45:
275:
595:
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on the northern end of the island, limpidly contradicting these assertions. Furthermore, John
Perkins states this: "Some Roman, Byzantine, and Sasanian coins are reported from the East African coast; however, none of these come from excavations, and the surrounding evidence suggests that they
553:
in locating
Menouthis north of Rhapta). He observes that there is no river at Msasani, and thus concludes Kisuyu or the Rufiji delta are the most likely candidates. However, J. Innes Miller points out that
579:
probably did not reach the
Swahili Coast in antiquity. Evidence for contacts and trade between this part of Africa and the Roman and Persian worlds is mainly recorded in the limited written records."
586:
has found archaeological evidence for extensive Roman trade on Mafia Island and, not far away, on the mainland, near the mouth of the Rufiji River, which he dated to the first few centuries CE.
962:. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with some updates and improvements). Princeton, Princeton University Press. (This is considered by some the most accurate translation of the
384:
from his usual route from India, and after travelling 25 days south along the coast of Africa arrived at Rhapta, located where the river of the same name enters the
373:
335:, first described in the 1st century CE. Its location has not been firmly identified, although there are a number of plausible candidate sites. The ancient
574:
estuary, which make Pemba a likely candidate for Rhapta. However, the first evidence of inhabitation starts solely in the seventh century at a site called
496:
665:
focuses on the availability of tortoise shell, and its silence about other goods should not be taken as evidence that other goods were not traded.
1076:
988:
303:
400:
was said to also have its source. Ptolemy also mentions another Greek captain, called
Theophilos, who took twenty days to travel from the
634:, which would hint at some conflation. Miller points to the well-documented cultural links between Indonesia and East Africa (e.g., the
844:
524:
977:
465:. Roland Anthony Oliver states that there is no evidence where Greco-Roman sources allude to the inhabitants of Rhapta being of
713:
827:
253:
202:
772:
871:
Fleisher, Jeffery; LaViolette, Adria. "The early
Swahili trade village of Tumbe, Pemba Island, Tanzania, AD 600-950".
1032:
296:
1081:
650:
began far earlier than previously thought, allowing traders to bring their spices westward perhaps as early as the
438:
1048:. New York, Longmans, Green, and Co. Second Edition. Reprint, New Delhi, Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1974.
764:
The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: The
Ancient World Economy & the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia & India
614:
shell. J. Innes Miller argues that Rhapta formed an important link in the trade route between what is now modern
393:
337:
192:
477:
It was named Rhapta (meaning sewn in Greek), due to the sewed boats (ῥαπτῶν πλοιαρίων) which were used there.
1066:
263:
52:
905:"Roman Beads from the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania: First Incontrovertible Archaeological Link with the Periplus"
289:
24:
228:
86:
889:
Perkins, John, "The Indian Ocean and
Swahili coins, international networks and local developments" in
1061:
44:
207:
167:
743:
1071:
449:
the East
African coast. It is possible that the survivors of the 1st century inhabitants are the
248:
969:
Chami, F. A. 1999. "The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland."
427:
408:
320:
258:
212:
627:
563:
419:
412:
172:
909:
328:
177:
8:
233:
197:
182:
111:
33:
934:
926:
618:
and consumers in the
Mediterranean region. Miller notes that ancient authorities (e.g.
485:
187:
106:
76:
566:
mountains—which confirm the account of
Diogenes; and that an old inscription in
1028:
938:
823:
768:
651:
635:
559:
423:
358:
918:
630:
bark were harvested in Africa, yet these species until recently were found only in
567:
462:
381:
369:
332:
817:
800:
762:
745:
The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary
643:
492:
446:
442:
279:
136:
131:
101:
96:
714:
Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898) - Rhapta
859:
639:
631:
583:
401:
238:
930:
904:
1055:
739:
518:
509:
466:
458:
454:
157:
71:
555:
549:
islands (which he identifies with Menouthis, and follows the author of the
546:
534:
530:
450:
385:
354:
162:
978:"The Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea" in
727:
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: travel and trade in the Indian Ocean"
787:
702:
1009:
Draft annotated English translation. See especially Section 15 on
756:
754:
679:
500:
389:
346:
116:
81:
392:. Diogenes further describes this river as having its source near the
619:
615:
751:
922:
623:
611:
594:
542:
445:, since the 1st century AD is too early for Bantu speakers to have
141:
91:
1023:
Miller, J. Innes. 1969. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". In:
1006:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.
647:
571:
514:
505:
66:
1039:
Archaeology of Seafaring: The Indian Ocean in the Ancient Period
674:
558:
coins have been found on Pemba; that the Ruvu emerges near the
342:
243:
942:
607:
575:
377:
362:
126:
418:
Stephanus of Byzantium and Ptolemy write that Rhapta was a
397:
661:
and at least part of Miller's theory are correct, for the
541:
Huntingford dismisses the first two as being too close to
441:, it is certain that the people of Rhapta did not speak a
698:
696:
694:
982:. Presented Sunday 6 October 2002 at the British Museum
691:
602:Which goods were traded at Rhapta is disputed. The
729:. New York : Longmans, Green. pp. 33–35.
353:also states that the city and port were ruled by
1053:
966:into English, and also includes the Greek text.)
984:. Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies.
870:
724:
1000:
992:
297:
657:It is possible that both the account of the
760:
748:(Princeton University Press, 1989), p. 45.
488:lists five proposed locations for Rhapta:
341:described Rhapta as "the last emporion of
304:
290:
767:. Pen & Sword Military. p. 126.
822:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 147.
703:Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §R543.8
593:
990:The Peoples of the West from the Weilue
815:
733:
1077:Ancient Greek geography of East Africa
1054:
842:
798:
158:Vasco da Gama and Portuguese expansion
902:
606:only states that it was a source of
1025:The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire
860:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, §16
570:characters has been found near the
254:1998 United States embassy bombings
13:
864:
819:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
805:. Clarendon Press. pp. 80–93.
646:). He then posits that the use of
14:
1093:
1046:The Periplus of the Erythræan Sea
345:", two days' travel south of the
1037:Ray, Himanshu Prabha, ed. 1999.
273:
43:
952:
896:
883:
853:
849:. Clarendon Press. p. 101.
843:Oliver, Roland Anthony (1968).
799:Oliver, Roland Anthony (1968).
788:PTOLEMAEUS, GEOGRAPHY, § 4.7.12
725:Wilfred Harvey, Schoff (1912).
1041:. Pragati Publications, Delhi.
1020:. London: the Hakluyt Society.
1018:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1001:
993:
836:
809:
792:
781:
718:
707:
521:—or Dar es Salaam itself
338:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
685:
264:COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania
1027:. Oxford: University Press.
1016:Huntingford, G. W. B. 1980.
960:The Periplus Maris Erythraei
407:Rhapta is also mentioned by
396:, near the swamp whence the
7:
668:
582:In recent years, professor
480:
331:said to be on the coast of
82:Mumba Cave hunter-gatherers
10:
1098:
973:, 34, pp. 1–10.
761:McLaughlin, Raoul (2014).
431:
361:, particularly a certain “
349:islands (Chapter 16). The
324:
193:Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty
67:Oldowan stone tool culture
1044:Schoff, Wilfred H. 1912.
816:Society, Hakluyt (1980).
642:, both people use double
980:Red Sea Trade and Travel
903:Chami, Felix A. (1999).
589:
168:East African slave trade
1082:History of South Arabia
517:, three miles north of
472:
388:opposite the island of
976:Chami, Felix A. 2002.
958:Casson, Lionel. 1989.
846:History of East Africa
802:History of East Africa
599:
508:, at the mouth of the
495:, at the mouth of the
409:Stephanus of Byzantium
259:East African Community
597:
413:Cosmas Indicopleustes
394:Mountains of the Moon
203:East African Campaign
173:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1067:Precolonial Tanzania
987:Hill, John E. 2004.
910:Current Anthropology
376:, a merchant in the
213:Tanganyika Territory
178:Zanzibar slave trade
1013:= Azania and notes.
280:Tanzania portal
249:Uganda–Tanzania War
234:Zanzibar Revolution
208:British East Africa
198:Maji Maji Rebellion
183:Scramble for Africa
112:History of Zanzibar
59:Pre-colonial period
16:Ancient marketplace
622:3.111) state that
600:
486:G.W.B. Huntingford
188:German East Africa
107:Indian Ocean trade
87:Cushitic expansion
77:Laetoli footprints
829:978-0-904180-05-3
652:2nd millennium BC
636:Malagasy language
529:Somewhere in the
359:Himyarite kingdom
314:
313:
102:Nilotic expansion
1089:
1062:History of Kenya
1004:
1003:
996:
995:
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711:
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644:outrigger canoes
598:Cinnamon sticks.
533:delta, opposite
433:
382:blown off course
370:Claudius Ptolemy
333:Southeast Africa
326:
306:
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47:
37:
19:
18:
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592:
483:
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357:vassals of the
325:Ῥάπτα and Ῥαπτά
310:
274:
272:
150:Colonial period
137:Kilwa Sultanate
132:Swahili culture
97:Bantu expansion
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:Retail markets
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1064:
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954:
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931:10.1086/200009
923:10.1086/200009
917:(2): 237–242.
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774:978-1526738073
773:
750:
732:
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638:is related to
632:Southeast Asia
591:
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443:Bantu language
402:Horn of Africa
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740:Lionel Casson
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519:Dar es Salaam
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491:
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478:
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468:
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444:
440:
437:According to
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428:Ancient Greek
425:
421:
416:
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405:
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399:
395:
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387:
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371:
368:According to
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355:South Arabian
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321:Ancient Greek
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127:Urewe culture
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72:Olduvai Gorge
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50:
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38:
32:
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26:
21:
20:
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1038:
1024:
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1005:
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989:
979:
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953:Bibliography
941:– via
914:
908:
898:
890:
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876:
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866:
855:
845:
838:
818:
811:
801:
794:
783:
763:
744:
735:
726:
720:
709:
662:
658:
656:
603:
601:
581:
550:
540:
535:Mafia Island
531:Rufiji River
484:
476:
436:
417:
406:
386:Indian Ocean
367:
365:chieftain.”
350:
336:
316:
315:
163:Omani Empire
121:
584:Felix Chami
560:Kilimanjaro
501:Sigi Rivers
439:Huntingford
404:to Rhapta.
380:trade, was
34:History of
1056:Categories
998:by Yu Huan
686:References
680:Menouthias
510:Ruvu river
420:metropolis
390:Menouthias
363:Mapharitic
347:Menouthias
229:Tanganyika
117:Menouthias
939:143050537
873:Antiquity
620:Herodotus
616:Indonesia
497:Mkulumuzi
432:Βαρβαρίας
327:) was an
964:Periplus
891:Afriques
669:See also
663:Periplus
659:Periplus
648:monsoons
624:cinnamon
612:tortoise
604:Periplus
551:Periplus
543:Zanzibar
481:Location
469:origin.
424:Barbaria
374:Diogenes
351:Periplus
329:emporion
142:Engaruka
92:Luxmanda
53:Timeline
36:Tanzania
25:a series
23:Part of
742:(ed.),
572:Pangani
568:Semitic
515:Msasani
506:Pangani
463:Burungi
447:reached
1031:
971:Azania
937:
929:
893:, 2015
826:
771:
675:Azania
628:cassia
525:Kisuyu
459:Alagwa
455:Gorowa
378:Indian
343:Azania
317:Rhapta
244:Ujamaa
122:Rhapta
27:on the
1011:Zesan
943:JSTOR
935:S2CID
927:JSTOR
640:Malay
608:ivory
590:Goods
576:Tumbe
556:Roman
547:Pemba
493:Tanga
467:Bantu
451:Iraqw
1029:ISBN
824:ISBN
769:ISBN
626:and
610:and
564:Meru
562:and
545:and
499:and
473:Name
461:and
411:and
398:Nile
919:doi
434:).
422:of
1058::
1002:魚豢
994:魏略
933:.
925:.
915:40
913:.
907:.
877:87
875:.
753:^
693:^
654:.
457:,
453:,
430::
415:.
372:,
323::
945:.
921::
879:.
832:.
777:.
537:.
426:(
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305:e
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