136:
115:
369:
In 2013, Hao and Xue returned to the earlier definition. Their class
Rhyniopsida (rhyniopsids) is defined by the presence of sporangia that terminate isotomous branching systems (i.e. the plants have branching patterns in which the branches are equally sized, rather than one branch dominating, like
306:
in 1968 under the name
Rhyniophytina. The original definition was: "plants with naked (lacking emergences), dichotomizing axes bearing sporangia that are terminal, usually fusiform and may dehisce longitudinally; they are diminutive plants and, in so far as is known, have a small terete xylem strand
334:
since some of its members are now known to lack vascular tissue. The definition that seems to be used most often now is that of D. Edwards and D.S. Edwards: "plants with smooth axes, lacking well-defined spines or leaves, showing a variety of branching patterns that may be isotomous, anisotomous,
335:
pseudomonopodial or adventitious. Elongate to globose sporangia were terminal on main axes or on lateral systems showing limited branching. It seems probable that the xylem, comprising a solid strand of tracheids, was centrarch." However, Edwards and
Edwards also decided to include
436:
276:, since when there have been many redefinitions, including by Banks himself. "As a result, the Rhyniophytina have slowly dissolved into a heterogeneous collection of plants ... the group contains only one species on which all authors agree: the type species
280:". When defined very broadly, the group consists of plants with dichotomously branched, naked aerial axes ("stems") with terminal spore-bearing structures (sporangia). The rhyniophytes are considered to be stem group tracheophytes (vascular plants).
358:
use
Rhyniophyta as a formal taxon, but with a loose definition: plants "characterized by dichotomously branched, naked aerial axes with terminal sporangia". They thus include under "other rhyniophytes" plants apparently without vascular tissue.
473:
for the polysporangiophytes in which the
Rhyniaceae are shown as the sister group of all other tracheophytes (vascular plants). Some other former "rhyniophytes", such as
1541:
1210:
Evolution and
Environment: A Symposium Presented on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Foundation of Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University
339:, plants which "look like rhyniophytes, but cannot be assigned unequivocally to that group because of inadequate anatomical preservation", but exclude plants like
1546:
354:
In 1966, slightly before Banks created the subdivision, the group was treated as a division under the name
Rhyniophyta. Taylor et al. in their book
1318:
The Early
Devonian Posongchong Flora of Yunnan – A Contribution to an Understanding of the Evolution and Early Diversification of Vascular Plants
808:
922:
877:
418:
There is no agreement on the formal classification to be used for the rhyniophytes. The following are some of the names which may be used:
382:, had radially symmetrical sporangia that were longer than wide and possessed vascular tissue with S-type tracheids. Cooksonioids, such as
370:
the trunk of a tree). The shape and symmetry of the sporangia was then used to divide up the group. Rhynialeans (order
Rhyniales), such as
1503:
Kidston, R. & Lang, W.H. (1920), "On Old Red
Sandstone plants showing structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part III.
1639:
1542:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070423195457/http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/project/dendrology/index/plantae/vascular/vascular.html
1536:
745:
and renalioids. Genera included by Hao and Xue are listed below, with assignments to their three subgroups where these are given.
1326:
1189:
1113:
493:
have been tentatively classified as tracheophytes in at least one recent cladistic analysis of Early Devonian land plants.
1644:
1226:
Edwards, D.; Edwards, D.S. (1986), "A reconsideration of the Rhyniophytina Banks", in Spicer, R.A.; Thomas, B.A. (eds.),
1388:"On Old Red Sandstone plants showing structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part II. Additional notes on
394:, had radially symmetrical or trumpet-shaped sporangia, without clear evidence of vascular tissue. Renalioids, such as
481:, are placed outside the tracheophyte clade, as they did not possess true vascular tissue (in particular did not have
1634:
1367:
Němejc, F. (1950), "The natural systematic of plants in the light of the present palaeontological documents",
17:
135:
992:), may also be a rhyniophyte. Others have placed some of these genera in different groups. For example,
738:
737:
The taxon and informal terms corresponding to it have been used in different ways. Hao and Xue in 2013
327:
1469:
Niklas, K.J. (1979), "An Assessment of Chemical Features for the Classification of Plant Fossils",
1598:
1537:
https://web.archive.org/web/20071028153446/http://www.palaeos.com/Plants/Rhyniophytes/index.html
1244:
Cronquist, A.; Takhtajan, A. & Zimmermann, W. (1966), "On the higher Taxa of Embryobionta",
289:
1561:
257:
1278:
Gonez, P. & Gerrienne, P. (2010a), "A New Definition and a Lectotypification of the Genus
1593:
1354:Учебник палеонтологии (Uchebnik paleontologii; Textbook of Palaeontology, 3rd edition only)
8:
1075:
323:. Informally, they are often called rhyniophytes or, as mentioned below, rhyniophytoids.
303:
273:
366:
was suggested, to distinguish such plants from 'true' tracheophytes or eutracheophytes.
1486:
1261:
1154:
726:
503:
308:
196:
160:
130:
1452:
1322:
1316:
1185:
1109:
1433:
Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny",
1516:
1478:
1442:
1411:
1291:
1253:
1146:
997:
516:
675:
320:
982:
929:
659:
246:
236:
173:
41:
1520:
1415:
1208:
Banks, H.P. (1968), "The early history of land plants", in Drake, E.T. (ed.),
1027:
1628:
1584:
1031:
959:
943:
827:
617:
319:(spore-forming organs). They lacked leaves or true roots but did have simple
72:
1611:
1456:
1447:
1009:
977:
936:
846:
782:
767:
742:
552:
496:
Partial cladogram by Crane et al. including the more certain rhyniophytes:
347:
299:
272:. The first definition of the group, under the name Rhyniophytina, was by
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1056:
987:
915:
892:
789:
759:
539:
341:
251:
47:
114:
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92:
57:
1106:
The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study
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907:
861:
815:
774:
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331:
295:
97:
1555:
1482:
1387:
1257:
1150:
1050:. Though the rhyniophytes are well represented, plants with simpler
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1578:
1295:
1042:
sites with similar flora. Used in this way, these terms refer to a
1035:
966:
801:
482:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
1356:. Leningrad-Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdateľstvo. pp. 408–409.
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their Rhyniopsida quite broadly, dividing it into rhynialeans,
600:
241:
1047:
1023:
147:
1243:
1060:, are also common; there are also more complex plants, like
1046:
assemblage of more or less related early land plants, not a
834:
307:
with a central protoxylem." With this definition, they are
1212:, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, pp. 73–107
1182:
Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
1369:
Sborník Národního Muzea V Praze: Řada B, Přírodni Vědy
1428:
1426:
1424:
1133:
Andrews, H.N.; Kasper, A. & Mencher, E. (1968), "
1180:
Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009).
1132:
1550:
1432:
1228:
Systematic and taxonomic approaches in palaeobotany
1184:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press.
1108:, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press,
260:used for this group, some treating it as the class
1421:
1271:
1179:
1626:
1239:
1237:
975:It has been suggested that the poorly preserved
1277:
239:that are considered to be similar to the genus
1509:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1404:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1225:
1221:
1219:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1234:
1137:, a New Devonian Plant from Northern Maine",
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1126:
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1201:
1104:Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997),
1103:
1502:
1496:
1385:
1315:Hao, Shougang & Xue, Jinzhuang (2013),
1230:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 199–218
1216:
1088:
351:which definitely do not possess tracheids.
1462:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1121:
1022:" is sometimes used for the assemblage of
406:had bilaterally symmetrical sporangia and
113:
1446:
1392:, Kidston and Lang; with descriptions of
1198:
1066:, which has a very early form of leaves.
1351:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1301:
1284:International Journal of Plant Sciences
14:
1627:
1468:
1366:
1314:
424:Cronq., Takht. & Zimmermann (1966)
219:Cronq., Takht. & Zimmermann (1966)
1560:
1559:
1386:Kidston, R. & Lang, W.H. (1920),
1207:
1164:
1139:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
729:article for the expanded cladogram.)
315:consisted of branched stems bearing
24:
469:In 2004, Crane et al. published a
290:Polysporangiophyte § Taxonomy
25:
1656:
1551:Crane, Herendeen & Friis 2004
1530:
1640:Early Devonian first appearances
330:, the group was found not to be
256:). Sources vary in the name and
134:
45:
1360:
1352:Yakovlev, Nikolai, ed. (1925).
1003:
1340:
283:
13:
1:
1081:
294:The group was described as a
235:are a group of extinct early
996:has been considered to be a
464:
264:, others as the subdivision
7:
1069:
778:(cooksonioids + renalioids)
413:
10:
1661:
1645:Early Devonian extinctions
1435:American Journal of Botany
1321:, Beijing: Science Press,
1026:found in the Rhynie chert
1007:
428:Subdivision Rhyniophytina
400:Cooksonia crassiparietilis
287:
1568:
1521:10.1017/S0080456800004506
1416:10.1017/S0080456800004488
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451:Kidston & Lang (1920)
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131:Scientific classification
129:
121:
112:
34:
985:age (Llandovery, around
981:, found in deposits of
372:Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii
326:However, as originally
278:Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii
124:Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii
27:Extinct group of plants
1507:, Kidston and Lang.",
1448:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683
1390:Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughani
1030:- rich fossil beds in
1635:Early Devonian plants
1594:Paleobiology Database
422:Division Rhyniophyta
392:C. hemisphaerica
1135:Psilophyton forbesii
988:440 to 430
252:419 to 393
1505:Asteroxylon mackiei
1076:Polysporangiophytes
504:polysporangiophytes
309:polysporangiophytes
304:Harlan Parker Banks
161:Polysporangiophytes
1014:The general term "
727:Polysporangiophyte
449:Family Rhyniaceae
434:Class Rhyniopsida
388:C. paranensis
362:In 2010, the name
122:Reconstruction of
1622:
1621:
1562:Taxon identifiers
1328:978-7-03-036616-0
1191:978-0-12-373972-8
1115:978-1-56098-730-7
990:million years ago
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485:). However, both
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384:Cooksonia pertoni
364:paratracheophytes
254:million years ago
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1400:, n.g., n.sp."
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955:(rhynialeans?)
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344:
343:
338:
333:
329:
328:circumscribed
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
301:
297:
291:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:Rhyniophytina
263:
259:
253:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
222:
216:
210:
205:Rhyniopsida
204:
203:
201:
198:
194:
191:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:Tracheophytes
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
125:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
33:
30:
19:
18:Rhyniophytina
1569:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1438:
1434:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:Rhynia major
1393:
1389:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1332:, retrieved
1317:
1287:
1283:
1282:Lang 1937",
1279:
1273:
1249:
1245:
1227:
1209:
1181:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1105:
1061:
1055:
1019:
1016:rhyniophytes
1015:
1013:
1010:Rhynie chert
1004:Rhynie flora
993:
978:Eohostimella
976:
974:
965:
958:
950:
942:
937:Steganotheca
935:
928:
921:
914:
906:
898:
891:
888:(renalioids)
883:
876:
870:
866:
860:
852:
845:
839:
833:
826:
820:
814:
807:
800:
794:
788:
783:Culullitheca
781:
773:
766:
758:
755:(renalioids)
750:
743:cooksonioids
736:
724:
674:
658:
616:
615:
599:
598:
575:
574:
562:
553:Tracheophyta
538:
537:
515:
495:
490:
487:Horneophyton
486:
478:
475:Horneophyton
474:
468:
430:Banks (1968)
417:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
363:
361:
355:
353:
348:Horneophyton
346:
340:
336:
332:monophyletic
325:
300:Tracheophyta
293:
277:
269:
265:
261:
240:
233:rhyniophytes
232:
230:
217:Rhyniophyta
213:Banks (1968)
190:Rhyniophytes
189:
180:
167:
154:
123:
29:
1570:Rhyniophyta
1145:(1): 1–11,
1063:Asteroxylon
1057:Aglaophyton
1028:Lagerstätte
998:horneophyte
923:Sennicaulis
916:Sartilmania
893:Resilitheca
871:Eocooksonia
867:Cooksonella
790:Eogaspesiea
760:Aglaophyton
540:Aglaophyton
491:Aglaophyton
479:Aglaophyton
408:protosteles
356:Paleobotany
342:Aglaophyton
313:sporophytes
296:subdivision
284:Definitions
270:Rhyniophyta
262:Rhyniopsida
35:Rhyniophyte
1629:Categories
1334:2019-10-25
1082:References
878:Pertonella
795:Eogaspesia
752:Aberlemnia
563:Rhyniaceae
396:Aberlemnia
288:See also:
181:Stem group
1612:100474404
1547:Cladogram
1348:Rhyniales
1280:Cooksonia
1044:floristic
952:Tarrantia
908:Salopella
862:Junggaria
816:Fusitheca
775:Cooksonia
725:(See the
483:tracheids
471:cladogram
465:Phylogeny
317:sporangia
144:Kingdom:
1607:Tropicos
1579:Wikidata
1457:21652317
1070:See also
1036:Scotland
967:Uskiella
802:Eorhynia
414:Taxonomy
249:(around
197:Synonyms
1585:Q133366
1491:1219787
1375:(3): 55
1266:1217531
1159:2483801
1054:, like
1052:anatomy
885:Renalia
854:Huvenia
577:Huvenia
404:Renalia
380:Huvenia
148:Plantae
1599:250240
1489:
1455:
1325:
1264:
1188:
1157:
1112:
1040:coeval
1024:plants
1018:" or "
900:Rhynia
733:Genera
601:Rhynia
439:(1925)
242:Rhynia
1549:from
1487:JSTOR
1471:Taxon
1262:JSTOR
1246:Taxon
1155:JSTOR
1048:taxon
274:Banks
168:Clade
155:Clade
1453:PMID
1350:in:
1323:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1110:ISBN
847:Huia
840:Hsüa
835:Hsua
768:Caia
489:and
477:and
402:and
390:and
378:and
345:and
258:rank
231:The
48:PreꞒ
1517:doi
1479:doi
1443:doi
1412:doi
1346:As
1292:doi
1288:171
1254:doi
1147:doi
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793:(=
302:by
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1423:^
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1248:,
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98:Pg
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1250:2
1194:.
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873:)
823:)
187:†
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
20:)
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