Zimbabwean War of Independence

3167:, political scientist Norma J. Kriger rejected "the existing portrait of ZANU's successful politicisation of the Zimbabwean countryside during the liberation war" and concluded that relations between nationalist guerrillas and TTL villagers in Mutoko District were predominantly characterized by violence and coercion. She also wrote that insofar as peasants voluntarily collaborated with ZANLA, it was often in the hopes of using them to settle petty personal scores and protect their local interests. Historian Luise White wrote that the white Rhodesian war accounts did not present a unified and agreed telling of the conflict, and instead "struggled over what being a white Rhodesian meant, and what pasts and futures soldiers brought to the war". Reflecting on their truthfulness, White stated, "Many of the stories and events in these memoirs are not true, or at least not wholly accurate." Reid-Daly later testified during a lawsuit involving an authorship dispute that he had "exaggerated or embellished the true story" several times in 3171:. Many of these works maintained that the Rhodesian Army "won every battle but lost at the negotiating table" at Lancaster House. White criticized this view, writing, "First, there weren't really any battles, and second, while Rhodesian soldiers were not routed anywhere, they did not win any decisive victories either, especially during the mid-1970s when guerrilla forces were in disarray. In terms of strategy in the middle and late 1970s, it is not altogether clear that the Rhodesian state wanted victory more than it wanted a strong position from which to negotiate some kind of transition to majority rule." Academic M. T. Howard wrote that the portrayal of the Rhodesian Army as a nearly-invincible institution served both white Rhodesian and black Zimbabwean nationalist discourses; the former benefitted from showing a capable force which was never defeated in the field while the latter argued that their ultimate success was made more impressive. 3155:, published in 1985. It focused on eastern Rhodesia and constituted a largely uncritical account of ZANLA activities in that area. The book did not address violence inflicted by ZANLA on African TTL residents and concluded that rural blacks were "united" in supporting the guerrilla movement. Ranger later reflected that his work duplicated ZANU's nationalist rhetoric. Romanticised interpretations of the Zimbwabwean nationalist endeavor fell out of scholarly favour in the mid-1990s. Since then, more critical works of the nationalist movement have predominated, highlighting complexities in the war. More works focusing on ZIPRA have also been published, though the nature of differences between ZANLA and ZIPRA as well as the geographical spread of the two guerrilla forces remains debated. 1492:, Rhodesians refused to allow the majority-rule policy to come into effect. Much of the Rhodesian economy as well as the land was controlled by white Rhodesians, and, fearing total confiscation by either the ZIPRA or ZANLA, the RF elected to hold onto unofficial minority-rule. In ignoring other contributing factors to the conflict, Smith and the RF were able to strengthen ties with the West, but Britain remained neutral. The division between the communists and anti-communists caused the fighting to spill over the Rhodesian borders. Neighbouring African nations, supported primarily by North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union, used communist material support to begin launching guerrilla attacks on the 1635: 1507:

civilian assets and Viscount aircraft. Just as they had done in various other African countries and conflicts, the Soviets supported opposition forces with weapons and training. In addition to the physical assistance, Moscow launched a propaganda campaign exaggerating British involvement in the conflict in order to boost support for intervention. The Soviets were large suppliers of munitions and training, but refused to directly enter the conflict. The Chinese, on the other hand, were limited in their abilities to offer tangible aid to the ZANLA. Chinese influence throughout the conflict was primarily focused on small scale sabotage efforts and anti-western propaganda.

218: 656: 2933:. During the conference, the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian Government accepted a watering down of the 1978 internal settlement while Mugabe and Nkomo agreed to end the war in exchange for new elections in which they could participate. The economic sanctions imposed on Rhodesia were lifted in late 1979, and the country reverted to temporary British rule until elections could be held. Under the Constitution of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia (Amendment) (No. 4) Act 1979 of 11 December 1979, the country formally reverted to its colonial status as Southern Rhodesia. The Zimbabwe-Rhodesian parliament voted itself out of power, and 360: 771: 488: 476: 464: 452: 440: 428: 416: 2702: 248: 233: 3114:

editorial oversight often suffered from spelling errors and other mistakes, but tended to focus more on unit culture and non-military activities such as poaching, or "taming" captured African insurgents into domestic servants. Most of these books were released in Africa; few became commercial successes in the United Kingdom or the United States. Grouped together with fictional novels about the war, the memoirs are sometimes placed in a genre of "neo-Rhodesian" literature. Claims involving use of biological and chemical weapons by Rhodesian forces appeared only in post-war literature.

524: 512: 500: 724: 712: 692: 680: 668: 548: 536: 342: 748: 736: 373: 815: 263: 299: 2062:'s government declared its support for Rhodesia and cultivated material ties. Israel gave Rhodesia the right to produce its own Uzis alongside material shipments. This resulted in the Uzi becoming standard in the Rhodesian army, police, and its white citizens. Helicopters provided by Israel to Rhodesia were also used in counter-insurgency operations. These counter-insurgency operations were based on Israeli tactics, as Israeli companies were used to construct a 500-mile belt of landmines along the border of Mozambique and Zambia. 2404:

for duty and subjected to long military service. In addition, Rhodesia recruited additional black men to volunteer for military service. Although some raised questions about their loyalty, the Rhodesian government stated that it had no doubts about their loyalty, and planned to train black officers. Legislation to conscript blacks was introduced and came in effect in 1979, but the response to call-ups was poor. Rhodesia also recruited foreign volunteers for service, with groups of foreigners who served in Rhodesia including the

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remained uncommitted outside the country. Joshua Nkomo's ZIPRA forces were preparing their forces in Zambia with the intent of confronting the Rhodesians through a conventional invasion. Whether such an invasion could have been successful in the short term against the well trained Rhodesian army and air force is questionable. However, what was clear was that the insurgency was growing in strength daily and the ability of the security forces to continue to control the entire country was coming under serious challenge.

1581:, and democracy by fighting Communists, but it was unwilling to compromise on most political, economic and social inequalities. White Rhodesians typically believed that black grievances were not organic and endogenous in origin but were externally fomented by foreign agitators. The Smith administration claimed that the legitimate voice of the black Shona and Ndebele population were the traditional chiefs, not the ZANU and ZAPU nationalists, whom it regarded as dangerous, violent usurpers. 2541: 3440:. New York: The Africa Fund, 1977, p. 7: ZAPU and the African National Congress of South Africa jointly began an armed struggle in northwestern Rhodesia centered in Wankie. This campaign lasted into 1968, with several hundred ZAPU and South African ANC guerrillas involved. South African troops entered Rhodesia to support the government. Prime Minister Vorster said: "We are good friends (with Rhodesia) and good friends know what their duty is when the neighbour's house is on fire." 69: 561: 2384:. By 1973, guerrilla activity was increasing in the aftermath of the Altena Farm raid, particularly in the northeast part of the country where portions of the African population were evacuated from border areas, and compulsory military service for whites was extended to one year. As the war intensified, conscription was raised to men between the ages of 38 and 50, though this was modified in 1977. No white male 17-year-olds were allowed to leave the country. 3125:—in 1982. Galago continued to be a major publisher of these works. Publishing of these memoirs accelerated during Zimbabwe's economic decline in the 1990s. These works increasingly incorporated material from other memoirs and some secondary works, though they generally displayed little knowledge of ZANLA's or ZIPRA's version of events. Many also featured direct and indirect criticism of other soldiers and memoirists. Some of these disputes led to lawsuits. 2977:, there were accusations of voter intimidation by Mugabe's guerrilla cadres, sections of which were accused of not having assembled in the designated guerrilla assembly points as required under the Lancaster House Agreement, and the international observers as well as Lord Soames were accused of looking the other way. The Rhodesian military may have seriously considered a coup d'état in March 1980. This alleged coup was to consist of two stages: 2729: 279: 2215: 644: 632: 620: 608: 588: 576: 324: 2076: 801: 390: 2687:, a pre-emptive combined arms surprise attack on guerrilla camps at Chimoio and Tembue in Mozambique. The attack was carried out over three days, from 23 to 25 November 1977. While these operations reportedly inflicted thousands of casualties on Robert Mugabe's ZANLA cadres, probably blunting guerrilla incursions in the months that followed, nevertheless a steady intensification of the insurgency continued through 1978. 1935:. In addition, they were fighting a civil war against ZIPRA, despite the formation of a joint front by their political parties after 1978. It was ZANLA's intention to occupy the ground, supplant the administration in rural areas, and then mount the final conventional campaign. ZANLA concentrated on the politicisation of the rural areas using force, persuasion, ties of kinship and collaboration with spirit mediums. 2841:-dropped parachutists and helicopter 'air cav' techniques had a significant effect on the development of the conflict. As late as September 1979, despite the increased sophistication of guerrilla forces in Mozambique, a raid by Selous Scouts, with artillery and air support, on "New Chimoio" still reportedly resulted in heavy ZANLA casualties. However, a successful raid on the Rhodesian strategic fuel reserves in 2561: 1777:, Rhodesia was heavily reliant on South African and domestically produced weapons and equipment, as well as international smuggling operations, commonly referred to as "sanction-busting". South Africa provided extensive support to Rhodesia in the form of a Lend / Lease program and both the official and unofficial support of many branches of the South African armed forces. 2725:. In December 1978, a ZANLA unit penetrated the outskirts of Salisbury and fired a volley of rockets and incendiary device rounds into the main oil storage depot. The storage tanks burned for five days, giving off a column of smoke that could be seen 130 km (80 mi) away. Half a million barrels of petroleum product—a quarter of Rhodesia's fuel—was destroyed. 2396:, Ian Smith realised Rhodesia was surrounded on three sides by hostile nations and declared a formal state of emergency. Soon Mozambique closed its border, however Rhodesian forces continued to cross the border in "hot pursuit" raids, attacking the nationalists and their training camps, and engaged in skirmishes with Mozambican security forces. 2646:. The Rhodesian government said the military killed 32 ZANLA fighters and lost one Rhodesian pilot. The Mozambican government disputed the number of casualties, saying it shot down three Rhodesian planes and a helicopter and took several thousand troops prisoner, all of which was denied by Minister of Combined Operations, Roger Hawkins. 1796:. The arms embargo caused a lack of spare parts from external suppliers and RhAF had to find alternative means to keep its aircraft flying. The larger South African Air Force provided extensive training, aircraft and aircrews in support of RhAF operations from 1966. The Rhodesians also used more modern types of aircraft like the 4888: 1909:(ZAPU). The fighting was largely rural, as the two rival movements tried to win peasant support and to recruit fighters while attacking the local government administration and white civilians. To ensure local domination, ZANLA and ZIPRA sometimes fought against each other as well as against the security forces. 1503:. The Rhodesian government created advertising campaigns in order to attract soldiers from Western countries, and the security forces amassed a force of nearly 1,400 soldiers who were highly trained in special forces and guerrilla warfare, bringing the total of the Rhodesian military force to over 10,000 men. 3339:

changed its name to Zambia, but the UK refused to grant assent to this, ruling that it was beyond the powers of the colonial government to change the country's name. The colonial government continued using the shortened name anyway, declared independence as Rhodesia, and used that name until becoming

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Many Rhodesian veterans wrote memoirs about their service after the second Bush War, most of them emanating from soldiers who served in the RLI or Selous Scouts. These works were either self-published, published with vanity presses, or with specialized publishing houses. The memoirs published without

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The larger problem was that by 1979, combined ZIPRA and ZANLA strength inside Rhodesia totalled at least 12,500 guerrillas and it was evident that insurgents were entering the country at a faster rate than the Rhodesian forces could kill or capture. In addition, 22,000 ZIPRA and 16,000 ZANLA fighters

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on a ticket of racial "partnership", whereby blacks and whites would work together. All ethnically discriminatory legislation would be immediately repealed, including the Land Apportionment Act, which defined certain areas of the land as eligible for purchase only by blacks, others as exclusively for

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Robert Mugabe (of ZANLA/ZANU) won this election, because he was the only major competitor of the majority ethnicity, Shona. Once in power, Mugabe was internationally recognised as Zimbabwe's leader and was installed as head of government, and had the backing of the overwhelming majority ethnic group.

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The Rhodesian government divided the country into eight geographical operational areas: North West Border (Operation Ranger), Eastern Border (Operation Thrasher), North East Border (Operation Hurricane), South East Border (Operation Repulse), Midlands (Operation Grapple), Kariba (Operation Splinter),

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The conflict was seen by the nationalist groups and the UK government of the time as a war of national and racial liberation. The Rhodesian government saw the conflict as a fight between one part of the country's population (the Whites) on behalf of the whole population (including the Black majority)

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However, despite efforts at forging cordial relations, many missionaries were brutally murdered by guerrillas during the war. Missionaries in isolated rural schools and missions often found themselves in the worst possible position, caught between soldiers and guerrillas. Perhaps the most horrifying

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According to Rhodesian government statistics, more than 20,000 were killed during the second war. From December 1972 to December 1979, 1,120 members of the Rhodesian security forces were killed, along with 10,050 guerrillas who were killed in Rhodesia, and an unknown number in Mozambique and Zambia,

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While Prime Minister Thatcher clearly sympathised with the internal settlement and thought of the ZANLA and ZIPRA leaders as terrorists, she was prepared to support a push for further compromise if it could end the fighting. Britain was also reluctant to recognise the internal settlement for fear of

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By putting the civilian population at risk, ZIPRA and the ZANLA had been particularly effective in creating conditions that accelerated white emigration. This not only seriously undermined the morale of the white population, it was also gradually reducing the availability of trained reserves for the

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Secondly, it aimed to contaminate water supplies along guerrilla infiltration routes into Rhodesia, forcing the guerrillas to either travel through arid regions to carry more water and less ammunition or travel through areas patrolled by the security forces. Finally, the Rhodesians sought to hit the

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to introduce majority rule within two years. The Smith Government then sought to negotiate an acceptable settlement with moderate black leaders, while retaining strong white influence in key areas. The Rhodesian military, in turn, aimed to erode the rising military strength of the ZANLA and ZIPRA to

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in Portugal heralded the coming end of colonial rule in Mozambique. A transitional government was formed within months and Mozambique became independent under FRELIMO rule on 25 June 1975. Such events proved beneficial to ZANLA and disastrous for the Rhodesians, adding 1,300 kilometres (800 mi)

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The UFP proposed to repeal the black and white purchase areas, but keep the Tribal Trust and national lands. It also committed to general black advancement. These proposals proved largely repugnant to the mostly white electorate, which feared that premature black ascendancy would threaten Rhodesia's

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The army was always relatively small, just 3,400 regular troops in 1970. By 1978–79 it had grown to some 10,800 regulars nominally supported by about 40,000 reservists – although by the last year of the war, perhaps as few as 15,000 were available for active service. While the regular army consisted

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However, Mugabe was torn between keeping his coalition stable and pressures to meet the expectations of his followers for social change. Clashes between ZANLA and ZIPRA forces took place in 1980 and 1981. In February 1982, Mugabe fired Nkomo and two other ZAPU ministers from his cabinet, triggering

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was appointed by the British government to rule the country as Governor-Designate, arriving in Salisbury on 12 December to take over from President Gumede. On 21 December 1979, a cease-fire was announced. An election was scheduled for early 1980. The British Commonwealth deployed an observer force,

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aided by former ZANLA commander Morrison Nyathi attacked a ZANLA camp at Nyadzonya in Mozambique containing over 5,000 guerrillas and several hundred refugees. The Selous Scouts, who numbered 72, dressed in FRELIMO uniforms and disguised their vehicles, attaching FRELIMO licence plates and painting

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to the Mozambique border. Here 30-man camps were established at 8-kilometre intervals supported by mobile rapid reaction units. From 1966 to 1970, these defences accounted for 175 insurgents killed for the loss of 14 defenders. The conflict continued at a low level until 21 December 1972 when ZANLA

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The ZAPU/ZIPRA strategy for taking over Zimbabwe proved unsuccessful. In any event, the transfer of power to black nationalists took place not by the military take-over expected by ZAPU/ZIPRA, but by a peaceful and internationally supervised election. Rhodesia reverted to British rule as the colony

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The Soviet Union became involved in the Rhodesian Bush War to combat the push from the anti-communist West and to challenge the Chinese presence in the region. Soviet military technology quickly appeared in the Zimbabwean countryside and by 1979 ZIPRA were utilizing SAM weaponry to target Rhodesian

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received 63% of the vote. By 16 March 1980, all Commonwealth forces had departed, save for 40 infantry instructors who temporarily stayed behind to train the new nation's army. On 18 April 1980, interim British rule ended and the country was internationally recognised as independent. The colony of

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became president. The internal settlement left control of the military, police, civil service, and judiciary in white hands, and assured whites about one-third of the seats in parliament. It was essentially a power-sharing arrangement between whites and blacks. The factions led by Nkomo and Mugabe

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As the war continued to intensify, the Rhodesian Security Forces initiated a Chemical and Biological Weapons (CBW) programme to kill guerrillas both inside Rhodesia and in external camps in Zambia and Mozambique. The effort had three fronts. First, it aimed to eliminate guerrillas operating inside

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In 1976, the length of active military service was extended to 18 months; this took effect immediately, with soldiers about to end their one-year service finding their active service extended. Even after discharge from regular service, white men entered the reserve forces, and were often called up

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By 1975–1976, it was clear that an indefinite postponement of majority rule, which had been the cornerstone of the Smith Government's strategy since UDI, was no longer viable. Even overt South African support for Rhodesia was waning. South Africa began scaling back economic assistance to Rhodesia,

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established the National Democratic Party in January 1960. Nkomo became its leader in October. An NDP delegation headed by Nkomo attended the constitutional conference in January 1961. While Nkomo initially supported the constitution, he reversed his position after other NDP leaders disagreed. The

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On the advice of the Soviets, ZIPRA built up its conventional forces, and motorised with Soviet armoured vehicles and a number of small aeroplanes, in Zambia. ZIPRA's (i.e. ZAPU's) intention was to allow ZANLA to bring the Rhodesian forces to the point of defeat, and then take the victory from the

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By 1977, the war had spread throughout Rhodesia. ZANLA continued to operate from Mozambique and remained dominant among the Mashona peoples in eastern and central Rhodesia. Meanwhile, ZIPRA remained active in the north and west, using bases in Zambia and Botswana, and were mainly supported by the

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Between 1976 and 1979, the Rhodesian Army laid extensive minefields along the country's eastern and northern borders to prevent infiltration and resupply of fighters based in Zambia and Mozambique. The mines were laid in dense patterns, one of which was known as the "Cordon Sanitaire" in six main

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Britain's efforts to isolate Rhodesia economically had not produced major compromises by the Smith Government. Indeed, late in 1971 the British and Rhodesian Governments had negotiated a compromise political settlement which would have bowed to the Smith Government's agenda of postponing majority

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On 4 July 1964, ZANU insurgents ambushed and murdered a white foreman from Silverstreams Wattle Company, Pieter Johan Andries (Andrew) Oberholzer. The killing had a lasting effect on the small, close-knit white community. The Smith administration detained ZANU and ZAPU leaders in August 1964. The

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In May 1978, 50 civilians were killed in crossfire between Marxist militants and the Rhodesian military, the greatest number of civilians killed in an engagement until then. In July, Patriotic Front members killed 39 black civilians and the Rhodesian government killed 106 militants. By mid-1978,

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The Rhodesians then opened fire and continued shooting until there was no movement on the parade ground, then they returned to Rhodesia. More than 300 ZANLA insurgents were reported killed by the Rhodesians, with four Selous Scouts lightly wounded. This figure is corroborated by ZANLA's official

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In response, the Rhodesians co-operated with the South Africans to develop a range of mine protected vehicles. They began by replacing air in tyres with water which absorbed some of the blast and reduced the heat of the explosion. Initially, they protected the bodies with steel deflector plates,

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in 1981, which chronicled the formation and development of nationalist movements. It was printed with a favourable foreword by Mugabe and was wielded by the post-independent Zimbabwean government as evidence of the courage and sacrifices of ZANU and ZANLA, including incorporation into secondary

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When they reached the ZANLA camp at 0825 hours the six ZANLA soldiers on duty allowed them to enter, and the Rhodesian vehicles moved in and took up prearranged positions around the edge of the parade ground, on which stood about 4,000 guerrillas. When all was ready a Rhodesian soldier took his

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into Mozambique. However, three weeks after the attack on Altena Farm, ZANLA killed two civilians and abducted a third into Mozambique and then Tanzania. In response, SAS troops were inserted into Mozambique with the approval of the Portuguese administration, in the first officially sanctioned

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Unlike many post-colonial African conflicts, the Second Rhodesian Bush War spawned an extensive written military historiography. Though the territory at the center of the conflict was known by four different names throughout the time of the war, historiographic works tend to call the country

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on the roads. From 1972 to 1980 there were 2,504 vehicle detonations of land mines (mainly Soviet TM46s), killing 632 people and injuring 4,410. Mining of roads increased 33.7% from 1978 (894 mines or 2.44 mines were detonated or recovered per day) to 1979 (2,089 mines or 5.72 mines a day).

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By 1978, all white men up to the age of 60 were subject to periodic call-up to the army; younger men up to 35 might expect to spend alternating blocks of six weeks in the army and at home. Many of the overseas volunteers came from Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Portugal, Hong Kong, Canada,

4892: 2608:. The Rhodesians only discovered how well equipped the nationalists had become when raids on guerrilla base areas towards the end of the war revealed mortars, 12.7 mm and 14.5 mm heavy machine guns and even heavier calibre weapons such as 122 mm multiple rocket launchers. 2988:

language group which made up the overwhelming majority of the country's population) could not be seriously disputed. Moreover, the clear absence of any external support for such a coup, and the inevitable conflagration that would have engulfed the country thereafter, scuttled the plan.

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In retaliation for the shooting down of Flight 825 in September 1978, Rhodesian Air Force Canberra bombers, Hunter fighter-bombers and helicopter gunships attacked the ZIPRA guerrilla base at Westlands farm near Lusaka in October 1978, warning Zambian forces by radio not to interfere.

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said the vast majority involved were men and ZANU concocted the story to make Western organisations believe women were involved in the fighting. In retaliation for these acts, the Rhodesian Air Force bombed guerrilla camps 200 kilometres (125 mi) inside Mozambique, using

3477: 2023:, the guerrillas shot down each plane during its ascent from Kariba Airport. ZIPRA took advice from its Soviet instructors in formulating its vision and strategy of popular revolution. About 1,400 Soviet, 700 East German and 500 Cuban instructors were deployed to the area. 3832:

The Rhodesian-Zimbabwean bush war ended in a military stalemate. The ZANU government came to office following a Commonwealth-controlled ceasefire and a British-supervised election. As Mugabe put it: 'We did not win a military victory. We achieved a political settlement. A

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placed limits on the amount of fuel and munitions being supplied to the Rhodesian military, and withdrew the personnel and equipment they had previously provided to aid the war effort, including a border police unit that had been helping guard the Rhodesia-Zambia border.

2346:, a secret defensive alliance for Southern Africa, formalised in 1970 by Portugal and South Africa. Alcora formalised and deepened the political and military co-operation between the three countries against the revolutionary insurgency in Rhodesia, Angola, Mozambique and 3370:

The official ZANLA report, dated 19 August 1976, specifies that before the raid, on 9 August 1976, there had been 5,250 people in the camp, of whom 604 were refugees. It goes on to say that afterwards 1,028 had been killed, 309 had been wounded and around 1,000 had gone

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Early literature on nationalist guerrillas in Rhodesia tended to focus on ZANLA and ignore ZIPRA. Several autobiographies and memoirs were published by Zimbabwean nationalists in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Masipule Sithole, the younger brother of Ndabaningi, wrote

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In the first phase of the conflict (until the end of 1972), Rhodesia's political and military position was strong. Nationalist guerrillas did not make serious inroads. In the early 1970s, the two main nationalist groups faced serious internal divisions, aid from the

3105:"Rhodesia" or "Zimbabwe". Histories that use the former term often focus on the actions of white soldiers without much account of the conflict's political context, while many works that use the latter term frame the event as a victorious guerrilla liberation war. 2807: 2793:

on 12 February 1979. In the first incident, eighteen civilians on board survived, and five of these went away to find water. Half an hour later nine ZIPRA fighters arrived, promising help; three of the thirteen survivors hid when they saw them. In the words of

1784:(RhAF) operated a variety of equipment and carried out numerous roles, with air power providing the Rhodesians with a significant advantage over their guerrilla enemy. The fleet consisted mainly of British aircraft and largely obsolete aircraft, such as the 2514:

them in FRELIMO colours. White soldiers wore black ski masks. They crossed the unmanned border into Mozambique at 0005 hours on 9 August and drove through the early morning to the camp, passing several FRELIMO sentries who saluted them as they went by.

2765:. A number of joint-force bomber raids on guerrilla encampments and assembly areas in Mozambique and Zambia were mounted in 1978, and extensive air reconnaissance and surveillance of guerrilla encampments and logistical build-up was carried out by the 2531:

Later, on 7 October 1976, militants bombed a railroad bridge over Matetsi River when a train carrying ore passed over. Black nationalist guerrillas attacked a tea plantation and killed 27 black workers near the Mozambican border on 21 December 1976.

2809: 2524:", meaning "we have taken Zimbabwe", and Nyathi blew a whistle signalling the cadres to muster. The cadres began cheering and ran towards the vehicles, packing around them as more ran onto the parade ground from other areas of the camp. 2218:

The geopolitical situation at the time of UDI on 11 November 1965. Rhodesia is coloured green, countries friendly to the nationalists are coloured orange and countries friendly to the government (South Africa and Portugal) are shown in

3031:, and the Rhodesian security forces were merged with ZANLA and ZIPRA forces. Joshua Nkomo was given a series of cabinet positions. The South African government recruited white Rhodesian Security Forces personnel in what was designated 2557:

Ndebele tribes. With this escalation came sophistication, organisation and modern weapons for the guerrillas, and although many were still untrained, an increasing number were trained in Communist bloc and other sympathetic countries.

2151:. The remainder was national land. The country had originally been split up in this way during the early days of white immigration to prevent the new arrivals from using their superior finances to buy all of the land in the country. 2034:

to launch a conventional invasion from Zambia, supported by a limited number of armoured vehicles and light aircraft. An operation by the Rhodesian armed forces to destroy a ZIPRA base near Livingstone in Zambia was never launched.

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magazine, the ZIPRA cadres "herded together the ten people at the wreckage, robbed them of their valuables, and finally cut them down with automatic weapons fire". Nkomo claimed responsibility for the attack and spoke of it to the

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further expounded this by portraying the conflict as primarily anti-communist in nature. The Rhodesian whites viewed the British demand for majority rule as a direct attack on their way of life. Having previously witnessed the

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was deployed to Matabeleland to crush resistance. German journalist Shari Eppel estimates approximately 20,000 Matabele were murdered in these first years after the war; most of those killed were victims of public executions.

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About 45% of the country was split in this way; another 45% comprised reserved Tribal Trust Lands (TTL), which housed tribesmen, and gave local chiefs and headmen a degree of self-government in a similar manner to American

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government of South Africa and Portugal. War material was also obtained through elaborate international smuggling schemes through Portuguese Mozambique, domestic production, and captured infiltrating enemy combatants.

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The start and end of the war are difficult to precisely date. Dates which can be considered the beginning include 4 July 1964, when ZANU insurgents killed Petrus Oberholzer; 11 November 1965, when Rhodesia issued its

2275:) were imposed by Britain and endorsed by member states of the United Nations. The embargo meant that Rhodesia was hampered by a lack of modern equipment but it used other means to receive vital war supplies such as 5291:

example was the ZANLA attack on Elim Mission, a Protestant outpost in the eastern Vumba area, in 1978. ... Eight adults, all dead, the bodies of their four children lying beside them; one a three-week-old girl.

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of about 8,000 to 11,000 men (the majority of whom were black) and 19,000 to 35,000 police reservists (which, like their army counterparts, were largely white). The police reserves acted as a type of home guard.

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supported ZIPRA and China supported ZANLA. Each group fought a separate war against the Rhodesian security forces, and the two groups sometimes fought against each other as well. In June 1979, the governments of

1997:'s political strategy relied more heavily on negotiations than armed force, ZIPRA grew slower and less elaborately than ZANLA, but by 1979 it had an estimated 20,000 combatants, almost all based in camps around 2954:

also contributed smaller numbers of troops. A nine-man British advance party arrived on 8 December to begin establishing a logistics base, and this was followed by the arrival of the main force shortly after.

1931:. ZANLA, in the end, was present on a more or less permanent basis in over half the country, as evidenced by the location of the demobilisation bases at the end of the war, which were in every province except 3380:

The increased guerrilla capabilities were evident during that raid in that the insurgents, now armed with Soviet surface-to-air missiles, were able to shoot down a Rhodesian helicopter, killing all 12 on

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much lighter forces of ZANLA and the essentially defeated Rhodesians. ZIPRA kept a light presence within Rhodesia, reconnoitring, keeping contact with the peasants and sometimes skirmishing with ZANLA.

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He was therefore able to quickly and irreversibly consolidate his power, forcing ZAPU, and therefore ZIPRA which was ZAPU's army, to give up hope of taking over the country in the place of ZANU/ZANLA.

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The war would end in a military stalemate. However, the political compromise which was reached after combat ceased would work to the advantage of the black nationalists, especially those aligned with

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districts and were estimated at independence to cover 511 sq km, later revised down to 310 sq km. The Zimbabwe Government estimated that the minefields contained 2.6 million anti-personnel landmines.

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During Portuguese rule of Mozambique, until 1974–1975, Rhodesia was able to defend its border with Zambia relatively easily and prevent many guerrilla incursions. It set up a strong defense along the

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Although the vote in Rhodesia was constitutionally open regardless of race, property requirements left many Black Africans unable to participate. The new 1969 constitution reserved eight seats in the

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under a black majority government. However, this new order failed to win international recognition and the war continued. Neither side achieved a military victory and a compromise was later reached.

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in eastern Rhodesia on 21 August, burning the farmworkers' homes on a white-owned farm. In November 1977, in response to the buildup of ZANLA guerrillas in Mozambique, Rhodesian forces launched

2138:(UFP) had been in power since 1934, earning it the nickname of "the establishment", and roughly represented Southern Rhodesian commercial and major agricultural interests. The UFP contested the 1675:

By contrast, army reserves were largely white, and toward the end of the war were increasingly called up to deal with the growing insurgency. The regular army was supported by the paramilitary

2339:

rule into the indefinite future. Nevertheless, when it was found that such a delayed approach to majority rule was unacceptable to most of Rhodesia's African population, the deal fell apart.

1584:

In 1978–1979, the Smith administration tried to blunt the power of the nationalist cause by acceding to an "Internal Settlement" which ended minority rule, changed the name of the country to

5112: 1359:

revealed Britain's new policy to only permit independence to its African colonies under majority rule. But many white Rhodesians were concerned that such immediate change would cause chaos

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acted incrementally to consolidate his power, forming a coalition government with his ZAPU rivals and the white minority. The Rhodesian Army was merged with guerrilla forces to form the

2894:

denounced the new government as a puppet of white Rhodesians and fighting continued. The hopes for recognition of the internal settlement, and of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, by the newly elected

9729: 2865:

that had been negotiated with moderate black nationalist leaders in 1978 and its ability to achieve external recognition and support. This internal settlement led to the creation of

1510:

Inevitably, the Bush War occurred within the context of regional Cold War in Africa, and became embroiled in conflicts in several neighbouring countries. Such conflicts included the

1341:

in the late 19th century, and the dissent of native leaders who opposed foreign rule. Britons began settling in Southern Rhodesia in the 1890s, and while it was never accorded full

3478:"'Da mu nisam 'sredio' susret s Titom, Mugabe nikad ne bi priznao Hrvatsku': prekaljeni diplomat Frane Krnić za 'Slobodnu' otkrio svoje veze s nedavno preminulim liderom Zimbabvea" 11355: 7712: 1596:, who became the country's first Black head of government. Unsatisfied with this and spurred on by Britain's refusal to recognise the new order, the nationalist forces persisted. 1396:

advocated armed struggle to bring about black rule, primarily denouncing the wealth disparity between the races. Two rival nationalist organisations emerged in August 1963: the

2984:

However, even in the context of alleged voter intimidation by ZANLA elements, widespread support for Mugabe from large sections of the black population (in particular from the

1499:

The United States took the official position that it would not recognise Rhodesia as an independent state, but some American soldiers who had seen combat in Vietnam joined the

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However, the end of Portuguese rule in Mozambique created new military and political pressures on the Rhodesian Government to accept the principle of immediate majority rule.

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until they had eliminated ZANLA's presence. But the American, British, and Soviet governments also condemned the raid and Rhodesian forces later withdrew from the area. The

2107:

boycotted the United Transport Company's buses and succeeded in preventing the price change. On 12 September 1957 members of the Youth League and the defunct ANC formed the

2043:(the UK had never recognised Rhodesia's declaration of independence) and a general election took place in early 1980, supervised by British and other international forces. 6881: 2627:, Mozambique. Prime Minister Smith gave Walls permission to destroy the base. Walls told the media the Rhodesian forces were changing tactics from contain and hold to 1873:

set in and all civilian transport had to be escorted in convoys for safety against ambushes. Farms and villages in rural areas were frequently attacked by guerrillas.

2311:

in north-east Rhodesia. In response, the Rhodesians moved to attack nationalists in their foreign camps and staging areas before they could infiltrate into Rhodesia.

7440:

Waddy, Nicholas L. (2014). "The Strange Death of 'Zimbabwe-Rhodesia': The Question of British Recognition of the Muzorewa Regime in Rhodesian Public Opinion, 1979".

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The war ended when, at the behest of both South Africa (its major supporter) and the United States, the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian government ceded power to Britain in the

1947:

sandbags and mine conveyor belting. Later, purpose built vehicles with V-shaped blast hulls dispersed the blast and deaths in such vehicles became unusual events.

874: 3185: 9915: 4098: 3308: 1453: 1302: 3307:; and 21 December 1972, when ZANLA attacked Altena Farm in north-eastern Rhodesia, marking the start of the war in earnest. Zimbabwe's modern ruling party, 11362: 11255: 9346: 7724: 7626: 7503: 7276: 6939: 5498:"Rhodesia Reports 39 Blacks Slain, Says Military Killed 106 Guerrillas; 106 Guerrillas Reported Slain Guerrillas Kill 39 Black Civilians, Rhodesia Reports" 3296: 1774: 1571: 7248: 3133:

was re-released by Galago and edited by Stiff. Stiff removed all references to drug use in the new edition, since he wanted to portray the RLI as heroes.

1704: 1476:

while 9,500 of its 13,500 extant cadres operated in Rhodesia. South Africa clandestinely gave material and military support to the Rhodesian government.

312: 9394: 7590: 3076:

Violence between ZANLA and ZIPRA continued until 1987. In December 1987, the two groups reached an accord which saw them merge into one party known as

1839:'s regime in Uganda were diverted to Rhodesia by the South Africans, in the last year of the war. The Rhodesians also produced a wide range of wheeled 5526: 5185: 6380: 5072: 2993: 2264: 1371: 2615:

announced that the government would launch a campaign to win the "hearts and minds" of Rhodesia's black citizens. In May, Walls received reports of

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The Rhodesian Security Forces called up part-time soldiers on 2 May 1976 in preparation for a major counter-offensive. On 9 August 1976, Rhodesian

2997:

Southern Rhodesia was formally renamed Zimbabwe, and on 18 April 1982, the government changed the name of the country's capital from Salisbury to

2736:, mine-protected vehicle, designed and built in Rhodesia during the late 1970s and based on a Volkswagen engine. This example is displayed in the 8893: 5579: 4035: 11135: 8644: 8453: 2845:

also underscored the importance of concluding a negotiated settlement and achieving international recognition before the war expanded further.

2665: 2030:

ZIPRA's conventional threat partly distracted Rhodesian forces from fighting ZANLA. By the late 1970s, ZIPRA had developed a strategy known as

1719: 1654:

Despite the effect of economic and diplomatic sanctions, Rhodesia developed and maintained a powerful and professional military. In June 1977,

5497: 5377: 5345: 5242: 4827: 4445: 4249: 1194: 5136: 2981:, coordinated attacks on guerrilla assembly points within the country, and Operation Hectic, the assassination of Mugabe and his key aides. 2331:

was temporarily suspended in 1971, and 129 nationalists were expelled from Zambia after they were alleged to have plotted against President

2170:

became prime minister and Deputy Prime Minister, respectively. Nkomo, legally barred from forming a new party, moved ZAPU's headquarters to

11125: 1977:

for local bases. However, this was not always with full Zambian government support: by 1979, the combined forces based in Zambia of ZIPRA,

867: 2127:

government banned the NDP in December 1961 and arrested NDP leaders, excluding Nkomo who, again, was out of the country. Nkomo formed the

11099: 9986: 7923: 3043:-speaking region of the country and the ruling ZANU. Between 1982 and 1985, the military crushed armed resistance from Ndebele groups in 2710:

black nationalist guerrillas had killed nearly 40 Christian missionaries. Seven white Catholic missionaries were killed by guerrillas at

2108: 1730:

rifle that came from Portuguese forces. However, other weapons such as the British L1A1 ('SLR') variant of the FAL and the older British

6871: 11089: 7099:

A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969

5274:

Mtisi, Joseph; Nyakudya, Munyaradzi; Barnes, Teresa (2009). "War In Rhodesia, 1965–1980". In Raftapoulos, Brian; Mlambo, Alois (eds.).

4964: 4906: 3146:, which described conflicts between ZANU and ZAPU with an emphasis on ethnic disagreements. David Martin and Phyllis Johnson published 5732: 11216: 11178: 5441: 2198: 2139: 1918: 1894: 1256: 332: 2115:

banned the SRANC in 1959 and arrested 307 leaders, excluding Nkomo who was out of the country, on 29 February in Operation Sunrise.

1865:

During the course of the war, most white citizens carried personal weapons, and it was not unusual to see white housewives carrying

1703:. As the war went on, the frequent call-up of reservists was increasingly used to supplement the professional soldiers and the many 11626: 11130: 9163: 8003: 3200: 2858:

army and the police. The economy was also suffering badly from the war; the Rhodesian GDP consistently declined in the late 1970s.

2429: 2295:. Seven ZANLA men were killed, and in retaliation the survivors killed two civilians at their farm near Hartley three weeks later. 1604: 1314: 5211: 2435:

Rhodesia through contaminated supplies either provided by contact men, recovered from hidden caches, or stolen from rural stores.

10566: 9210: 7847: 6170: 5086: 2974: 2918:. Thus later in 1979, the Thatcher government called a peace conference in London to which all nationalist leaders were invited. 2882: 2653: 1956: 1902: 1589: 1551:

and communists. The Nationalists considered their country occupied and dominated by a foreign power, namely Britain, since 1890.

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school curriculum. The first major academic work covering the nationalist guerrilla perspective of the war was Terence Ranger's

11506: 11445: 11059: 9331: 7894: 7583: 5667: 4040: 1699:

fought bitterly against the black nationalist guerrillas. The Rhodesian Army also comprised mostly black regiments such as the

1301:

Negotiations between the government of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, the government of the United Kingdom, and Mugabe and Nkomo's united "

3080:, headed by Mugabe. Mugabe then became President and gained additional powers, as the office of prime minister was abolished. 2714:

on 6 February 1977. In the single worst attack on missionaries, 12 British missionaries and their children were killed in the

12124: 12119: 11594: 11340: 11054: 8989: 8676: 8654: 7874: 7702: 7559: 7540: 7513: 7385: 7286: 7258: 7237: 7218: 7193: 7168: 7135: 7110: 7087: 7064: 7041: 7022: 6999: 6978: 6953: 6925: 6906: 6860: 6837: 6815: 6771: 6748: 6725: 6706: 6676: 6653: 6611: 6586: 6524: 6462: 6317: 6298: 6217: 6198: 6132: 1386: 10077: 3129:

in the 2000s led to a massive growth in the literature. Revised editions of previous memoirs were also common. Chris Cocks'

12139: 11491: 11350: 11247: 9896: 9821: 9481: 9081: 7786: 7717: 7618: 4993: 3315:. The end of the war is generally placed at 12 December 1979, when the country fell under interim UK control following the 2903: 1353: 5709: 3733: 3534: 3059:, a Shona term which translates roughly to mean "the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains". The 2785:

heat-seeking missiles. Encamped beneath the path of ascent towards Salisbury from Kariba Airport, the ZIPRA cadres downed

12099: 12079: 11094: 9501: 8634: 7988: 7642: 6536: 6474: 3937:

Evans, Michael (June 2007). "The Wretched of the Empire: Politics, Ideology and Counterinsurgency in Rhodesia, 1965–80".

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the Commonwealth Monitoring Force, to the country for the transitional period. Britain contributed 800 soldiers and 300

12134: 12029: 11855: 11797: 11778: 11599: 11440: 11229: 11183: 10536: 9631: 8609: 8494: 8448: 8443: 8389: 8176: 8118: 7899: 6243: 5788: 2128: 1906: 1397: 1276: 814: 655: 365: 346: 17: 11672: 11367: 11345: 10268: 9831: 9101: 9042: 7978: 7929: 7707: 7576: 7411: 7362: 5646: 5283: 3603: 2711: 2691: 1770: 11419: 8839: 1404:(ZANU), after disagreements about tactics, as well as tribalism and personality clashes. ZANU and its military wing 12129: 11621: 11409: 11377: 11328: 11288: 9971: 9966: 9461: 9424: 9153: 8599: 7832: 7734: 7690: 7650: 7442: 2934: 2409: 1010: 9649: 9511: 9195: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6236: 4105: 12114: 11914: 11414: 10691: 10072: 10001: 9901: 9779: 9551: 9541: 9128: 8515: 8209: 7935: 3032: 2661: 2194: 1898: 1401: 1264: 800: 328: 9466: 9353: 9341: 7519: 7292: 2103:

were raised so high that workers were spending 18% to 30% of their earnings on transportation. In response, the

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in a way Rhodesians considered gloating. In the second attack all 59 people on board were killed in the crash.

2680: 2450:(a heavy metal commonly found in rodenticide). Biological agents the Rhodesians selected for use also included 2193:

for their opposition to his continued leadership of ZAPU. On 8 August, they announced the establishment of the

1519: 1053: 9791: 9521: 9032: 8804: 2721:

On 4 November 1978, Walls said 2,000 Patriotic Front militants had been persuaded to defect and fight for the

2415:

Late in 1976, Ian Smith accepted the basic elements of the compromise proposals made by US Secretary of State

1711:

Australia, New Zealand and the United States with the latter three being held in high regard for their recent

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The constitutional history and law of Southern Rhodesia 1888–1965, with special reference to Imperial control

6143: 2656:, condemned the incident on 1 June, and Walls announced a day later that the Rhodesian military would occupy 2328: 2315: 1692: 1555: 1483:(RF)—the ruling party—took an uncompromising position against the communist ideology of the ZIPRA and ZANLA. 1065: 933: 9516: 9225: 9148: 8819: 2323:

external operation. The Rhodesian government began authorising an increasing number of external operations.

11970: 11460: 10102: 10062: 10032: 9981: 9841: 9759: 9755: 9626: 9556: 9321: 9138: 8904: 8799: 8731: 8079: 4070: 2672: 1559: 1338: 1155: 1048: 7334:

Hamence, Michael (Spring 1994). "'Cyclone Five': The Canberra in Rhodesian/Zimbabwean Service, Part Two".

7315:

Hamence, Michael (Winter 1993). "'Cyclone Five': The Canberra in Rhodesian/Zimbabwean Service, Part One".

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Rhodesian external operations extended into Zambia after Nkomo's ZIPRA nationalists shot down two unarmed

2420:

the greatest extent possible in order to "buy time" for an acceptable political settlement to be reached.

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Southern African Political History: A chronological of key political events from independence to mid-1997

4938: 4112: 3300: 2638:, 500 troops crossed the Mozambican border and travelled 100 km (60 mi) to Mapai, engaging the 1738: 1676: 1511: 1094: 998: 993: 954: 7181:

Romanian and East German Policies in the Third World: Comparing the Strategies of Ceaușescu and Honecker

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Most turned away from the ruling UFP party, causing it to lose in the 1962 election to the newly formed

1660:

magazine reported that "man for man, the Rhodesian army ranks among the world's finest fighting units."

12094: 12089: 11878: 11738: 11616: 11609: 11516: 10911: 10132: 10117: 10107: 9961: 9561: 9049: 8852: 8619: 8307: 8199: 7973: 7864: 7185: 6970: 6578: 6516: 4874: 4161: 3221: 3190: 2761:—actively, but clandestinely, supported by several of the more capable Canberra B(I)12 aircraft of the 1684: 1322: 5583: 2970:"We did not win a military victory ... We reached a political settlement ... A compromise." 2694:

helped to create and support an insurgency movement within Mozambique. This guerrilla group, known as

1374:(UDI) on 11 November 1965. Although Rhodesia had the private support of neighbouring South Africa and 11521: 11455: 11397: 11280: 11140: 11016: 10961: 10781: 9769: 9476: 9037: 8649: 8566: 8282: 7998: 7754: 7473: 6895:

Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa. Volume I: Formation of a Popular Opinion 1950–1970

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in May 1979. Likewise, although the US Senate voted to lift sanctions against Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, the

2754: 2737: 1986: 1801: 1647: 1629: 1600: 1500: 1493: 1310: 1247:

The conflict pitted three forces against one another: the Rhodesian white minority-led government of

1162: 377: 174: 6381:"Matabeleland: Its Struggle for National Legitimacy, and the Relevance of this in the 2008 Election" 12109: 12104: 11988: 11865: 11788: 11763: 11728: 11652: 11567: 11382: 11298: 11239: 11202: 10766: 10333: 9596: 9486: 9240: 8784: 8312: 8045: 7739: 7660: 7610: 6918:

The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia

3226: 3205: 3069: 2733: 1700: 1669: 1639: 1527: 238: 60: 10506: 7471:

Waddy, Nicholas L. (2017). "Free and Fair? Rhodesians Reflect on the Elections of 1979 and 1980".

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From Liberation Movement to Government: ZANU and the Formulation of the Foreign Policy of Zimbabwe

5387: 5355: 5252: 4837: 4455: 4259: 12084: 11835: 11682: 11584: 11579: 11572: 9996: 9941: 9926: 9866: 9674: 9654: 9414: 9091: 8696: 8322: 8156: 8050: 6898: 6786: 3331:

The name of the country equivalent to modern Zimbabwe changed numerous times during the war. The

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on 11 November 1965 to preserve what it saw as the self-government it had possessed since 1923.

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So Far and No Further! Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965

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Counter-strike From the Sky: The Rhodesian All-arms Fireforce in the War in the Bush 1974–1980

3117:

The first major Rhodesian memoir to be released was Reid-Daly's account of the Selous Scouts,

2701: 1456:, but Mugabe and Nkomo declined. Other foreign contributions included military officials from 11933: 11697: 11662: 11657: 11604: 11552: 11511: 11496: 11474: 11021: 10305: 10300: 10067: 9956: 9911: 9871: 9806: 9750: 9669: 9451: 9265: 9143: 9061: 8969: 8934: 8844: 8789: 8686: 8527: 8269: 8256: 8065: 7993: 7968: 7953: 7917: 7827: 7377: 7160: 7127: 6945: 6432: 4970: 4482: 2907: 2528:

report, though publicly both ZANLA and ZIPRA claimed that Nyadzonya had been a refugee camp.

2308: 1563: 1379: 988: 198:

Rhodesia disestablished; Zimbabwe gains internationally recognised independence in its place.

6534:

Kriger, Norma J. (1988). "The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggles within the Struggle".

5410: 2091:

proposed the removal of racially defined boundaries, except for reserved Tribal Trust Lands

1816:. Very late in the war, the Rhodesian forces were able to smuggle and use a few Agusta Bell 11758: 11723: 11540: 11526: 11486: 10561: 10328: 10183: 10137: 10052: 10047: 9846: 9745: 9694: 9689: 9581: 9536: 9491: 9429: 9260: 9235: 9185: 9113: 9027: 8877: 8479: 8458: 7941: 7879: 7810: 7781: 6622: 6545: 6483: 4911: 3088: 2388: 2135: 2088: 1823:

At the beginning of the first war, much of Rhodesia's military hardware was of British and

1793: 1577:

The Rhodesian government contended that it was defending Western values, Christianity, the

1523: 290: 6991:

The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern – Chronologically Arranged

2748:. At the time, ZANU said the militants were women, an unusual characteristic, but in 1996 565: 8: 12154: 12022: 11919: 11888: 11802: 11711: 11692: 11640: 11387: 11318: 11271: 11006: 10921: 10916: 10816: 10679: 10476: 10360: 10275: 10163: 10016: 10011: 9991: 9976: 9886: 9881: 9786: 9719: 9709: 9621: 9616: 9606: 9506: 9446: 9419: 9245: 9230: 9200: 9178: 8964: 8954: 8681: 8604: 8574: 8558: 8242: 8123: 8091: 8060: 7983: 7744: 7680: 7532: 7102: 6698: 3210: 2862: 2405: 2190: 1781: 1393: 1283: 1015: 9861: 9774: 7568: 6549: 6487: 2664:

denounced the incursion of the "illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia" in

2287:

Five months later, on 28 April 1966, the Rhodesian Security Forces engaged militants in

1726:

rifle as produced in South Africa under license as the R1 rifle and supplemented by the

11946: 11883: 11372: 11308: 11160: 10956: 10941: 10866: 10846: 10841: 10826: 10673: 10421: 10173: 10057: 9811: 9714: 9699: 9611: 9601: 9576: 9571: 9336: 9290: 9205: 9190: 9133: 8949: 8872: 8748: 8639: 8629: 8204: 7729: 7670: 7490: 7459: 7428: 7272: 6876: 6561: 6499: 6367: 6159: 5672: 5557: 5502: 5475: 5446: 5216: 5141: 4178: 3962: 3482: 3048: 2890: 2705:

Map showing the operational areas of the Rhodesian Security Forces during the conflict.

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Walking on a Tightrope: Towards a Social History of the Coloured Community of Zimbabwe

5736: 2966:. Mugabe himself stated in an interview published in the 28 April 1980 edition of the 2540: 1938:

ZANLA tried to paralyse the Rhodesian effort and economy by planting Soviet anti-tank

1607:

to form a new government. The election was won by ZANU. The new government, headed by

12038: 11773: 11753: 11748: 11667: 11392: 11335: 11259: 11243: 11173: 11026: 10971: 10946: 10901: 10831: 10806: 10771: 10761: 10730: 10617: 10501: 10471: 10208: 10198: 10112: 10006: 9851: 9566: 9363: 9220: 9173: 9071: 9022: 8996: 8974: 8814: 8794: 8738: 8726: 8540: 8375: 8356: 8186: 7958: 7884: 7749: 7697: 7630: 7614: 7555: 7536: 7509: 7494: 7463: 7407: 7381: 7358: 7341: 7322: 7282: 7254: 7233: 7214: 7189: 7164: 7131: 7106: 7083: 7060: 7037: 7018: 6995: 6974: 6964: 6949: 6921: 6902: 6856: 6833: 6811: 6790: 6767: 6744: 6721: 6702: 6672: 6649: 6607: 6582: 6565: 6520: 6503: 6458: 6371: 6313: 6294: 6239: 6213: 6194: 6128: 6124: 5279: 4182: 4045: 3966: 3954: 3812: 3599: 3341: 3336: 3332: 2899: 2878: 2866: 2822: 2657: 2620: 2439:

guerrillas in their camps in Mozambique by poisoning food, beverages, and medicines.

2393: 2347: 2104: 2040: 1980: 1754: 1722:, the Rhodesian Army was well-equipped. The standard infantry weapon was the Belgian 1585: 1515: 1325:

on 18 April 1980, when the country achieved internationally recognised independence.

1295: 1237: 1127: 1120: 1087: 1036: 947: 902: 523: 511: 499: 432: 381: 268: 223: 100: 11150: 10821: 5039:

Special Branch War: Slaughter in the Rhodesian Bush Southern Ndebele land, 1976–1980

2837:

The increased effectiveness of the bombing and follow-up 'air mobile' strikes using

2698:, battled with FRELIMO even as Rhodesian forces fought the ZANLA within Mozambique. 12003: 11998: 10936: 10861: 10791: 10776: 10756: 10703: 10486: 10481: 10461: 10411: 10401: 10228: 10193: 10178: 10127: 9856: 9796: 9636: 9295: 9275: 8984: 8926: 8920: 8887: 8867: 8857: 8706: 8507: 8499: 8339: 8327: 8029: 7482: 7451: 6825: 6690: 6597: 6553: 6491: 6445: 6441: 6357: 6229: 4170: 4157:"The Impact of Anti-communism on White Rhodesian Political Culture, ca. 1920s–1980" 3946: 3312: 2978: 2778: 2292: 2245: 2241: 2229: 2186: 1805: 1489: 1356: 1174: 1167: 1134: 1106: 1080: 926: 912: 907: 700: 612: 596: 480: 109: 7486: 7121: 6495: 11323: 11313: 11293: 11155: 11011: 11001: 10986: 10966: 10951: 10926: 10871: 10636: 10604: 10496: 10456: 10218: 10213: 10153: 10094: 9826: 9704: 9531: 9496: 9404: 9399: 9123: 9017: 8691: 8624: 8614: 8579: 8535: 8522: 8474: 8037: 7911: 7685: 7675: 7655: 7455: 7422: 7301: 7204: 7179: 7154: 6668: 6575:

Guerrilla Veterans in Post-war Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980–1987

6328: 5409: 5382: 5350: 5247: 4832: 4450: 4421:"The Pookie: a History of the World's first successful Landmine Detector Carrier" 4254: 4009: 3589: 3180: 2939: 2684: 2635: 2589: 2504: 2483: 2471: 2416: 2343: 2249: 2159: 2119: 2112: 1870: 1766: 1731: 1656: 1567: 1480: 1306: 1291: 1189: 1141: 1058: 1041: 1022: 973: 968: 961: 919: 728: 684: 592: 528: 9118: 5054:

Assignment Selous Scouts: The Inside Story of a Rhodesian Special Branch Officer

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The black nationalists continued to operate from secluded bases in neighbouring

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government announced in October 1964 that it would simply become Rhodesia when

3311:, considers the third of these dates official and refers to the contact as the 2967: 2925:

Member of the Commonwealth Monitoring Force supervising a ZIPRA assembly point.

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Guns and Guerrilla Girls: Women in the Zimbabwean National Liberation Struggle

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The election of early 1980 was won by Mugabe, who became prime minister after

2744:

In 1978, 450 ZANLA militants entered from Mozambique and attacked the town of

1923:

ZANLA was the armed wing of ZANU. The organisation also had strong links with

1566:

to a locally elected government, made up predominantly of Whites. Ian Smith's

12053: 11993: 11830: 11677: 11145: 10991: 10886: 10851: 10836: 10796: 10338: 10168: 9906: 9816: 9679: 9659: 9546: 9307: 9285: 9250: 8829: 8824: 8779: 8701: 8661: 8410: 8334: 8317: 8151: 7791: 7345: 7326: 6852: 6430:

Harris, P. B. (September 1969). "The Rhodesian Referendum: June 20th, 1969".

4075: 4049: 3958: 3024: 3014: 2963: 2886: 2838: 2758: 2649: 2624: 2564:

A Rhodesian soldier questioning villagers near the border of Botswana in 1977

2510: 2479: 2299: 2182: 2171: 2163: 1856: 1817: 1797: 1789: 1688: 1665: 1608: 1593: 1409: 1364: 1321:

supervision in March 1980. ZANU won the election and Mugabe became the first

1260: 1252: 660: 580: 540: 504: 468: 4420: 1460:, who taught Zimbabwean militants to use explosives and arms in a camp near 11845: 11825: 11820: 11812: 10931: 10881: 10811: 10801: 10655: 10643: 10630: 10436: 10263: 9764: 9012: 8862: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8417: 8166: 8146: 8141: 8133: 7432: 6763: 3044: 2985: 2818: 2749: 2643: 2318:

began in the mid-1960s, with Rhodesian Security Forces already engaging in

2233: 2005: 1966: 1785: 1547:

against several externally financed parties made up of predominantly Black

1440: 1425: 1389:

for "Non-Europeans" only, with a further eight reserved for tribal chiefs.

1360: 1272: 1199: 740: 672: 636: 547: 535: 456: 304: 96: 2861:

Politically, the Rhodesians were therefore pinning all their hopes on the

11404: 10976: 10581: 10551: 10406: 10396: 10295: 10158: 9951: 9440: 9270: 9255: 9066: 8914: 8882: 8769: 8584: 8489: 8428: 7307: 7014: 6807: 3122: 3054: 2951: 2612: 2319: 2303: 2201:, and sent ZANLA members to the People's Republic of China for training. 2162:(RF), a conservative party opposed to any immediate shift to black rule. 2155:

economic prosperity and security, as well as their own personal affairs.

1734: 1712: 1643: 1578: 1558:, had indirectly ruled the country from 1923, when it took over from the 1457: 552: 444: 7508:(4th ed.). Durban, South Africa: Just Done Productions Publishing. 7400:

Peasant consciousness and guerrilla war in Zimbabwe: a comparative study

7011:

The Diplomacy of Liberation: the Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960

6455:

Fast Track Land Occupations in Zimbabwe In the Context of the Zvimurenga

3083:

Beyond Zimbabwe's borders, as a result of Rhodesian aid and support for

2679:

on 6 August 1977, killing 11 and injuring 70. Militants from Mozambique

68: 11873: 10735: 10446: 10416: 10370: 10285: 10253: 10245: 10188: 9876: 9591: 9280: 9168: 8774: 8194: 8101: 6794: 5610: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 3554: 3552: 3215: 2782: 2642:

forces with air cover from the Rhodesian Air Force and paratroopers in

2377: 2257: 2237: 1970: 1924: 1848: 1449: 696: 492: 154: 78: 9389: 6472:

Howard, M.T. (2021). "The Rhodesian army, between facts and fiction".

4215: 4213: 4211: 4099:"Soviet and Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards the Rhodesian Problem" 1664:

of a professional core of white soldiers (and some units, such as the

11941: 11904: 11031: 10876: 10725: 10698: 10511: 10466: 10375: 10343: 10323: 10315: 9644: 9434: 8264: 8232: 7079: 7056: 6935: 5186:"Rhodesia says rebels bomb bridge, sending train crashing into river" 2942:

personnel, along with small naval and marine contingents. Australia,

2728: 2569: 2443: 2362: 2280: 2276: 2244:. The remaining military leaders of the ZANLA Dare ReChimurenga were 2214: 2167: 2055:

Both sides of the Cold War were involved in the Rhodesian Bush War.

1939: 1890: 1828: 1827:

origin, but during the course of the conflict, new equipment such as

1758: 1727: 1683:

The war saw the extensive operation of Rhodesian regulars as well as

1484: 1461: 1286:, signed in 1978 by Smith and Muzorewa, led to the implementation of 1248: 852: 752: 420: 11194: 5750: 5527:"7 White Missionaries in Rhodesia Slain in Raid by Black Guerrillas" 5157: 5069:

Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme

4889:"Los Angeles Times: Archives – Rhodesia to Seek More Black Soldiers" 3549: 1993:

fighters were a major threat to Zambia's internal security. Because

1345:

status, these settlers effectively governed the country after 1923.

1313:

was signed. The country returned temporarily to British control and

11850: 11263: 11251: 11225: 10610: 10451: 10348: 10223: 10042: 9946: 9086: 8944: 8398: 8171: 7761: 7634: 7622: 7599: 6453:

Helliker, Kirk; Bhatasara, Sandra; Chiweshe, Manase Kudzai (2021).

5714: 5651: 4392: 4208: 3738: 3595: 3304: 3299:; 28 April 1966, the date of a contact between ZANU cadres and the 3087:, the Rhodesian Bush War also helped influence the outbreak of the 3010: 2605: 2381: 2017: 1836: 1813: 1646:, December 1976. Black Rhodesians made up most of the government's 1612: 1535: 1469: 1465: 1436: 1342: 1334: 1241: 1233: 770: 487: 475: 463: 451: 439: 427: 415: 253: 159: 143: 139: 87: 56: 9730:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

2921: 10556: 10441: 10431: 10380: 9921: 8666: 7796: 6047: 5999: 5987: 5553:"12 White Teachers and Children Killed by Guerrillas in Rhodesia" 5276:

Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008

4916: 3702: 3354: 3091:, which lasted from 1977 until 1992 and claimed a million lives. 3077: 2889:

became the country's first black prime minister. On 1 June 1979,

2814: 2573: 2463: 2455: 2373: 2272: 1928: 1531: 4636: 4634: 4632: 3353:

These developments subsequently led to the South African Hippo,

11908: 10624: 10426: 10365: 9300: 8236: 8215: 6599:

The 'Tar Baby' Option: American Policy Toward Southern Rhodesia

4010:"The VVA Veteran, a publication of Vietnam Veterans of America" 3612: 3084: 2998: 2842: 2745: 2695: 2676: 2560: 2544:

White civilians; a woman and two young children killed at Elim

2369: 2288: 2253: 2100: 2075: 2059: 1998: 1974: 1878: 1859: 1844: 1762: 1723: 395: 149: 74: 7230:

Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980

6966:

Rainbow's End: A Memoir of Childhood, War, and an African Farm

6059: 6035: 6023: 6011: 5975: 5024:

Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980

3714: 1969:, and the ZAPU political organisation. In contrast to ZANLA's 1611:, was recognised internationally, and the country was renamed 1228:, was a civil conflict from July 1964 to December 1979 in the 11109: 11065:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

10571: 10354: 8433: 7505:

Insignia and History of the Rhodesian Armed Forces. 1890–1980

6872:"Principled Failure: British Policy Toward Rhodesia, 1971–72" 5872: 5870: 5137:"Rhodesia, planning offensive, to call up part-time soldiers" 4852: 4629: 4348: 4294: 4292: 3358: 2947: 2639: 2616: 2601: 2597: 2577: 2131:

which the Whitehead administration banned in September 1962.

1990: 1672:, were all-white), by 1978–1979 the rest was majority black. 1473: 1417: 1405: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4534: 4532: 4360: 3822:. African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific 108: States giving governmental support to the guerrillas ( 10649: 10531: 8423: 8367: 7374:

Suffering for Territory: Race, Place, and Power in Zimbabwe

7123:

Fighting and Writing: The Rhodesian Army at War and Postwar

6920:. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa Research & Publications. 6144:"The Rhodesian Army: Counter-Insurgency, 1972–1979 Part II" 5301: 5299: 4713: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4309: 4307: 3979: 2959: 2943: 2877:

Under the agreement of March 1978, the country was renamed

1994: 1840: 1832: 1746: 1742: 1445: 1382:, it never gained diplomatic recognition from any country. 7253:(2nd ed.). Durban: Just Done Productions Publishing. 7053:

The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa

5867: 5795: 5422: 4759: 4757: 4289: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3503: 3501: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 1464:. By April 1979, 12,000 ZANLA guerrillas were training in 11104: 11084: 11079: 7598: 6621:

Lohman, Charles M.; MacPherson, Robert I. (7 June 1983).

6312:. London, Sydney & Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm. 5668:"Margaret Thatcher blocked talks with 'Terrorist' Mugabe" 5471:"50 Black Civilians Killed in Crossfire In Rhodesian War" 5328: 5326: 4997: 4793: 4769: 4604: 4529: 4526:, chpt. ZIPRA in the Zimbabwe War of National Liberation. 4036:"The Soviet Union, China and the West in Southern Africa" 3754: 3460: 3458: 3065:

campaigns were also known as the Matabeleland Massacres.

2929:

The outcome of this conference would become known as the

2800: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2423: 1750: 6849:

Someone Else's War: Mercenaries from 1960 to the Present

5692: 5690: 5296: 5110: 4891:. Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 26 November 1976. Archived from 4331: 4304: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3853: 3690: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3569: 3567: 2442:

The chemicals most used in the Rhodesian programme were

2079:

In 1962, Rhodesia was split about equally between black

1812:(SA316) helicopters until they were supplemented by the 1370:

Britain's unwillingness to compromise led to Rhodesia's

6095: 5965: 5963: 5938: 5936: 5911: 5909: 5894: 5843: 5831: 5819: 5757: 5629: 5627: 5625: 4810: 4808: 4754: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4196: 3865: 3843: 3841: 3813:"Making an African army: the case of Zimbabwe, 1980–87" 3778: 3498: 3411: 2690:

To disrupt FRELIMO's hold on Mozambique, the Rhodesian

1884: 7076:

The Rhodesian problem: a documentary record, 1923–1973

6346:"Introducing the New Lens of African Military History" 5727: 5725: 5411:"United Nations Security Council Resolution 411" 5323: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4279: 4277: 4138: 4136: 4134: 3918: 3877: 3678: 3641: 3639: 3455: 2604:

rocket propelled grenade launchers and various Soviet

2260:, militants began launching attacks against Rhodesia. 12065:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa

6804:

Ending civil war: Rhodesia and Lebanon in perspective

6083: 5807: 5687: 5598: 5311: 4742: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 3906: 3889: 3651: 3624: 3564: 1961:

ZIPRA was the anti-government force based around the

1855:

truck components, including unlicensed copies of the

1831:

were procured from South Africa. Several Polish-made

73:

The geopolitical situation after the independence of

6941:

The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith

5960: 5948: 5933: 5921: 5906: 5882: 5855: 5622: 4805: 4725: 4372: 4225: 4119: 3838: 3820:

Peace, Politics and Violence in the New South Africa

3766: 3518: 3516: 2548:

in eastern Rhodesia by ZANLA guerrillas in the 1978

6720:. Trenton, NJ: Africa Research & Publications. 6685: 6648:. Trenton, NJ: Africa Research & Publications. 6410:Friedman, Sgt-Major Herbert A. (28 November 2006). 6071: 5722: 5616: 5442:"16 Rhodesian blacks reported killed by guerrillas" 5273: 5017: 5015: 4701: 4319: 4274: 4131: 3982:"Rhodesian independence background and consequence" 3708: 3636: 3618: 3443: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3186:

History of the Rhodesian Light Infantry (1961–1972)

3153:

Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe

3136: 2910:also refused to recognise the internal settlement. 2361:For Rhodesian Army counter-insurgency tactics, see 1337:can be traced to the conquest of the region by the 1251:(later the Zimbabwe-Rhodesian government of Bishop 7278:Rhodesian Air Force Operations with Air Strike Log 6994:(6th ed.). Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. 6228: 5769: 4646: 3591:The Roots and Consequences of 20th-Century Warfare 2392:of hostile border. Indeed, with the demise of the 2004:ZIPRA was responsible for two attacks on civilian 6291:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia who's who 5073:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research 3513: 3470: 2070: 1588:, and arranged multiracial elections, which were 12051: 11050:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 7299: 7050: 6620: 6279:Britannica Book of the Year 1976: Events of 1975 6267:Britannica Book of the Year 1974: Events of 1973 6255:Britannica Book of the Year 1972: Events of 1971 6231:Britannica Book of the Year 1971: Events of 1970 6160:"The Army of Zimbabwe: a role model for Namibia" 5237: 5235: 5212:"Slaying of 27 Black Workers Arouses Rhodesians" 5172: 5012: 4781: 4219: 3720: 3558: 3394: 3213:, officially known within Zimbabwe as the First 3121:, published by Galago—a publishing house run by 3020:7,790 black civilians, and 468 white civilians. 2350:and against the hostile neighbouring countries. 9487:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 8894:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 7206:The Israeli Connection: Who Israel Arms and why 6452: 6065: 6053: 6041: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5402: 4250:"The World: The Military: A Mission Impossible" 3068:The Zimbabwean military's North Korean-trained 2535: 1973:links, Nkomo's ZIPRA was more oriented towards 1889:The two major armed groups campaigning against 1496:and on Rhodesian civilians and infrastructure. 183:Free elections with ZANU and ZAPU participation 6824: 6623:"Rhodesia: Tactical Victory, Strategic Defeat" 6210:Rhodesian Air Force: A Brief History 1947–1980 5346:"Rhodesia: Smith Takes a Dangerous New Gamble" 4820: 4354: 3980:Central Intelligence Agency (1 October 1965). 2518:vehicle loudspeaker and announced, in Shona, " 2376:-controlled areas in the Portuguese colony of 834:1,361 Rhodesian security forces members killed 11210: 8383: 7584: 7355:Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War 7202: 6662: 5232: 5111:Maputo Review Conference (31 December 2013). 4595: 4580: 4565: 4550: 4454:. New York. 18 September 1978. Archived from 4366: 3271: 1554:The British government, in the person of the 868: 11126:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 8677:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 7281:. Durban: Just Done Productions Publishing. 6288: 6118: 5087:"Zimbabwe's forgotten minefield in pictures" 4877:. Popularsocialscience.com. 19 October 2012. 4719: 4475: 4473: 4440: 4438: 4298: 3525:"Death of a hero: James Chikerema 1925–2006" 1623: 9987:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 7924:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 7051:Williams, Gwyneth; Hackland, Brian (1988). 6343: 5801: 5278:. Johannesburg: Jacana Media. p. 158. 4939:"Rhodesians add six months to Conscription" 4490: 4384: 3262: 3060: 3052: 3039:bitter fighting between ZAPU supporters in 2519: 2356: 2197:. ZANU members formed a militant wing, the 2109:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 1978: 1218: 11217: 11203: 11090:United States involvement in regime change 8645:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 8390: 8376: 7591: 7577: 7271: 7246: 6737:Robert Mugabe and the Betrayal of Zimbabwe 6715: 6276: 6264: 6252: 6226: 5462: 5428: 4858: 4799: 4775: 4640: 4446:"Rhodesia: Seeds of Political Destruction" 4412: 4283: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3250:From March 1978. Previously leader of ZANU 2263:The conflict intensified after Rhodesia's 2209: 2143:whites, and others as open for all races. 875: 861: 275: 7300:Halliday, Fred; Molyneux, Maxine (1983). 6892: 6361: 5129: 5066: 4470: 4435: 3696: 3259:From March 1978 Previously leader of ZAPU 3253: 2631:, "adopting hot pursuit when necessary". 2199:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army 2095:, which made up about 45% of the country. 1919:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army 1895:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army 1603:in December 1979. The UK Government held 1257:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army 11627:Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations 7352: 7073: 6962: 6663:Martin, David; Johnson, Phyllis (1981). 6409: 6327:Dabengwa, Dumiso (1995). Bhebe, Ngwabi; 6326: 6307: 6191:The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry 5735:. Britains-smallwars.com. Archived from 5710:"1979: Rhodesia reverts to British rule" 5468: 5370: 5354:. New York. 13 June 1977. Archived from 5317: 5251:. New York. 10 July 1978. Archived from 5178: 4965:"Many Blacks ignore call-up in Rhodesia" 4907:"Black Conscription Protestors Arrested" 4836:. New York. 8 March 1976. Archived from 4748: 4671: 4623: 4538: 4523: 4258:. New York. 13 June 1977. Archived from 3660: 3584: 3582: 3201:Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction 2920: 2805: 2781:civilian airliners with Soviet-supplied 2727: 2700: 2559: 2539: 2430:Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction 2267:(UDI) from Britain on 11 November 1965. 2213: 2074: 1989:of South Africa) and South-West African 1765:(FN MAG58) general-purpose machine-gun, 1633: 9216:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 7357:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 7333: 7314: 7177: 7031: 6987: 6915: 6801: 6757: 6344:Doron, Roy; Thomas, Charles G. (2019). 6212:. Kwambonambi: Freeworld Publications. 6157: 6141: 5763: 5633: 5550: 5434: 5386:. New York. 24 May 1976. Archived from 5338: 4869: 4867: 4600:. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 63. 4585:. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 63. 4570:. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 63. 4555:. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 63. 4496: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3883: 3859: 3797: 3791: 3726: 3684: 3573: 3290: 3288: 3244: 3232: 3144:Zimbabwe: Struggles within the Struggle 3108: 2654:Secretary-General of the United Nations 2489: 1570:party was elected to power in 1962 and 1439:politics played into the conflict. The 14: 12052: 11363:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 11060:Russian espionage in the United States 9332:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 8004:Chemical weapons and biological agents 7725:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 7554:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 7394: 7232:. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company. 7152: 7036:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 7008: 6846: 6780: 6734: 6572: 6533: 6510: 6471: 6429: 6289:Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana (1977). 6193:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. 6121:Modern African Wars: Rhodesia, 1965–80 6119:Abbott, Peter; Botham, Philip (1986). 5876: 5789:"The Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992)" 5696: 5666:Haddon, Katherine (30 December 2009). 5665: 5332: 5305: 5051: 4814: 4763: 4736: 4378: 4236: 4041:Foreign Affairs: America and the World 3871: 3847: 3760: 3630: 3522: 3464: 3449: 3327: 3325: 3297:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 2772: 2424:Use of biological and chemical weapons 2314:Secret cross-border operations by the 2265:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 2050: 1737:rifle were used by reservists and the 1372:unilateral declaration of independence 882: 127:(15 years, 5 months, 1 week and 1 day) 11224: 11198: 11055:Soviet espionage in the United States 9211:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 8990:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 8655:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 8371: 7572: 7470: 7439: 7371: 7227: 7119: 6934: 6695:The Rhodesian War: A Military History 6643: 6378: 6333:Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War 6207: 6188: 6176:from the original on 24 February 2017 6101: 6089: 6077: 5969: 5954: 5942: 5927: 5915: 5900: 5888: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5775: 5647:"1979: End of white rule in Rhodesia" 5604: 5524: 5041:. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company. 5026:. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company. 5021: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4342: 4325: 4313: 4154: 4142: 4125: 4033: 3936: 3810: 3772: 3672: 3645: 3579: 3507: 3424: 2446:(an organophosphate insecticide) and 856: 27:1964–1979 conflict in Southern Africa 11131:Soviet Union–United States relations 9482:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 7549: 7526: 7501: 7420: 7096: 7034:P. K. van der Byl: African Statesman 6869: 6630:War Since 1945 Seminar and Symposium 6595: 5551:Kaufman, Michael T. (25 June 1978). 5490: 5469:Icaufman, Michael T. (17 May 1978). 5067:Gould, Chandré; Folb, Peter (2002). 5036: 4864: 4787: 4659: 4418: 4390: 4202: 3405: 3285: 3158: 2848: 2673:bombed a Woolworths department store 2204: 1957:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army 1903:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army 1885:African nationalist guerrilla forces 1452:offered direct military help to the 1431: 1269:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army 846:Around 20,000 people killed overall 11351:Rhodesia–Nyasaland federation 11095:Soviet involvement in regime change 6832:. Johannesburg: Galago Publishing. 6537:Journal of Southern African Studies 6475:Journal of Southern African Studies 6350:Journal of African Military History 6165:. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: 4501:[Africa Series: Zimbabwe]. 3322: 1792:transport aircraft and the British 1745:LMG in both .303" and 7.62mm NATO, 1416:tribes. ZAPU and its military wing 1309:, London in December 1979, and the 24: 11779:Zimbabwe at the Commonwealth Games 11136:Soviet Union–United States summits 8610:1947 Polish parliamentary election 8495:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 7900:Responsible Government Association 7156:Wars in the Third World Since 1945 7146: 6511:Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey (1999). 5751:"Operation Quartz – Rhodesia 1980" 5733:"The British Empire's Last Sunset" 5580:"The Fragility of Domestic Energy" 5525:Burns, John F. (8 February 1977). 4828:"Rhodesia: Make Peace or Face War" 4480:"59 killed in Viscount Disaster". 4104:. 11 December 1965. Archived from 3734:"Rhodesia reverts to British rule" 3438:Rhodesia To Zimbabwe: A Chronology 2869:under a new constitution in 1979. 1877:Matabeleland (Operation Tangent), 1572:unilaterally declared independence 25: 12166: 9897:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 9832:United States invasion of Grenada 9102:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 9043:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 7930:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party 5378:"Rhodesia: Getting ready for war" 4071:"Robert Mugabe and Todor Zhivkov" 3094: 3051:in a military crackdown known as 2883:general election of 24 April 1979 2692:Central Intelligence Organisation 2498: 2293:first major engagement of the war 2065: 11456:Cricket crisis (2003–2007) 9972:United States invasion of Panama 9822:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 9462:1971 Turkish military memorandum 9425:Communist insurgency in Thailand 9395:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 9327:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 9154:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 9082:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 8600:Restatement of Policy on Germany 7443:South African Historical Journal 7203:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1987). 6735:Norman, Andrew (December 2003). 6293:. Salisbury: Books of Rhodesia. 6158:Bennett, David C. (March 1990). 5781: 5743: 5718:. On This Day. 11 December 1941. 5702: 5659: 5639: 5572: 5544: 5518: 5267: 5204: 5104: 4596:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 4581:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 4566:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 4551:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988). 4497:Doebler, Walter (22 July 2006). 4034:Legum, Colin (28 January 2009). 3523:Grundy, Trevor (30 March 2006). 3374: 3364: 3137:Zimbabwean nationalist discourse 2482:), and toxins—such as ricin and 2099:In September 1956, bus fares in 1367:after its independence in 1960. 813: 799: 769: 746: 734: 722: 710: 690: 678: 666: 654: 642: 630: 618: 606: 586: 574: 559: 546: 534: 522: 510: 498: 486: 474: 462: 450: 438: 426: 414: 388: 371: 358: 340: 322: 297: 277: 261: 246: 231: 216: 67: 10692:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 10073:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 10002:Fall of the inner German border 9902:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 9552:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 9542:Spanish transition to democracy 9502:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 9129:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 8635:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 8516:Occupation of the Baltic states 7936:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party 7321:. No. 52. pp. 28–42. 6988:Stearns, Peter N., ed. (2002). 5617:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 5243:"Rhodesia: Savagery and Terror" 5079: 5060: 5045: 5030: 4994:"White rule in Rhodesia to end" 4986: 4957: 4931: 4899: 4881: 4589: 4574: 4559: 4544: 4409:for confirmation of authorship. 4242: 4148: 4111:on 24 January 2017 – via 4091: 4063: 4027: 4002: 3973: 3930: 3709:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 3619:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008 3347: 3035:and around 5,000 took this up. 2863:"internal" political settlement 2662:United Nations Security Council 2596:light machine guns, as well as 2195:Zimbabwe African National Union 2129:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1907:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1905:(ZIPRA), the armed wing of the 1899:Zimbabwe African National Union 1897:(ZANLA), the armed wing of the 1618: 1402:Zimbabwe African National Union 1398:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1294:in Rhodesia, which was renamed 1277:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1265:Zimbabwe African National Union 366:People's Republic of Mozambique 11563:Capital punishment in Zimbabwe 11378:1975 Victoria Falls Conference 9472:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 9107:Mozambican War of Independence 8546:Indonesian National Revolution 7735:1975 Victoria Falls Conference 7531:. Victoria, British Columbia: 7178:Barnett, Thomas P. M. (1992). 7101:. Victoria, British Columbia: 6882:School of History and Archives 6379:Eppel, Shari (26 March 2008). 6310:Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia 6167:United States Army War College 3430: 2902:did not materialise after the 2619:forces massing in the city of 2279:, munitions, and arms via the 2224:major leaders imprisoned were 2177:In July 1963, Nkomo suspended 2071:Civil disobedience (1957–1964) 1841:mine-proofed armoured vehicles 1541: 1520:Mozambican War of Independence 1226:Zimbabwean War of Independence 125:4 July 1964 – 12 December 1979 13: 1: 11673:Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024) 11356:Malayan Emergency involvement 11070:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 10085:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 10038:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 9760:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 9725:Seven Days to the River Rhine 9457:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 8744:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 8672:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 7948:United National Federal Party 7713:Malayan Emergency involvement 7487:10.1080/17532523.2017.1357323 6830:Selous Scouts: Top Secret War 6496:10.1080/03057070.2021.1917921 6283:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6271:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6259:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 6237:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5655:. On This Day. 18 April 1980. 5056:. Johannesburg: Galago Press. 4974:. AAP-Reuter. 12 January 1979 3939:Small Wars & Insurgencies 3387: 3361:wheeled light troop carriers. 3127:Seizures of white-owned farms 2872: 2466:). They also looked at using 2387:In April 1974, the left-wing 2380:, making periodic raids into 2329:Organisation of African Unity 1741:. Other weapons included the 1328: 837: 12125:Military history of Zimbabwe 12120:Military history of Rhodesia 10063:Fall of communism in Albania 10033:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 9982:Polish Round Table Agreement 9322:1968 Polish political crisis 9139:Eritrean War of Independence 8905:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 8800:East German uprising of 1953 8732:Chinese Communist Revolution 8397: 7848:Ministry of External Affairs 7600:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia 7456:10.1080/02582473.2013.846935 7421:Reed, William Cyrus (1990). 6969:(First ed.). New York: 6916:Sibanda, Eliakim M. (2005). 6446:10.1093/parlij/23.1969sep.72 5173:Lohman & MacPherson 1983 5113:"Zimbabwe Extension Request" 4391:Wood, J.R.T. (24 May 1995). 4220:Lohman & MacPherson 1983 4155:Lowry, Donal (18 May 2007). 3721:Williams & Hackland 1988 3559:Lohman & MacPherson 1983 3169:Selous Scouts Top Secret War 3119:Selous Scouts Top Secret War 3004: 2914:fracturing the unity of the 2536:Escalation of the war (1977) 1560:British South Africa Company 1339:British South Africa Company 1317:were held under British and 1290:in June 1979 and the end of 47:Zimbabwe War of Independence 7: 12140:Wars involving South Africa 11668:Dollar (suspended currency) 9937:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 9665:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 9410:Corrective Movement (Syria) 9374:New People's Army rebellion 9369:Sino-Soviet border conflict 9097:Angolan War of Independence 8960:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 8840:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 8485:Jamaican political conflict 7340:. No. 53. p. 41. 7126:(online ed.). Durham: 6142:Beckett, Ian F. W. (2007). 4113:Central Intelligence Agency 3301:British South Africa Police 3174: 3099: 2111:, led by Joshua Nkomo. The 1739:British South Africa Police 1677:British South Africa Police 1512:Angolan War of Independence 1412:and consisted primarily of 1282:The war and its subsequent 10: 12171: 12100:1960s in Southern Rhodesia 12080:Ethnicity-based civil wars 11410:2008–2009 cholera outbreak 10133:Sino-Indian border dispute 9962:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 9892:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 9650:1976 Argentine coup d'état 9562:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 9512:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 9196:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 9164:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 8853:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 8620:Asian Relations Conference 7250:Journey Without Boundaries 7247:Diedericks, André (2007). 7080:Routledge & Kegan Paul 6785:(First ed.). Oxford: 6758:Nyarota, Geoffrey (2006). 6716:Muzondidya, James (2005). 6579:Cambridge University Press 6517:Greenwood Publishing Group 6412:"Rhodesia Psyop 1965–1980" 6111: 4395:. Oudeschip: Allport Books 4355:Reid-Daly & Stiff 1983 3742:. London. 11 December 1979 3222:Security Force Auxiliaries 3191:Military history of Africa 3008: 2712:St. Paul's Mission, Musami 2502: 2427: 2360: 2252:. Operating from bases in 1954: 1927:'s independence movement, 1916: 1627: 1323:Prime Minister of Zimbabwe 12135:Wars involving Mozambique 12016: 11969: 11932: 11897: 11864: 11811: 11796: 11787: 11719: 11710: 11648: 11639: 11548: 11539: 11482: 11473: 11451:Cricket (1992–2006) 11433: 11398:Lancaster House Agreement 11279: 11270: 11262:under UDI; 1980–present: 11236: 11169: 11118: 11040: 11017:William Appleman Williams 10962:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 10744: 10716: 10665: 10597: 10590: 10524: 10389: 10314: 10244: 10237: 10146: 10093: 10025: 9738: 9477:Bangladesh Liberation War 9467:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 9382: 9354:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 9342:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 9005: 8780:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 8757: 8467: 8405: 8352: 8295: 8255: 8225: 8185: 8132: 8117: 8110: 8087: 8078: 8025: 8018: 7818: 7809: 7777: 7770: 7755:Lancaster House Agreement 7641: 7633:under UDI; 1980–present: 7607: 7474:African Historical Review 7074:Windrich, Elaine (1975). 6963:St. John, Lauren (2007). 6886:University College Dublin 6802:Preston, Matthew (2004). 6665:The Struggle for Zimbabwe 6604:Columbia University Press 6573:Kriger, Norma J. (2003). 6558:10.1080/03057078808708176 6363:10.1163/24680966-00302004 6308:Cilliers, Jackie (1984). 6235:(1st ed.). Chicago: 6189:Binda, Alexandre (2008). 4367:Martin & Johnson 1981 4175:10.1080/14682740701284108 3951:10.1080/09574040701400601 3317:Lancaster House Agreement 3148:The Struggle for Zimbabwe 2931:Lancaster House Agreement 2738:Imperial War Museum North 2723:Rhodesian Security Forces 2681:killed 16 black civilians 2611:On 3 April 1977, General 2588:semi-automatic carbines, 2568:Weapons fielded included 2342:In 1971, Rhodesia joined 1987:African National Congress 1881:and District ("SALOPS"). 1810:Aérospatiale Alouette III 1630:Rhodesian Security Forces 1624:Rhodesian Security Forces 1601:Lancaster House Agreement 1501:Rhodesian Security Forces 1333:The origin of the war in 1311:Lancaster House Agreement 894: 844: 828: 761: 404: 206: 175:Lancaster House Agreement 117: 66: 54: 34: 9792:1980 Turkish coup d'état 9627:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 9597:1978 Somali coup attempt 9557:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 9522:1973 Chilean coup d'état 9347:Revolutionary Government 9241:South African Border War 9033:1960 Turkish coup d'état 8950:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 8805:1953 Iranian coup d'état 8785:1952 Egyptian revolution 7989:Leader of the Opposition 7353:Mitchell, Nancy (2016). 7303:The Ethiopian Revolution 7078:(1st ed.). London: 7055:(1st ed.). London: 7032:Wessels, Hannes (2010). 7013:(1st ed.). London: 6847:Rogers, Anthony (1998). 6667:(1st ed.). London: 6388:Heinrich Böll Foundation 4720:Cary & Mitchell 1977 4505:(in German). Ottersweier 4299:Abbott & Botham 1986 3237: 3227:South African Border War 3206:Rhodesian Armoured Corps 3165:Zimbabwe's Guerrilla War 3023:After he assumed power, 2789:on 3 September 1978 and 2357:Second phase (1972–1979) 2113:Whitehead administration 1950: 1912: 1761:(very late in the war), 1705:volunteers from overseas 1701:Rhodesian African Rifles 1670:Rhodesian Light Infantry 1642:aboard a patrol boat on 1640:Rhodesian African Rifles 1605:another election in 1980 1528:South African Border War 840:10,000 guerrillas killed 788:19,000 police reservists 180:End to armed hostilities 61:decolonisation of Africa 12130:Wars involving Rhodesia 9997:Fall of the Berlin Wall 9942:People Power Revolution 9927:Central American crisis 9867:1986 Black Sea incident 9517:1973 Afghan coup d'état 9415:Western Sahara conflict 9226:1966 Syrian coup d'état 9149:1963 Syrian coup d'état 9092:Portuguese Colonial War 9055:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 8820:1954 Syrian coup d'état 8697:Annexation of Hyderabad 8640:1947–1949 Palestine war 7550:Wood, J. R. T. (2009). 6899:Nordic Africa Institute 6893:Sellström, Tor (1999). 6828:; Stiff, Peter (1983). 6781:Palley, Claire (1966). 6741:McFarland & Company 6335:. Vol. 1. Harare: 5802:Doron & Thomas 2019 4499:"Afrikaserie: Simbabwe" 3196:Portuguese Colonial War 3029:Zimbabwe Defence Forces 2791:Air Rhodesia Flight 827 2787:Air Rhodesia Flight 825 2769:on behalf of the RhAF. 2767:South African Air Force 2763:South African Air Force 2634:On 30 May 1977, during 2210:First phase (1964–1972) 2021:surface-to-air missiles 1985:(the armed wing of the 1893:'s government were the 1843:, often using Mercedes 1259:, the military wing of 1195:Cashel Helicopter Crash 12115:Insurgencies in Africa 11522:Wards (municipalities) 11383:1976 Geneva Conference 10291:Neoclassical economics 9802:Gulf of Sidra incident 9359:1969 Libyan revolution 9050:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 8835:1954 Geneva Conference 8595:Turkish straits crisis 8590:Corfu Channel incident 7906:Rhodesian Action Party 7740:1976 Geneva Conference 7404:University of Zimbabwe 7009:Thomas, Scott (1995). 6596:Lake, Anthony (1976). 6337:University of Zimbabwe 4875:"The Fall of Rhodesia" 4598:The Israeli Connection 4583:The Israeli Connection 4568:The Israeli Connection 4553:The Israeli Connection 4393:"Rhodesian Insurgency" 3061: 3053: 2926: 2830: 2741: 2706: 2565: 2553: 2520: 2220: 2096: 1979: 1651: 1392:Amidst this backdrop, 1219: 405:Commanders and leaders 12145:Wars involving Zambia 11663:Zimbabwean bond notes 11658:Zimbabwean bond coins 11622:2007 political crisis 11141:Russia–NATO relations 11022:Jonathan Reed Winkler 10306:Democratic capitalism 10301:Supply-side economics 10269:American conservatism 10068:Breakup of Yugoslavia 9957:Bougainville conflict 9872:South Yemen civil war 9807:Martial law in Poland 9670:Nicaraguan Revolution 9645:Dirty War (Argentina) 9452:1971 JVP insurrection 9266:Years of Lead (Italy) 9144:North Yemen civil war 9062:Berlin Crisis of 1961 9038:Albanian–Soviet split 8970:1959 Tibetan uprising 8935:Syrian Crisis of 1957 8790:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 8650:1948 Arab–Israeli War 7979:Deputy Prime Minister 7954:United Rhodesia Party 7918:Rhodesia Labour Party 7782:Chimanimani Mountains 7527:Wood, J.R.T. (2005). 7522:on 13 September 2014. 7502:Wall, Dudley (2009). 7378:Duke University Press 7228:Cross, Glenn (2017). 7161:Bloomsbury Publishing 7128:Duke University Press 7120:White, Luise (2021). 7097:Wood, J.R.T. (2008). 6946:John Blake Publishing 6870:Ryan, Johnny (2004). 6644:Lyons, Tanya (2004). 6433:Parliamentary Affairs 5022:Cross, Glenn (2017). 4971:Sydney Morning Herald 4943:Eugene Register-Guard 4419:Wood, J.R.T. (1995). 3598:. 2016. p. 417. 2924: 2908:Carter administration 2812: 2731: 2704: 2563: 2543: 2468:Rickettsia prowazekii 2410:7 Independent Company 2309:attack on Altena Farm 2217: 2140:1962 general election 2078: 2008:Viscount aeroplanes, 1637: 1564:self-governing status 1530:(1966–1989), and the 1215:, also known as the 829:Casualties and losses 186:Formation of Zimbabwe 12150:Wars of independence 11487:Chimanimani District 10562:Non-Aligned Movement 10184:Peaceful coexistence 10138:North Borneo dispute 10053:German reunification 10048:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 9746:Salvadoran Civil War 9695:Grand Mosque seizure 9690:Yemenite War of 1979 9582:Mozambican Civil War 9537:Carnation Revolution 9492:Yemenite War of 1972 9430:1970 Polish protests 9261:1967 Hong Kong riots 9236:Argentine Revolution 9186:Guatemalan Civil War 9114:Cuban Missile Crisis 9028:Bay of Pigs Invasion 8900:1956 Poznań protests 8878:Geneva Summit (1955) 8480:Hukbalahap Rebellion 8459:Non-Aligned Movement 8032:(currency from 1970) 7942:United Federal Party 7880:Central Africa Party 7833:Legislative Assembly 7372:Moore, D.S. (2005). 7295:on 24 December 2014. 7153:Arnold, Guy (2018). 6208:Brent, W. A (1987). 6066:Helliker et al. 2021 6054:Helliker et al. 2021 6042:Helliker et al. 2021 6030:Helliker et al. 2021 6018:Helliker et al. 2021 6006:Helliker et al. 2021 5994:Helliker et al. 2021 5982:Helliker et al. 2021 5358:on 30 September 2007 5052:Parker, Jim (2006). 4912:The Montreal Gazette 3233:Notes and references 3109:Rhodesian narratives 3089:Mozambique Civil War 2490:Laying of minefields 2478:(causative agent of 2470:(causative agent of 2462:(causative agent of 2454:(causative agent of 2389:Carnation Revolution 2136:United Federal Party 2089:United Federal Party 2032:Storming the Heavens 1794:de Havilland Vampire 1638:Two soldiers of the 1524:Mozambican Civil War 1420:consisted mainly of 1394:African nationalists 1378:, which still owned 1230:unrecognised country 1054:Odzanu Junction Farm 11507:Place name renaming 11388:Internal Settlement 11319:Second Matabele War 11007:Alex von Tunzelmann 10997:Vladimir Tismăneanu 10922:Thomas J. McCormick 10917:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 10817:Robert Hugh Ferrell 10680:Crusade for Freedom 10477:Illiberal democracy 10361:Ho Chi Minh Thought 10164:Eisenhower Doctrine 10017:Peaceful Revolution 10012:Romanian Revolution 9992:Revolutions of 1989 9977:1988 Polish strikes 9887:Operation INFEKTION 9882:1987 Lieyu massacre 9787:Eritrean Civil Wars 9770:Peruvian Revolution 9720:1979 Herat uprising 9710:Sino-Vietnamese War 9675:Uganda–Tanzania War 9655:Egyptian–Libyan War 9622:Third Indochina War 9617:Sino-Albanian split 9607:Ethiopian Civil War 9507:Eritrean Civil Wars 9447:Ping-pong diplomacy 9420:Cambodian Civil War 9246:Korean DMZ Conflict 9231:Cultural Revolution 9201:Dominican Civil War 9179:Tlatelolco massacre 8965:1959 Mosul uprising 8955:1958 Lebanon crisis 8682:Al-Wathbah uprising 8605:First Indochina War 8575:Iran crisis of 1946 7745:Internal Settlement 7681:Second Matabele War 7533:Trafford Publishing 7273:Geldenhuys, Preller 7103:Trafford Publishing 6699:Pen and Sword Books 6550:1988JSAfS..14..304K 6488:2021JSAfS..47..723H 6277:Britannica (1976). 6265:Britannica (1974). 6253:Britannica (1972). 6227:Britannica (1971). 5879:, pp. 721–722. 5673:Mail & Guardian 5619:, pp. 140–143. 5586:on 17 November 2015 5000:. 23 September 1976 4861:, pp. 619–620. 4840:on 20 February 2011 4643:, pp. 167–170. 4486:. 13 February 1979. 4483:The Rhodesia Herald 4345:, pp. 462–472. 4316:, pp. 186–188. 4262:on 15 December 2008 4205:, pp. 542–555. 3763:, pp. 742–743. 3675:, pp. 100–106. 3510:, pp. 249–252. 3486:. 17 September 2019 3427:, pp. 109–116. 3211:Second Matabele War 2773:Airliners shot down 2668:, on 30 June 1977. 2316:Special Air Service 2191:Washington Malianga 2149:Indian reservations 2081:(orange and purple) 2051:Foreign involvement 2010:on 3 September 1978 1835:tanks destined for 1829:Eland armoured cars 1782:Rhodesian Air Force 1292:white minority rule 1284:Internal Settlement 12075:Cold War in Africa 12070:Cold War conflicts 12060:Rhodesian Bush War 11688:Telecommunications 11425:2019 fuel protests 11415:2016–2017 protests 11309:First Matabele War 11161:Russian Revolution 10957:Mary Elise Sarotte 10942:William B. Pickett 10867:Patrick J. Hearden 10847:Gabriel Gorodetsky 10842:Timothy Garton Ash 10827:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 10422:Ethnic nationalism 10174:Hallstein Doctrine 10058:Yemeni unification 9847:1985 Geneva Summit 9812:Casamance conflict 9715:New Jewel Movement 9700:Iranian Revolution 9685:Chadian–Libyan War 9632:Cambodian conflict 9612:Lebanese Civil War 9602:Western Sahara War 9577:June 1976 protests 9572:Cambodian genocide 9337:17 July Revolution 9291:Nigerian Civil War 9206:Rhodesian Bush War 9191:Colombian conflict 9134:Ramadan Revolution 8873:Bandung Conference 8749:Operation Valuable 8630:Partition of India 8092:List of Rhodesians 8056:Telecommunications 8040:(currency to 1970) 7671:First Matabele War 7429:Indiana University 7267:on 6 October 2014. 6877:The History Review 6687:Moorcraft, Paul L. 6440:(1969sep): 72–80. 6416:www.psywarrior.com 5558:The New York Times 5531:The New York Times 5503:The New York Times 5476:The New York Times 5447:The New York Times 5390:on 3 November 2007 5255:on 12 January 2010 5220:. 22 December 1976 5217:The New York Times 5190:The New York Times 5142:The New York Times 4919:. 25 November 1978 3811:Evans, M. (1992). 3483:Slobodna Dalmacija 3436:Houser, George M. 3333:Southern Rhodesian 3277:Until October 1971 3163:In her 1992 book, 2927: 2891:Josiah Zion Gumede 2831: 2742: 2707: 2629:search and destroy 2566: 2554: 2460:Bacillus anthracis 2248:and the barrister 2226:Ndabaningi Sithole 2221: 2179:Ndabaningi Sithole 2124:Ndabaningi Sithole 2097: 2087:areas. The ruling 1965:ethnicity, led by 1933:Matabeleland North 1687:units such as the 1652: 1592:and won by Bishop 1538:(1978) conflicts. 1387:66 seat parliament 1288:universal suffrage 1213:Rhodesian Bush War 1049:Woolworths bombing 886:Rhodesian Bush War 792:52,800 Total Force 625:Ndabaningi Sithole 517:Ndabaningi Sithole 313:Foreign volunteers 38:Rhodesian Bush War 18:Rhodesian Bush War 12095:1970s in Rhodesia 12090:1960s in Rhodesia 12047: 12046: 12012: 12011: 11965: 11964: 11928: 11927: 11774:Sport in Zimbabwe 11744:Human trafficking 11706: 11705: 11635: 11634: 11595:Political parties 11558:Foreign relations 11535: 11534: 11469: 11468: 11446:Cricket (to 1992) 11393:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 11336:Southern Rhodesia 11260:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 11244:Southern Rhodesia 11192: 11191: 11179:List of conflicts 11027:Rudolph Winnacker 10972:Giles Scott-Smith 10947:Ronald E. Powaski 10902:Melvyn P. Leffler 10832:John Lewis Gaddis 10807:Robert D. English 10772:Warren H. Carroll 10762:Michael Beschloss 10731:Nuclear arms race 10712: 10711: 10618:Neues Deutschland 10520: 10519: 10502:White nationalism 10472:Liberal democracy 10209:Ulbricht Doctrine 10199:Brezhnev Doctrine 10007:Velvet Revolution 9751:Soviet–Afghan War 9567:Angolan Civil War 9364:Goulash Communism 9221:ASEAN Declaration 9174:Mexican Dirty War 9072:Annexation of Goa 9023:1960 U-2 incident 8997:Sino-Soviet split 8975:Laotian Civil War 8815:Bricker Amendment 8795:Mau Mau rebellion 8739:Malayan Emergency 8727:Chinese Civil War 8687:Tito–Stalin split 8541:Division of Korea 8365: 8364: 8348: 8347: 8291: 8290: 8251: 8250: 8074: 8073: 8014: 8013: 7885:Confederate Party 7875:Political parties 7853:Mission in Lisbon 7823:Political history 7805: 7804: 7750:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 7698:Southern Rhodesia 7631:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 7615:Southern Rhodesia 7561:978-1-920143-33-6 7542:978-1-4120-4952-8 7515:978-1-920315-53-5 7387:978-0-8223-3570-2 7288:978-1-920169-61-9 7260:978-1-920169-58-9 7239:978-1-911512-12-7 7220:978-1-85043-069-8 7195:978-0-275-94117-8 7170:978-1-4742-9103-3 7137:978-1-4780-2128-5 7112:978-1-4251-4807-2 7089:978-0-7100-8080-6 7066:978-0-415-00245-5 7043:978-1-920143-49-7 7024:978-1-85043-993-6 7001:978-0-227-67968-5 6980:978-0-7432-8679-4 6955:978-1-85782-176-5 6927:978-1-59221-276-7 6908:978-91-7106-430-1 6862:978-0-00-472077-7 6839:978-0-620-06674-7 6817:978-1-85043-579-2 6773:978-1-77007-112-4 6764:Struik Publishers 6760:Against the Grain 6750:978-0-7864-1686-8 6739:. Jefferson, NC: 6727:978-1-59221-246-0 6708:978-1-84415-694-8 6691:McLaughlin, Peter 6678:978-0-571-11066-7 6655:978-1-59221-167-8 6613:978-0-231-04066-2 6588:978-0-521-81823-0 6526:978-0-313-30247-3 6464:978-3-030-66347-6 6319:978-0-7099-3412-7 6300:978-0-86920-152-7 6219:978-0-620-11805-7 6200:978-1-920143-07-7 6134:978-0-85045-728-5 6125:Osprey Publishing 6104:, pp. 9, 51. 6056:, pp. 74–75. 6008:, pp. 70–71. 5996:, pp. 71–72. 5903:, pp. 50–51. 5852:, pp. 52–53. 5840:, pp. 51–52. 5828:, pp. 32–33. 5308:, pp. 40–41. 5091:www.halotrust.org 5037:Bird, Ed (2014). 4945:. UPI. 5 May 1976 4766:, pp. 39–40. 4698:, pp. 43–47. 4686:, pp. 46–47. 4626:, pp. 42–45. 4541:, pp. 48–72. 3874:, pp. 72–80. 3862:, pp. 68–73. 3467:, pp. 16–17. 3342:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 3337:Northern Rhodesia 3159:Critical analysis 2904:latter's election 2900:Margaret Thatcher 2879:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 2867:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 2849:Military pressure 2823:Operation Gatling 2810: 2718:on 23 June 1978. 2576:submachine guns, 2394:Portuguese Empire 2348:South West Africa 2205:Course of the war 2105:City Youth League 2041:Southern Rhodesia 1981:Umkhonto we Sizwe 1755:Browning Hi-Power 1586:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 1526:(1977–1992), the 1518:(1975–2002), the 1516:Angolan Civil War 1490:Mau Mau Rebellion 1432:Cold War politics 1354:UK Prime Minister 1296:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1238:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 1208: 1207: 1184:Related incidents 999:St Alberts School 994:Whistlefield Farm 903:Oberholzer murder 851: 850: 822:20,000 guerrillas 808:25,500 guerrillas 782:15,000 reservists 566:Kaúlza de Arriaga 433:P. K. van der Byl 269:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 224:Southern Rhodesia 202: 201: 101:South West Africa 16:(Redirected from 12162: 12032: 12025: 11809: 11808: 11794: 11793: 11717: 11716: 11646: 11645: 11546: 11545: 11492:Cities and towns 11480: 11479: 11420:2017 coup d'état 11346:Second World War 11341:colonial history 11277: 11276: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11196: 11195: 10937:David S. Painter 10862:John Earl Haynes 10792:Nicholas J. Cull 10777:Adrian Cioroianu 10757:Thomas A. Bailey 10704:Voice of America 10595: 10594: 10507:White separatism 10487:Social democracy 10482:Guided democracy 10462:Authoritarianism 10412:Ultranationalism 10402:Anti-imperialism 10329:Marxism–Leninism 10242: 10241: 10229:Kinmen Agreement 10194:Johnson Doctrine 10179:Kennedy Doctrine 10095:Frozen conflicts 10078:1991 August Coup 9967:Afghan Civil War 9862:Reykjavík Summit 9857:Somali Rebellion 9797:Ugandan Bush War 9775:Gdańsk Agreement 9296:Protests of 1968 9276:War of Attrition 8985:Cuban Revolution 8921:We will bury you 8888:Cyprus Emergency 8868:Kashmir Princess 8858:Jebel Akhdar War 8707:Western betrayal 8392: 8385: 8378: 8369: 8368: 8273: 8130: 8129: 8115: 8114: 8085: 8084: 8041: 8033: 8023: 8022: 7858:Centre in Sydney 7816: 7815: 7787:Cities and towns 7775: 7774: 7708:Second World War 7703:colonial history 7593: 7586: 7579: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7546: 7523: 7518:. Archived from 7498: 7467: 7436: 7417: 7391: 7368: 7349: 7330: 7311: 7296: 7291:. Archived from 7268: 7263:. Archived from 7243: 7224: 7199: 7174: 7141: 7116: 7093: 7070: 7047: 7028: 7005: 6984: 6959: 6931: 6912: 6889: 6866: 6843: 6821: 6798: 6777: 6754: 6731: 6712: 6682: 6659: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6627: 6617: 6592: 6569: 6530: 6515:. Westport, CN: 6507: 6468: 6449: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6390:. Archived from 6385: 6375: 6365: 6340: 6329:Ranger, Terrence 6323: 6304: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6234: 6223: 6204: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6175: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6138: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5582:. Archived from 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5450:. 22 August 1977 5438: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5294: 5293: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5192:. 8 October 1976 5182: 5176: 5170: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5117: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4895:on 16 June 2013. 4885: 4879: 4878: 4871: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4644: 4638: 4627: 4621: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4302: 4296: 4287: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4223: 4217: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4162:Cold War History 4152: 4146: 4140: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3989:CIA Reading Room 3986: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3817: 3808: 3795: 3789: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3649: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3586: 3577: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3533:. Archived from 3520: 3511: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3409: 3403: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3351: 3345: 3329: 3320: 3313:Battle of Sinoia 3292: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3064: 3058: 3033:Operation Winter 2979:Operation Quartz 2975:election of 1980 2811: 2779:Vickers Viscount 2740:, Manchester, UK 2584:assault rifles, 2523: 2476:Salmonella typhi 2246:Josiah Tongogara 2242:Maurice Nyagumbo 2230:Leopold Takawira 2187:Leopold Takawira 2058:During the war, 2014:12 February 1979 1984: 1901:(ZANU), and the 1806:Cessna Skymaster 1718:Considering the 1522:(1964–1974) and 1514:(1961–1975) and 1357:Harold Macmillan 1305:" took place at 1222: 889: 887: 877: 870: 863: 854: 853: 839: 817: 803: 774: 773: 751: 750: 749: 739: 738: 737: 727: 726: 725: 715: 714: 713: 705: 695: 694: 693: 683: 682: 681: 671: 670: 669: 659: 658: 647: 646: 645: 635: 634: 633: 623: 622: 621: 613:Josiah Tongogara 611: 610: 609: 601: 591: 590: 589: 579: 578: 577: 564: 563: 551: 550: 539: 538: 527: 526: 515: 514: 503: 502: 491: 490: 481:Ronald Reid-Daly 479: 478: 467: 466: 455: 454: 443: 442: 431: 430: 419: 418: 394: 392: 391: 376: 375: 374: 364: 362: 361: 345: 344: 343: 327: 326: 325: 303: 301: 300: 287: 283: 281: 280: 267: 265: 264: 252: 250: 249: 237: 235: 234: 222: 220: 219: 119: 118: 110:Frontline States 107: 94: 85: 71: 32: 31: 21: 12170: 12169: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12110:1970s conflicts 12105:1960s conflicts 12050: 12049: 12048: 12043: 12035: 12028: 12021: 12008: 11961: 11924: 11893: 11860: 11800: 11783: 11769:Public holidays 11702: 11631: 11531: 11465: 11429: 11329:First World War 11324:Second Boer War 11314:Shangani Patrol 11294:Rudd Concession 11266: 11232: 11223: 11193: 11188: 11165: 11156:Second Cold War 11114: 11042: 11036: 11012:Odd Arne Westad 11002:Patrick Vaughan 10987:Athan Theoharis 10967:Ellen Schrecker 10952:Yakov M. Rabkin 10927:Timothy Naftali 10872:Tvrtko Jakovina 10857:Jussi Hanhimäki 10740: 10718: 10708: 10686:Paix et Liberté 10661: 10605:Active measures 10586: 10516: 10497:White supremacy 10457:Totalitarianism 10385: 10310: 10233: 10219:Reagan Doctrine 10214:Carter Doctrine 10154:Truman Doctrine 10142: 10089: 10021: 9916:Soviet reaction 9827:Ndogboyosoi War 9734: 9705:Saur Revolution 9532:1973 oil crisis 9497:Munich massacre 9405:Alcora Exercise 9400:Black September 9378: 9124:Sino-Indian War 9018:Simba rebellion 9001: 8845:Capture of the 8753: 8692:Berlin Blockade 8625:May 1947 crises 8615:Truman Doctrine 8580:Greek Civil War 8569:Blacklist Forty 8536:Gouzenko Affair 8523:Cursed soldiers 8475:Morgenthau Plan 8463: 8401: 8396: 8366: 8361: 8344: 8287: 8272:(South African) 8271: 8247: 8221: 8181: 8121: 8106: 8097:Public holidays 8070: 8039: 8031: 8010: 7999:Security Forces 7912:Rhodesian Front 7801: 7766: 7691:First World War 7686:Second Boer War 7676:Shangani Patrol 7656:Rudd Concession 7637: 7603: 7597: 7562: 7543: 7516: 7414: 7396:Ranger, Terence 7388: 7365: 7289: 7261: 7240: 7221: 7196: 7171: 7149: 7147:Further reading 7144: 7138: 7113: 7090: 7067: 7044: 7025: 7002: 6981: 6956: 6928: 6909: 6863: 6851:. Hammersmith: 6840: 6818: 6787:Clarendon Press 6774: 6751: 6728: 6709: 6679: 6669:Faber and Faber 6656: 6634: 6632: 6625: 6614: 6589: 6527: 6465: 6420: 6418: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6383: 6320: 6301: 6246: 6220: 6201: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6162: 6148: 6146: 6135: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5816:, pp. 1–2. 5812: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5739:on 3 July 2013. 5731: 5730: 5723: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5664: 5660: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5429:Muzondidya 2005 5427: 5423: 5418:. 30 June 1977. 5408: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5297: 5286: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5241: 5240: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5065: 5061: 5050: 5046: 5035: 5031: 5020: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4859:Britannica 1976 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4806: 4800:Britannica 1974 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4776:Britannica 1972 4774: 4770: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4647: 4641:Muzondidya 2005 4639: 4630: 4622: 4605: 4594: 4590: 4579: 4575: 4564: 4560: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4495: 4491: 4479: 4478: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4458:on 7 March 2008 4444: 4443: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4417: 4413: 4407:www.jrtwood.com 4398: 4396: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4290: 4284:Britannica 1971 4282: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4226: 4218: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4108: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3974: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3839: 3825: 3823: 3815: 3809: 3798: 3794:, p. 1069. 3790: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3537:on 2 April 2012 3521: 3514: 3506: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3412: 3404: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3352: 3348: 3330: 3323: 3293: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3181:Alcora Exercise 3177: 3161: 3139: 3111: 3102: 3097: 3017: 3009:Main articles: 3007: 2940:Royal Air Force 2875: 2851: 2813:Audio from the 2806: 2775: 2685:Operation Dingo 2636:Operation Aztec 2538: 2521:Zimbabwe tatora 2507: 2505:Operation Eland 2501: 2492: 2484:botulinum toxin 2472:epidemic typhus 2452:Vibrio cholerae 2432: 2426: 2417:Henry Kissinger 2406:Crippled Eagles 2366: 2359: 2344:Alcora Exercise 2256:and later from 2250:Herbert Chitepo 2212: 2207: 2160:Rhodesian Front 2120:Herbert Chitepo 2118:Nkomo, Mugabe, 2073: 2068: 2053: 1959: 1953: 1921: 1915: 1887: 1871:siege mentality 1867:submachine guns 1814:Agusta Bell 205 1648:Security Forces 1632: 1626: 1621: 1568:Rhodesian Front 1544: 1481:Rhodesian Front 1454:Patriotic Front 1434: 1408:were headed by 1400:(ZAPU) and the 1361:as had resulted 1348:In his famous " 1331: 1307:Lancaster House 1303:Patriotic Front 1224:as well as the 1209: 1204: 1190:Nhari Rebellion 1181: 1163:Lancaster House 1066:Montclair Hotel 969:Alcora Exercise 890: 885: 883: 881: 847: 811: 779:10,800 regulars 768: 757: 747: 745: 735: 733: 729:Dumiso Dabengwa 723: 721: 711: 709: 701: 691: 689: 685:James Chikerema 679: 677: 667: 665: 653: 643: 641: 631: 629: 619: 617: 607: 605: 597: 593:Herbert Chitepo 587: 585: 575: 573: 558: 557: 545: 533: 529:James Chikerema 521: 509: 497: 485: 473: 461: 449: 437: 425: 413: 400: 389: 387: 372: 370: 359: 357: 354: 341: 339: 336: 323: 321: 311: 307: 298: 296: 288: 278: 276: 271: 262: 260: 256: 247: 245: 240: 232: 230: 226: 217: 215: 194: 165: 164: 126: 113: 105: 103: 92: 90: 83: 72: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12168: 12158: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12085:Guerrilla wars 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12034: 12033: 12026: 12018: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12007: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11975: 11973: 11967: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11938: 11936: 11930: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11901: 11899: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11870: 11868: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11817: 11815: 11806: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11739:Child marriage 11736: 11731: 11726: 11720: 11714: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11698:Transportation 11695: 11690: 11685: 11683:Stock exchange 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11649: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11617:Prime Minister 11614: 11613: 11612: 11610:Vice-President 11602: 11600:Heads of State 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11549: 11543: 11537: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11502:Great Zimbabwe 11499: 11494: 11489: 11483: 11477: 11471: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11441:Constitutional 11437: 11435: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11333: 11332: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11304:Pioneer Column 11296: 11291: 11285: 11283: 11274: 11268: 11267: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11222: 11221: 11214: 11207: 11199: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11046: 11044: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10982:Timothy Snyder 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10912:Vojtech Mastny 10909: 10907:Geir Lundestad 10904: 10899: 10897:Walter Laqueur 10894: 10892:Walter LaFeber 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10822:André Fontaine 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10752:Gar Alperovitz 10748: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10695: 10694: 10689: 10682: 10677: 10669: 10667: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10659: 10652: 10647: 10640: 10633: 10628: 10621: 10614: 10607: 10601: 10599: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10492:Third-Worldism 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10320: 10318: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10281:Libertarianism 10278: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10261: 10259:Chicago school 10256: 10250: 10248: 10239: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10204:Nixon Doctrine 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10150: 10148: 10147:Foreign policy 10144: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10099: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9932:Operation RYAN 9929: 9924: 9919: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9837:Able Archer 83 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9753: 9748: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9587:Oromo conflict 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9527:Yom Kippur War 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9350: 9349: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9310: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9159:Aden Emergency 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9077:Papua conflict 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9009: 9007: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8982: 8980:Kitchen Debate 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8940:Sputnik crisis 8937: 8932: 8924: 8917: 8912: 8910:Polish October 8907: 8902: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8810:Pact of Madrid 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8765:Bamboo Curtain 8761: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8564: 8556: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8525: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8505: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8414: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8395: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8372: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8267: 8261: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8138: 8136: 8127: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8066:Transportation 8063: 8058: 8053: 8051:Stock Exchange 8048: 8043: 8035: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8006: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7974:Prime Minister 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7892: 7890:Dominion Party 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7865:Municipalities 7862: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7666:Pioneer Column 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: articles 7596: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7560: 7547: 7541: 7524: 7514: 7499: 7468: 7450:(2): 227–248. 7437: 7418: 7412: 7392: 7386: 7376:. Durham, NC: 7369: 7363: 7350: 7337:Air Enthusiast 7331: 7318:Air Enthusiast 7312: 7297: 7287: 7269: 7259: 7244: 7238: 7225: 7219: 7211:Pantheon Books 7200: 7194: 7175: 7169: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7136: 7117: 7111: 7094: 7088: 7071: 7065: 7048: 7042: 7029: 7023: 7006: 7000: 6985: 6979: 6960: 6954: 6932: 6926: 6913: 6907: 6890: 6867: 6861: 6844: 6838: 6826:Reid-Daly, Ron 6822: 6816: 6799: 6778: 6772: 6755: 6749: 6732: 6726: 6713: 6707: 6683: 6677: 6660: 6654: 6641: 6618: 6612: 6593: 6587: 6570: 6531: 6525: 6508: 6482:(4): 721–726. 6469: 6463: 6450: 6427: 6407: 6397:on 11 May 2013 6376: 6341: 6324: 6318: 6305: 6299: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6245:978-0852291580 6244: 6224: 6218: 6205: 6199: 6186: 6155: 6139: 6133: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6094: 6092:, p. 116. 6082: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6034: 6022: 6010: 5998: 5986: 5974: 5959: 5947: 5932: 5920: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5830: 5818: 5806: 5794: 5791:. 4 July 2018. 5780: 5768: 5766:, p. 134. 5756: 5753:. Rhodesia.nl. 5742: 5721: 5701: 5686: 5658: 5638: 5621: 5609: 5607:, p. 167. 5597: 5571: 5543: 5517: 5506:. 23 July 1978 5489: 5461: 5433: 5431:, p. 246. 5421: 5416:United Nations 5401: 5369: 5337: 5335:, p. 224. 5322: 5310: 5295: 5284: 5266: 5231: 5203: 5177: 5156: 5128: 5103: 5078: 5059: 5044: 5029: 5011: 4985: 4956: 4930: 4898: 4880: 4863: 4851: 4819: 4804: 4802:, p. 600. 4792: 4780: 4778:, p. 235. 4768: 4753: 4741: 4724: 4722:, p. 101. 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4645: 4628: 4603: 4588: 4573: 4558: 4543: 4528: 4516: 4503:newsatelier.de 4489: 4469: 4434: 4411: 4383: 4371: 4369:, p. 321. 4359: 4357:, p. 425. 4347: 4330: 4318: 4303: 4288: 4273: 4241: 4224: 4207: 4195: 4169:(2): 169–194. 4147: 4130: 4128:, p. 105. 4118: 4090: 4062: 4026: 4014:vvaveteran.org 4001: 3972: 3945:(2): 175–195. 3929: 3927:, p. 130. 3917: 3905: 3888: 3886:, p. 321. 3876: 3864: 3852: 3837: 3796: 3777: 3775:, p. 305. 3765: 3753: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3699:, p. 337. 3697:Sellström 1999 3689: 3687:, p. 104. 3677: 3665: 3650: 3635: 3633:, p. 304. 3623: 3611: 3604: 3578: 3563: 3548: 3530:The Zimbabwean 3512: 3497: 3469: 3454: 3442: 3429: 3410: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3373: 3363: 3346: 3321: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3160: 3157: 3138: 3135: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3095:Historiography 3093: 3006: 3003: 2968:New York Times 2898:government of 2874: 2871: 2850: 2847: 2827:Westlands Farm 2774: 2771: 2759:Hawker Hunters 2716:Vumba massacre 2666:Resolution 411 2550:Vumba massacre 2537: 2534: 2503:Main article: 2500: 2499:Nyadzonya raid 2497: 2491: 2488: 2428:Main article: 2425: 2422: 2358: 2355: 2333:Kenneth Kaunda 2307:conducted the 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2066:Pre-war events 2064: 2052: 2049: 1955:Main article: 1952: 1949: 1917:Main article: 1914: 1911: 1886: 1883: 1790:Douglas Dakota 1697:Rhodesian Army 1685:special forces 1628:Main article: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1543: 1540: 1433: 1430: 1363:in the former 1350:Wind of Change 1330: 1327: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1180: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1160: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1073: 1071:Vumba massacre 1068: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1011:Victoria Falls 1008: 1001: 996: 991: 979: 978: 971: 966: 959: 952: 945: 938: 931: 924: 917: 910: 905: 895: 892: 891: 880: 879: 872: 865: 857: 849: 848: 845: 842: 841: 835: 831: 830: 826: 825: 824: 823: 810: 809: 796: 795: 794: 789: 786: 783: 780: 764: 763: 759: 758: 756: 755: 743: 731: 719: 717:Lookout Masuku 707: 687: 675: 663: 651: 649:Solomon Mujuru 639: 627: 615: 603: 583: 570: 568: 556: 555: 543: 531: 519: 507: 495: 483: 471: 459: 447: 435: 423: 410: 407: 406: 402: 401: 399: 398: 385: 368: 355: 337: 318: 316: 310: 309: 294: 273: 258: 243: 228: 212: 209: 208: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 190: 189: 188: 187: 184: 181: 171: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 136: 135: 133: 129: 128: 123: 115: 114: 104: 91: 82: 64: 63: 52: 51: 49: 48: 45: 39: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12167: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12019: 12015: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11968: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11931: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11910: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11896: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11867: 11863: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11804: 11799: 11798:Ethnic groups 11795: 11792: 11790: 11786: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11709: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11678:Zimbabwe Gold 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11638: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11538: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11472: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11432: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11250:; 1965–1979: 11249: 11246:; 1953–1963: 11245: 11242:; 1923–1980: 11241: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11220: 11215: 11213: 11208: 11206: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11168: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11146:War on terror 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11041:Espionage and 11039: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10992:Andrew Thorpe 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10887:Gabriel Kolko 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10852:Fred Halliday 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10837:Lloyd Gardner 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10797:Norman Davies 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10782:John Costello 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10717:Technological 10715: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10675: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10645: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10626: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10615: 10613: 10612: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10598:Pro-communist 10596: 10593: 10589: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525:Organizations 10523: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10339:Eurocommunism 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10243: 10240: 10236: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10169:Domino theory 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10123:South Ossetia 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10086: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10024: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9907:8888 Uprising 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9852:Iran–Iraq War 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9817:Falklands War 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9680:NDF Rebellion 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9660:German Autumn 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9547:Metapolitefsi 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9442: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9311: 9309: 9308:Prague Spring 9306: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9286:Al-Wadiah War 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9251:12-3 incident 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9004: 8998: 8995: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8922: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8830:Domino theory 8828: 8826: 8825:Petrov Affair 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8702:Madiun Affair 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8662:Marshall Plan 8660: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8511: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8411:United States 8408: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8393: 8388: 8386: 8381: 8379: 8374: 8373: 8370: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8120: 8119:Ethnic groups 8116: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8005: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7895:Federal Party 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7797:Zambezi River 7795: 7793: 7792:Limpopo River 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7587: 7582: 7580: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7425: 7419: 7415: 7413:9780852550014 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7370: 7366: 7364:9780804793858 7360: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6853:HarperCollins 6850: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6762:. Cape Town: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6642: 6631: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6428: 6417: 6413: 6408: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6079: 6074: 6068:, p. 75. 6067: 6062: 6055: 6050: 6044:, p. 86. 6043: 6038: 6032:, p. 79. 6031: 6026: 6020:, p. 78. 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5984:, p. 70. 5983: 5978: 5972:, p. 51. 5971: 5966: 5964: 5957:, p. 46. 5956: 5951: 5945:, p. 48. 5944: 5939: 5937: 5930:, p. 47. 5929: 5924: 5918:, p. 44. 5917: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5897: 5891:, p. 29. 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5864:, p. 50. 5863: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5839: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5804:, p. 81. 5803: 5798: 5790: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5752: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5705: 5699:, p. 65. 5698: 5693: 5691: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5430: 5425: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5319: 5318:Friedman 2006 5314: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5292: 5287: 5285:9781779220837 5281: 5277: 5270: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5114: 5107: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5018: 5016: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4973: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4855: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4817:, p. 40. 4816: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4750: 4749:St. John 2007 4745: 4739:, p. 39. 4738: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4710:, p. 47. 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4674:, p. 42. 4673: 4672:Windrich 1975 4668: 4662:, p. 32. 4661: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4624:Windrich 1975 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4539:Dabengwa 1995 4535: 4533: 4525: 4524:Dabengwa 1995 4520: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4484: 4476: 4474: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4394: 4387: 4381:, p. 51. 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4328:, p. 14. 4327: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4301:, p. 17. 4300: 4295: 4293: 4286:, p. 259 4285: 4280: 4278: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4239:, p. 41. 4238: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4204: 4199: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4151: 4145:, p. 48. 4144: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4127: 4122: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4094: 4079:. 29 May 2012 4078: 4077: 4076:Wilson Center 4072: 4066: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3915:, p. 55. 3914: 3909: 3903:, p. 25. 3902: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3850:, p. 37. 3849: 3844: 3842: 3834: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3723:, p. 50. 3722: 3717: 3711:, p. 37. 3710: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3662: 3661:Cilliers 1984 3657: 3655: 3648:, p. 38. 3647: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3607: 3605:9781610698023 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3583: 3576:, p. 66. 3575: 3570: 3568: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3452:, p. 65. 3451: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3377: 3367: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3344:in June 1979. 3343: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3106: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3070:Fifth Brigade 3066: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3025:Robert Mugabe 3021: 3016: 3015:Robert Mugabe 3012: 3002: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2964:Robert Mugabe 2961: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2887:Abel Muzorewa 2884: 2881:, and in the 2880: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2804: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757:aircraft and 2756: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650:Kurt Waldheim 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2625:Gaza Province 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2515: 2512: 2511:Selous Scouts 2506: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2480:typhoid fever 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2302:running from 2301: 2300:Zambezi River 2296: 2294: 2291:, during the 2290: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2216: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183:Robert Mugabe 2180: 2175: 2173: 2172:Dar es Salaam 2169: 2165: 2164:Winston Field 2161: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1857:Mercedes-Benz 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1820:helicopters. 1819: 1818:UH-1 Iroquois 1815: 1811: 1807: 1804:bombers, the 1803: 1799: 1798:Hawker Hunter 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1773:mines. After 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757:pistol, Colt 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693:Rhodesian SAS 1690: 1689:Selous Scouts 1686: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1666:Rhodesian SAS 1661: 1659: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1609:Robert Mugabe 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1594:Abel Muzorewa 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410:Robert Mugabe 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1365:Belgian Congo 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:new elections 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261:Robert Mugabe 1258: 1254: 1253:Abel Muzorewa 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1214: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 985: 983: 977: 976: 972: 970: 967: 965: 964: 960: 958: 957: 953: 951: 950: 946: 944: 943: 939: 937: 936: 932: 930: 929: 925: 923: 922: 918: 916: 915: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 898: 893: 888: 878: 873: 871: 866: 864: 859: 858: 855: 843: 836: 833: 832: 827: 821: 820: 819: 816: 807: 806: 805: 802: 797: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 777: 776: 772: 766: 765: 760: 754: 744: 742: 732: 730: 720: 718: 708: 706: 704: 698: 688: 686: 676: 674: 664: 662: 661:Samora Machel 657: 652: 650: 640: 638: 628: 626: 616: 614: 604: 602: 600: 594: 584: 582: 581:Robert Mugabe 572: 571: 569: 567: 562: 554: 549: 544: 542: 541:B. J. Vorster 537: 532: 530: 525: 520: 518: 513: 508: 506: 505:Abel Muzorewa 501: 496: 494: 489: 484: 482: 477: 472: 470: 469:Frank Mussell 465: 460: 458: 453: 448: 446: 441: 436: 434: 429: 424: 422: 417: 412: 411: 409: 408: 403: 397: 386: 383: 379: 369: 367: 356: 352: 348: 338: 334: 330: 320: 319: 317: 314: 306: 295: 292: 286: 274: 270: 259: 255: 244: 242: 229: 225: 214: 213: 211: 210: 205: 197: 192: 191: 185: 182: 179: 178: 177: 176: 172: 169: 168: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 145: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 130: 124: 121: 120: 116: 111: 102: 98: 89: 80: 76: 70: 65: 62: 58: 53: 46: 44: 40: 37: 36: 33: 30: 19: 11989:Coat of arms 11789:Demographics 11764:Prostitution 11729:Architecture 11653:Central bank 11568:Human rights 11299:Company rule 11289:Pre-colonial 11240:Company rule 11151:Brinkmanship 11043:intelligence 10932:Marius Oprea 10882:Harvey Klehr 10812:Herbert Feis 10802:Willem Drees 10767:Archie Brown 10684: 10672: 10654: 10644:Trybuna Ludu 10642: 10635: 10631:Radio Moscow 10623: 10616: 10609: 10437:Anti-Zionism 10353: 10276:Keynesianism 10264:Conservatism 10128:Transnistria 10108:China-Taiwan 9765:Gera Demands 9638: 9439: 9314: 9119:El Porteñazo 9013:Congo Crisis 8928: 8863:Algerian War 8846: 8722:Western Bloc 8717:Eastern Bloc 8712:Iron Curtain 8568: 8560: 8552: 8529: 8509: 8501: 8418:Soviet Union 8416: 8409: 8313:Coat of arms 8111:Demographics 8046:Reserve Bank 7661:Company rule 7651:Pre-colonial 7611:Company rule 7551: 7528: 7520:the original 7504: 7481:(1): 68–90. 7478: 7472: 7447: 7441: 7433:Google Books 7431:– via 7423: 7399: 7373: 7354: 7335: 7316: 7302: 7293:the original 7277: 7265:the original 7249: 7229: 7205: 7180: 7155: 7122: 7098: 7075: 7052: 7033: 7010: 6990: 6965: 6940: 6917: 6894: 6875: 6848: 6829: 6803: 6782: 6759: 6736: 6717: 6697:. 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