegal resident spy has little to no access to such facilities, and communications arrangements are thus more difficult and time-consuming. An illegal resident spy
175:
The advantages and disadvantages of legal resident spies are generally the reverse of those for illegal resident spies. A legal resident spy has the advantage of diplomatic status, but the disadvantage of being a known foreigner to the host country and one of just a few official diplomatic staff.
188:
will usually have a falsified biography. A legal resident spy may be at risk by having an official biography that documents their diplomatic career and provides useful clues to counterintelligence services about their intelligence activities and connections.
38:
is an agent operating within a foreign country for extended periods of time. A base of operations within a foreign country with which a resident spy may liaise is known as a "station" in
English and a
125:
from prosecution and cannot be arrested by the host country if suspected of espionage. The host country can expel such a person, requiring them to return to their home country as
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143:, who was born in Russia, claimed to be Canadian, and operated in Britain. Other famous Soviet and Russian "illegals" include
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121:). They are an official member of the consular staff, such as a commercial, cultural, or military attaché. They have
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A legal resident spy operates in a foreign country under official cover (such as from their country's
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Comrade
Kryuchkov's Instructions: Top Secret Files on KGB Foreign Operations, 1975–1985
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106:, illegal resident spy). In U.S. parlance, the same distinction is between "
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and
Russian nomenclature, there were two types of resident spies:
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255:
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Andrew, Christopher M.; Gordievsky, Oleg (1991). "Illegals".
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238:
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265:
250:
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Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations
336:
Silent
Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence
50:, 'residency') in Russian. What the U.S. would call a "
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360:
334:Shulsky, Abram N.; Schmitt, Gary James (2002).
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298:
283:
271:
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171:Comparison of illegal and legal resident spies
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399:
135:Examples of two famous Soviet "illegals" are
101:
94:
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80:
55:
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39:
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180:and deal with an openly foreign official.
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805:
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139:, who operated in the United States; and
1233:Scientific & Technical intelligence
14:
1281:
656:Chinese espionage in the United States
800:
387:
314:
232:
1055:By alliances, nations and industries
651:Chinese intelligence activity abroad
338:(3rd ed.). Potomac Books, Inc.
717:Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence
24:
354:
213:
27:Long-term spy in a foreign country
25:
1300:
552:Computer and network surveillance
587:Short-range agent communications
1203:Words of estimative probability
1065:Operational platforms by nation
307:
54:", the head spy, is known as a
13:
1:
413:
208:
7:
1251:Intelligence cycle security
191:
95:
81:
56:
40:
10:
1305:
299:Shulsky & Schmitt 2002
284:Shulsky & Schmitt 2002
272:Shulsky & Schmitt 2002
260:Shulsky & Schmitt 2002
245:Shulsky & Schmitt 2002
163:, who was also known as a
92:, legal resident spy) and
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872:
852:
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522:
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367:Stanford University Press
102:
88:
61:
46:
1218:Intelligence assessment
1208:All-source intelligence
828:Intelligence management
537:Covert listening device
507:Intelligence assessment
70:Types of resident spies
902:Operational techniques
857:Special reconnaissance
315:Meier, Andrew (2010).
786:Targeted surveillance
103:нелегальные резиденты
96:nelegal'nye rezidenty
1223:Medical intelligence
1193:Competing hypotheses
1003:Industrial espionage
988:Denial and deception
712:Industrial espionage
512:competing hypotheses
1256:Counterintelligence
1171:Technical (TECHINT)
1166:Open-source (OSINT)
1156:Geospatial (GEOINT)
1130:Casualty estimation
157:Alexander Ulanovsky
123:diplomatic immunity
89:легальные резиденты
82:legal'nye rezidenty
1228:Military geography
1213:Basic intelligence
1151:Financial (FININT)
1092:signature (MASINT)
1018:One-way voice link
954:Concealment device
663:Cold War espionage
630:Front organization
604:Surveillance tools
582:Phone surveillance
577:One-way voice link
532:Concealment device
112:non-official cover
1276:
1275:
1179:
1178:
1070:Direction finding
1060:In modern history
1041:
1040:
794:
793:
448:Agent provocateur
128:persona non grata
16:(Redirected from
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1075:Traffic analysis
1047:Signals (SIGINT)
882:Asset recruiting
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301:, p. 12–13.
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203:Illegals Program
149:Walter Krivitsky
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34:in the world of
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1161:Imagery (IMINT)
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1100:Electro-optical
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1090:Measurement and
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1037:
1013:Numbers station
942:Black operation
906:
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830:
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764:Sting operation
673:Black operation
639:
635:Limited hangout
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572:Numbers station
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355:Further reading
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319:. Hachette UK.
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214:Cross-reference
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141:Gordon Lonsdale
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845:Human (HUMINT)
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525:communications
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442:Agent handling
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153:Vasily Zarubin
108:official cover
74:In the former
71:
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66:) in Russian.
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1301:
1290:
1289:Spies by role
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1261:organizations
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1243:Dissemination
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1028:Steganography
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1021:
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1016:
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1008:Interrogation
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592:Steganography
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567:Invisible ink
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486:Sleeper agent
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326:9780297856566
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198:Sleeper agent
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165:sleeper agent
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145:Richard Sorge
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52:station chief
42:
37:
33:
19:
1033:Surveillance
1023:Resident spy
1022:
964:Cryptography
769:Surveillance
557:Cyber spying
542:Cryptography
481:Resident spy
480:
466:Double agent
446:
362:
335:
317:The Lost Spy
316:
308:Sources used
279:
267:
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186:
182:
178:
174:
161:Anna Chapman
133:
126:
116:
93:
79:
76:Soviet Union
73:
47:резиденту́ра
32:resident spy
31:
29:
1105:Geophysical
887:Cell system
874:Clandestine
759:Stay-behind
668:Recruitment
625:Canary trap
523:Devices and
471:Field agent
137:Rudolf Abel
41:rezidentura
18:Rezidentura
1134:earthquake
998:False flag
836:Collection
754:Sexpionage
734:COINTELPRO
727:safe house
707:False flag
644:Operations
618:techniques
614:Tradecraft
233:Meier 2010
209:References
1125:Materials
979:Defection
974:Dead drop
947:black bag
912:Espionage
678:black bag
562:Dead drop
491:Spymaster
415:Espionage
63:резиде́нт
36:espionage
1283:Category
1185:Analysis
983:Turncoat
930:handling
744:SHAMROCK
597:microdot
500:Analysis
192:See also
57:rezident
1132: (
1110:Nuclear
1080:TEMPEST
739:MINARET
683:wetwork
119:embassy
110:" and "
969:Cutout
920:Agents
774:Global
700:MASINT
695:SIGINT
547:Cutout
431:Assets
426:Agents
373:
342:
323:
159:, and
1144:Other
1115:Radar
959:Cover
937:Asset
925:field
459:Agent
454:Cover
779:Mass
749:FVEY
476:Mole
371:ISBN
340:ISBN
321:ISBN
616:and
114:".
1285::
981:/
369:.
365:.
291:^
252:^
221:^
167:.
155:,
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147:,
131:.
30:A
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820:e
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