2102:
immediate spin (IS), negative reaction after 37 °C incubation, and positive reaction at anti-human globulin (AHG) phase. Weak D phenotype can occur in several ways. In some cases, this phenotype occurs because of an altered surface protein that is more common in people of
European descent. An inheritable form also occurs, as a result of a weakened form of the R0 gene. Weak D may also occur as "C in trans", whereby a C gene is present on the opposite chromosome to a D gene (as in the combination R0r', or "Dce/dCe"). The testing is difficult, since using different anti-D reagents, especially the older polyclonal reagents, may give different results.
1380:. The newborn animal is without NI, but soon develops hemolytic anemia after initial ingestion of its mother’s colostrum that contain antibodies that can be absorbed through the newborn’s intestines and are incompatible to its red blood cell antigen. After 48 hours of birth, the newborn may be allowed to nurse from its mother as her antibodies can no longer be absorbed through the neonate’s intestines. Because the most active newborn animals consume the most colostrum, they may be the ones who are most affected by the blood incompatibility of antigen and antibody.
35:
1323:). The incidence of Rh disease is mathematically related to the frequency of D negative individuals in a population, so Rh disease is rare in old-stock populations of Africa and the eastern half of Asia, and the Indigenous peoples of Oceania and the Americas, but more common in other genetic groups, most especially Western Europeans, but also other West Eurasians, and to a lesser degree, native Siberians, as well as those of mixed-race with a significant or dominant descent from those (e.g. the vast majority of Latin Americans and Central Asians).
289:
1263:
extremely sensitive. When any incompatibility is detected when she conceives the second time in less than two years then, the mother often receives an injection at 28 weeks gestation and at birth to avoid the development of antibodies towards the fetus. If not given, then the baby will be dead and must be aborted. These terms do not indicate which specific antigen-antibody incompatibility is implicated. The disorder in the fetus due to Rh D incompatibility is known as
1732:
1233:(IgG) antibodies which are acquired through exposure to Rh-positive blood (generally either through pregnancy or transfusion of blood products). The D antigen is the most immunogenic of all the non-ABO antigens. Approximately 80% of individuals who are D-negative and exposed to a single D-positive unit will produce an anti-D antibody. The percentage of alloimmunization is significantly reduced in patients who are actively
1911:
308:. The exact genotype of any individual can only be identified by DNA analysis. Regarding patient treatment, only the phenotype is usually of any clinical significance to ensure a patient is not exposed to an antigen they are likely to develop antibodies against. A probable genotype may be speculated on, based upon the statistical distributions of genotypes in the patient's place of origin.
1747:, p36.13–p34.3) with various alleles. Typically, Rhesus positive people have an intact RHD gene while negative people lack the gene (or have mutations in it). However, there are exceptions: for instance, Japanese and black Africans may have an intact gene that is not expressed or only at very low levels. The gene codes for the RhD
1376:
animal species. With human mothers, the maternal antibodies are formed from the sensitization of foreign antigens of her unborn fetus’s red blood cells passing through the placenta causing hemolysis before birth. With other animals, however, these maternal antibodies are not passed through the placenta, but through
259:
gene with multiple specificities (anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, anti-e). Thus, Wiener's postulate that a gene could have multiple specificities (something many did not give credence to originally) has been proved to be correct. On the other hand, Wiener's theory that there is only one gene has proved to be
2105:
The practical implication of this is that people with this sub-phenotype will have a product labeled as "D positive" when donating blood. When receiving blood, they are sometimes typed as a "D negative", though this is the subject of some debate. Most "Weak D" patients can receive "D positive" blood
1394:
According to a comprehensive study, the worldwide frequency of Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood types is approximately 94% and 6%, respectively. The same study concluded that the share of the population with Rh-negative blood type is set to fall further in the future primarily due to low population
1375:
Rh disease only occurs in human fetuses however a similar disease called
Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) can be observed in animal species of newborn horses, mules, pigs, cats, cattle, and dogs. What differs between Rh disease and NI is the pathogenesis of hemolysis between human fetuses and the
2182:
As of 2023, over 50 antigens have been described in the Rh group system; among those described here, the D, C, c, E and e antigens are the most important. The others are much less frequently encountered or are rarely clinically significant. Each is given a number, though the highest assigned number
1891:
antibodies have shorter reaction times in tests of simple reaction times. And conversely, RhD-negative subjects with anamnestic titres (i.e. with latent toxoplasmosis) exhibited much longer reaction times than their RhD-positive counterparts. The published data suggested that only the protection of
2126:
difference in the D antigen). Simply put, the weak D phenotype is due to a reduced number of D antigens on a red blood cell. In contrast, the partial D phenotype is due to an alteration in D-epitopes. Thus, in partial D, the number of D antigens is not reduced but the protein structure is altered.
2019:
For a long time, the origin of RHD polymorphism was an evolutionary enigma. Before the advent of modern medicine, the carriers of the rarer allele (e.g. RhD-negative women in a population of RhD positives or RhD-positive men in a population of RhD negatives) were at a disadvantage as some of their
1247:
If anti-E is detected, the presence of anti-c should be strongly suspected (due to combined genetic inheritance). It is therefore common to select c-negative and E-negative blood for transfusion patients who have an anti-E and lack the c antigen (in general, a patient will not produce antibodies
260:
incorrect, as has the Fisher–Race theory that there are three genes, rather than the two. The CDE notation used in the Fisher–Race nomenclature is sometimes rearranged to DCE to more accurately represent the co-location of the C and E encoding on the RhCE gene, and to make interpretation easier.
1262:
The hemolytic condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and fetus. There is also potential incompatibility if the mother is Rh negative and the father is positive. When the mother conceives for the first time, with a positive child, she will become
2316:
for antibodies, found in humans such as those previously described by Levine and
Stetson. Although differences between these two sera were shown already in 1942 and clearly demonstrated in 1963, the already widely used term "Rh" was kept for the clinically described human antibodies which are
2101:
In serologic testing, D positive blood is easily identified. Units that are D negative are often retested to rule out a weaker reaction. This was previously referred to as D, which has been replaced. By definition, weak D phenotype is characterized by negative reaction with anti-D reagent at
2190:
Some of the other Rh "antigens" are f ("ce", RH6), Ce (RH7), C (RH8), C (RH9), V (RH10), E (RH11), G (RH12), Tar (RH40), VS (RH20), D (RH23), and CE (RH22). Some of these groups, including f, Ce and CE, describe grouping of some existing groups. Others, like V, describe an
1298:
When the condition is caused by the Rh D antigen-antibody incompatibility, it is called Rh D Hemolytic disease of the newborn or Rh disease. Here, sensitization to Rh D antigens (usually by feto-maternal transfusion during pregnancy) may lead to the production of maternal
2106:
without complications. However, it is important to correctly identify the ones that have to be considered D+ or D−. This is important, since most blood banks have a limited supply of "D negative" blood and the correct transfusion is clinically relevant. In this respect,
2227:
red blood cells. It was subsequently discovered that the human factor is not identical to the rhesus monkey factor, but by then, "Rhesus Group" and like terms were already in widespread, worldwide use. Thus, notwithstanding it is a misnomer, the term survives (e.g.,
243:
Notations of the two theories are used interchangeably in blood banking (e.g., Rho(D) meaning RhD positive). Wiener's notation is more complex and cumbersome for routine use. Because it is simpler to explain, the Fisher–Race theory has become more widely used.
2335:
The clinical significance of this highly immunizing D antigen (i.e., Rh factor) was soon realized. Some keystones were to recognize its importance for blood transfusion (including reliable diagnostic tests), hemolytic disease of the newborn (including
2127:
These individuals, if alloimmunized to D, can produce an anti-D antibody. Therefore, partial D patients who are donating blood should be labeled as D-positive but, if receiving blood, they should be labeled as D-negative and receive D-negative units.
315:(cDe or Dce) is today most common in Africa. The allele was thus often assumed in early blood group analyses to have been typical of populations on the continent; particularly in areas below the Sahara. Ottensooser et al. (1963) suggested that high R
2173:
woman, in 1961. Only 43 individuals have been reported to have it worldwide. Only nine active donors have been reported. Its properties make it attractive in numerous medical applications, but scarcity makes it expensive to transport and acquire.
3296:
2130:
In the past, partial D was called 'D mosaic' or 'D variant.' Different partial D phenotypes are defined by different D epitopes on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane. More than 30 different partial D phenotypes have been described.
231:
The Wiener system used the Rh–Hr nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that there was one gene at a single locus on each of the two copies of chromosome 1, each contributing to production of multiple antigens. In this theory, a gene
3624:
Novotná M, Havlícek J, Smith AP, Kolbeková P, Skallová A, Klose J, et al. (September 2008). "Toxoplasma and reaction time: role of toxoplasmosis in the origin, preservation and geographical distribution of Rh blood group polymorphism".
1896:
decreased with duration of the infection while the performance of RhD-negative homozygotes decreased immediately after the infection. The overall change in reaction times was always larger in the RhD-negative group than in the RhD-positive.
284:
gene which encodes the RhCE protein with the C, E, c and e antigens (and variants). There is no d antigen. Lowercase "d" indicates the absence of the D antigen (the gene is usually deleted or otherwise nonfunctional).
2505:
2970:
Touinssi M, Chiaroni J, Degioanni A, De Micco P, Dutour O, Bauduer F (2004). "Distribution of rhesus blood group system in the French basques: a reappraisal using the allele-specific primers PCR method".
3265:
224:. Both systems reflected alternative theories of inheritance. The Fisher–Race system, which is more commonly in use today, uses the CDE nomenclature. This system was based on the theory that a separate
74:
in 2005. As of 2023, there are over 50 antigens among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are the most important. There is no d antigen. Rh(D) status of an individual is normally described with a
374:(30.4%). On the contrary, at a frequency of 47.2% of the population of Basque country having the lack of the D antigen, these people display the highest frequency of the Rh negative phenotype.
4099:
4031:
304:
are readily identified through the presence or absence of the Rh surface antigens. As can be seen in the table below, most of the Rh phenotypes can be produced by several different Rh
240:, rh′, and rh″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the D, C, and E antigens) and the gene r to produce hr′ and hr″ (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the c and e antigens).
2298:
when described. In 1940, Landsteiner and Wiener made the connection to their earlier discovery, reporting a serum that also reacted with about 85% of different human red blood cells.
2248:
to the Rh D factor and are thus misleading when unmodified). Contemporary practice is to use "Rh" as a term of art instead of "Rhesus" (e.g., "Rh Group", "Rh factors", "Rh D", etc.).
1735:
This is a
Punnett square for Rh factor inheritance. This square specifically shows two heterozygous Rh positive parents and the possible genotypes/phenotypes the offspring could have.
2023:
Natural selection aside, the RHD-RHCE region is structurally predisposed to many mutations seen in humans, since the pair arose by gene duplication and remain similar enough for
2332:
was just one in a system of various antigens. Based on different models of genetic inheritance, two different terminologies were developed; both of them are still in use.
3139:
3704:"Increased incidence of traffic accidents in Toxoplasma-infected military drivers and protective effect RhD molecule revealed by a large-scale prospective cohort study"
2147:
individuals have no Rh antigens (no Rh or RhAG) on their red blood cells. This rare condition has been called "Golden Blood". As a consequence of Rh antigen absence, Rh
2020:
children (RhD-positive children born to preimmunised RhD-negative mothers) were at a higher risk of fetal or newborn death or health impairment from hemolytic disease.
4789:
2187:
terminology) is not an accurate reflection of the antigens encountered since many (e.g. Rh38) have been combined, reassigned to other groups, or otherwise removed.
1347:
or yellow discoloration of the newborn's skin, sclera or mucous membrane. This may be evident right after birth or after 24–48 hours after birth. This is caused by
4107:
2463:
2305:, US, delivered a normal infant in 1931; this pregnancy was followed by a long period of sterility. The second pregnancy (April, 1941) resulted in an infant with
1244:
D display dosage (antibody reacts more strongly with red cells homozygous for an antigen than cells heterozygous for the antigen (EE stronger reaction vs Ee)).
4834:
2795:
296:
3. These are the antigens on the Rh-positive blood cell that make it positive. The antigens allow the positive blood cell to attach to specific antibodies.
1389:
2573:
Harrison GA, Küchemann CF, Moore MA, Boyce AJ, Baju T, Mourant AE, et al. (1969). "The effects of altitudinal variation in
Ethiopian populations".
1931:
Should not be here, where we deal with the non-glycosylated variable Rh antigens; there should be an article describing all the Rh proteins (including
228:
controls the product of each corresponding antigen (e.g., a "D gene" produces D antigen, and so on). However, the d gene was hypothetical, not actual.
87:
type (e.g., someone who is A+ has the A antigen and Rh(D) antigen, whereas someone who is A− has the A antigen but lacks the Rh(D) antigen). The terms
2907:
4676:
3670:"Neurophysiological effect of the Rh factor. Protective role of the RhD molecule against Toxoplasma-induced impairment of reaction times in women"
4039:
3481:
Biver S, Scohy S, Szpirer J, Szpirer C, André B, Marini AM (2006). "Physiological role of the putative ammonium transporter RhCG in the mouse".
4433:
3070:
Kim JY, Kim SY, Kim CA, Yon GS, Park SS (March 2005). "Molecular characterization of D- Korean persons: development of a diagnostic strategy".
1307:. This is of particular importance to D negative females at or below childbearing age, because any subsequent pregnancy may be affected by the
2381:
4402:
2631:
1781:
for the next 4 most common Rh antigens, C, c, E and e are expressed on the highly similar RhCE protein that is genetically encoded in the
4671:
1799:
The polypeptides produced from the RHD and RHCE genes form a complex on the red blood cell membrane with the Rh-associated glycoprotein.
4270:
Levine P, Burnham L, Katzin E, Vogel P (December 1941). "The role of iso-immunization in the pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis".
2006:
evidence shows the Rh complex is capable of moving ammonia, its disruption does not cause growth defects under modified ammonia levels.
4681:
4554:
2184:
2610:"A genetic study of nine populations from the region of Tlemcen in Western Algeria: a comparative analysis on the Mediterranean scale"
4697:
3755:"CeRh1 (rhr-1) is a dominant Rhesus gene essential for embryonic development and hypodermal function in Caenorhabditis elegans"
3114:
2509:
1947:
70:, it is the most likely to be involved in transfusion reactions. The Rh blood group system consisted of 49 defined blood group
4666:
3972:
2251:
The significance of their discovery was not immediately apparent and was only realized in 1940, after subsequent findings by
1648:
1308:
4692:
1869:
protein and biochemical analysis of the RhD protein complex indicates that the RhD protein is one of three subunits of an
3372:
3215:"Distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood groups in the Benin area of Niger-Delta: Implication for regional blood transfusion"
4426:
2872:
2270:
In 1939, Phillip Levine and Rufus
Stetson published in a first case report the clinical consequences of non-recognized
2255:
and Rufus
Stetson. The serum that led to the discovery was produced by immunizing rabbits with red blood cells from a
4394:
2459:
4709:
4232:
Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (1940). "An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood".
4121:
Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (1940). "An
Agglutinable Factor in Human Blood Recognized by Immune Sera for Rhesus Blood".
2530:
Ottensooser F, Leon N, Sato M, Saldanha PH (March 1963). "Blood groups of a population of
Ashkenazi Jews in Brazil".
2322:
1965:
2351:
in maternal circulation by
Holzgrieve et al. led to the noninvasive genotyping of fetal Rh genes in many countries.
2810:
2279:
1257:
104:
1982:) – worms, bacteria, and algae. All these Rh proteins have the same biochemical function of transporting CO
2484:
4964:
4075:
1796:
The RHAG gene, which is responsible for encoding Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG), is found on chromosome 6a.
4969:
4494:
4419:
1853:
On the basis of structural homology it has been proposed that the product of RHD gene, the RhD protein, is a
4158:"Studies on an agglutinogen (Rh) in human blood reacting with anti-rhesus sera and with human isoantibodies"
4744:
4598:
3695:
4614:
1881:
on psychomotor performance in infected subjects. RhD-negative compared to RhD-positive subjects without
1873:. Three recent studies have reported a protective effect of the RhD-positive phenotype, especially RhD
1854:
350:
populations and the relative genetic isolation of Ashkenazim. However, more recent studies have found R
2027:
to occur. In addition to the case where D is deleted, crossover can also produce a single gene mixing
4824:
4819:
4784:
4764:
4719:
4661:
2252:
1926:
100:
63:
3814:"What is Rhesus factor? Did we get it from Rhesus monkeys? Can Rh factor be found in other animals?"
2903:
2392:
4641:
4631:
4060:
3813:
2888:
2609:
1248:
against their own antigens). Anti-c is a common cause of delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions.
4938:
4889:
4869:
4516:
2386:
2283:
1017:• Figures taken from a study performed in 1948 on a sample of 2000 people in the United Kingdom.
4913:
4859:
4754:
4732:
4479:
2291:
2170:
1370:
1320:
247:
DNA testing has shown that both are partially correct: There are in fact two linked genes, the
67:
2215:
The term "Rh" was originally an abbreviation of "Rhesus factor". It was discovered in 1939 by
2107:
4854:
4759:
4411:
2923:"Distribution of Rhesus blood group antigens and weak D alleles in the population of Albania"
2302:
2024:
1330:
Enlarged liver, spleen, or heart and fluid buildup in the fetus' abdomen seen via ultrasound.
355:
269:
4864:
4779:
4769:
4651:
4593:
4472:
4446:
3883:
3766:
3529:
3516:
Gruswitz F, Chaudhary S, Ho JD, Schlessinger A, Pezeshki B, Ho CM, et al. (May 2010).
3266:"Distribution of ABO and Rhesus (RHD) Blood Groups in Al-Jouf Province of the Saudi Arabia"
3166:"It is worthwhile filling in the remaining blank spots for blood group antigen frequencies"
2582:
2337:
2275:
1986:, differing slightly in their amino acid sequences. The Rh family as a whole is related to
1744:
276:. The main antigens are D, C, E, c and e, which are encoded by two adjacent gene loci, the
3993:
Cartron JP (December 1999). "RH blood group system and molecular basis of Rh-deficiency".
8:
4849:
4839:
4489:
3032:
2853:
Mais, DD. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. Chicago, ASCP Press, 2009.
2413:
2348:
2220:
2110:
has much simplified this detection of the various variants in the Rh blood group system.
1987:
1870:
328:
3887:
3770:
3533:
2586:
4879:
4373:
4330:
4249:
4182:
4157:
4138:
3936:
3901:
3855:
3838:
3789:
3754:
3730:
3703:
3650:
3601:
3592:
3576:
3552:
3517:
3346:
3288:
3241:
3214:
3190:
3165:
3095:
2996:
2947:
2922:
2730:
2705:
2681:
2654:
2555:
2441:
2312:
Based on the serologic similarities, 'Rh factor' was later also used for antigens, and
2151:
red blood cells also lack LW and Fy5 and show weak expression of S, s, and U antigens.
4283:
4218:
2371:. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2005, Chapter. 7.
4933:
4928:
4814:
4511:
4442:
4365:
4361:
4322:
4287:
4187:
4010:
3968:
3919:
Li CC (1953). "Is the Rh facing a crossroad? A critique of the compensation effect".
3794:
3735:
3684:
3642:
3606:
3557:
3498:
3463:
3420:
3338:
3246:
3195:
3087:
3083:
3052:
2988:
2952:
2868:
2796:"Rh Subgroups and Kell Antigens in Patients With Thalassemia and in Donors in Turkey"
2776:
2735:
2686:
2547:
2433:
1921:
1695:
1428:
4377:
4334:
4253:
4142:
3940:
3350:
3292:
3099:
3000:
2704:
Flores-Bello A, Mas-Ponte D, Rosu ME, Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D (December 2018).
2559:
2445:
34:
4636:
4583:
4549:
4523:
4357:
4314:
4279:
4241:
4214:
4177:
4169:
4130:
4002:
3928:
3905:
3891:
3850:
3784:
3774:
3725:
3715:
3654:
3634:
3596:
3588:
3547:
3537:
3490:
3455:
3410:
3330:
3284:
3280:
3236:
3226:
3185:
3177:
3129:
3079:
3044:
2980:
2942:
2934:
2766:
2725:
2717:
2676:
2666:
2621:
2590:
2539:
2425:
2216:
2159:
1892:
RhD-positive heterozygotes was long term in nature; the protection of RhD-positive
1230:
2341:
1845:
4923:
4737:
4504:
4499:
3494:
3459:
2287:
1978:
Rh-like proteins can be found even in species other than vertebrates (which have
1882:
1865:) and unknown physiological role. The three-dimensional structure of the related
1833:
2575:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
2317:
different from the ones related to the rhesus monkey. This real factor found in
2282:
in its most severe form. It was recognized that the serum of the reported woman
2154:
Red blood cells lacking Rh/RhAG proteins have structural abnormalities (such as
4959:
4809:
4704:
4619:
4579:
4544:
3759:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3522:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3415:
3398:
3134:
2771:
2754:
2318:
2290:
of about 80% of the people although the then known blood groups, in particular
2256:
2224:
2155:
1979:
1476:
1234:
47:
4245:
4134:
3638:
3115:"Prevalence of weak D phenotype among D negative C/E+ blood donors in Morocco"
2721:
99:
refer to the Rh(D) antigen only. Antibodies to Rh antigens can be involved in
4953:
4794:
4587:
4454:
4291:
3399:"RHCE represents the ancestral RH position, while RHD is the duplicated gene"
3056:
2889:"Blood Type Frequencies by Country including the Rh Factor – Rhesus Negative"
2437:
1878:
1710:
280:
gene which encodes the RhD protein with the D antigen (and variants) and the
211:
51:
24:
4318:
4205:
Levine P, Stetson RE (1939). "An unusual case of intragroup agglutination".
4032:"Rhnull, the Rarest Blood Type on Earth, Has Been Called the "Golden Blood""
3779:
3542:
3364:
3334:
3231:
2904:"Re: Is the RH negative blood type more prevalent in certain ethnic groups?"
2671:
2543:
1390:
Blood_type_distribution_by_country § ABO_and_Rh_distribution_by_country
1371:
Other animals with Rh-like antigens causing hemolytic disease of the newborn
4843:
4484:
4369:
4326:
4191:
4014:
4006:
3798:
3739:
3720:
3688:
3646:
3610:
3561:
3502:
3467:
3424:
3342:
3250:
3199:
3091:
3033:"Distribution of ABO and Rh (D) Blood groups in India: A systematic review"
2992:
2956:
2780:
2739:
2690:
2594:
2551:
2309:. In May 1941, the third anti-Rh serum (M.S.) of Group O became available.
1874:
1679:
367:
363:
43:
3669:
2608:
Metri AA, Sidi-Yakhlef A, Biémont C, Saidi M, Chaif O, Ouraghi SA (2012).
210:
The Rh blood group system has two sets of nomenclatures: one developed by
4799:
4626:
4462:
4305:
Avent ND, Reid ME (January 2000). "The Rh blood group system: a review".
4173:
3321:
Avent ND, Reid ME (January 2000). "The Rh blood group system: a review".
3181:
2938:
2833:
Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
2506:"RHCE Rh blood group, CcEe antigens [Homo sapiens] – Gene Result"
2416:(1 February 1949). "Genetics and Nomenclature of the Rh–Hr Blood Types".
288:
273:
255:
28:
20:
3113:
Wafi ME, Housse HE, Nourichafi N, Bouisk K, Benajiba M, Habti N (2016).
4727:
4539:
3702:
Flegr J, Klose J, Novotná M, Berenreitterová M, Havlícek J (May 2009).
3048:
2626:
2429:
2259:. The antigen that induced this immunization was designated by them as
1893:
1887:
1740:
1731:
1632:
1598:
1312:
249:
215:
103:
and antibodies to the Rh(D) and Rh antigens confer significant risk of
2984:
4804:
4686:
4575:
3896:
3871:
1994:
worms, disruption of the Rh1 gene causes growth defects under high CO
1755:
gene do not produce the D antigen, and may be immunized by D+ blood.
1751:
on the red blood cell membrane. D− individuals who lack a functional
1628:
1613:
1553:
1377:
1348:
1316:
340:
301:
117:
2867:. Quick Look Series (1st ed.). Teton NewMedia. pp. 32–33.
2485:"RHD Rh blood group, D antigen [Homo sapiens] – Gene Result"
2002:
algae fail to grow rapidly if its Rh gene is knocked down. Although
1758:
The D antigen is a dominant trait. If both of a child's parents are
66:. It contains proteins on the surface of red blood cells. After the
4559:
4467:
3967:(15th ed.). Bethesda MD: American Association of Blood Banks.
3932:
2306:
2295:
1828:
1506:
1344:
1304:
336:
305:
71:
4918:
4884:
3438:
Kustu S, Inwood W (2006). "Biological gas channels for NH3 and CO
2969:
2921:
Xhetani M, Seferi I, Férec C, Zoraqi G, Fichou Y (October 2014).
2223:, who, at the time, believed it to be a similar antigen found in
2192:
1778:
1748:
1664:
1583:
1460:
1444:
253:
gene which produces a single immune specificity (anti-D) and the
3701:
4829:
3753:
Ji Q, Hashmi S, Liu Z, Zhang J, Chen Y, Huang CH (April 2006).
3515:
3122:
International Journal of Blood Transfusion and Immunohematology
1521:
1400:
1396:
1338:
371:
347:
4441:
3995:
Baillière's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology
2703:
2340:), and very importantly the prevention of it by screening and
4908:
4894:
4874:
4398:
3623:
2607:
1785:
gene, also found on chromosome 1. It has been shown that the
1568:
1538:
1491:
1358:
324:
320:
2706:"Sequence diversity of the Rh blood group system in Basques"
2325:(antigen LW, antibody anti-LW) in honor of the discoverers.
4903:
4774:
4749:
4348:
Scott ML (July 2004). "The complexities of the Rh system".
3667:
3264:
Eweidah MH, Rahiman S, Ali MH, Al-Shamary AM (April 2011).
3263:
2572:
2529:
2028:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1866:
1840:
1793:
gene during primate evolution. Mice have just one RH gene.
358:-speaking groups in the Horn of Africa, as well as higher R
343:
225:
3518:"Function of human Rh based on structure of RhCG at 2.1 A"
3112:
4406:
3668:
Flegr J, Novotná M, Lindová J, Havlícek J (August 2008).
1399:. The frequency of Rh factor blood types and the RhD neg
1300:
84:
4269:
3480:
2920:
1351:(one of the end products of red blood cell destruction).
362:
frequencies among certain other Afroasiatic speakers in
3577:"The structure and function of the Rh antigen complex"
2122:
difference in the D antigen) from partial D (due to a
1408:
Population data for the Rh D factor and RhD neg allele
319:
frequencies were likely characteristic of the ancient
3031:
Patidar, Gopal K.; Dhiman, Yashaswi (February 2021).
2655:"The Rh allele frequencies in Gaza city in Palestine"
2267:
blood had been used for the production of the serum.
2244:– all three of which actually refer specifically and
2460:"dbRBC – Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database"
1341:
that creates the newborn's pallor (pale appearance).
16:
Human blood group system involving 49 blood antigens
1251:
19:"Rh-" redirects here. For the Siddharta album, see
2203:genes. V in particular is caused by a mutation on
2118:It is important to differentiate weak D (due to a
236:is supposed to give rise to the "blood factors" Rh
4231:
4155:
4120:
3212:
4951:
4677:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
4026:
4024:
3869:
3752:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2793:
1311:if the baby is D positive. The vast majority of
1288:refers to the making of immature red blood cells
1282:" (solution) or breaking down of red blood cells
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
2652:
2158:) and cell membrane defects that can result in
1021:Rh phenotypes in patients and donors in Turkey
4401:Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at
4265:
4263:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
1774:depending on the parents' specific genotypes.
1354:Enlargement of the newborn's liver and spleen.
4427:
4272:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
4204:
4021:
3030:
2836:
2014:
1943:, RHD, RHCE]], and that's where it should go.
1319:care by injections of IgG anti-D antibodies (
1303:anti-D antibodies which can pass through the
268:The proteins which carry the Rh antigens are
3947:
3396:
3069:
4672:Transfusion associated circulatory overload
4260:
4156:Landsteiner K, Wiener AS (September 1941).
3442:: evidence that Rh (Rhesus) proteins are CO
3437:
3007:
2752:
2039:, forming the majority of partial D types.
4682:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
4555:International Society of Blood Transfusion
4434:
4420:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3392:
3390:
3213:Enosolease ME, Bazuaye GN (January 2008).
3170:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue
2927:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue
2755:"The Rh chromosome frequencies in England"
2177:
4304:
4181:
3895:
3854:
3788:
3778:
3729:
3719:
3617:
3600:
3551:
3541:
3414:
3320:
3240:
3230:
3189:
3163:
3133:
2946:
2770:
2729:
2680:
2670:
2625:
2532:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1966:Learn how and when to remove this message
272:, whose structure suggests that they are
3839:"Selection against heterozygosis in Man"
3574:
2294:were matched. No name was given to this
1900:
1877:, against the negative effect of latent
1739:The D antigen is inherited as one gene (
1730:
327:prior to their dispersal throughout the
287:
33:
3992:
3981:
3962:
3836:
3661:
3387:
2910:from the original on February 24, 2011.
378:Rh phenotypes and genotypes (UK, 1948)
354:frequencies as low as 24.3% among some
4952:
4073:
3870:Fisher RA, Race RR, Taylor GL (1944).
3371:. Australian Red Cross Blood Service.
2895:
2862:
2412:
2195:created by some other mutation on the
294:2. This is the Rh-negative blood cell.
292:1. This is the Rh-positive blood cell.
4667:Transfusion related acute lung injury
4415:
4347:
3357:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1403:gene differs in various populations.
1309:Rh D hemolytic disease of the newborn
4162:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
3375:from the original on 1 November 2013
3369:Inheritance patterns of blood groups
3302:from the original on January 2, 2013
3219:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
3145:from the original on August 28, 2016
2901:
2659:Asian Journal of Transfusion Science
2369:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens .
1904:
3811:
3397:Wagner FF, Flegel WA (March 2002).
2803:Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences
2794:Canatan D, Acar N, Kiliç B (1999).
2634:from the original on 29 August 2017
2134:
2009:
1335:Symptoms and signs in the newborn:
13:
3918:
3872:"Mutation and the Rhesus reaction"
3856:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1941.tb02297.x
3593:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2006.09.010
3483:Transfusion Clinique et Biologique
3448:Transfusion Clinique et Biologique
2710:European Journal of Human Genetics
1383:
27:. For the production company, see
14:
4981:
4710:Transfusion transmitted infection
4388:
4219:10.1001/jama.1939.72800270002007a
2753:Race RR, Mourant AE (June 1948).
2323:Landsteiner-Weiner antigen system
1789:gene arose by duplication of the
1327:Symptoms and signs in the fetus:
331:and Europe on the basis of high R
4362:10.1111/j.1741-6892.2004.00431.x
4106:. 2 October 2019. Archived from
3084:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.04311.x
2653:El-Wahhab Skaik YA (July 2011).
2280:hemolytic disease of the newborn
1909:
1810:Blood group Rh C/E/D polypeptide
1258:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
1252:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
1224:
105:hemolytic disease of the newborn
4341:
4298:
4225:
4198:
4149:
4114:
4092:
4076:"The man with the golden blood"
4067:
4053:
3912:
3863:
3830:
3805:
3746:
3568:
3509:
3474:
3431:
3314:
3257:
3206:
3157:
3106:
3063:
2963:
2914:
2881:
2856:
2827:
2787:
2746:
2697:
2646:
2512:from the original on 2010-03-20
2466:from the original on 2011-02-13
2301:In 1941, Group O: a patient in
2183:(CEVF or RH61 according to the
110:
101:hemolytic transfusion reactions
3285:10.1080/09720073.2011.11891182
2601:
2566:
2523:
2498:
2477:
2452:
2406:
2374:
2361:
2046:
1364:Dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
1:
4284:10.1016/S0002-9378(41)90260-0
2354:
1766:. Otherwise the child may be
1762:the child will definitely be
323:Jews, who had emigrated from
42:(Rh) goes back to the use of
4599:Intraoperative blood salvage
3812:Cho, Shein Ei (2018-11-20).
3575:Westhoff CM (January 2007).
3495:10.1016/j.tracli.2006.03.003
3460:10.1016/j.tracli.2006.03.001
3164:Weinstock C (January 2014).
2113:
1857:of uncertain specificity (CO
1357:The newborn may have severe
383:Phenotype expressed on cell
46:extracted from the blood of
7:
4615:Blood compatibility testing
3677:Neuro Endocrinology Letters
2328:It was recognized that the
2169:blood was discovered in an
1929:. The specific problem is:
1802:
1743:) (on the short arm of the
1726:
263:
10:
4986:
3416:10.1182/blood-2001-12-0153
3365:"ABO inheritance patterns"
3135:10.5348/ijbti-2016-22-OA-2
2772:10.1182/blood.V3.6.689.689
2210:
2108:genotyping of blood groups
2015:Origin of RHD polymorphism
1855:membrane transport protein
1387:
1255:
386:Genotype expressed in DNA
18:
4718:
4662:Transfusion hemosiderosis
4650:
4607:
4568:
4532:
4453:
4246:10.3181/00379727-43-11151
4135:10.3181/00379727-43-11151
3639:10.1017/S003118200800485X
2863:Cotter S (June 1, 2001).
2722:10.1038/s41431-018-0232-1
2230:rhesus blood group system
2042:
2000:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1839:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1315:is preventable in modern
862:
826:
790:
739:
703:
652:
613:
559:
505:
403:
388:
385:
382:
4642:Monocyte monolayer assay
2462:. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
1265:erythroblastosis fetalis
64:human blood group system
50:for obtaining the first
4517:Granulocyte transfusion
4319:10.1182/blood.V95.2.375
3780:10.1073/pnas.0600901103
3708:BMC Infectious Diseases
3543:10.1073/pnas.1003587107
3335:10.1182/blood.V95.2.375
3232:10.4103/0973-6247.39502
2809:: 155–7. Archived from
2672:10.4103/0973-6247.83241
2614:Anthropological Science
2544:10.1002/ajpa.1330210106
2418:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
2387:Canadian Blood Services
2232:and the obsolete terms
2178:Other Rh group antigens
2069:Structural alternation
1274:comes from two words: "
366:(37.3%) and among some
4123:Exp Biol Med (Maywood)
4104:Professional Education
4007:10.1053/beha.1999.0047
3721:10.1186/1471-2334-9-72
3581:Seminars in Hematology
2595:10.1098/rstb.1969.0040
2321:was classified in the
1736:
1321:Rho(D) Immune Globulin
297:
270:transmembrane proteins
68:ABO blood group system
55:
4965:Blood antigen systems
4652:Transfusion reactions
4234:Proc Soc Exp Biol Med
4074:Mosaic (2014-10-21).
2902:Mack S (2001-03-21).
2303:Irvington, New Jersey
2171:Aboriginal Australian
2025:unequal crossing over
1901:Non-human Rh proteins
1734:
1002:D− C− E− c+ e+ (RhD−)
988:D− C− E+ c+ e− (RhD−)
974:D− C− E+ c+ e+ (RhD−)
960:D− C+ E− c− e+ (RhD−)
946:D− C+ E− c+ e+ (RhD−)
925:D− C+ E+ c− e− (RhD−)
908:D− C+ E+ c− e+ (RhD−)
891:D− C+ E+ c+ e− (RhD−)
863:D− C+ E+ c+ e+ (RhD−)
827:D+ C− E− c+ e+ (RhD+)
791:D+ C− E+ c+ e− (RhD+)
740:D+ C− E+ c+ e+ (RhD+)
704:D+ C+ E− c− e+ (RhD+)
653:D+ C+ E− c+ e+ (RhD+)
614:D+ C+ E+ c− e− (RhD+)
560:D+ C+ E+ c− e+ (RhD+)
506:D+ C+ E+ c+ e− (RhD+)
404:D+ C+ E+ c+ e+ (RhD+)
291:
83:(−) suffix after the
60:Rh blood group system
37:
4970:Transfusion medicine
4632:Kleihauer–Betke test
4594:Exchange transfusion
4473:Platelet transfusion
4447:transfusion medicine
4174:10.1084/jem.74.4.309
3818:The Tech Interactive
3182:10.2450/2013.0192-13
2939:10.2450/2014.0240-13
2338:exchange transfusion
2276:transfusion reaction
2092:D positive (usually)
1988:ammonia transporters
1948:improve this section
1925:to meet Knowledge's
1696:Subequatorial Africa
1294:refers to the fetus.
396:Fisher–Race notation
23:. For the band, see
4720:Blood group systems
4655:and adverse effects
4490:Fresh frozen plasma
4356:(Suppl. 1): 58–62.
4110:on 7 November 2020.
4100:"Rh System: Anti-V"
3963:Brecher ME (2005).
3888:1944Natur.153..106F
3837:Haldane JB (1942).
3771:2006PNAS..103.5881J
3534:2010PNAS..107.9638G
3037:ISBT Science Series
2587:1969RSPTB.256..147H
2389:at learnserology.ca
2349:cell-free fetal DNA
2221:Alexander S. Wiener
2049:
1871:ammonia transporter
1410:
1361:of the entire body.
1022:
379:
346:compared to native
329:Mediterranean Basin
121:
4042:on 5 December 2019
3843:Annals of Eugenics
3273:The Anthropologist
3049:10.1111/voxs.12576
2906:. MadSci Network.
2627:10.1537/ase.120618
2430:10.1007/BF02062626
2047:
1737:
1423:Rh(D) Neg alleles
1406:
1240:All Rh antibodies
1229:Rh antibodies are
1020:
377:
335:percentages among
298:
115:
56:
4947:
4946:
4524:Blood substitutes
4512:White blood cells
4443:Blood transfusion
3974:978-1-56395-196-1
3765:(15): 5881–5886.
2985:10.1159/000083027
2716:(12): 1859–1866.
2347:The discovery of
2263:to indicate that
2099:
2098:
2087:Can receive blood
1976:
1975:
1968:
1927:quality standards
1918:This section may
1851:
1850:
1724:
1723:
1429:African Americans
1222:
1221:
1015:
1014:
208:
207:
4977:
4637:Antibody elution
4584:plateletpheresis
4550:Blood management
4533:General concepts
4436:
4429:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4382:
4381:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4038:. Archived from
4028:
4019:
4018:
3990:
3979:
3978:
3965:Technical Manual
3960:
3945:
3944:
3927:(835): 257–261.
3916:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3897:10.1038/153106b0
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3782:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3723:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3119:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3028:
3005:
3004:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2629:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2581:(805): 147–182.
2570:
2564:
2563:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2391:. Archived from
2378:
2372:
2365:
2217:Karl Landsteiner
2160:hemolytic anemia
2066:Decreased amount
2050:
2010:RHD polymorphism
1971:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1807:
1806:
1745:first chromosome
1649:Native Americans
1411:
1405:
1286:Erythroblastosis
1231:Immunoglobulin G
1023:
1019:
399:Wiener notation
380:
376:
223:
222:
122:
114:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4738:Secretor status
4714:
4654:
4646:
4603:
4564:
4528:
4505:Cryosupernatant
4500:Cryoprecipitate
4480:Red blood cells
4449:
4440:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4346:
4342:
4303:
4299:
4268:
4261:
4230:
4226:
4203:
4199:
4154:
4150:
4119:
4115:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4084:
4082:
4072:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4045:
4043:
4030:
4029:
4022:
3991:
3982:
3975:
3961:
3948:
3917:
3913:
3868:
3864:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3820:
3810:
3806:
3751:
3747:
3700:
3696:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3633:(11): 1253–61.
3622:
3618:
3573:
3569:
3528:(21): 9638–43.
3514:
3510:
3479:
3475:
3454:(1–2): 103–10.
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3395:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3211:
3207:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3068:
3064:
3029:
3008:
2968:
2964:
2919:
2915:
2900:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2751:
2747:
2702:
2698:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2606:
2602:
2571:
2567:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2508:. nlm.nih.gov.
2504:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2288:red blood cells
2242:rhesus negative
2238:rhesus positive
2213:
2180:
2168:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2116:
2088:
2075:
2045:
2017:
2012:
1997:
1985:
1980:red blood cells
1972:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1885:titres of anti-
1864:
1860:
1805:
1729:
1392:
1386:
1384:Population data
1373:
1278:" (blood) and "
1260:
1254:
1227:
1195:
1191:
1160:
1156:
1139:
1135:
1117:
1086:
1082:
1065:
1061:
1043:
938:
934:
917:
900:
872:
854:
840:
836:
818:
804:
800:
782:
767:
753:
749:
731:
717:
713:
696:
692:
677:
662:
645:
641:
627:
623:
606:
602:
587:
573:
569:
551:
537:
533:
519:
515:
497:
482:
467:
453:
449:
435:
431:
417:
413:
390:
361:
353:
334:
318:
314:
295:
293:
266:
239:
235:
220:
219:
218:, the other by
172:
161:
150:
139:
113:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4983:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4705:Serum sickness
4702:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4620:Cross-matching
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4580:plasmapheresis
4572:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4545:Blood donation
4542:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4455:Blood products
4451:
4450:
4439:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4390:
4389:External links
4387:
4384:
4383:
4340:
4297:
4278:(6): 925–937.
4259:
4224:
4197:
4148:
4113:
4091:
4080:Mosaic science
4066:
4052:
4020:
3980:
3973:
3946:
3933:10.1086/281782
3911:
3862:
3829:
3804:
3745:
3694:
3660:
3616:
3567:
3508:
3489:(1–2): 167–8.
3473:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3386:
3356:
3329:(2): 375–387.
3313:
3256:
3205:
3156:
3105:
3062:
3006:
2973:Human Heredity
2962:
2913:
2894:
2880:
2874:978-1893441361
2873:
2855:
2835:
2826:
2786:
2745:
2696:
2645:
2620:(3): 209–216.
2600:
2565:
2522:
2497:
2476:
2451:
2405:
2373:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2319:rhesus macaque
2307:icterus gravis
2257:rhesus macaque
2225:rhesus macaque
2212:
2209:
2179:
2176:
2166:
2156:stomatocytosis
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2115:
2112:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
1995:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1875:heterozygosity
1862:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:> 99%
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:> 99%
1574:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:> 99%
1559:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:> 99%
1497:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1385:
1382:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1256:Main article:
1253:
1250:
1235:exsanguinating
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
981:
978:
975:
971:
970:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
932:
929:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
905:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
877:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
852:
849:
845:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
824:
823:
820:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
787:
784:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
751:
747:
744:
741:
737:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
721:
718:
715:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
660:
657:
654:
650:
649:
646:
643:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
621:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
604:
600:
597:
593:
592:
589:
585:
582:
578:
577:
574:
571:
567:
564:
561:
557:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
541:
538:
535:
531:
528:
524:
523:
520:
517:
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
495:
492:
488:
487:
484:
480:
477:
473:
472:
469:
465:
462:
458:
457:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
429:
426:
422:
421:
418:
415:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
393:
392:
387:
384:
359:
351:
332:
316:
312:
265:
262:
237:
233:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
112:
109:
48:rhesus monkeys
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4982:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:Chido-Rodgers
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4588:leukapheresis
4585:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4350:Vox Sanguinis
4344:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4313:(2): 375–87.
4312:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4168:(4): 309–20.
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4041:
4037:
4036:Curiosity.com
4033:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4001:(4): 655–89.
4000:
3996:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3882:(3873): 106.
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3683:(4): 475–81.
3682:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3409:(6): 2272–3.
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:(2): 99–102.
3278:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3078:(3): 345–52.
3077:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2830:
2816:on 2008-12-17
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2765:(6): 689–95.
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2487:. nlm.nih.gov
2486:
2480:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2395:on 2020-10-25
2394:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2367:Dean, Laura.
2364:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:Philip Levine
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:rhesus factor
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2175:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2091:
2089:as if being:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:as if being:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1970:
1967:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1879:toxoplasmosis
1876:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:United States
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:< 1%
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1573:< 1%
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1558:< 1%
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:< 1%
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1225:Rh antibodies
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
976:
973:
972:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
930:
927:
924:
923:
919:
913:
910:
907:
906:
902:
896:
893:
890:
889:
885:
882:
879:
878:
874:
868:
865:
861:
857:
850:
847:
846:
842:
832:
829:
825:
821:
814:
811:
810:
806:
796:
793:
789:
785:
778:
775:
774:
770:
763:
760:
759:
755:
745:
742:
738:
734:
727:
724:
723:
719:
709:
706:
702:
698:
688:
685:
684:
680:
673:
670:
669:
665:
658:
655:
651:
647:
637:
634:
633:
629:
619:
616:
612:
608:
598:
595:
594:
590:
583:
580:
579:
575:
565:
562:
558:
554:
547:
544:
543:
539:
529:
526:
525:
521:
511:
508:
504:
500:
493:
490:
489:
485:
478:
475:
474:
470:
463:
460:
459:
455:
445:
442:
441:
437:
427:
424:
423:
419:
409:
406:
402:
398:
395:
394:
381:
375:
373:
369:
365:
357:
349:
345:
342:
338:
330:
326:
322:
309:
307:
303:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
261:
258:
257:
252:
251:
245:
241:
229:
227:
217:
213:
212:Ronald Fisher
203:
200:
199:
195:
192:
191:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
175:
168:
165:
164:
157:
154:
153:
146:
143:
142:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
119:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:rhesus factor
36:
30:
26:
25:The RH Factor
22:
4899:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4275:
4271:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4213:(2): 126–7.
4210:
4206:
4200:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4108:the original
4103:
4094:
4083:. Retrieved
4079:
4069:
4055:
4044:. Retrieved
4040:the original
4035:
3998:
3994:
3964:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3821:. Retrieved
3817:
3807:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3680:
3676:
3663:
3630:
3627:Parasitology
3626:
3619:
3587:(1): 42–50.
3584:
3580:
3570:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3451:
3447:
3433:
3406:
3402:
3377:. Retrieved
3368:
3359:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3304:. Retrieved
3276:
3272:
3259:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3125:
3121:
3108:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3043:(1): 37–48.
3040:
3036:
2979:(2): 69–72.
2976:
2972:
2965:
2933:(4): 565–9.
2930:
2926:
2916:
2897:
2883:
2864:
2858:
2829:
2818:. Retrieved
2811:the original
2806:
2802:
2789:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2665:(2): 150–2.
2662:
2658:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2617:
2613:
2603:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2514:. Retrieved
2500:
2489:. Retrieved
2479:
2468:. Retrieved
2454:
2424:(1): 17–28.
2421:
2417:
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2393:the original
2385:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2346:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2313:
2311:
2300:
2284:agglutinated
2274:, hemolytic
2271:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2165:The first Rh
2164:
2153:
2142:
2129:
2123:
2120:quantitative
2119:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2063:Change in D
2036:
2032:
2022:
2018:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1977:
1962:
1956:January 2024
1953:
1946:Please help
1930:
1919:
1886:
1852:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:Rh negative,
1771:
1767:
1763:
1760:Rh negative,
1759:
1757:
1752:
1738:
1680:Saudi Arabia
1455:weak D 1.4%
1407:
1393:
1374:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1228:
1032:Patients (%)
1026:Rh Phenotype
1016:
941:< 0.0001
648:< 0.0001
368:Palestinians
364:North Africa
310:
299:
281:
277:
274:ion channels
267:
254:
248:
246:
242:
230:
209:
111:Nomenclature
96:
92:
88:
80:
76:
59:
57:
44:erythrocytes
39:
4728:Blood types
4627:Coombs test
4463:Whole blood
3849:: 333–340.
3446:channels".
3306:February 3,
3149:February 3,
3072:Transfusion
2538:(1): 41–8.
2382:"Rh System"
2342:prophylaxis
2124:qualitative
2095:D negative
2082:D positive
2048:Comparison
1950:if you can.
1894:homozygotes
1815:Identifiers
1768:Rh positive
1764:Rh negative
1414:Population
1035:Donors (%)
356:Afroasiatic
125:Fisher–Race
97:Rh negative
93:Rh positive
52:blood serum
29:Regina Hall
21:Rh- (album)
4954:Categories
4540:Blood bank
4129:(1): 223.
4085:2024-09-22
4046:2019-06-05
3823:2022-10-24
3379:30 October
3225:(1): 3–5.
3176:(1): 3–6.
3128:(1): 3–7.
2865:Hematology
2820:2008-10-17
2516:2010-06-15
2491:2010-06-15
2470:2010-06-15
2399:2021-01-19
2355:References
2296:agglutinin
2079:D positive
2074:Can donate
2058:Partial D
2031:from both
1992:C. elegans
1990:(Amt). In
1888:Toxoplasma
1883:anamnestic
1633:High Atlas
1599:Madagascar
1507:Ethiopians
1420:Rh(D) Pos
1417:Rh(D) Neg
1395:growth in
1388:See also:
1313:Rh disease
389:Prevalence
302:phenotypes
216:R. R. Race
4745:Augustine
4689:reaction
4687:Hemolytic
4576:Apheresis
4468:Platelets
4292:0002-9378
4240:: 223–4.
4061:"J-STAGE"
3057:1751-2816
2638:28 August
2438:0003-6072
2414:Weiner AS
2330:Rh factor
2272:Rh factor
2261:Rh factor
2139:phenotype
2114:Partial D
1834:IPR002229
1629:Moroccans
1614:Moroccans
1554:Indonesia
1524:(others)
1522:Europeans
1378:colostrum
1349:bilirubin
1317:antenatal
1272:Hemolytic
341:Ashkenazi
306:genotypes
120:notation
118:haplotype
89:Rh factor
38:The name
4870:Lutheran
4775:Dombrock
4560:ISBT 128
4378:42103877
4370:15200606
4335:13803474
4327:10627438
4254:58298368
4192:19871137
4143:58298368
4015:10895258
3941:84715943
3799:16595629
3740:19470165
3689:18766148
3647:18752708
3611:17198846
3562:20457942
3503:16564721
3468:16563833
3425:11902138
3373:Archived
3351:13803474
3343:10627438
3297:Archived
3293:75537061
3251:20041069
3200:24120599
3140:Archived
3100:42899178
3092:15752151
3001:44542508
2993:15711086
2957:24960662
2908:Archived
2781:18860341
2740:30089826
2691:21897594
2632:Archived
2560:21795826
2552:13940710
2510:Archived
2464:Archived
2446:35680084
2004:in vitro
1998:levels.
1920:require
1829:InterPro
1803:Function
1779:epitopes
1727:Genetics
1703:99%–97%
1465:21%–36%
1345:Jaundice
1305:placenta
1011:15.1020
786:10.9657
720:17.6803
681:32.6808
456:11.8648
348:European
337:Sephardi
264:Antigens
81:negative
77:positive
72:antigens
4909:Scianna
4795:Gerbich
4698:delayed
4569:Methods
4183:2135190
3906:2104065
3884:Bibcode
3790:1458667
3767:Bibcode
3731:2692860
3655:5956901
3602:1831834
3553:2906887
3530:Bibcode
3242:2798756
3191:3926725
2948:4212038
2731:6244411
2682:3159245
2583:Bibcode
2314:anti-Rh
2211:History
2193:epitope
1922:cleanup
1749:protein
1665:Nigeria
1584:Koreans
1546:94.13%
1477:Britain
1461:Basques
1449:10.86%
1445:Albania
1292:Fetalis
1005:dce/dce
997:0.0141
991:dcE/dcE
983:0.9235
977:dce/dcE
969:0.0097
963:dCe/dCe
955:0.7644
949:dce/dCe
928:dCE/dCE
920:0.0001
911:dCe/dCE
903:0.0001
894:dcE/dCE
886:0.0234
880:dCe/dcE
875:0.0039
866:dce/dCE
858:1.9950
848:Dce/dce
843:0.0659
830:Dce/Dce
822:0.3353
812:DcE/dcE
807:1.9906
794:DcE/DcE
776:DcE/dce
771:0.0610
761:Dce/dcE
756:0.7243
743:DcE/Dce
735:0.8270
725:DCe/dCe
707:DCe/DCe
699:2.1586
686:DCe/Dce
671:DCe/dce
666:0.0505
656:Dce/dCe
635:DCE/dCE
630:0.0006
617:DCE/DCE
609:0.2048
596:DCe/DCE
591:0.0048
581:DCE/dCe
576:0.0042
563:DCe/dCE
555:0.0058
545:DCE/dcE
540:0.0014
527:DcE/dCE
522:0.0687
509:DcE/DCE
501:0.1893
491:DCE/dce
486:0.2775
476:DcE/dCe
471:0.9992
461:DCe/dcE
443:DCe/DcE
438:0.0003
425:Dce/dCE
420:0.0125
407:Dce/DCE
370:in the
128:Wiener
79:(+) or
4820:Indian
4765:Cromer
4760:Colton
4485:Plasma
4376:
4368:
4333:
4325:
4290:
4252:
4190:
4180:
4141:
4013:
3971:
3939:
3921:Am Nat
3904:
3876:Nature
3797:
3787:
3738:
3728:
3714:: 72.
3687:
3653:
3645:
3609:
3599:
3560:
3550:
3501:
3466:
3423:
3349:
3341:
3291:
3249:
3239:
3198:
3188:
3098:
3090:
3055:
2999:
2991:
2955:
2945:
2871:
2779:
2738:
2728:
2689:
2679:
2558:
2550:
2444:
2436:
2278:, and
2265:rhesus
2240:, and
2055:Weak D
2043:Weak D
1846:1.A.11
1820:Symbol
1700:1%–3%
1690:29.5%
1687:91.2%
1659:~ 10%
1638:~ 29%
1621:90.5%
1543:5.87%
1514:80.6%
1511:19.4%
1471:~ 60%
1439:~ 26%
1401:allele
1397:Europe
1339:Anemia
1242:except
372:Levant
321:Judean
221:Wiener
95:, and
4960:Blood
4939:Other
4865:Lewis
4855:Knops
4835:KANNO
4780:Duffy
4770:Diego
4693:acute
4608:Tests
4399:BGMUT
4374:S2CID
4331:S2CID
4307:Blood
4250:S2CID
4139:S2CID
3937:S2CID
3902:S2CID
3673:(PDF)
3651:S2CID
3403:Blood
3347:S2CID
3323:Blood
3300:(PDF)
3289:S2CID
3269:(PDF)
3143:(PDF)
3118:(PDF)
3096:S2CID
2997:S2CID
2814:(PDF)
2799:(PDF)
2759:Blood
2556:S2CID
2442:S2CID
2286:with
2029:exons
1861:or NH
1684:8.8%
1653:~ 1%
1618:9.5%
1569:Japan
1539:India
1492:China
1433:~ 7%
1359:edema
1280:lysis
1204:0.03
1183:0.98
1127:10.4
1109:11.6
1095:21.8
1074:30.5
1068:CcDEe
1053:33.0
994:r″r″
966:r′r′
883:r′r″
325:Egypt
62:is a
4919:T-Tn
4904:RHAG
4902:and
4895:Raph
4890:P1PK
4850:Kidd
4840:Kell
4805:GLOB
4790:FORS
4750:CD59
4495:PF24
4445:and
4403:NCBI
4366:PMID
4323:PMID
4288:ISSN
4207:JAMA
4188:PMID
4011:PMID
3969:ISBN
3795:PMID
3736:PMID
3685:PMID
3643:PMID
3607:PMID
3558:PMID
3499:PMID
3464:PMID
3421:PMID
3381:2013
3339:PMID
3308:2018
3247:PMID
3196:PMID
3151:2018
3088:PMID
3053:ISSN
2989:PMID
2953:PMID
2869:ISBN
2777:PMID
2736:PMID
2687:PMID
2640:2017
2548:PMID
2434:ISSN
2246:only
2219:and
2205:RHCE
2201:RHCE
2199:and
2185:ISBT
2167:null
2149:null
2145:null
2137:null
2037:RHCE
2035:and
1941:RHCG
1937:RHBG
1933:RHAG
1867:RHCG
1841:TCDB
1791:RHCE
1783:RHCE
1777:The
1718:85%
1715:15%
1672:94%
1656:99%
1641:71%
1606:99%
1533:40%
1530:84%
1527:16%
1484:83%
1481:17%
1468:65%
1452:89%
1436:93%
1276:hema
1169:2.4
1148:2.7
1121:cDEe
1106:10.3
1071:35.7
1050:37.4
1047:CcDe
980:rr″
952:rr′
391:(%)
344:Jews
339:and
282:RHCE
256:RHCE
226:gene
214:and
58:The
4924:Vel
4914:Sid
4880:MNS
4860:Lan
4830:JMH
4800:GIL
4733:ABO
4407:NIH
4397:at
4358:doi
4315:doi
4280:doi
4242:doi
4215:doi
4211:113
4178:PMC
4170:doi
4131:doi
4003:doi
3929:doi
3892:doi
3880:153
3851:doi
3785:PMC
3775:doi
3763:103
3726:PMC
3716:doi
3635:doi
3631:135
3597:PMC
3589:doi
3548:PMC
3538:doi
3526:107
3491:doi
3456:doi
3411:doi
3331:doi
3281:doi
3237:PMC
3227:doi
3186:PMC
3178:doi
3130:doi
3080:doi
3045:doi
2981:doi
2943:PMC
2935:doi
2767:doi
2726:PMC
2718:doi
2677:PMC
2667:doi
2622:doi
2618:120
2591:doi
2579:256
2540:doi
2426:doi
2292:ABO
2197:RHD
2033:RHD
1787:RHD
1770:or
1753:RHD
1741:RHD
1669:6%
1603:1%
1301:IgG
1215:0.8
1212:Cce
1209:rr′
1198:CDE
1177:cEe
1174:rr″
1166:2.8
1163:cDE
1145:2.8
1142:cDe
1124:6.6
1092:5.7
1089:CDe
1029:CDE
1008:rr
914:r′r
897:r″r
819:r″
768:r″
732:r′
663:r′
588:r′
552:r″
483:r′
468:r″
300:Rh
278:RHD
250:RHD
201:dCE
196:r″
193:dcE
188:r'
185:dCe
177:dce
166:DCE
155:DcE
144:DCe
133:Dce
116:Rh
85:ABO
4956::
4934:Yt
4929:Xg
4900:Rh
4885:OK
4875:LW
4844:Xk
4825:JR
4815:Ii
4810:Hh
4785:Er
4586:,
4582:,
4405:,
4395:Rh
4372:.
4364:.
4354:87
4352:.
4329:.
4321:.
4311:95
4309:.
4286:.
4276:42
4274:.
4262:^
4248:.
4238:43
4236:.
4209:.
4186:.
4176:.
4166:74
4164:.
4160:.
4137:.
4127:43
4125:.
4102:.
4078:.
4034:.
4023:^
4009:.
3999:12
3997:.
3983:^
3949:^
3935:.
3925:87
3923:.
3900:.
3890:.
3878:.
3874:.
3847:11
3845:.
3841:.
3816:.
3793:.
3783:.
3773:.
3761:.
3757:.
3734:.
3724:.
3710:.
3706:.
3681:29
3679:.
3675:.
3649:.
3641:.
3629:.
3605:.
3595:.
3585:44
3583:.
3579:.
3556:.
3546:.
3536:.
3524:.
3520:.
3497:.
3487:13
3485:.
3462:.
3452:13
3450:.
3419:.
3407:99
3405:.
3401:.
3389:^
3367:.
3345:.
3337:.
3327:95
3325:.
3295:.
3287:.
3277:13
3275:.
3271:.
3245:.
3235:.
3221:.
3217:.
3194:.
3184:.
3174:12
3172:.
3168:.
3138:.
3124:.
3120:.
3094:.
3086:.
3076:45
3074:.
3051:.
3041:16
3039:.
3035:.
3009:^
2995:.
2987:.
2977:58
2975:.
2951:.
2941:.
2931:12
2929:.
2925:.
2838:^
2807:29
2805:.
2801:.
2775:.
2761:.
2757:.
2734:.
2724:.
2714:26
2712:.
2708:.
2685:.
2675:.
2661:.
2657:.
2630:.
2616:.
2612:.
2589:.
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