1027:
31:
450:
487:, believing that it made them vulnerable to speculators and people who would take advantage of them. He came into conflict with the Indian Bureau and other government officials who supported the reservation system, as well as all those who made profits from them. In May 1904, Pratt denounced the Indian Bureau and the reservation system as a hindrance to the civilization and assimilation of Native Americans. This controversy, coupled with earlier disputes with the government over civil service reform, led to Pratt's forced retirement as superintendent of the Carlisle School on June 30, 1904.
656:
139:
434:
153:
353:
191:
539:
668:
475:
Pratt was outspoken and a leading member of what was called the "Friends of the Indian" movement at the end of the 19th century. He believed in the "noble" cause of "civilizing" Native
Americans. He said, "The Indians need the chances of participation you have had and they will just as easily become
401:
at the end of the Red River War. In addition, he worked to give prisoners agency and some independence: enlisting them in guard duty, assigning them other supervisory roles over their community, leading marching and maneuvers for exercise. In June 1879, while he was still stationed in
Florida, Pratt
335:
of 1874â1875. The severe winter of 1874-1875 resulted in many hostiles surrendering to US Indian Agents for their tribes. Pratt was responsible for gathering testimony to assess charges against men for actions outside warfare. He worked with interpreters and prisoners to clear as many charges as
471:
by cultural assimilation, which he effected both at Fort Marion and
Carlisle. He believed that to claim their rightful place as American citizens, Native Americans needed to renounce their tribal way of life, convert to Christianity, abandon their reservations, and seek education and employment
424:
Pratt did not regard his innovations at Fort Marion as limited to Native
Americans. He developed the paradigm of compulsory immersion education. At various times, it would be used in attempted assimilation of other minorities in the United States and its territories, including African Americans,
390:. Pratt was chosen to lead and supervise the prisoners at the fort, because he had experience with both the Indians and interpreters from working on their cases. After he requested further authority over the prisoners, he began to experiment with education at the fort.
479:
Pratt regarded Native
Americans as worthy of respect and help, and capable of full participation in society. Many of his contemporaries regarded Native Americans as nearly subhuman. . Pratt preached assimilation in a day marked by rank segregation.
382:'s Attorney General concluded that a state of war could not exist between a nation and its wards (which the federally recognized tribes were considered). He ordered the prisoners to be sent as prisoners of war for permanent imprisonment at
638:
285:. While on a recruiting detail in Indiana during the winter of 1863-1864, Pratt met Anna Mason. They were married on April 12, 1864. Eight days later he was commissioned as a first lieutenant of the 11th Regiment Indiana Cavalry.
339:
Pratt was promoted to captain in
February 1883; major in July 1898; lieutenant colonel in February 1901; and to colonel in January 1903. He retired from the Army in February 1903; in April 1904 he was advanced to
303:
to be reunited with Anna, where he ran a hardware store. After two years in the hardware business, he re-entered the Army in March 1867 as a second lieutenant of the 10th United States
Cavalry. This was an
490:
The legacy of Pratt's boarding school programs is controversial among modern Native
American tribes. Some have labelled the wider American Indian boarding school system, that Pratt began, as a form of
225:. He is also known for using the phrase "kill the Indian, save the man" in reference to the ethos of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School and efforts to forcibly assimilate
146:
30:
397:, he introduced classes in the English language, art, and craftsmanship to several dozen prisoners who had been chosen from among those who had surrendered in the
293:
1097:
1092:
1067:
1062:
288:
Pratt served in administrative roles for the remainder of the war and was mustered out of the
Volunteer Service on May 29, 1865, at the rank of
256:
in 1849, hoping to strike it rich, but was robbed and murdered by another prospector. Pratt had to support his mother and two younger brothers.
785:
712:
472:
among the "best classes" of
Americans. In his writings he described his belief that the government must "kill the Indian...to save the man".
900:
783:
Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice, 2008 BYU Law Review 377
694:
1072:
425:
Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Latinos, Pacific Islanders, Asians, and Mormons. He took his pedagogical inspiration from the Puritans.
1077:
859:
222:
888:
468:
226:
1087:
618:
801:
1008:
964:
454:
414:
357:
341:
210:
199:
171:
142:
632:
274:
245:
as a young child, and had lifelong facial scarring as a result. In 1847, his father moved the family west to
1017:
Richard Henry Pratt Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
1082:
278:
523:
88:
646:
597:
527:
103:
660:
782:
160:
832:
584:
played Sergeant Wilks, who advocates a more harsh treatment of Indian prisoners than does Pratt.
515:
449:
328:
289:
156:
73:
241:, to Richard and Mary Pratt (nÊe Herrick). He was the eldest of their three sons. He contracted
565:
543:
418:
394:
387:
361:
214:
1000:
282:
729:
1057:
1052:
442:
253:
639:
Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools
8:
698:
606:
503:
300:
246:
555:
484:
313:
270:
238:
206:
115:
57:
36:
925:
883:
Adams, David Wallace. "Education for Extinction". (1995). University Press of Kansas.
863:
857:
Smith, Andrea. "Soul Wound: The Legacy of Native American Schools." Web. 1 Nov. 2010.
1004:
979:
960:
884:
576:
571:
491:
305:
554:
featured an episode titled "The Special Courage of Captain Pratt" (1964); the actor
138:
1031:
672:
602:
398:
379:
317:
190:
1039:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
993:
506:. During his retirement years, he continued to lecture and argue his viewpoints.
433:
789:
610:
581:
568:
296:, a military society for officers who had served the Union during the Civil War.
1036:
277:. After his first three-month term expired, he re-enlisted as a sergeant of the
152:
1046:
585:
519:
332:
99:
352:
957:
Battlefield and Classroom: Four Decades with the American Indian, 1867â1904
561:
421:, the first of many off-reservation boarding schools for Native Americans.
410:. Pratt spoke to Chipco and wrote an ethnographic study about the village.
324:
589:
383:
375:
119:
77:
995:
The Buffalo War: The History of the Red River Indian Uprising of 1874
616:
Pratt's role at the Carlisle School is addressed in the documentary,
816:
323:
Pratt's long and active military career included eight years in the
403:
309:
242:
538:
483:
Pratt was opposed to the segregation of Native American tribes on
983:
695:"From Warrior to Saint: The life of David Pendelton Oakerhater"
667:
438:
407:
218:
217:. Pratt is associated with the first recorded use of the word "
428:
209:
officer who founded and was longtime superintendent of the
929:
453:
Photographs of a student (left) prior to his admission to
437:"Association of races and classes is necessary to destroy
828:
564:
portrayed Pratt in the 1965 episode "The Journey" of the
252:
Pratt's father later left his family to take part in the
973:
715:. NPR.org. January 6, 2014. Accessed November 11, 2016.
294:
Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
778:
776:
774:
644:
494:
that adversely affected their children and families.
954:
992:
771:
713:The Ugly, Fascinating History Of The Word 'Racism'
316:, they were nicknamed by Native Americans as the "
848:Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2003. p 215
327:, during the Indian Wars. He participated in the
1044:
533:
457:and after being admitted to the school (right),
990:
312:. When they were assigned to Fort Sill in the
833:American Indian Boarding Schools Haunt Many
347:
320:", because of the texture of their hair.
817:Quaqua Society â Massachusetts Bay Colony.
205:(December 6, 1840 â March 15, 1924) was a
29:
1098:20th-century United States Army personnel
1093:19th-century United States Army personnel
1068:Carlisle Indian Industrial School faculty
692:
429:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
356:General Pratt and a young student at the
978:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
959:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
806:. Florida Anthrolopogical Society. 1973.
537:
448:
432:
351:
237:Pratt was born on December 6, 1840, in
223:racial segregation in the United States
1063:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
1045:
723:
721:
221:," which he used in 1902 to criticize
1028:Works by or about Richard Henry Pratt
514:Pratt died on March 15, 1924, at the
308:regiment, some of whose members were
264:
727:
686:
413:On November 1, 1879, he founded the
718:
469:Americanization of Native Americans
13:
734:Texas State Historical Association
406:village which was headed by Chief
14:
1109:
1021:
901:"Burial detail: Pratt, Richard H"
455:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
415:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
358:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
211:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
172:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
974:Eastman, Elaine Goodale (1935).
697:. Oklahoma State. Archived from
666:
654:
189:
151:
137:
1073:Educators from New York (state)
948:
918:
893:
877:
851:
838:
633:American Indian outing programs
619:Our Spirits Don't Speak English
467:Pratt instituted a practice of
393:In the 1870s at Fort Marion in
292:. He became a companion of the
1078:People from Rushford, New York
835:". Accessed September 2, 2014.
821:
810:
794:
759:
747:
705:
558:portrayed Richard Henry Pratt.
1:
955:Pratt, Richard Henry (2004).
534:Representation in other media
502:Pratt retired to his home in
497:
458:
365:
275:9th Indiana Infantry Regiment
232:
229:into white American culture.
846:Battlefield & Classroom.
827:Bear, Charla. May 12, 2008,
279:2nd Regiment Indiana Cavalry
7:
1088:United States Army generals
626:
524:Arlington National Cemetery
89:Arlington National Cemetery
10:
1114:
1037:Richard Henry Pratt Papers
976:Pratt, the Red Man's Moses
803:The Florida anthropologist
755:Battlefield and Classroom.
528:Arlington County, Virginia
16:United States Army officer
999:. Garden City, New York:
767:Battlefield and Classroom
259:
185:
177:
167:
133:
125:
109:
95:
83:
63:
44:
28:
21:
991:Haley, James L. (1976).
679:
595:In the 2005 miniseries,
509:
348:Fort Marion and Carlisle
273:, Pratt enlisted in the
161:United States Volunteers
930:Internet Movie Database
580:. In the same episode,
516:Letterman Army Hospital
281:; he saw action at the
269:At the outbreak of the
74:Letterman Army Hospital
844:Pratt, Richard Henry.
730:"Pratt, Richard Henry"
550:The television series
546:
544:Castillo de San Marcos
464:
446:
445:," Pratt wrote in 1902
419:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
395:St. Augustine, Florida
388:St. Augustine, Florida
371:
362:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
215:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
765:Richard Henry Pratt,
753:Richard Henry Pratt,
609:, Pratt is played by
542:Portrait of Pratt at
541:
452:
436:
355:
344:on the Retired List.
331:of 1868â1869 and the
283:Battle of Chickamauga
126:Years of service
728:Anderson, H. Allen.
522:. He is interred at
378:subsided, President
254:California Gold Rush
1083:Union Army officers
552:The Great Adventure
504:Rochester, New York
476:useful citizens."
301:Logansport, Indiana
247:Logansport, Indiana
203:Richard Henry Pratt
23:Richard Henry Pratt
860:"Amnesty Magazine"
788:2009-03-25 at the
661:American Civil War
547:
465:
447:
372:
314:Oklahoma Territory
299:Pratt returned to
271:American Civil War
265:American Civil War
239:Rushford, New York
207:United States Army
116:United States Army
58:Rushford, New York
39:lieutenant in 1879
37:United States Army
889:978-0-7006-0838-6
577:Death Valley Days
572:television series
492:cultural genocide
342:brigadier general
200:Brigadier-General
197:
196:
143:Brigadier-General
1105:
1032:Internet Archive
1014:
998:
987:
970:
942:
941:
939:
937:
932:. March 29, 1965
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
897:
891:
881:
875:
874:
872:
871:
862:. Archived from
855:
849:
842:
836:
825:
819:
814:
808:
807:
798:
792:
780:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
744:
742:
740:
725:
716:
709:
703:
702:
690:
671:
670:
659:
658:
657:
650:
603:Steven Spielberg
463:
460:
399:Indian Territory
380:Ulysses S. Grant
370:
367:
329:Washita campaign
318:Buffalo Soldiers
306:African American
227:Native Americans
193:
155:
141:
111:
70:
55:December 6, 1840
54:
52:
33:
19:
18:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1043:
1042:
1024:
1011:
967:
951:
946:
945:
935:
933:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
899:
898:
894:
882:
878:
869:
867:
858:
856:
852:
843:
839:
826:
822:
815:
811:
800:
799:
795:
790:Wayback Machine
781:
772:
764:
760:
752:
748:
738:
736:
726:
719:
710:
706:
693:K.B. Kueteman.
691:
687:
682:
677:
665:
655:
653:
645:
629:
611:Keith Carradine
582:Robert J. Wilke
536:
518:in present-day
512:
500:
461:
431:
368:
350:
267:
262:
235:
150:
118:
102:
91:
72:
68:
56:
50:
48:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1023:
1022:External links
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1009:
988:
971:
965:
950:
947:
944:
943:
917:
892:
876:
850:
837:
820:
809:
793:
770:
758:
746:
717:
704:
701:on 2008-07-23.
684:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:
663:
643:
642:
635:
628:
625:
624:
623:
614:
601:, produced by
593:
559:
535:
532:
511:
508:
499:
496:
430:
427:
349:
346:
266:
263:
261:
258:
234:
231:
195:
194:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
113:
107:
106:
97:
93:
92:
87:
85:
81:
80:
71:(aged 83)
67:March 15, 1924
65:
61:
60:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1010:0-385-06149-8
1006:
1002:
997:
996:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
968:
966:0-8061-3603-0
962:
958:
953:
952:
931:
927:
926:"The Journey"
921:
906:
902:
896:
890:
886:
880:
866:on 2006-02-08
865:
861:
854:
847:
841:
834:
830:
824:
818:
813:
805:
804:
797:
791:
787:
784:
779:
777:
775:
768:
762:
756:
750:
735:
731:
724:
722:
714:
708:
700:
696:
689:
685:
674:
669:
664:
662:
652:
651:
648:
641:
640:
636:
634:
631:
630:
621:
620:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:
598:Into the West
594:
591:
587:
586:Leonard Nimoy
583:
579:
578:
573:
570:
567:
563:
560:
557:
553:
549:
548:
545:
540:
531:
529:
525:
521:
520:San Francisco
517:
507:
505:
495:
493:
488:
486:
481:
477:
473:
470:
456:
451:
444:
440:
435:
426:
422:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
363:
359:
354:
345:
343:
337:
334:
333:Red River War
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
297:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
257:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
108:
105:
101:
100:United States
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
66:
62:
59:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
20:
994:
975:
956:
949:Bibliography
934:. Retrieved
920:
908:. Retrieved
905:ANC Explorer
904:
895:
879:
868:. Retrieved
864:the original
853:
845:
840:
823:
812:
802:
796:
766:
761:
754:
749:
737:. Retrieved
733:
711:Gene Demby.
707:
699:the original
688:
637:
617:
596:
588:was cast as
575:
562:Wayne Rogers
551:
513:
501:
489:
485:reservations
482:
478:
474:
466:
423:
412:
392:
373:
338:
325:Great Plains
322:
298:
287:
268:
251:
236:
202:
198:
147:Regular Army
69:(1924-03-15)
1058:1924 deaths
1053:1840 births
910:12 February
590:Yellow Bear
462: 1882
384:Fort Marion
376:Indian Wars
369: 1890
35:Pratt as a
1047:Categories
936:August 25,
870:2006-02-08
739:5 February
607:DreamWorks
566:syndicated
556:Paul Burke
498:Retirement
402:visited a
374:After the
336:possible.
233:Early life
181:Anna Laura
120:Union Army
96:Allegiance
78:California
51:1840-12-06
1001:Doubleday
673:Education
186:Signature
178:Spouse(s)
129:1861â1903
984:35021899
786:Archived
627:See also
443:classism
404:Seminole
310:freedmen
243:smallpox
168:Commands
110:Service/
1030:at the
647:Portals
622:(2008).
569:western
290:captain
157:Captain
1007:
982:
963:
887:
439:racism
408:Chipco
260:Career
219:racism
112:branch
84:Buried
680:Notes
510:Death
104:Union
1005:ISBN
980:LCCN
961:ISBN
938:2015
912:2023
885:ISBN
741:2015
605:and
441:and
134:Rank
64:Died
45:Born
831:, "
829:NPR
526:in
417:at
360:in
249:.
213:at
1049::
1003:.
928:.
903:.
773:^
732:.
720:^
574:,
530:.
459:c.
386:,
366:c.
364:,
76:,
1013:.
986:.
969:.
940:.
914:.
873:.
743:.
649::
613:.
592:.
163:)
159:(
149:)
145:(
53:)
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
