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headquarters of the
Central American Parliament (Parlacen), of which he serves as a deputy and, as such, argues that he has jurisdiction against criminal proceedings, which in 2012 he had described as "cave of thieves "; Relying on the fact that as a former president he is a Parlacen deputy, he denounced the current government in harsh terms and accusing President Varela of wanting to assassinate him, however the plenary session of Parlacen affirmed that he had no immunity, since if the National Assembly of Panama did not grants parliamentary immunity to local deputies, the Parlacen cannot either. After reporting what he described as a persecution against him to Parlacen, Martinelli took refuge in Miami.
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817:(request for international arrest) for the extradition of Ricardo Martinelli, installed in Miami. Panamanian justice accused the former president of having spied on telephone conversations of about 150 people, including journalists and leaders of the opposition. Martinelli was arrested in Miami by U.S. Marshals on June 12, 2017, to face extradition to Panama. He was extradited to Panama on June 11, 2018, to face the wiretapping charges. On August 9, 2019, a 3-judge panel declared Ricardo Martinelli not guilty, the court cleared the former president of espionage and corruption during his administration and ordered him released from house arrest.
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risk to his life, and called on the
Panamanian government to allow his departure to Nicaragua. On 9 February, the Panamanian foreign ministry denied the request, stating that the 1928 Convention on Asylum does not allow its signatories to grant asylum in their diplomatic missions to people condemned for common crimes. On 22 February, Panamanian authorities approved the cancellation of his conditional release and ordered his arrest.
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food were detected. In the investigations, two former directors have been arrested: Giacomo
Tamburelli and Rafael Guardia. In the statements, both pointed out that Martinelli had ordered both purchases with cost overruns.53 After an investigation, the case was closed without evidence against the former president, since the Judicial Branch recognized that it could not gather elements of conviction to prove the prosecution.
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436:, an impoverished city on the Gulf Coast. This included projects like a new highway connecting Panama and ColĂłn, the Canal expansion, construction of a new hospital and other public works intended to help reduce unemployment and poverty. The government also announced a $ 9 million project to rehabilitate ColĂłn's seaside park.
522:. Fitch had upgraded Panama twice since Martinelli took office, and Standard & Poor's followed its upgrade with a revised "positive" outlook. The Fitch upgrade was described as "a victory for conservative President Ricardo Martinelli, who has pushed two tax reforms through Congress since taking office".
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in 2011, " American law enforcement officials, while giving the country credit for improving its police forces and cooperation with international agencies, still consider it a major money-laundering haven." Furthermore, they report that "In the past two years has signed agreements with 12 countries,
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described the foreign investment as still hurt by "doubts about the rule of law", citing suspected corruption in the bidding for the metro contract and the flooding of a wealthy Panama City neighborhood with sewage due to a lack of enforcement of planning laws. Martinelli was also criticized during
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Given the allegations, on
January 28, 2015, an investigation was launched against Martinelli, with the unanimous vote of all the magistrates of the Supreme Court of Justice, for "alleged crimes against the public administration." However, Martinelli had left Panama hours earlier for Guatemala City,
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On June 16, 2013, received and acknowledgement from the FAO in Rome, Italy, for helping to reduce the child malnutrition in the
Panamanian territory. It took place during the 38th Session of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Conference. Martinelli was awarded besides
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On
February 20, 2010, the University of Arkansas established the Ricardo A. Martinelli Berrocal Scholarship to provide financial aid to prospective University of Arkansas students from Panama. He was also presented with the Citation of Distinguished Alumnus award and was made an official ambassador
344:. He ran on a pro-business platform, promising to cut political corruption and reduce violent crime and spent an estimated $ 35 million on promoting his campaign. By Election Day, Martinelli was the favorite to win the election, with opinion polls giving him a double-digit lead over the ruling
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was seeking to imprison and even kill him, which led him to seek refuge at the
Nicaraguan embassy, with his lawyer saying that "his life was in danger.” On February 7, the Nicaraguan foreign ministry announced that it had granted Martinelli asylum on the basis of political persecution and imminent
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On July 18, 2023, a criminal court in Panama sentenced
Martinelli to more than 10 years in prison for money laundering, relating to the "New Business" case that dates back to 2017. The case concerns the 2010 purchase of a Panamanian national media company, with prosecutors claiming that Martinelli
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After leaving power in July 2014, the government of his successor, Juan Carlos Varela, launched a series of investigations related to cost overruns during the
Martinelli government. In the investigations of the National Aid Program (PAN), cost overruns of more than 45 million dollars in dehydrated
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Once during his first year in office, Martinelli proposed and signed into law tax reforms to simplify filings, reduce rates, and improve collection. The number of income brackets was reduced from five to two, the corporate tax rate was cut to 25%, and delinquent collection was outsourced. The tax
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Additionally, Martinelli has proceedings open for espionage and telephone interception of more than 150 people during his mandate, most of them opponents (including businessmen, independent journalists and magistrates). Because he was still in the United States and did not attend the preliminary
951:
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Martinelli began his career as a credit officer at
Citibank in Panama. After several years of banking, he purchased the business of a client, in turn becoming an entrepreneur, buying or starting additional businesses. His net worth was estimated at $ 1.1 billion or more, according to press
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Martinelli introduced a number of measures designed to alleviate poverty, including a $ 100 monthly pension for the elderly, an increase in the minimum wage, and subsidies for students to meet the cost of uniforms and supplies. He also increased the minimum wage, making it the highest in Latin
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As of 2010, Martinelli's administration announced plans, ultimately fulfilled during his term, to invest $ 20 billion over the next four years on infrastructure designed to enhance Panama's role as a global logistics hub and increase foreign direct investment. The plan included greater
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hearing on December 11, 2015, he was declared in "default" by the guarantee judge JerĂłnimo MejĂa and went to the plenary session of the Supreme Court of Justice of Panama. on whether Martinelli would be called to a hearing, ordering his "provisional arrest" on December 21.
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his presidency for authoritarian tactics. He sought to reduce the time period before the president could run for re-election though he withdrew when it proved unfeasible. He was accused of tampering with the Supreme Court. In August 2009, the US Ambassador to Panama,
556:, has continued to see strong legislative support: with Martinelli as its leader it continues to hold the biggest bloc of 30 seats, versus 12 seats for Panameñista Party in the 71-seat National Assembly. Martinelli remains the leader of Panama's opposition party.
476:, which was signed more than two years before he took office but had not been finalized. Martinelli had designated the completion of this agreement as his top priority upon taking office. The agreement was ratified by the US Congress on October 13, 2011.
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finished a distant third. This was the second-largest majority in Panamanian history and the largest since 1989. Martinelli's victory was an exception to a trend of victories for left-leaning Latin American candidates. He was sworn in on July 1, 2009.
760:, with whom he has three children: Ricardo Alberto Martinelli Linares, Luis Enrique Martinelli Linares, and Carolina Martinelli Linares. Ricardo and Luis Enrique are accused of having received at least 22 million dollars of the Brazilian company
548:
Martinelli experienced high popularity ratings during his term of office, at one time in excess of 90%, the highest in the Americas at the time. In 2014, when he was preparing to leave office, his approval rating was still high, at 65%.
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was extradited from France to Panama by Martinelli's government. Critics charged that Martinelli had requested the extradition to turn public attention away from administration scandals, an accusation denied by Panamanian government.
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A Spanish court could not find Martinelli in 2022. He is suspected to have hired a private security outfit ("Group Kougar") in Mallorca, Spain, to spy on his lover while she was there in 2020. Group Kougar included members of the
1329:"Split with the past: with Panama's Ricardo Martinelli and EL Salvador's Mauricio Funes both Looking to be paradigms for successful government in the Americas, will ideology take a backseat to ruling from the center?"
452:
called the "ambitious public investment program" part of "Panama's highly favorable investment cycle." This plan ended up considerably increasing the public debt of the Panamanian state, which reached 45% of GDP.
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on February 2, 2024, making him ineligible to run again for president in elections that he wanted to contest later in the year. His candidacy was formally revoked by the Panamanian electoral tribunal on March 4.
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As of 2009, he was the president and director of the board of Panamanian supermarket chain, Super 99 and of two other companies. From May 2009, he passed the presidency of Super 99 to Luis Enrique Martinelli.
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Hijo de los señores Ricardo Martinelli, de ascendencia italiana, y Gloria Berrocal, de ascendencia española, naciĂł en la capital del paĂs pero se criĂł fundamentalmente en Soná, distrito de la provincia de
967:
263:, Ricardo Martinelli is the son of Ricardo Martinelli Pardini and Gloria Berrocal Fábrega. His father is of Italian descent, and his mother is of Spanish descent. He completed his secondary education at
570:, wrote to the US State Department that Martinelli had asked her for wiretaps on his political opponents, and she complained of his "bullying style" and "autocratic tendencies". A copy of the cable was
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Following the Supreme Court's decision, Martinelli held a rally in Panama City in which he insisted that he would continue his presidential campaign. However, he later claimed that incumbent president
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gave lucrative government contracts to businesses that later transferred money to the company "New Business", a front Martinelli used to purchase the company. His conviction was upheld by the
506:
In addition, Martinelli upheld and reinforced drug trafficking laws throughout his presidency. In 2012 alone, the Panamanian government seized over 11 tons of cocaine, as reported by IHS.
465:
reform imposed and collected taxes on a large swath of Panama's elite, which had largely avoided significant taxation. The program was not without controversy, however. A spokesperson for
1700:
486:, "Its canal is becoming the backbone of a transoceanic logistics network. Its airline, Copa, connects much of Latin America. Its offshore-banking sector sucks in Latin American money."
247:. He was accused of using public money to buy several Panamanian media outlets in 2010, when he was president. He was implicated in several other corruption cases during his presidency (
410:
in 2012, "though it lies in Central America, the poorest and most violent region in the West, the country's 3.6m citizens are now richer than most Latin Americans." The following year,
574:. After the leak, Martinelli's administration said that "help in tapping the telephones of politicians was never requested" and that Stephenson was "mistaken" in her interpretation.
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in south Florida after a provisional arrest warrant issued by the U.S. Justice Department in response to a request from Panama and was set to appear on Federal Court.
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On May 3, 2009, Martinelli won the national election by a landslide, with over 60% of the votes, thanks to the alliance with who would be his vice president,
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421:, "the incomes of the poorest 10% are now 35 times lower than those of the richest 10%, rather than 60 times lower, according to the finance ministry."
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stated that voters "want him to run the country as well as he manages his businesses" in response to his victory in the 2009 presidential election.
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The cornerstone of Martinelli's expansion program was the $ 5.3 billion expansion of the Panama Canal, which was started by his predecessor.
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540:," further growth in financial services ("banking is booming") with "well-heeled foreign transplants" spending on local services and goods.
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1991:"President and First Lady of Panama honoured by Constantinian Order at London Ceremony - Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George"
1942:
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482:
Through pro-business policies, Martinelli saw through the growth of Panama as an international transport and financial hub. According to
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2016:
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390:, who contributed the votes of the Panamanian party, 22.2% of the total, compared to Herrera, who received about 36%. Former president
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This prosperity widely benefited Panama, with unemployment declining from 6.6% to 4.1%. Income disparity also declined: according to
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272:
201:
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2413:
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1085:
851:
809:, are the only Panamanian political leaders detained in the US for judicial processes of institutional gravity. In May 2017,
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including the United States, to exchange tax and other information upon request, a tool to investigate financial criminals."
1917:
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He also oversaw, the approval of a comprehensive Association treaty with other regional countries and the European Union.
414:
stated that "Panama booming, with an average economic growth of 9 percent in five years, the highest in Latin America."
58:
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2541:
2125:"El expresidente panameño ilocalizable que ordenĂł a guardias civiles de Mallorca espiar a su pareja por si tenĂa amantes"
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In 2012, Panama—along with the U.S.—was one of the few countries that voted against Palestine in a key U.N. vote.
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529:(FDI). During his tenure, FDI rose from $ 1,259.3 billion (in 2009) to $ 4,651.3 billion (in 2013).
337:, when his party came in last; Martinelli received 5.3% of the vote and came in fourth place in the election.
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coalition. He had the support of the Alliance for Change, a group of political parties that includes his own
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in Panama and to create greater transparency in its institutions, this had some success. According to the
1954:
https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-10570-haiti-politic-fruitful-meeting-with-the-president-of-panama.html
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1943:
https://mire.gob.pa/presidente-de-la-republica-condecorado-con-la-mas-alta-distincion-que-otorga-francia
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375:. Though initially the favorite, she was damaged in the election by her links to former military ruler
353:
349:
330:
167:
2177:"Panama Supreme Court lets ex-President Martinelli's sentence stand, likely ending his reelection bid"
1701:"The Republic of Panama's Sovereign Rating Outlook Revised to Positive from Stable on Stronger Growth"
514:
During Martinelli's term, Panama's sovereign debt rating was upgraded to "investment grade" by Fitch,
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526:
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party, which was founded in May 1998. He led the party and was the presidential candidate during the
264:
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425:(GDP) grew by nearly half, while GDP per capita rose 11%, from $ 9,982 in 2010 to $ 11,036 in 2014.
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764:, involved in a vast scandal of corruption. The money had then been hidden on bank accounts in
469:
defended the tax reform "underpin the government's commitment to sustainable fiscal policies."
422:
276:
197:
2255:"Uncertainty surrounding former president Ricardo Martinelli roils Panama's presidential race"
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838:
accused Martinelli of corruption and money laundering in the construction of two lines of the
706:
536:, direct investment in real estate was exemplified by "the tallest building in Latin America,
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2020:
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and by the perception that she was a "Chavista", a supporter of leftist Venezuelan president
228:
2646:
2476:
2826:
2641:
2601:
1515:"Fitch Upgrades Panama's L-T Foreign & Local Currency IDRs to 'BBB-'; Positive Outlook"
251:, New Business, Financial Pacific, Blue Apple, among others); he is facing several trials.
2202:"Panamanian electoral court bars former president Martinelli's candidacy in May elections"
1518:
357:
8:
2531:
827:
233:
74:
20:
2151:"Panama Ex-President Martinelli is sentenced to 10 years in prison for money laundering"
1759:
1089:
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2374:
872:
835:
537:
387:
268:
232:(born 11 March 1951) is a Panamanian politician and businessman who served as the 36th
121:
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2356:
2339:
1385:"Coalition of the opposing: Why these 9 countries voted against Palestine at the U.N."
109:
2616:
2471:
1861:"President Ricardo Martinelli is Panama's most unpopular president, says recent poll"
1314:
2719:
2326:
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627:
559:
Martinelli has also been criticized in the local and international media. In 2011,
391:
244:
2281:"Panama's judiciary orders arrest of ex-president holed up in Nicaragua's embassy"
525:
Martinelli's policies contributed to credit upgrades but also robust increases in
433:
2810:
2786:
2456:
2333:
2229:"Panama ex-President Ricardo Martinelli receives political asylum from Nicaragua"
1921:
1888:"Noriega Is Sent to Prison Back in Panama, Where the Terror Has Turned to Shrugs"
1864:
1402:
1156:
1122:
814:
372:
340:
Martinelli was the leader of Democratic Change and presidential candidate in the
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from 1994 to 1996. From September 1999 to January 2003, during the presidency of
315:
212:
172:
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1675:"Panama Raised to Investment Grade by Moody's, Matching Moves by S&P, Fitch"
2739:
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2621:
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847:
806:
578:
376:
319:
248:
2308:
1760:"Martinelli tiene más alta aprobación en América y Cristina Fernández la peor"
930:"Ricardo Martinelli, el magnate de supermercados que ofrece un cambio al paĂs"
2820:
2798:
2761:
2724:
2631:
2606:
2566:
2536:
2451:
1268:"A Once-Vibrant City Struggles as Panama Races Ahead on a Wave of Prosperity"
1069:
561:
294:
2088:"La Interpol pide la captura de Ricardo Martinelli por un caso de espionaje"
2043:"Ricardo y Luis Enrique Martinelli Linares recibieron millones de Odebrecht"
1965:
857:
383:. Martinelli was also helped by strong support from the business community.
2705:
1407:"Panama's Infrastructure Spending to Help Economy Grow 6%, Martinelli Says"
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622:
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240:
27:
448:
investment in roads, hospitals, sewers, schools, and a Panama City metro.
2069:"Former Panamanian president Ricardo Martinelli arrested in Coral Gables"
1445:
1052:
964:
Barcelona Center for International Affairs: "Ricardo Martinelli Berrocal"
894:"Ricardo Martinelli: Panama ex-president sentenced to decade behind bars"
765:
495:
466:
449:
380:
260:
156:
2805:
1027:"Ricardo Martinelli: How a Supermarket Magnate Came to Lead the Nation"
596:
515:
192:
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406:
Under Martinelli, Panama enjoyed high economic growth. As reported by
843:
761:
1920:. University of Arkansas Newswire. February 20, 2010. Archived from
1635:"Bursts of Economic Growth in Panama Have Yet to Banish Old Ghosts"
1471:"Fitch Upgrades Panama's Ratings to BBB; Outlook Revised to Stable"
810:
715:
699:
592:
280:
1497:"Ricardo Martinelli aumentĂł la deuda pĂşblica en $ 10,440 millones"
2106:"Ricardo Martinelli former Panama President not guilty of spying"
898:
31:
2781:
2425:
2416:
1613:"A surprise winner promises to sweep Panamanian politics clean"
1517:. Fitch Group via Business Wire. March 23, 2010. Archived from
615:
509:
271:, Virginia, in the United States. In 1973 he graduated with a
643:
239:
Martinelli was sentenced to ten years in prison in 2024 for
1283:
1281:
1237:
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671:
1966:"CidadĂŁos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas"
933:
322:, he served as chairman of the board of directors of the
1278:
1232:
459:
403:
Martinelli served as president from 2009 through 2014.
1703:. Standard & Poor's. July 21, 2011. Archived from
2770:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1830:"Mexican request for U.S. help in drug war detailed"
494:
Martinelli also undertook efforts to strengthen the
1885:
743:
Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
1601:. Access to European Union Law. December 12, 2015.
1253:
1149:"Conservative supermarket tycoon wins Panama vote"
1970:Página Oficial das Ordens HonorĂficas Portuguesas
1210:"Supermarket tycoon sworn in as Panama president"
1146:
2818:
1542:"Panama's president-elect to push US trade deal"
1465:
1463:
2340:Progress is proof that hunger can be eliminated
1858:
1029:. Latin Trade. February 2, 2010. Archived from
858:"New Business" money laundering case and asylum
38: and the second or maternal family name is
1778:"Aprobación de mandatarios América y el Mundo"
1628:
1626:
1539:
1177:
474:Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement
273:Bachelor of Science in business administration
2842:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
2399:
1827:
1460:
994:
798:On June 12, 2017, Martinelli was arrested at
472:Martinelli oversaw the final approval of the
1918:"President Ricardo Martinelli Visits Campus"
442:
2122:
2116:
1793:
1730:"Fitch: Panama's debt now investment-grade"
1623:
1473:. Fitch Group. June 2, 2011. Archived from
2406:
2392:
1633:Archibold, Randal C. (December 13, 2011).
1570:
1359:"About Panama: Labor Force & Salaries"
1115:"Super 09; Panama's presidential election"
1070:https://www.super99.com/sobre-nosotros.php
57:
2123:Ballesteros, Esther (December 11, 2022).
1958:
1886:Randal C. Archibold (December 11, 2011).
1823:
1821:
1632:
1573:"Congress passes 3 free trade agreements"
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
741:Knight Grand Cross, Special Class of the
398:
2085:
1599:"Official Journal of the European Union"
577:In December 2011, former military ruler
1432:
1430:
1428:
362:Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement
326:and as the Minister for Canal Affairs.
2837:Democratic Change (Panama) politicians
2819:
1818:
1142:
1140:
913:
628:National Order of the Legion of Honour
538:a 70-story Trump hotel and condo tower
2704:
2387:
2315:Ricardo Martinelli official Biography
2278:
2252:
2226:
2174:
1109:
1107:
1080:
1078:
1053:"A Supermarket King Defeats the Left"
852:Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas
776:
432:He also implemented measures to help
16:President of Panama from 2009 to 2014
2882:Right-wing populism in North America
2857:Panamanian people of Spanish descent
2852:Panamanian people of Italian descent
2309:Ricardo Martinelli official web site
1796:"Latin America's new authoritarians"
1672:
1425:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
585:
460:Pro-business policies and tax reform
371:His main opponent was PRD candidate
329:Martinelli was the president of the
2907:21st-century Panamanian politicians
2902:20th-century Panamanian politicians
1828:William Booth (December 27, 2010).
1662:, IHS Global Insight, June 29, 2012
1137:
940:from the original on March 14, 2013
793:
731:Royal House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
314:, Martinelli served as Director of
225:Ricardo Alberto Martinelli Berrocal
141:Ricardo Alberto Martinelli Berrocal
13:
2872:People named in the Pandora Papers
1852:
1575:. Associated Press. Archived from
1438:"A Singapore for Central America?"
1104:
1088:. BBC. May 3, 2009. Archived from
1075:
656:National Order of Honour and Merit
286:
87:1 July 2009 – 1 July 2014
14:
2918:
2897:Prisoners and detainees of Panama
2302:
2279:SolĂs, Alma (February 23, 2024).
2253:SolĂs, Alma (February 10, 2024).
1859:Louisa Reynolds (June 14, 2012).
1660:Panama Seizes Two Tons of Cocaine
1361:. Business Panama. Archived from
1335:. January 1, 2010. Archived from
1147:Sara Miller Llana (May 3, 2009).
1086:"Tycoon elected Panama president"
977:
510:Panama becomes "investment grade"
2887:Staunton Military Academy alumni
2804:
2792:
2780:
2755:
2415:
2227:SolĂs, Alma (February 8, 2024).
2175:SolĂs, Alma (February 2, 2024).
1783:. Consulta Mitofsky. March 2014.
1736:. March 24, 2010. Archived from
842:and Ciudad de la Salud built by
751:
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724:
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677:
664:
649:
636:
621:
608:
2272:
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2220:
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2168:
2143:
2098:
2086:Meléndez, José (May 24, 2017).
2079:
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2035:
2009:
1983:
1947:
1936:
1910:
1879:
1787:
1770:
1752:
1722:
1693:
1666:
1652:
1605:
1591:
1571:Jim Abrams (October 13, 2011).
1564:
1533:
1507:
1489:
1444:. July 14, 2011. Archived from
1394:
1377:
1351:
1321:
1307:
1202:
1171:
771:
1540:Mica Rosenberg (May 4, 2009).
1216:. July 2, 2009. Archived from
1178:Lina Vega Abad (May 4, 2009).
1063:
1045:
1019:
957:
886:
603:other thirty seven countries.
489:
346:Democratic Revolutionary Party
1:
2892:University of Arkansas alumni
2422:Presidents and heads of state
2321:Biography by CIDOB Foundation
1794:Juan Forero (July 22, 2012).
1180:"Cifras, techos y realidades"
1153:The Christian Science Monitor
1121:. May 9, 2009. Archived from
970:. Retrieved August 17, 2013 |
879:
543:
254:
2867:Politicians from Panama City
1186:(in Spanish). Archived from
756:In 1978, Martinelli married
30:, the first or paternal
7:
2019:. Telemetro. Archived from
1677:. Bloomberg. Archived from
1673:Sabo, Eric (June 9, 2010).
1409:. Bloomberg. Archived from
1291:. PanAmCham. Archived from
820:
305:
10:
2923:
2862:Panamanian Roman Catholics
1766:. Spain. January 19, 2010.
1289:"Doing Business in Panama"
1243:"The Earthbound Bite Back"
25:
18:
2847:Panamanian businesspeople
2752:
2715:
2708:Panamanian Defense Forces
2700:
2432:
2370:
2361:
2353:
2348:
1863:. NotiCen. Archived from
527:foreign direct investment
443:Infrastructure investment
310:During the presidency of
279:where he was a member of
265:Staunton Military Academy
218:
208:
191:
180:
163:
136:
131:
127:
115:
103:
91:
80:
72:
68:
56:
49:
2730:Florencio Flores Aguilar
2662:Ernesto PĂ©rez Balladares
865:Panamanian Supreme Court
684:Order of the Sun of Peru
312:Ernesto PĂ©rez Balladares
19:Not to be confused with
2627:Ricardo de la Espriella
2442:JosĂ© Domingo de ObaldĂa
2332:March 14, 2009, at the
1401:Andres R. Martinez and
1001:Encyclopædia Britannica
572:leaked in December 2010
554:Democratic Change Party
2552:Domingo DĂaz Arosemena
2437:Manuel Amador Guerrero
1734:Bloomberg BusinessWeek
836:Spanish National Court
807:Manuel Antonio Noriega
423:Gross domestic product
399:Presidency (2009–2014)
277:University of Arkansas
198:University of Arkansas
2592:Ernesto de la Guardia
2542:Ricardo de la Guardia
2131:(in European Spanish)
1579:on September 21, 2014
1125:on September 24, 2015
712:Order of Prince Henry
568:Barbara J. Stephenson
520:Standard & Poor's
366:Patriotic Union Party
342:2009 general election
335:2004 general election
2877:Presidents of Panama
2602:Marco Aurelio Robles
2572:AlcibĂades Arosemena
2317:(in English/Spanish)
2311:(in English/Spanish)
2017:"Ricardo Martinelli"
1997:on November 14, 2016
1924:on November 18, 2012
1681:on November 13, 2012
1503:. December 11, 2014.
1448:on November 24, 2012
1390:. November 13, 2012.
1339:on February 21, 2014
1249:. November 22, 2012.
997:"Ricardo Martinelli"
710:Grand Collar of the
682:Grand Collar of the
243:of public funds and
2735:RubĂ©n DarĂo Paredes
2652:Francisco RodrĂguez
2502:Florencio Arosemena
2364:President of Panama
2327:Tupolitica.com News
1834:The Washington Post
1800:The Washington Post
1710:on November 6, 2012
1388:The Washington Post
1295:on October 16, 2012
1159:on October 18, 2016
1092:on October 17, 2012
1007:on October 25, 2012
995:Anthony G. Craine.
952:English Translation
828:Spanish Civil Guard
658:(February 18, 2014)
654:Grand Cross of the
626:Grand Cross of the
236:from 2009 to 2014.
234:President of Panama
75:President of Panama
21:Riccardo Martinelli
2706:Commanders of the
2687:Laurentino Cortizo
2682:Juan Carlos Varela
2677:Ricardo Martinelli
2647:Manuel SolĂs Palma
2612:JosĂ© MarĂa Pinilla
2582:José Ramón Guizado
2527:Ezequiel Fernández
2375:Juan Carlos Varela
2349:Political offices
2049:. January 23, 2017
1898:on January 2, 2013
1892:The New York Times
1806:on October 1, 2012
1639:The New York Times
1552:on August 12, 2014
1521:on August 12, 2014
1477:on August 12, 2014
1413:on August 12, 2014
1405:(April 30, 2010).
1365:on August 20, 2022
1272:The New York Times
1033:on August 28, 2016
936:. April 28, 2009.
873:Laurentino Cortizo
777:Corruption charges
412:The New York Times
388:Juan Carlos Varela
122:Juan Carlos Varela
99:Juan Carlos Varela
63:Martinelli in 2013
51:Ricardo Martinelli
2768:
2767:
2762:Panama portal
2748:
2747:
2710:(1968–1989)
2382:
2381:
2371:Succeeded by
2112:. August 9, 2019.
1840:on March 29, 2015
1274:. March 23, 2013.
686:(August 26, 2010)
586:Honors and awards
532:According to the
358:Panameñista Party
354:Democratic Change
331:Democratic Change
222:
221:
213:Roman Catholicism
168:Democratic Change
2914:
2809:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2702:
2701:
2692:José Raúl Mulino
2657:Guillermo Endara
2637:Nicolás Barletta
2492:Belisario Porras
2482:Belisario Porras
2462:Belisario Porras
2420:
2419:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2354:Preceded by
2346:
2345:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2285:Associated Press
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2259:Associated Press
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2233:Associated Press
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2206:Associated Press
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2181:Associated Press
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2075:. June 12, 2017.
2073:The Miami Herald
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2023:on July 12, 2012
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1993:. Archived from
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1894:. Archived from
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1867:on June 29, 2014
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1836:. Archived from
1825:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1802:. Archived from
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1740:on April 2, 2015
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1548:. Archived from
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1434:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1315:"GDP Per Capita"
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1220:on March 4, 2016
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1155:. Archived from
1144:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1003:. Archived from
992:
975:
961:
955:
949:
947:
945:
926:
911:
910:
908:
906:
890:
854:and associates.
794:2017 U.S. arrest
740:
729:
728:
709:
698:
696:
695:
681:
670:
668:
667:
653:
642:
640:
639:
630:(July 14, 2013)
625:
614:
612:
611:
591:of the State of
392:Guillermo Endara
275:degree from the
245:money laundering
231:
154:
150:
148:
132:Personal details
118:
106:
96:
85:
61:
47:
46:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2779:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2744:
2711:
2696:
2672:MartĂn Torrijos
2547:Enrique Jiménez
2487:Ernesto Lefevre
2457:Pablo Arosemena
2428:
2414:
2412:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2359:
2357:MartĂn Torrijos
2334:Wayback Machine
2305:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2208:. March 5, 2024
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2121:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2084:
2080:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1826:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1403:Jens Erik Gould
1399:
1395:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
993:
978:
962:
958:
943:
941:
928:
927:
914:
904:
902:
892:
891:
887:
882:
860:
834:. In 2021, the
823:
805:Martinelli and
796:
779:
774:
754:
745:(July 28, 2012)
723:
718:(July 29, 2013)
693:
691:
665:
663:
637:
635:
609:
607:
588:
546:
512:
492:
462:
445:
401:
373:Balbina Herrera
316:Social security
308:
289:
287:Business career
257:
227:
176:
173:Realizing Goals
171:
164:Political party
155:
152:
146:
144:
143:
142:
116:
110:MartĂn Torrijos
104:
92:
86:
81:
64:
52:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2740:Manuel Noriega
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2720:Boris MartĂnez
2716:
2713:
2712:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Mireya Moscoso
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Aristides Royo
2619:
2617:Demetrio Lakas
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Roberto Chiari
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Roberto Chiari
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Juan Arosemena
2519:
2517:Harmodio Arias
2514:
2512:Ricardo Alfaro
2509:
2507:Harmodio Arias
2504:
2499:
2497:Rodolfo Chiari
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Carlos Mendoza
2444:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2303:External links
2301:
2298:
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2219:
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2115:
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2008:
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1619:. May 8, 2014.
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1190:on May 8, 2009
1170:
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1059:. May 7, 2009.
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545:
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2557:Daniel Chanis
2555:
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2535:
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2094:(in Spanish).
2093:
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2074:
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2048:
2044:
2038:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1996:
1992:
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1971:
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1961:
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1944:
1939:
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1913:
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1617:The Economist
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1317:. World Bank.
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467:Fitch Group
450:Fitch Group
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2577:José Remón
2477:Pedro DĂaz
2368:2009–2014
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880:References
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597:Mike Beebe
544:Reputation
364:, and the
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