1824:
1847:
1813:
819:(48 metres (157 ft) thick), consisting chiefly of pale gray mudstone with subordinate black shales and several interbedded meta-bentonites. Above this is the 43 metres (141 ft) thick
1077:
899:
Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The
Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events".
609:
1193:
820:
816:
1888:
804:
1078:"Formal proposal for a new Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Aeronian Stage at Hlásná Třebaň, Czech Republic"
1186:
549:
499:
847:
1179:
1116:
1881:
1917:
701:
634:
823:, which consist predominantly of black graptolitic shale with subordinate gray mudstones and meta-bentonites.
811:, Scotland, in an artificial excavation created just north of the Linn Branch Stream. Two lithological units (
1922:
1874:
1202:
538:
872:
Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The
Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events".
1912:
852:
1475:
1470:
677:
601:
986:
957:
812:
583:
8:
1907:
1806:
1006:
961:
743:
912:
1604:
1568:
1112:
1862:
1698:
1573:
1542:
1339:
1157:
1001:
965:
908:
881:
762:
305:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1667:
1563:
1501:
1396:
1365:
1334:
831:
758:
30:
1823:
1858:
1817:
1636:
1506:
1401:
1370:
695:
628:
484:
338:
1171:
1132:
885:
874:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1901:
1854:
1537:
1527:
1496:
1459:
1391:
1360:
970:
945:
808:
716:
703:
649:
636:
620:
573:
331:
314:
61:
1828:
1759:
1609:
1532:
776:
769:
751:
373:
323:
1846:
1754:
1623:
1599:
1444:
1239:
773:
466:
36:
1749:
1709:
1652:
1552:
1449:
1323:
1223:
827:
788:
784:
681:
605:
401:
394:
345:
297:
269:
81:
46:
1812:
1764:
1714:
1688:
1647:
1594:
1439:
1415:
1296:
1286:
1275:
766:
448:
366:
259:
86:
1050:
898:
1724:
1719:
1683:
1583:
1516:
1485:
1380:
1349:
1310:
1260:
1234:
1210:
792:
755:
387:
380:
359:
289:
279:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
1028:
1738:
1678:
1428:
1265:
1249:
1051:"Silurian Telychian and Aeronian stage GSSPs have been relocated"
926:
91:
66:
1774:
1657:
1291:
624:
783:
and ended 440.8 ± 1.2 Ma (million years ago). It succeeds the
835:
780:
1107:
Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004).
946:"The GSSP Method of Chronostratigraphy: A Critical Review"
871:
114:
1106:
901:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1899:
1201:
1029:"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point"
1882:
1187:
498:Subdivision of the Silurian according to the
815:) occur near the boundary. The lower is the
807:for the Silurian is located in a section at
933:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
892:
865:
826:The name is given after Cefn-Rhuddan Farm,
505:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
1889:
1875:
1194:
1180:
1083:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
1057:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
1031:. International Commission of Stratigraphy
987:"Series and Stages of the Silurian System"
978:
1005:
969:
1162:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1137:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1102:
1100:
1098:
1021:
984:
779:. The Rhuddanian Age began 443.8 ± 1.5
1900:
495:
1175:
1043:
943:
848:Ordovician-Silurian extinction events
1841:
1095:
474:
456:
438:
1793:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
13:
1797:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1075:
944:Lucas, Spencer (6 November 2018).
14:
1934:
1801:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1845:
1822:
1811:
34:
1158:"GSSP for the Rhuddanian Stage"
1150:
1125:
1069:
1007:10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/005
937:
919:
765:Epoch. The Silurian is in the
437:
1:
1240:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
913:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3
858:
1861:. You can help Knowledge by
7:
1203:Geological history of Earth
841:
496:
254:
16:First stage of the Silurian
10:
1939:
1840:
1476:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1471:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1235:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1133:"GSSP Table - All Periods"
1109:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
950:Frontiers in Earth Science
685:Demirastrites triangulatus
29:443.8 ± 1.5 – 440.8 ± 1.2
1788:
1773:
1760:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
1737:
1697:
1666:
1635:
1622:
1610:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
1582:
1551:
1515:
1484:
1458:
1427:
1414:
1379:
1348:
1322:
1309:
1274:
1248:
1222:
1209:
985:Holland, C. (June 1985).
886:10.1017/S0263593300000377
853:Early Palaeozoic Icehouse
791:Period) and precedes the
787:Age (the last age of the
732:
690:
674:Upper boundary definition
673:
665:
616:
598:Lower boundary definition
597:
589:
579:
569:
564:
556:
544:
534:
529:
521:
516:
112:
107:
26:
21:
1755:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
1600:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1445:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1297:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1287:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
971:10.3389/feart.2018.00191
117:
1750:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
1715:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
1710:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
1653:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1543:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1450:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1261:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
798:
694:Hlásná Třebaň section,
250:−418 —
240:−420 —
230:−422 —
220:−424 —
210:−426 —
200:−428 —
190:−430 —
180:−432 —
170:−434 —
160:−436 —
150:−438 —
140:−440 —
130:−442 —
120:−444 —
1918:Silurian geochronology
1720:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
1689:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
1648:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1595:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1440:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1266:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1725:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
1684:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1605:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1292:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
610:Akidograptus ascensus
1765:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
1658:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1538:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1528:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
931:www.stratigraphy.org
1923:Geochronology stubs
1820: •
1809: •
1807:Geologic time scale
1569:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1533:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1502:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1397:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1366:Middle (164–174 Ma)
962:2018FrEaS...6..191L
733:Upper GSSP ratified
717:49.9230°N 14.2119°E
713: /
691:Upper boundary GSSP
666:Lower GSSP ratified
646: /
617:Lower boundary GSSP
590:Time span formality
1818:Geology portal
1679:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1574:Early (470–485 Ma)
1507:Early (393–419 Ma)
1402:Early (247–252 Ma)
1371:Early (174–201 Ma)
1340:Early (100–145 Ma)
1335:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
927:"Chart/Time Scale"
744:geologic timescale
650:55.4400°N 3.2700°W
580:Stratigraphic unit
570:Chronological unit
557:Time scale(s) used
1870:
1869:
1835:
1834:
1733:
1732:
1699:Paleoproterozoic
1618:
1617:
1564:Late (444–458 Ma)
1497:Late (359–383 Ma)
1410:
1409:
1392:Late (201–237 Ma)
1361:Late (145–164 Ma)
1305:
1304:
1226:(present–2.58 Ma)
1214:(present–66.0 Ma)
740:
739:
530:Usage information
511:
510:
491:
490:
473:
472:
455:
454:
1930:
1913:Llandovery epoch
1891:
1884:
1877:
1849:
1842:
1829:World portal
1827:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1778:
1742:
1702:
1671:
1668:Mesoproterozoic
1640:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1587:
1556:
1520:
1489:
1463:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1384:
1353:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1279:
1253:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1104:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1055:stratigraphy.org
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1009:
991:
982:
976:
975:
973:
941:
935:
934:
923:
917:
916:
896:
890:
889:
869:
728:
727:
725:
724:
723:
722:49.9230; 14.2119
718:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
661:
660:
658:
657:
656:
655:55.4400; -3.2700
651:
647:
644:
643:
642:
639:
480:
475:
462:
457:
444:
439:
326:
317:
308:
282:
262:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
103:
33:
19:
18:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1810:
1802:
1784:
1776:
1769:
1740:
1729:
1700:
1693:
1669:
1662:
1638:
1637:Neoproterozoic
1627:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
1626:
1625:
1624:Proterozoic Eon
1614:
1585:
1578:
1554:
1547:
1518:
1511:
1487:
1480:
1461:
1454:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1382:
1375:
1351:
1344:
1325:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1277:
1270:
1251:
1244:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1170:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1105:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
989:
983:
979:
942:
938:
925:
924:
920:
897:
893:
880:(02): 135–154.
870:
866:
861:
844:
832:Carmarthenshire
801:
721:
719:
715:
712:
707:
704:
702:
700:
699:
698:
654:
652:
648:
645:
640:
637:
635:
633:
632:
631:
512:
507:
506:
504:
487:
478:
469:
460:
451:
442:
435:
434:
430:
429:
425:
424:
420:
419:
415:
414:
410:
409:
405:
404:
398:
397:
391:
390:
384:
383:
377:
376:
370:
369:
363:
362:
356:
355:
349:
348:
342:
341:
335:
334:
328:
327:
322:
319:
318:
313:
310:
309:
304:
301:
300:
294:
293:
285:
284:
278:
274:
273:
265:
264:
258:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
102:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1850:
1833:
1832:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1460:Carboniferous
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1278:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1252:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1149:
1124:
1117:
1094:
1076:Štorch, Petr.
1068:
1042:
1020:
1000:(2): 101–103.
977:
936:
918:
891:
863:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
850:
843:
840:
821:Birkhill Shale
817:Hartfell Shale
800:
797:
738:
737:
734:
730:
729:
696:Czech Republic
692:
688:
687:
675:
671:
670:
667:
663:
662:
618:
614:
613:
599:
595:
594:
591:
587:
586:
581:
577:
576:
571:
567:
566:
562:
561:
560:ICS Time Scale
558:
554:
553:
546:
545:Regional usage
542:
541:
536:
535:Celestial body
532:
531:
527:
526:
523:
522:Name formality
519:
518:
514:
513:
509:
508:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:Ireviken event
483:
481:
471:
470:
465:
463:
453:
452:
447:
445:
436:
432:
431:
427:
426:
422:
421:
417:
416:
412:
411:
407:
406:
400:
399:
393:
392:
386:
385:
379:
378:
372:
371:
365:
364:
358:
357:
351:
350:
344:
343:
337:
336:
330:
329:
321:
320:
312:
311:
303:
302:
296:
295:
287:
286:
276:
275:
267:
266:
256:
255:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
97:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1935:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1857:article is a
1856:
1855:geochronology
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1736:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
1634:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1416:Paleozoic Era
1413:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:(66.0–145 Ma)
1321:
1318:
1316:
1314:(66.0–252 Ma)
1308:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1118:9780521786737
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1079:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1030:
1024:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
981:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
932:
928:
922:
914:
910:
907:(1): 99–124.
906:
902:
895:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
864:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
839:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:is the first
749:
745:
735:
731:
726:
697:
693:
689:
686:
683:
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
630:
626:
622:
619:
615:
612:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:
582:
578:
575:
572:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
537:
533:
528:
524:
520:
515:
503:
502:, as of 2021.
501:
494:
486:
482:
477:
476:
468:
464:
459:
458:
450:
446:
441:
440:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
325:
316:
307:
299:
292:
291:
283:
281:
272:
271:
263:
261:
116:
111:
106:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:
25:
20:
1863:expanding it
1852:
1837:
1803:
1739:Archean Eon
1701:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
1586:(485–539 Ma)
1555:(444–485 Ma)
1519:(419–444 Ma)
1488:(359–419 Ma)
1462:(299–359 Ma)
1431:(252–299 Ma)
1419:(252–539 Ma)
1383:(201–252 Ma)
1352:(145–201 Ma)
1311:Mesozoic Era
1211:Cenozoic Era
1161:
1152:
1142:15 September
1140:. Retrieved
1136:
1127:
1108:
1085:. Retrieved
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1054:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
997:
993:
980:
953:
949:
939:
930:
921:
904:
900:
894:
877:
873:
867:
825:
802:
747:
741:
684:
608:
497:
374:Sheinwoodian
352:
288:
277:
268:
257:
1775:Hadean Eon
1553:Ordovician
1324:Cretaceous
1224:Quaternary
1013:11 December
774:Phanerozoic
761:and of the
720: /
653: /
467:Mulde event
1908:Rhuddanian
1902:Categories
1777:(4–4.6 Ga)
1741:(2.5–4 Ga)
1670:(1–1.6 Ga)
1276:Paleogene
859:References
828:Llandovery
813:formations
809:Dob's Linn
789:Ordovician
763:Llandovery
748:Rhuddanian
708:14°12′43″E
705:49°55′23″N
682:graptolite
638:55°26′24″N
621:Dob's Linn
606:graptolite
565:Definition
402:Lochkovian
395:Ludfordian
353:Rhuddanian
346:Hirnantian
306:Llandovery
108:Chronology
22:Rhuddanian
1804:See also:
1584:Cambrian
1517:Silurian
1486:Devonian
1381:Triassic
1350:Jurassic
785:Himantian
767:Paleozoic
641:3°16′12″W
517:Etymology
449:Lau event
367:Telychian
260:Paleozoic
1429:Permian
1250:Neogene
1087:16 April
1035:3 August
994:Episodes
842:See also
793:Aeronian
756:Silurian
548:Global (
388:Gorstian
381:Homerian
360:Aeronian
280:Silurian
1061:1 March
958:Bibcode
956:: 191.
772:of the
754:of the
742:In the
680:of the
604:of the
479:←
461:←
443:←
332:Přídolí
315:Wenlock
245:–
235:–
225:–
215:–
205:–
195:–
185:–
175:–
165:–
155:–
145:–
135:–
125:–
98:↓
1783:
1115:
759:Period
746:, the
625:Moffat
593:Formal
525:Formal
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
324:Ludlow
1853:This
1081:(PDF)
990:(PDF)
836:Wales
795:Age.
584:Stage
539:Earth
1859:stub
1144:2018
1113:ISBN
1089:2024
1063:2024
1037:2024
1015:2020
805:GSSP
803:The
799:GSSP
736:2024
669:1984
629:U.K.
37:PreꞒ
1002:doi
966:doi
909:doi
905:195
882:doi
830:in
777:Eon
770:Era
752:age
678:FAD
602:FAD
574:Age
550:ICS
500:ICS
1904::
1799:Ga
1795:Ma
1791:ka
1160:.
1135:.
1111:.
1097:^
1053:.
996:.
992:.
964:.
952:.
948:.
929:.
903:.
878:93
876:.
838:.
834:,
781:Ma
627:,
623:,
87:Pg
31:Ma
1890:e
1883:t
1876:v
1865:.
1195:e
1188:t
1181:v
1164:.
1146:.
1121:.
1091:.
1065:.
1039:.
1017:.
1004::
998:8
974:.
968::
960::
954:6
915:.
911::
888:.
884::
552:)
339:E
298:L
290:D
270:O
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.