1780:
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42:
1721:
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452:
by transferring field-grown crowns to warm conditions. Rhubarb grown in hothouses (heated greenhouses) is called "hothouse rhubarb", and is typically made available at consumer markets in early spring, before outdoor cultivated rhubarb is available. Hothouse rhubarb is usually brighter red, tenderer and sweeter-tasting than outdoor rhubarb. After forcing for commercial production, the crowns are usually discarded. In
1629:
542:
715:
1348:. In the United States, the common usage of rhubarb in pies has led to it being nicknamed "pie plant", by which it is referred to in 19th-century cookbooks. Rhubarb in the US is also often paired with strawberries to make strawberry-rhubarb pie, though some rhubarb purists jokingly consider this "a rather unhappy marriage".
1561:(lowest published lethal dose) of 600 mg/kg. While the oxalic acid content of rhubarb leaves can vary, a typical value is about 0.5%, meaning a 65 kg adult would need to eat 4 to 8 kg (9 to 18 lbs) to obtain a lethal dose, depending on which lethal dose is assumed. Cooking the leaves with
652:
The high price, as well as the increasing demand from apothecaries, stimulated efforts to cultivate the different species of rhubarb on
European soil. Certain species came to be grown in England to produce the roots. The local availability of the plants grown for medicinal purposes, together with the
2987:
EFSA Panel on Food
Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS); Younes, Maged; Aggett, Peter; Aguilar, Fernando; Crebelli, Riccardo; Filipič, Metka; Frutos, Maria Jose; Galtier, Pierre; Gott, David; Gundert-Remy, Ursula; Kuhnle, Gunter Georg; Lambré, Claude; Leblanc, Jean-Charles; Lillegaard,
451:
production it is available throughout much of the year. It needs rainfall and an annual cold period of up to 7–9 weeks at 3 °C (37 °F), known as 'cold units', to grow well. The plant develops a substantial underground storage organ (rhubarb crowns) and this can be used for early production
710:
listed his favourite rhubarb varieties for flavour as 'Hawke's
Champagne', 'Victoria', 'Timperley Early', and 'Early Albert', also recommending 'Gaskin's Perpetual' for having the lowest level of oxalic acid, allowing it to be harvested over a much longer period of the growing season without
510:
with approximately 1,200 acres in production, of which 175 are covered in hothouses. In the northwestern US states of Oregon and
Washington, there are typically two harvests, from late April to May and from late June into July; half of all US commercial production is in
602:, where it became known as "Turkish rhubarb". Later, it began to arrive via new maritime routes and overland through Russia. The "Russian rhubarb" was the most valued, probably because of the rhubarb-specific quality control system maintained by the Russian Empire.
1291:
Commonly, it is stewed with sugar or used in pies and desserts, but it can also be put into savoury dishes or pickled. Rhubarb can be dehydrated and infused with fruit juice. In the United States, it is usually infused with strawberry juice to mimic the popular
2762:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
2761:
1535:
when the leaves were mistakenly recommended as a food source in
Britain. The toxic rhubarb leaves have been used in flavouring extracts, after the oxalic acid is removed by treatment with precipitated chalk (i.e.,
1976:
725:
The Royal
Horticultural Society has the UK's national collection of rhubarb that comprises 103 varieties. In 2021–2022 this was moved from southern England to the more northern garden
2319:
Origin and
History of All the Pharmacopeial Vegetable Drugs, Chemicals and Origin and History of All the Pharmacopeial Vegetable Drugs, Chemicals and Preparations with Bibliography
280:
was developed by selecting open-pollinated seed, so its precise origin is almost impossible to determine. In appearance, samples of culinary rhubarb vary on a continuum between
2740:
653:
increasing abundance and decreasing price of sugar in the 18th century, galvanised its culinary adoption. Grieve claims a date of 1820 in
England. Rhubarb was harvested in
1531:. The long term consumption of oxalic acid leads to kidney stone formation in humans. Humans have been poisoned after ingesting the leaves, a particular problem during
1588:. Serious cases of rhubarb poisoning are not well documented. Both fatal and non-fatal cases of rhubarb poisoning may be caused not by oxalates, but rather by toxic
1344:
In the United
Kingdom, as well as being used in the typical pies, tarts and crumbles, rhubarb compote is also combined with whipped cream or custard to make rhubarb
1271:
2136:
605:
The cost of transportation across Asia made rhubarb expensive in medieval Europe. It was several times the price of other valuable herbs and spices such as
3257:
1779:
1284:. The use of rhubarb stalks as food is a relatively recent innovation. This usage was first recorded in 18th- to 19th-century England after affordable
3520:
1321:, sometimes thickened with corn starch, can then be used in pies, tarts and crumbles. Alternatively, greater quantities of sugar can be added with
3845:
1751:
3884:
264:
were grown in Europe before the 18th century and used for medicinal purposes. By the early 18th century, these two species and a possible
2217:
3472:
3123:
2527:
2502:
3979:
2769:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
1465:
is "a compound devoid of genotoxic capabilities." The anthraquinones have been separated from powdered rhubarb root for purposes in
1317:
In Northern Europe and North America, the stalks are commonly cut into pieces and stewed with added sugar until soft. The resulting
3783:
2732:
533:, and varies according to both rhubarb variety and production technique. The colour is not related to its suitability for cooking.
307:, it is often put to the same culinary uses as fruits. The leaf stalks can be used raw, when they have a crisp texture (similar to
3858:
3796:
621:
therefore searched for the place where the plant was grown and harvested, discovering that it was cultivated in the mountains of
1617:
Hungry wildlife may dig up and eat rhubarb roots in the spring, as stored starches are turned to sugars for new foliage growth.
3907:
1879:
Tanhuanpää, Pirjo; Suojala-Ahlfors, Terhi & Hartikainen, Merja (2019). "Genetic diversity of Finnish home garden rhubarbs (
3367:
1739:
1724:
529:, to simply light green. Rhubarb stalks are poetically described as "crimson stalks". The colour results from the presence of
3958:
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475:
where all other light is excluded, a practice that produces a sweeter, more tender stalk. These sheds are dotted around the "
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2788:
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2612:
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2699:
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2098:
2810:
2140:
4094:
3111:
1691:
3506:
3037:
Nonaka, Gen-Ichiro; Ezaki, Emiko; Hayashi, Katsuya; Nishioka, Itsuo (1983). "Flavanol glucosides from rhubarb and
1839:
3889:
3832:
3261:
1584:(leaf stalks), the proportion of oxalic acid is about 10% of the total 2–2.5% acidity, which derives mainly from
1713:
1658:
3912:
3997:
4089:
1569:. The leaves are believed to also contain an additional, unidentified toxin, which might be an anthraquinone
1680:
1267:
3775:
3762:
2838:
The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them
2728:
1555:
1422:
698:
at Monticello in 1809 and 1811, observing that it was "Esculent rhubarb, the leaves excellent as Spinach."
1669:
1647:
4005:
3699:
3489:
3420:
730:
332:
3801:
1702:
439:
3992:
2163:
1258:
681:
525:
The colour of rhubarb stalks can vary from the commonly associated crimson red, through speckled light
1804:
729:
where winter cold and rainfall are better suited for rhubarb. The following cultivars have gained the
626:
4084:
3899:
3428:
3416:
3406:
3392:
2934:
Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals
512:
2295:
4109:
2587:
637:: "The best of all merchandise coming to Samarkand was from China: especially silks, satins, musk,
311:, although it is in a different family), but are most commonly cooked with sugar and used in pies,
20:
3876:
3287:
54:
3984:
3770:
2196:
1554:, or about 25 grams for a 65-kilogram (143 lb) human. Other sources give a much higher oral
1430:
3480:
1142:
515:. Rhubarb is ready to consume as soon as harvested, and freshly cut stalks are firm and glossy.
4104:
3850:
3757:
3661:
2416:
1504:
1496:
1293:
726:
492:
3239:
2932:
2344:
2317:
2221:
1090:
222:. Historically, different plants have been called "rhubarb" in English. The large, triangular
4114:
4033:
3398:
3127:
1950:
1470:
1442:
1116:
734:
562:
165:
3938:
3824:
3412:
2531:
3731:
3050:
1474:
1466:
1168:
1129:
372:
188:
3164:
2065:
8:
2114:
1270:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1181:
465:
461:
3971:
3054:
276:, were grown as vegetable crops in England and Scandinavia. They readily hybridize, and
4051:
3466:
3014:
2989:
2446:
2409:
1931:
1900:
1562:
1544:
1376:
1311:
1155:
1070:
854:
672:
Though it is often asserted that rhubarb first came to the United States in the 1820s,
587:
586:
may have been rhubarb, commerce in the plant did not become securely established until
526:
503:
423:, applying to one of the presumed parents of the cultivated plant, means 'rha from the
49:
3204:
41:
3933:
3718:
3551:
3440:
3349:
3345:
3307:
3223:
3107:
3089:
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2420:
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2042:
1956:
1861:
1537:
1194:
942:
707:
662:
260:
250:
3303:
2902:
2269:
1904:
471:
In the United Kingdom, the first rhubarb of the year is harvested by candlelight in
4079:
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3723:
3341:
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410:
265:
201:
4010:
2247:
1393:-ounce) reference amount, raw rhubarb supplies 88 kilojoules (21 kilocalories) of
3920:
3149:
1574:
1326:
694:
424:
215:
92:
4043:
1856:
3966:
3948:
3592:
2764:
1602:
472:
115:
79:
3076:
Robb, H. F. (1919). "Death from rhubarb leaves due to oxalic acid poisoning".
2190:
1896:
4073:
3571:
3566:
3538:
3461:
3005:
2860:
1918:
Libert, Bo & Englund, Roger (1989). "Present Distribution and Ecology of
1865:
1840:"Culinary Rhubarb Production in North America: History and Recent Statistics"
1720:
1709:
1698:
1687:
1676:
1665:
1654:
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1410:
810:
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453:
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242:
206:
135:
4023:
3353:
3311:
3023:
2842:
2784:
2562:
1458:
1372:
1280:
Rhubarb is grown primarily for its fleshy leafstalks, technically known as
1207:
786:
677:
673:
323:
have been developed for human consumption, most of which are recognised as
211:
125:
3925:
3498:
2836:
2727:
1997:
1550:(median lethal dose) for pure oxalic acid in rats is about 375 mg/kg
3871:
3809:
3710:
3693:
3684:
2965:
1634:
1551:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1485:
1402:
1394:
1356:
1306:
770:
719:
567:
530:
519:
518:
Rhubarb damaged by severe cold should not be eaten, as it may be high in
227:
1955:. Spokane Valley: Whispering Pine Press International. pp. 20, 22.
468:), and the season for field-grown plants lasts until the end of summer.
3788:
3644:
3607:
1935:
1758:
1585:
1481:
1352:
1345:
976:
925:
618:
566:, which is thought to have been compiled about 1,800 years ago. Though
448:
348:
289:
16:
Species of herbaceous perennial plant with fleshy, sour edible stalks
657:
from at least 1786, having been introduced to the Botanical Garden in
316:
3814:
3744:
1570:
1492:
1406:
1398:
1048:
1035:
1022:
666:
658:
634:
591:
583:
577:
571:
507:
484:
480:
398:
382:
366:
304:
234:
3655:
3162:
2881:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 308.
2378:
1878:
560:), and have used rhubarb root for medicinal purposes. It appears in
498:
In the United States rhubarb is primarily produced in the states of
4018:
3678:
3623:
3587:
3556:
3530:
2134:
1611:
1489:
1426:
1334:
908:
654:
606:
320:
231:
105:
3837:
3749:
582:
indicates that a medicinal root brought to Greece from beyond the
1566:
1318:
1009:
888:
642:
614:
457:
312:
219:
24:
3104:
Poisonous plants in Britain and their effects on animals and man
214:, which are cooked and used for food. The plant is a herbaceous
3736:
3493:
3484:
1607:
1520:
1454:
1446:
1360:
1338:
1330:
1322:
992:
684:. From the first, the familiar garden rhubarb was not the only
599:
595:
499:
308:
248:
The precise origin of culinary rhubarb is unknown. The species
241:
are grouped in large compound leafy greenish-white to rose-red
238:
3465:
714:
541:
1285:
800:
646:
630:
610:
488:
428:
392:
388:
376:
66:
2246:. Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet. Archived from
1628:
3628:
3602:
3597:
3546:
2552:
Lawrence D Hills. Organic Gardening. Penguin 1997. page 145
2383:
Early modern things: objects and their histories, 1500–1800
1351:
Rhubarb can also be used to make alcoholic drinks, such as
638:
594:, reaching Europe in the 14th century through the ports of
223:
3036:
2755:
2733:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2083:
1952:
Rhubarb Delights Cookbook: A Collection of Rhubarb Recipes
2990:"Safety of hydroxyanthracene derivatives for use in food"
2093:. Indianapolis/New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc. p. 142.
1838:
Foust, Clifford M.; Marshall, Dale E. (1 November 1991).
830:
2349:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 207ff.
2060:
2058:
1436:
522:, which migrates from the leaves and can cause illness.
3163:
Safety Officer in Physical Chemistry (13 August 2005).
2041:. Fantagraphics Books, Seattle Washington. p. 47.
2026:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
2000:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper Inc. 2020
347:
is likely to have derived in the 14th century from the
2503:"Did John Bartram introduce rhubarb to North America?"
2411:
The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia
1610:. Damage is mainly visible on leaves and stalks, with
1379:, and contains negligible fat (table). In a 100-gram (
460:, usually in mid- to late spring (April or May in the
2055:
550:
3185:
3106:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England.
2593:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 84
1624:
3327:"Oxalate content of foods and its effect on humans"
2872:
2870:
1883:spp.) assessed by simple sequence repeat markers".
1614:and oval or circular feeding and egg-laying sites.
2766:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2408:
1565:can make them more poisonous by producing soluble
1425:, rhubarb roots of several species were used as a
590:. During Islamic times, it was imported along the
1080:
898:
371:, meaning 'foreign rhubarb'. The Greek physician
4071:
3281:
3279:
2926:
2924:
2867:
3188:"The Organic Acids of Rhubarb (Rheum Hybridum)"
2346:The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India
1785:1804 illustration of a rhubarb seller in London
1416:
676:was growing medicinal and culinary rhubarbs in
204:) of species and hybrids (culinary rhubarb) of
3260:. Cbif.gc.ca. 1 September 2009. Archived from
3258:"Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System"
3165:"Safety (MSDS) data for oxalic acid dihydrate"
2988:Inger Therese; Moldeus, Peter (January 2018).
2721:
2528:"Rhubarb « Thomas Jefferson's Monticello"
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2336:
2315:
2021:
765:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
680:from the 1730s, planting seeds sent to him by
625:province. The value of rhubarb can be seen in
3514:
3276:
3124:"Rheum x hybridum: The Poison Garden website"
2921:
2406:
2293:
2188:
1917:
1872:
1837:
555:
549:The Chinese call rhubarb "the great yellow" (
3476:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3324:
1797:
1429:for several millennia, although there is no
351:
3528:
3222:. Angus and Robertson, Melbourne. p. 583.
2363:
1600:Rhubarb is a host to the rhubarb curculio,
404:
357:
3521:
3507:
3334:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3318:
3186:Pucher GW, Wakeman AJ, Vickery HB (1938).
2876:
2729:United States Food and Drug Administration
2415:. University of California Press. p.
2342:
1949:Hood, Karen Jean Matsko (1 January 2014).
456:, rhubarb is one of the first food plants
40:
3285:
3203:
3013:
2930:
2879:Biscuits, Spoonbread and Sweet Potato Pie
2501:Fry, Joel (20 July 2012). David H (ed.).
2440:
2438:
2436:
2385:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 227–251.
2135:Wakefield Metropolitan District Council.
1911:
1855:
629:'s report of his embassy in 1403–1405 to
536:
3460:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2811:"Andalusian Cookbook: Table of Contents"
2555:
2311:
2309:
2289:
2287:
2017:
2015:
713:
540:
438:
315:and other desserts. They have a strong,
288:. However, modern rhubarb cultivars are
2376:
2162:Support, Extension Web (19 June 2018).
2161:
2036:
4072:
3288:"Rhubarb and oxalosis (Rheum species)"
3150:"Rhubarb poisoning on rhubarbinfo.com"
3102:Cooper, M. R., Johnson, A. W. (1984).
3030:
2937:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 235.
2444:
2433:
1745:Rhubarb displayed for sale at a market
3660:
3659:
3502:
3434:
3429:Winter rhubarb, culture and marketing
3325:Noonan, SC; Savage, GP (March 1999).
2951:
2306:
2284:
2108:
2106:
2012:
1437:Phytochemistry and potential toxicity
563:The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic
3900:1ef9ddfe-9b8b-4555-8638-f22261f0394c
3075:
2834:
2484:. New York: Harper Collins. p. 278.
2244:"Growing Rhubarb in the Home Garden"
2199:from the original on 7 November 2021
2128:
1948:
1885:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
1831:
1727:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
1716:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
1705:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
1694:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
1683:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
1672:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
1661:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
1650:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
1469:, although long-term consumption of
2500:
2272:. Rhubarbinfo.com. 1 September 2004
2118:. New York, NY: Scribner. p 367.
1433:to indicate such use is effective.
665:in 1774. He brought the seeds from
13:
3385:
2743:from the original on 27 March 2024
2294:Mehta, Sweety (27 December 2012).
2103:
1773:Dried strawberry-flavoured rhubarb
706:The advocate of organic gardening
447:Rhubarb is grown widely, and with
237:, making them inedible. The small
14:
4126:
3454:
3368:"Extension & Public Outreach"
3244:Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia
3998:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:301818-2
3346:10.1046/j.1440-6047.1999.00038.x
3090:10.1001/jama.1919.02610340059028
2567:RHS Garden Bridgewater Instagram
1778:
1766:
1750:
1738:
1719:
1708:
1697:
1686:
1675:
1664:
1653:
1642:
1627:
1413:in significant amounts (table).
1409:(10% DV), and contains no other
669:and they produced 3,000 plants.
53:
3360:
3304:10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.03.011
3250:
3232:
3212:
3192:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3179:
3156:
3142:
3116:
3096:
3069:
2980:
2895:
2828:
2803:
2791:from the original on 9 May 2024
2692:
2663:
2634:
2605:
2580:
2546:
2520:
2494:
2474:
2465:
2399:
2262:
2236:
2210:
2182:
2155:
711:developing excessive sourness.
3439:. Princeton University Press.
2841:(2nd ed.). Guilford, CN:
2530:. 12 June 2011. Archived from
2220:. 31 July 2009. Archived from
2189:Learn To Grow (31 July 2015),
2030:
1990:
1969:
1942:
1514:
1288:became more widely available.
434:
431:, Rha being its ancient name.
409:. These in turn derive from a
200:is the fleshy, edible stalks (
1:
3220:Poisonous Plants of Australia
3205:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)73892-1
2835:Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) .
2024:Glossary of the British Flora
1790:
1371:Raw rhubarb is 94% water, 5%
464:, October or November in the
218:that grows from short, thick
3393:Rhubarb or Pie Plant Culture
3063:10.1016/0031-9422(83)80105-8
2931:Barceloux, Donald G (2012).
2471:Grants Old and New Edinburgh
1819:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1441:The roots and stems contain
1423:traditional Chinese medicine
1417:Traditional Chinese medicine
1405:, DV), a moderate source of
1366:
1341:are also common additions.
1266:Percentages estimated using
701:
578:
572:
399:
383:
367:
356:, which came from the Latin
338:
7:
4100:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3435:Foust, Clifford M. (1992).
3286:Barceloux, DG (June 2009).
3218:Everist, Selwyn L. (1974),
2381:. In Findlen, Paula (ed.).
2322:. Vol. 1. Read Books.
2218:"Pierce County Agriculture"
2070:Royal Horticultural Society
2037:Theroux, Alexander (2017).
2022:Gilbert-Carter, H. (1955).
1977:"RHS Plantfinder – Rhubarb"
1857:10.21273/hortsci.26.11.1360
1620:
1259:Link to USDA Database entry
731:Royal Horticultural Society
551:
333:Royal Horticultural Society
300:= 22 for the wild species.
10:
4131:
3437:Rhubarb: the wondrous drug
3240:"Rhubarb leaves poisoning"
2343:Warmington, E. H. (1928).
2296:"Pharmacognosy of Rhubarb"
1817:Plants of the World Online
1731:
1397:, and is a rich source of
1359:. It is also used to make
393:
377:
18:
3668:
3637:
3616:
3580:
3537:
2588:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
2170:. Oregon State University
2168:Ag - Processed Vegetables
2089:Rombauer, Irma S. (1975)
1897:10.1007/s10722-018-0692-8
1473:has been associated with
1329:. A paired spice used is
1265:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1141:
1128:
1115:
1102:
1089:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1021:
1008:
991:
975:
958:
941:
924:
907:
886:
882:
878:
871:
867:
851:
847:
843:
827:
823:
819:
809:
799:
783:
779:
775:88 kJ (21 kcal)
769:
764:
556:
513:Pierce County, Washington
171:
164:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
4095:Plants described in 1753
3006:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5090
2968:. Drugs.com. 13 May 2019
1595:
1314:since the 10th century.
617:. The merchant explorer
21:Rhubarb (disambiguation)
3473:Encyclopædia Britannica
3407:The New Rhubarb Culture
2377:Monahan, Erika (2013).
2316:John Uri Lloyd (1921).
1519:Rhubarb leaves contain
1461:risk for humans" while
1299:
1268:US recommendations
754:
627:Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo
425:region of the Black Sea
419:. The specific epithet
226:contain high levels of
23:. For the cartoon, see
3617:Sugar-containing herbs
3039:Rhaphiolepis umbellata
2815:www.daviddfriedman.com
2650:'Reed's Early Superb'"
2621:'Grandad's Favourite'"
2407:Wood, Frances (2002).
2192:How To Harvest Rhubarb
2112:McGee, Harold (2004).
1725:Strawberry Rhubarb Pie
1523:substances, including
1310:has been eaten in the
1294:strawberry rhubarb pie
1272:the National Academies
722:
546:
537:Historical cultivation
444:
405:
358:
352:
303:Although rhubarb is a
296:= 44, in contrast to 2
2480:Waters, Alice (2002)
1484:compounds (including
1480:The rhizomes contain
873:Vitamins and minerals
744:'Reed's Early Superb'
741:'Grandad's Favourite'
735:Award of Garden Merit
717:
688:in American gardens:
544:
443:Young rhubarb flowers
442:
4090:Perennial vegetables
2877:Neal, Bill (2003) .
2679:'Stein's Champagne'"
2143:on 30 September 2008
1475:acute kidney failure
1467:traditional medicine
413:name for species of
375:used the Greek word
19:For other uses, see
3581:Bulk-forming agents
3167:. Oxford University
3130:on 23 February 2020
3055:1983PChem..22.1659N
2700:"RHS Plantfinder –
2671:"RHS Plantfinder –
2642:"RHS Plantfinder –
2613:"RHS Plantfinder –
2445:Grieve, M. (1900).
2270:"Rhubarb Varieties"
2115:On Food and Cooking
1355:or Finnish rhubarb
960:Pantothenic acid (B
761:
747:'Stein's Champagne'
649:, and rhubarb...."
545:A bundle of rhubarb
466:Southern Hemisphere
462:Northern Hemisphere
286:R. rhabarbarum
282:R. rhaponticum
268:of unknown origin,
261:R. rhaponticum
179: hybridum
154: hybridum
3593:Broadleaf plantain
3494:Rhubarb Compendium
3264:on 22 January 2009
2708:'Timperley Early'"
2482:Chez Panisse Fruit
2379:"Locating rhubarb"
2300:PharmaXChange.info
1233:Other constituents
759:
723:
547:
454:temperate climates
445:
4067:
4066:
3949:Rheum_rhabarbarum
3934:Open Tree of Life
3700:Rheum rhabarbarum
3670:Rheum rhabarbarum
3662:Taxon identifiers
3653:
3652:
3446:978-0-691-08747-4
3427:Bland, Reginald.
3424:
3402:
3391:Thompson, Fed S.
3078:J. Am. Med. Assoc
2944:978-1-118-38276-9
2903:"Rhubarb Compote"
2852:978-1-59921-887-8
2776:978-0-309-48834-1
2453:. A Modern Herbal
2426:978-0-520-24340-8
2392:978-0-415-52051-5
2356:978-1-00-136124-6
2329:978-1-4086-8990-5
2124:978-0-684-80001-1
2048:978-1-60699-976-9
1962:978-1-930948-00-6
1922:(Polygonaceae)".
1920:Rheum rhaponticum
1850:(11): 1360–1363.
1692:Rhubarb Marmalade
1538:calcium carbonate
1431:clinical evidence
1278:
1277:
1223:
1222:
750:'Timperley Early'
708:Lawrence D. Hills
663:Bruce of Kinnaird
661:by the traveller
570:' description of
256:R. undulatum
251:Rheum rhabarbarum
195:
194:
4122:
4085:Medicinal plants
4060:
4059:
4047:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4027:
4026:
4014:
4013:
4001:
4000:
3988:
3987:
3975:
3974:
3962:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3928:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3880:
3879:
3867:
3866:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3779:
3778:
3766:
3765:
3753:
3752:
3740:
3739:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3657:
3656:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3477:
3469:
3450:
3410:
3396:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3331:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3230:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3126:. Archived from
3120:
3114:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3049:(7): 1659–1661.
3034:
3028:
3027:
3017:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2962:
2949:
2948:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2563:"RHS Bridgwater"
2559:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2442:
2431:
2430:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2139:. Archived from
2132:
2126:
2110:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2039:Einstein's Beets
2034:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1801:
1782:
1770:
1754:
1742:
1723:
1712:
1701:
1690:
1679:
1668:
1657:
1646:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1575:senna glycosides
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1084:
996:
980:
963:
946:
929:
912:
902:
869:
868:
762:
758:
690:Thomas Jefferson
581:
575:
559:
558:
554:
477:Rhubarb Triangle
408:
402:
396:
395:
386:
380:
379:
370:
361:
355:
278:culinary rhubarb
184:
182:
178:
157:
153:
58:
57:
44:
32:
31:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4110:Stem vegetables
4070:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4055:
4050:
4042:
4040:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3978:
3970:
3965:
3957:
3955:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3932:
3924:
3921:Observation.org
3919:
3911:
3906:
3898:
3896:
3888:
3883:
3875:
3870:
3862:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3795:
3787:
3782:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3730:
3722:
3717:
3709:
3707:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3633:
3612:
3576:
3533:
3527:
3467:"Rhubarb"
3457:
3447:
3388:
3386:Further reading
3383:
3382:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3292:Disease-a-Month
3284:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3217:
3213:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3074:
3070:
3035:
3031:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2952:
2945:
2929:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2875:
2868:
2853:
2845:. p. 111.
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2777:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2534:on 12 June 2011
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2507:Growing History
2499:
2495:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2443:
2434:
2427:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2375:
2364:
2357:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2307:
2292:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2224:on 31 July 2009
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2133:
2129:
2111:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1916:
1912:
1877:
1873:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1762:
1761:jar for rhubarb
1757:A 19th-century
1755:
1746:
1743:
1734:
1714:Rhubarb Pudding
1659:Rhubarb Crumble
1633:
1626:
1623:
1598:
1573:(also known as
1559:
1548:
1517:
1439:
1419:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1369:
1302:
1261:
1256:
1214:
1201:
1188:
1175:
1162:
1149:
1136:
1123:
1110:
1097:
1085:
1055:
1042:
1029:
1016:
1003:
994:
986:
978:
970:
961:
953:
944:
936:
927:
919:
910:
903:
874:
863:
858:
839:
834:
795:
790:
757:
727:RHS Bridgewater
704:
682:Peter Collinson
539:
437:
427:' or the river
341:
191:
186:
180:
176:
173:
160:
155:
151:
52:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4128:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:wfo-0000404478
4048:
4038:
4028:
4015:
4002:
3989:
3976:
3963:
3953:
3943:
3930:
3917:
3904:
3894:
3881:
3868:
3855:
3842:
3829:
3819:
3806:
3793:
3780:
3767:
3754:
3741:
3728:
3715:
3705:
3690:
3674:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3539:Anthraquinones
3535:
3534:
3529:Herbs used as
3526:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3464:, ed. (1911).
3462:Chisholm, Hugh
3456:
3455:External links
3453:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3432:
3425:
3403:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3359:
3317:
3275:
3249:
3231:
3228:978-0207127731
3211:
3178:
3155:
3141:
3115:
3095:
3084:(8): 627–628.
3068:
3043:Phytochemistry
3029:
2979:
2950:
2943:
2920:
2909:. 7 April 2008
2894:
2888:978-0807854747
2887:
2866:
2851:
2827:
2802:
2775:
2754:
2720:
2691:
2662:
2633:
2604:
2579:
2554:
2545:
2519:
2493:
2490:978-0060199579
2473:
2464:
2432:
2425:
2398:
2391:
2362:
2355:
2335:
2328:
2305:
2283:
2261:
2250:on 5 June 2013
2235:
2209:
2181:
2154:
2127:
2102:
2099:978-0672518317
2091:Joy of Cooking
2082:
2054:
2047:
2029:
2011:
1989:
1968:
1961:
1941:
1910:
1871:
1830:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1717:
1706:
1695:
1684:
1673:
1662:
1651:
1639:
1638:
1622:
1619:
1603:Lixus concavus
1597:
1594:
1557:
1546:
1516:
1513:
1471:anthraquinones
1457:"represents a
1443:anthraquinones
1438:
1435:
1418:
1415:
1411:micronutrients
1368:
1365:
1301:
1298:
1276:
1275:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1001:
999:
989:
988:
984:
982:
973:
972:
968:
966:
956:
955:
951:
949:
939:
938:
934:
932:
922:
921:
917:
915:
905:
904:
897:
892:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
865:
864:
861:
859:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
835:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
807:
806:
803:
797:
796:
793:
791:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
767:
766:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
703:
700:
538:
535:
436:
433:
340:
337:
243:inflorescences
210:in the family
193:
192:
187:
169:
168:
162:
161:
147:
145:
141:
140:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
116:Caryophyllales
113:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
83:
82:
77:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4127:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:Rheum (plant)
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
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3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:Morse, J. E.
3404:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3376:
3369:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3298:(6): 403–11.
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3112:9780112425298
3109:
3105:
3099:
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3079:
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3064:
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3056:
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3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3000:(1): e05090.
2999:
2995:
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2967:
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2955:
2946:
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2533:
2529:
2523:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2468:
2452:
2451:botanical.com
2448:
2441:
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2213:
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2194:
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2185:
2169:
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2100:
2096:
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2071:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2016:
1999:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
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1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:Rhubarb Juice
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:, which is a
1605:
1604:
1593:
1591:
1590:anthraquinone
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
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1456:
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1432:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1378:
1374:
1373:carbohydrates
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1312:Islamic world
1309:
1308:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1246:
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1230:
1226:
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1198:
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1120:
1118:
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1063:
1059:
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1020:
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1007:
1000:
998:
990:
983:
981:
974:
967:
965:
957:
950:
948:
940:
933:
931:
926:Riboflavin (B
923:
916:
914:
906:
901:
896:
893:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
870:
866:
860:
857:
856:
850:
846:
842:
836:
833:
832:
826:
822:
818:
814:
812:
811:Dietary fiber
808:
804:
802:
798:
792:
789:
788:
787:Carbohydrates
782:
778:
774:
772:
768:
763:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:
738:
736:
732:
728:
721:
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712:
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691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
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664:
660:
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640:
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632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:Islamic times
585:
580:
574:
569:
565:
564:
553:
543:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
516:
514:
509:
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501:
496:
494:
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486:
482:
478:
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473:forcing sheds
469:
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418:
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390:
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287:
283:
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271:
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233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
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209:
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199:
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185:
183:
170:
167:
166:Binomial name
163:
159:
158:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
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101:
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88:
85:
84:
81:
80:Tracheophytes
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
4115:Nephrotoxins
3669:
3561:
3490:Rhubarb Info
3471:
3436:
3374:
3362:
3340:(1): 64–74.
3337:
3333:
3320:
3295:
3291:
3266:. Retrieved
3262:the original
3252:
3243:
3234:
3219:
3214:
3198:(1): 43–54.
3195:
3191:
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3158:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3128:the original
3118:
3103:
3098:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3032:
2997:
2994:EFSA Journal
2993:
2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2933:
2911:. Retrieved
2906:
2897:
2878:
2843:FalconGuides
2837:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2814:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2765:
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2736:
2723:
2713:23 September
2711:. Retrieved
2705:
2701:
2694:
2684:23 September
2682:. Retrieved
2676:
2672:
2665:
2655:23 September
2653:. Retrieved
2647:
2643:
2636:
2626:23 September
2624:. Retrieved
2618:
2614:
2607:
2597:27 September
2595:. Retrieved
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:
2557:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:the original
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:
2496:
2481:
2476:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2450:
2410:
2401:
2382:
2345:
2338:
2318:
2299:
2274:. Retrieved
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:the original
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2212:
2201:, retrieved
2191:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2167:
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2130:
2113:
2090:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:
2038:
2032:
2023:
2002:. Retrieved
1992:
1982:23 September
1980:. Retrieved
1971:
1951:
1944:
1930:(1): 91–98.
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1891:(1): 17–25.
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1816:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1670:Rhubarb Fool
1648:Rhubarb Cake
1616:
1601:
1599:
1592:glycosides.
1579:
1542:
1518:
1506:
1498:
1479:
1440:
1420:
1401:(28% of the
1370:
1350:
1343:
1316:
1305:
1304:The species
1303:
1290:
1279:
1237:
1232:
1081:
1076:
1069:
899:
894:
887:
853:
829:
785:
760:Rhubarb, raw
724:
705:
695:R. undulatum
693:
685:
678:Philadelphia
674:John Bartram
671:
651:
604:
561:
548:
531:anthocyanins
524:
517:
497:
470:
446:
420:
415:
368:rha barbaron
359:rheubarbarum
344:
342:
328:
324:
302:
297:
293:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
259:
255:
249:
247:
212:Polygonaceae
205:
197:
196:
174:
172:
149:
148:
136:
126:Polygonaceae
99:
86:
73:
29:
3972:kew-2425570
3872:NatureServe
3810:iNaturalist
3694:Wikispecies
3572:Yellow dock
3375:cornell.edu
3171:30 December
3134:23 February
2913:23 February
2820:23 February
2538:23 February
2512:23 February
2457:23 February
2174:18 November
1924:Willdenowia
1844:HortScience
1703:Rhubarb Pie
1635:Food portal
1563:baking soda
1552:body weight
1533:World War I
1529:nephrotoxin
1525:oxalic acid
1515:Oxalic acid
1505:catechin-7-
1497:catechin-5-
1488:), and the
1486:rhaponticin
1403:Daily Value
1395:food energy
1357:sima (mead)
1353:fruit wines
1333:, although
1307:Rheum ribes
909:Thiamine (B
720:rhubarb pie
718:A homemade
568:Dioscurides
520:oxalic acid
435:Cultivation
421:rhaponticum
391:later used
387:), whereas
373:Dioscorides
290:tetraploids
228:oxalic acid
93:Angiosperms
4074:Categories
3967:Plant List
3645:Castor oil
3608:Tragacanth
2972:26 January
2907:Epicurious
2572:23 January
2447:"Rhubarbs"
2405:Quoted in
2075:23 January
1791:References
1759:apothecary
1586:malic acid
1509:-glucoside
1501:-glucoside
1493:glucosides
1482:stilbenoid
1445:, such as
1156:Phosphorus
619:Marco Polo
504:Washington
449:greenhouse
349:Old French
317:tart taste
235:glycosides
3776:242343402
3763:242343402
3588:Ispaghula
3531:laxatives
3492:from the
2966:"Rhubarb"
2861:560560606
2164:"Rhubarb"
2137:"Rhubarb"
2066:"Rhubarb"
1998:"Rhubarb"
1866:0018-5345
1571:glycoside
1521:poisonous
1459:genotoxic
1407:vitamin C
1399:vitamin K
1367:Nutrition
1169:Potassium
1143:Manganese
1130:Magnesium
1049:Vitamin K
1036:Vitamin E
1023:Vitamin C
993:Folate (B
977:Vitamin B
943:Niacin (B
702:Cultivars
667:Abyssinia
659:Edinburgh
635:Samarkand
592:Silk Road
584:Bosphorus
508:Wisconsin
485:Wakefield
481:Yorkshire
458:harvested
403:), Latin
343:The word
339:Etymology
321:cultivars
305:vegetable
216:perennial
144:Species:
63:Kingdom:
4041:VASCAN:
4024:26001783
4019:Tropicos
3946:PalDat:
3877:2.961292
3851:10452745
3838:301818-2
3708:BioLib:
3679:Wikidata
3624:Tamarind
3557:Frangula
3409:, 1901.
3395:, 1894.
3354:24393738
3312:19446684
3024:32625659
2789:Archived
2785:30844154
2747:28 March
2741:Archived
2731:(2024).
2706:hybridum
2677:hybridum
2648:hybridum
2619:hybridum
2197:archived
2147:12 March
1905:52821042
1823:10 March
1811:hybridum
1621:Cookbook
1612:gummosis
1582:petioles
1567:oxalates
1503:and (−)-
1490:flavanol
1427:laxative
1335:cinnamon
1325:to make
1282:petioles
1238:Quantity
1182:Selenium
1150:0.196 mg
1111:0.021 mg
1077:Quantity
1071:Minerals
987:0.024 mg
971:0.085 mg
895:Quantity
889:Vitamins
692:planted
655:Scotland
643:diamonds
607:cinnamon
552:dà huáng
483:between
329:hybridum
313:crumbles
274:hybridum
232:anthrone
220:rhizomes
202:petioles
150:R.
122:Family:
106:Eudicots
35:Rhubarb
4080:Rhubarb
4034:5882701
3789:2888867
3562:Rhubarb
3552:Cascara
3481:Rhubarb
3431:, 1915.
3268:5 March
3051:Bibcode
3015:7009633
2795:21 June
2276:5 March
2228:30 July
1936:3996925
1813:Murray"
1732:Gallery
1580:In the
1388:⁄
1377:protein
1319:compote
1124:0.22 mg
1091:Calcium
1056:29.3 μg
1043:0.27 mg
1010:Choline
937:0.03 mg
920:0.02 mg
855:Protein
615:saffron
411:Persian
353:rubarbe
345:rhubarb
331:by the
319:. Many
239:flowers
198:Rhubarb
132:Genus:
112:Order:
67:Plantae
25:Roobarb
4031:uBio:
4011:176312
3980:PLANTS
3939:693832
3926:141287
3897:NZOR:
3864:504747
3802:404883
3737:485576
3485:Curlie
3443:
3352:
3310:
3226:
3110:
3022:
3012:
2941:
2885:
2859:
2849:
2783:
2773:
2488:
2423:
2389:
2353:
2326:
2254:4 June
2203:17 May
2122:
2097:
2045:
2004:3 June
1959:
1934:
1903:
1864:
1608:weevil
1455:Emodin
1447:emodin
1361:Kompot
1339:nutmeg
1331:ginger
1323:pectin
1215:0.1 mg
1195:Sodium
1189:1.1 μg
1176:288 mg
1104:Copper
1017:6.1 mg
954:0.3 mg
801:Sugars
794:4.54 g
771:Energy
647:pearls
639:rubies
623:Tangut
613:, and
600:Smyrna
596:Aleppo
506:, and
500:Oregon
493:Morley
491:, and
309:celery
292:with 2
266:hybrid
258:) and
254:(syn.
224:leaves
189:Murray
175:Rheum
3985:RHRH2
3959:10521
3956:PFI:
3908:NZPCN
3846:IRMNG
3825:22049
3822:IPA:
3815:51251
3750:RHERH
3724:4S6BX
3711:38792
3685:Q7535
3638:Other
3567:Senna
3371:(PDF)
3330:(PDF)
2702:Rheum
2673:Rheum
2644:Rheum
2615:Rheum
2591:(PDF)
1932:JSTOR
1901:S2CID
1881:Rheum
1807:Rheum
1596:Pests
1463:rhein
1451:rhein
1375:, 1%
1286:sugar
1244:Water
1163:14 mg
1137:12 mg
1098:86 mg
862:0.8 g
838:0.3 g
815:1.8 g
805:1.1 g
686:Rheum
631:Timur
611:opium
489:Leeds
479:" in
429:Volga
416:Rheum
406:rheum
400:rhēon
389:Galen
364:Greek
325:Rheum
207:Rheum
137:Rheum
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
4044:8199
3993:POWO
3913:2886
3890:3621
3885:NCBI
3859:ITIS
3833:IPNI
3797:GRIN
3784:GBIF
3745:EPPO
3629:Plum
3603:Bran
3598:Agar
3547:Aloe
3441:ISBN
3421:1909
3417:1903
3413:1901
3399:1894
3350:PMID
3308:PMID
3270:2010
3224:ISBN
3173:2009
3136:2023
3108:ISBN
3020:PMID
2974:2020
2939:ISBN
2915:2023
2883:ISBN
2857:OCLC
2847:ISBN
2822:2023
2797:2024
2781:PMID
2771:ISBN
2749:2024
2715:2018
2686:2018
2657:2018
2628:2018
2599:2018
2574:2022
2540:2023
2514:2023
2486:ISBN
2459:2023
2421:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2351:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2278:2010
2256:2013
2230:2018
2205:2017
2176:2022
2149:2006
2120:ISBN
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