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portico. The remains of the dead lie in a crypt below the portico. On the monument, the names of the male victims face Broad Street, and the female victims' names appear on the remaining three sides. Six of the known victims were black, including at least one slave. Their six names are carved below the names of the sixty-six white victims on the monument's base. Although the monument lists only 72 victims, at least 76 were known to have died in the blaze or in the days immediately following the disaster.
588:
280:(one of the company's players), Placide's own illness, and foul weather. It being Christmas time and the last opening of the season, the auditorium on December 26 was packed with an excited audience of 598 people, with 518 adults and 80 children to view the pantomime, which commenced immediately after the play was finished.
303:
1377:
Historical collections of
Virginia: containing a collection of the most interesting facts, traditions, biographical sketches, anecdotes, &c. relating to its history and antiquities, together with geographical and statistical descriptions. To which is appended, an historical and descriptive sketch
292:
The theatre had multiple exits: a little known side-door was used by those in the orchestra and back stage while an upper balcony exit was a clear way out. In the panic of the fire, many people were pushed and fell, and they were unable to escape. Many people jumped out of the windows of the theatre.
288:
from one hanging scene to the other; there were 35 such hanging scenes which could be lowered. In addition to the hangings were also the borders that provided the outlines of buildings and skies, among other set pieces; these, too, caught fire sequentially. Pine planks (with shingles over them) fixed
283:
The fire started after the curtain fell following the first act of the pantomime, when the chandelier was lifted toward the ceiling with the flame still lit. The lamp became entangled in the cords used to lift the chandelier and it touched one of the items used in the front scenes, which caught fire.
573:
A new theater, the third to be known as the
Richmond Theatre, was built in Richmond in 1819, at a cost of US $ 40,000. It was built of brick at the corner of H and Seventh Street with a well-equipped stage and popular motif ornamentation. Within view of the site of the fire at the original theater,
318:
at a shop near the theatre. Along with Dr. James McCaw, a physician who was attending the theatre that evening, Hunt was credited with saving close to a dozen people. McCaw would lower them from the burning second story, and Hunt would catch them. Hunt also saved McCaw, who jumped just as a burning
197:
The
Richmond Theatre fire of 1811 was not the first fire to claim a theatre of that name in the city of Richmond. An earlier Richmond Theatre was destroyed by fire on 23 January 1798. That earlier theatre was originally known as Quesnay's Academy (short for its formal title Academy of Fine Arts and
496:
The marble monument in the form of an urn erected at the church contains the names of 72 victims of the fire, inscribed on its four cardinal faces. The monument is enclosed within a wire fence. It is located in the central yard of the memorial church, in the middle of the church's front or main
411:'s first Professor of Moral Philosophy, narrowly escaped with his life after being struck in the head by a timber which left a permanent scar. In his autobiography, Tucker claimed to have saved several women from the conflagration. Sarah Henry Campbell, daughter of
512:
when he visited
Richmond in 1824; William Mayo of Powhatan; and the Chamberlayne family. Three Richmond congregations were formed from Monumental, including: St. James's in 1831, St. Paul's in 1845 and All Saints in 1888. Deconsecrated in 1965, it was given by the
528:
In 2004, Monumental Church underwent a significant renovation, although the bodies of the victims are still in a brick crypt below the church. During the renovation, the original monument to the 72 people killed in the fire was replaced by an exact replica. The
464:
to erect a church at the site, as a further commemoration of the victims of the fire. City
Council also sanctioned an amount of US$ 5,000 as its contribution toward the building of the church by the "Association for building a church on Shockoe Hill". Thus the
434:
On
December 27, 1811, the Common Council commissioned a Committee of Investigation, which absolved the Placide & Green Theater Company of responsibility and blamed the inferior design and construction of the theater building for the great loss of life.
591:
763:
Duveen & Klickstein, Denis I. and
Herbert S. (July 1955). "Alexandre-Marie Quesnay De Beaurepaire's: Mémoire et prospectus, concernant l'Académie des Sciences et Beaux Arts des Etats-Unis de l'Amérique, établie à Richemond, 1788".
289:
over rafters with no plastering and ceiling spread the flames, which fell from the ceiling and spread extremely rapidly. The impact of the fire was worsened because the stage curtain hid the initial flames from the audience.
421:
Many members of the upper echelons of
Richmond society were in attendance on the night of the fire, and many were killed; among the dead were listed Pages, Nelsons, and Braxtons, all members of some of the
240:. There was an orchestra section, a first balcony, and an upper balcony, with narrow doorways. It opened on January 25, 1806, and it is this theatre that was destroyed in the fire on December 26, 1811.
1364:"Report of the Committee of Investigation," Richmond Enquirer, December 31, 1811. Quoted in Baker, Meredith Henne. The Richmond Theater Fire: Early America's First Great Disaster. LSU Press, 2012.
30:
221:. It operated for a brief period as both a theatre and school, ultimately ceasing operation by December 1787. It was then remodeled and renamed the Richmond Theatre by theatre managers
574:
the builders of the new theater made specific mention in their publicity of the fact that the building had adequate doors for people to escape, in case of any emergency situation.
489:. Mills "had a reputation for being particularly concerned with fireproofing," probably owing to his work on Monumental, and later in his career designed Charleston's
522:
306:
Gilbert Hunt, who helped save numerous lives on the night of the fire, became the subject of a biography published to provide an income for him during his old age
299:, present at the scene, urged people to jump; he, with help from many others on the ground, then heroically saved the lives of many of those who chose to do so.
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Sciences of the United States) and opened on
October 10, 1786 in a performance given by the Old American Company of Comedians under the management of
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As soon as the boy worker who was operating the cords saw the flames, he fled the building. The flames rose up the scenery and spread in the
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program in
Richmond on November 20, 1817. Famous parishioners included Chief Justice John Marshall, whose family occupied pew No. 23;
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236:. It was built on the same site as the first Richmond Theatre at what is now the intersection of 12th and Broad just north of
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698:
A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers & Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800
568:
412:
192:
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393:, survived the fire along with his father; his mother was killed in the blaze. Another survivor was former U.S. Congressman
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follows the process of using laser scanning to recreate the monument in computers, then sending the data to Ireland, where
44:
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used both high technology computer equipment and old-fashioned stone-cutting tools to create a new 7,000 pound monument.
327:, later was published in his honor and to provide financial assistance for him in his old age. It has been claimed that
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of 1788 because the building had a capacity of 1600 people, more than the temporary Virginia Capitol building had.
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was built on the Richmond Theatre site between 1812 and 1814 to commemorate those who had died from the fire. The
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between what is now Twelfth and College Streets. The fire killed 72 people, including Virginia's governor
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Of the 72 who died in the fire, 54 were women and 18 were men. Among the victims were Virginia's sitting
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saved over thirty people from the theater during the fire, having been in attendance at the performance.
1404:
Baker, Meredith Henne. The Richmond Theater Fire: Early America's First Great Disaster. LSU Press, 2012.
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and John Bignall who operated it until the 1798 fire. During their tenure, the theatre was host to the
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276:. The benefit originally had been scheduled for December 23, but was postponed due to the death of
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The ordinance for building a monument for the victims was further modified by a resolution of the
618:"The Richmond Theatre Fire of 1811: A Case Study of American Disaster as Evangelical Opportunity"
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8:
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Highfill, Philip H.; Burnim, Kalman A.; Langhans, Edward A. (1993). "West, Thomas Wade".
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358:; the governor had purportedly tried to save his child from the flames. Also killed were
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was built on the site of the destroyed theatre to commemorate the victims of the fire
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church, commissioned by U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall, was designed by architect
217:, and he intended to create an American organization that mirrored that of France's
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Others who were assembled near the window were afraid to do so. The editor of the
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Theatre in the United States: a documentary history, Volume 1; Volumes 1750–1915
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366:, and his wife; Botts had made a name for himself as a member of the defense in
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508:, whose foster parents, the Allans, were members and occupied pew No. 80; the
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section of wall was about to fall on him. Today Hunt is memorialized by a
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The Academy of Fine Arts and Sciences of the United States was founded by
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Robert Russell, College of Charleston Department of Historic Preservation
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as a testament to that fact. The church was built in an octagonal shape.
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by Rachel Beanland depicts the Richmond Theatre Fire and its aftermath.
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and his daughter. The program was a double billing: first, a play by
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163:, United States, on Thursday, December 26, 1811. It devastated the
160:
85:
587:
1426:
Evans, Mrs. Wm. E., "The History of the Monumental Church," 1817.
967:. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia. p. 90.
551:. The building is open on occasion for other private functions.
232:
The second Richmond Theatre was built through the advocacy of
935:"Newspaper Article: Richmond Theater Fire, December 26, 1811"
1445:
Christian, Frances Archer; Massie, Susanne Williams (2006).
1134:
248:
The performance on the evening of December 26, 1811, was a
135:
592:
The Anniversary of the Destruction of the Richmond Theatre
523:
Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities
213:. Quesnay, a Frenchman, had served as an officer in the
1435:
Richmond News Leader, "Monumental Church." Dec 3, 1946.
898:
896:
894:
892:
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1438:
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http://www.theaterfirebook.com/notlaunched/?page_id=11
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649:"Monument to the Victims of the Richmond Theater Fire"
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In 2006, regular tours began, in cooperation with the
310:
Also credited with heroism was Gilbert Hunt, a former
889:
850:
The History of the Virginia Federal Convention: 1788
594:., published in her first volume of poetry in 1815.
314:
who, having purchased his freedom, was working as a
1475:
Thomas Abthorpe Cooper: America's premier tragedian
1417:, retrieved 2011-11-24, author Meredith Henne Baker
829:Church, Virginia (June 1910). "Colonial Theatres".
183:was erected on the site as a memorial to the fire.
1381:(Google eBook ed.). Wm. R. Babcock. p.
932:
1520:
1478:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 181.
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389:and later the husband of noted Confederate spy
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1086:"Summary of Gilbert Hunt, the City Blacksmith"
994:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–6.
902:
766:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
670:
668:
666:
16:1811 fire in Richmond, Virginia, United States
1241:. Random House Trade Paperbacks. p. 96.
1187:"Theater fire 200 years ago claimed 72 lives"
1028:
1026:
928:
926:
728:Music of the Old South: Colony to Confederacy
563:New Richmond Theatre, as photographed in 1858
1238:Wild Rose: The True Story of a Civil War Spy
620:. European Social Science History Conference
585:give an account of the disaster in her poem
1203:
1145:
1128:
1078:
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772:(3). Virginia Historical Society: 280–285.
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554:
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1017:"Richmond Theater Fire, December 26, 1811"
953:
923:
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534:Saving Grace-Resurrecting American History
43:
1514:Victims of the 1811 Richmond Theater Fire
794:Dance and Its Music in America, 1528-1789
1321:The Life and Philosophy of George Tucker
1234:
1228:
906:Haunted Richmond: The Shadows of Shockoe
558:
500:Monumental Church established the first
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301:
49:Richmond, Virginia, theatre fire of 1811
1539:19th-century fires in the United States
1261:
903:Bergman, Scott; Bergman, Sandi (2007).
866:
860:
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273:Raymond and Agness, or The Bleeding Nun
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987:
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643:
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639:
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481:; Mills was also the architect of the
370:'s 1807 trial for treason. Their son,
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909:. The History Press. pp. 43–52.
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674:
569:Richmond Theatre (Richmond, Virginia)
193:Richmond Theatre (Richmond, Virginia)
1451:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 79.
1373:
1367:
1300:. West Virginia Archives and History
1135:Virginia Historical Society (1997).
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733:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
700:. Vol. 15: Tibbett to M. West.
438:
1529:1811 disasters in the United States
1184:
675:Wolfe, Brendan (December 7, 2020).
632:
13:
1559:Theatre fires in the United States
1265:Richmond: Its People and Its Story
1174:. Lynchburg Foundry Company. 1972.
1039:. Globe Pequot Press. p. 52.
702:Southern Illinois University Press
378:and prominent unionist during the
14:
1575:
1502:
1448:Homes and Gardens in Old Virginia
1211:"Historic Dumfries Virginia, Inc"
545:Valentine Richmond History Center
325:Gilbert Hunt, the City Blacksmith
1413:"Victims & Survivors List",
1282:
791:Keller, Kate Van Winkle (2007).
586:
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211:Chevalier Quesnay de Beaurepaire
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1323:. Thomas Continuum. p. 90.
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167:, located on the north side of
1141:. Virginia Historical Society.
867:Sonneck, Oscar George (1915).
841:
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718:
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677:"Richmond Theatre Fire (1811)"
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487:White House of the Confederacy
323:on the site. A book, entitled
1:
1554:History of Richmond, Virginia
1262:Stanard, Mary Newton (1923).
965:Richmond: The Story of a City
604:
227:Virginia Ratifying Convention
186:
848:Grigsby, Hugh Blair (1969).
597:The 2023 historical fiction
519:Historic Richmond Foundation
429:
385:Dr. Robert Greenhow, son of
7:
1378:of the District of Columbia
1318:
1298:"Time Trail, West Virginia"
725:Stoutamire, Albert (1972).
515:Medical College of Virginia
263:The Father, or Family Feuds
58:December 26, 1811
10:
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1061:"Monumental Church Marker"
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442:
424:First Families of Virginia
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219:French Academy of Sciences
215:American Revolutionary War
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1015:Gynger Cook, ed. (2002).
988:Witham, Barry B. (1996).
399:Virginia General Assembly
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131:
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54:
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1345:"Patrick Henry's Family"
1155:Captain Staunton's River
555:Another Richmond Theatre
1472:Smith, Geddeth (1996).
1343:admin (28 March 2016).
1191:Richmond Times-Dispatch
1152:Herman Ginther (1968).
1036:It Happened in Virginia
933:Richmond Then and Now.
243:
116:37.538902°N 77.429876°W
18:
1509:An account of the fire
1319:Fieser, James (2004).
1235:Blackman, Ann (2006).
1033:Hines, Emilee (2001).
870:Early Opera in America
564:
521:, an affiliate of the
457:
409:University of Virginia
397:, then serving in the
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175:, former U.S. senator
31:considered for merging
682:Encyclopedia Virginia
562:
462:Richmond City Council
452:
305:
153:Richmond Theatre fire
121:37.538902; -77.429876
38:Richmond Theatre fire
1564:December 1811 events
1374:Howe, Henry (1852).
1215:historicdumfries.com
831:The Theatre Magazine
651:. Historic Hampshire
599:The House is on Fire
510:Marquis de Lafayette
477:, the only pupil of
349:George William Smith
173:George William Smith
483:Washington Monument
112: /
39:
1268:. pp. 104–105
1111:"Francisco, Peter"
565:
549:Court End Passport
491:Fireproof Building
458:
380:American Civil War
356:Abraham B. Venable
308:
266:, and after it, a
177:Abraham B. Venable
37:
1549:Fires in Virginia
1485:978-0-8386-3659-6
1248:978-0-8129-7045-6
1185:Slayton, Jeremy.
1046:978-0-7627-1166-6
961:Dabney, Virginius
916:978-1-59629-320-5
467:Monumental Church
454:Monumental Church
445:Monumental Church
439:Monumental Church
407:, who became the
329:Revolutionary War
321:historical marker
296:Richmond Standard
254:Alexander Placide
181:Monumental Church
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1350:20 December
1277:Archive.org
1115:ncpedia.org
875:G. Schirmer
531:documentary
374:, became a
286:fly gallery
119: /
94:Coordinates
20:‹ The
1534:1811 fires
1523:Categories
1272:2024-09-08
1196:2017-07-21
605:References
372:John Botts
368:Aaron Burr
316:blacksmith
204:John Henry
187:Background
107:77°25′48″W
104:37°32′20″N
62:1811-12-26
1304:March 20,
471:Episcopal
430:Aftermath
278:Eliza Poe
270:entitled
268:pantomime
260:entitled
29:is being
1220:20 March
1120:20 March
1095:20 March
1070:20 March
1065:hmdb.org
963:(1990).
881:June 11,
364:Dumfries
345:governor
161:Virginia
157:Richmond
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1090:unc.edu
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1493:2010
1480:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1352:2016
1306:2015
1243:ISBN
1222:2015
1122:2015
1097:2015
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911:ISBN
883:2024
816:2024
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657:2010
626:2010
485:and
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