Right of return - Knowledge

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time that such a scenario would receive discussion in "some other body of law", this is not synonymous with an intention to limit these articles to isolated individuals. Secondly, nowhere in the actual text is the operation of the right of return qualified on the basis of group affiliation. Rather, in each instance, the relevant language refers to "everyone". In addition, the HRC in General Comment 27 affirms this reading in so far as it states: "he right to return is of the utmost importance for refugees seeking voluntary repatriation. It also implies prohibition of enforced population transfers or mass expulsions to other countries". Thirdly, whilst the right of return in art 12(4) of the ICCPR is presented as an individual right,

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right in recently signed peace agreements in order to resolve conflicts in Rwanda and Georgia, both of which produced hundreds of thousands of refugees and displaced persons. ... Although the actual return of these groups may, in the end, be determined by political feasibility, this should not prevent the international community from grounding their return in international law. ... In short, there is a difference between acknowledging that a right to return exists although in certain instances it may not be implementable due to the unresolved political situation and declaring that the issue of the return of large groups is beyond the scope of international law and resolvable only as part of ongoing political negotiations.

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relation to a given country, cannot be considered to be a mere alien. This would be the case, for example, of nationals of a country who have been stripped of their nationality in violation of international law, and of individuals whose country of nationality has been incorporated in or transferred to another national entity, whose nationality is being denied them. The right of a person to enter his or her own country recognizes the special relationship of a person to that country ... It includes not only the right to return after having left one’s own country; it may also entitle a person to come to the country for the first time if he or she was born outside the country.

1797:. Children born in the United States to undocumented immigrants became U.S. citizens at birth and, subsequently, joined their parents in Mexico due in part to immigration enforcement. Over time, these U.S. citizens have had children of their own in Mexico, giving rise to a generation of Mexican-born children who acquired U.S. citizenship at birth. These acquired citizens struggle to prove their U.S. citizenship and have been falsely deported and imprisoned when exercising their right to return to the United States. 1786:. Congress determines who acquires citizenship when born outside the United States. Generally, acquisition of citizenship at birth abroad depends on whether, at the time of the child's birth, one or both of the parents was a U.S. citizen; the gender of the U.S. citizen-parent, and whether the parents were married at the time of the child's birth. Numerous courts have held that U.S. citizens, including acquired citizens, who are outside the United States have a fundamental right to return to the country. 1719:

Jews living abroad could also ask the Spanish Government for a conferment of Spanish nationality, but the Government enjoyed full discretion as to the decision whether to grant Spanish nationality. On 24 June 2015, the Spanish Parliament approved the 12/2015 Act, the Law Granting the Nationality to Sephardi Jews, that grants the Spanish nationality automatically to Sephardi Jews living abroad, provided they can prove that they are descendants of the Sephardi Jews expelled in 1492.

4464: 749:... is intended to apply to individuals asserting an individual right. There was no intention here to address the claims of masses of people who have been displaced as a by-product of war or by political transfers of territory or population, such as the relocation of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe during and after the Second World War, the flight of the Palestinians from what became Israel, or the movement of Jews from the Arab countries. 1655: 799:

of refusals to repatriate. In fact, based on a close review of these documents, one could conclude that the drafters did not intend to except mass movements of refugees and displaced persons from this right, particularly since the UDHR, the ICCPR, and the ICERD do not indicate that the right to return should be linked to one's group status. In each instance, the relevant language refers to "everyone" having a right to return.

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courts and settled, definitively. In accepting and receiving compensation, the applicants had effectively renounced bringing any further claims to determine whether the expulsion and exclusion from their homes had been unlawful and breached their rights and they therefore could no longer claim to be victims of a violation of the Convention.

2086:: "But there were other measures of Lysander upon which all the Greeks looked with pleasure, when, for instance, the Aeginetans, after a long time, received back their own city, and when the Melians and Scionaeans were restored to their homes by him, after the Athenians had been driven out and had delivered back the cities." 548:). Therefore, the law potentially conferred French citizenship on numerous Britons, Germans, South Africans and others – though only a fraction actually took advantage of it. This option for Huguenot descendants to gain French citizenship remained open until 1945, when it was abolished – since after the 1566:

to Judaism. Moreover, some of these immigrants, though having a Jewish grandparent, are known to be practicing Christians. People who would be otherwise eligible for this law can be excluded if they can reasonably be considered to constitute a danger to the welfare of the state, have a criminal past,

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to and settle in Israel and obtain citizenship, and obliges the Israeli government to facilitate their immigration. Originally, the law applied to Jews only, until a 1970 amendment stated that the rights "are also vested in a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child

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According to Masri, refugee status is independent of right of return. Thus, refugees who acquire new nationalities in their host countries do not necessarily lose their right to return to the countries they left. Masri argues that the resettlement "weakens the link" between the refugee and the source

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Romanian citizenship can be regained or granted to individuals who were Romanian citizens and who lost it for reasons beyond their control or whose citizenship was revoked involuntarily. This legal provision also applies in the case of descendants of former Romanian citizens up to the third degree.

976:, 40% of the Greek-Cypriot population as well as over half of the Turk-Cypriot population of the island were displaced. The island was divided along ethnic lines and most of the Greek-Cypriot displaced people were not allowed to return to their homes in the northern Turk-Cypriot side and vice versa. 798:

Although political negotiations and the issue of self-determination may be appropriate in situations involving mass displacement, nothing in the text or travaux préparatoires of the relevant provisions of the UDHR, ICCPR, or ICERD limits the application of the right of return to individual instances

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In future it shall be lawful for any man to leave and return to our kingdom unharmed and without fear, by land or water, preserving his allegiance to us, except in time of war, for some short period, for the common benefit of the realm. People that have been imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with

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and expulsion of the Huguenots had taken place more than a century earlier, and there were extensive Huguenot diasporas in many countries, where they often intermarried with the population of the host country. Therefore, the law potentially conferred French citizenship on numerous Britons, Germans,

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People of Finnish origin may receive citizenship by declaration, which is faster and cheaper than naturalization and has fewer requirements. People of Finnish origin can be: 1) children, born abroad, of a Finnish father; 2) 12–17-year-old adopted children; 3) former Finnish citizens; 4) citizens of

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of the relevant UDHR, ICCPR and CERD provisions actually support circumscribing return in this way . Firstly, there is no indication that the drafters considered the applicability of the freedom of movement principle to members of displaced populations. And although it may have been assumed at the

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are eligible for nationality. The Foreign Ministry has sent emissaries to countries around the world to urge the descendants of Russian emigrants to return home. The majority of these emigrants have returned from Ukraine, many of them young men looking for better education and job opportunities.

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confirms that "this is also true of most rights in international human rights instruments". Indeed, the movement of people has historically taken on a collective dimension. Accordingly, to deny the availability of human rights simply because individuals form part of a mass group would render those

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The scope of "his own country" is broader than the concept "country of his nationality". It is not limited to nationality in a formal sense, that is, nationality acquired at birth or by conferral; it embraces, at the very least, an individual who, because of his or her special ties to or claims in

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were expelled from Spain in 1492. Despite the requirement by general rule for obtaining Spanish nationality after five years of residence in Spain, by royal decree on 20 December 1924, Sephardi Jews can obtain Spanish nationality with two years of residence in Spain. From 1924 until 2015 Sephardi

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The Russian Federation offers citizenship to individuals descended from Russian ancestors who can demonstrate an affinity for Russian culture and, preferably, speak Russian. Concern about Russia's shrinking population prompted the program. This has had a positive effect because this has not only

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In the final decade of this century, however, the world now condemns such population transfers, which, along with mass expulsions, are deemed to violate important principles of international law. ... Moreover, the right to return in both the UDHR and the ICCPR was the basis for guaranteeing this

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restricted to ethnic Germans from the former Soviet Union. As with many legal implementations of the right of return, the "return" to Germany of individuals who may never have lived in Germany based on their ethnic origin or their descent from German nationals has been controversial. The law is

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The Court notably found that the heart of the applicants' claims under the European Convention on Human Rights was the callous and shameful treatment which they or their antecedents had suffered during their removal from the Chagos islands. These claims had, however, been raised in the domestic

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of 1955 is often cited as staking out more criteria as to what "one's country" should be. The court ruled that there needed to be a "genuine and effective" link between the individual and the country. Among the criteria listed for such a link were "a close and enduring connection", "tradition",

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During antiquity, groups of people were frequently deported or uprooted from their cities and homeland, often as part of conquest or as a punishment for rebellion. In some cases they were allowed or encouraged to return, typically after the balance of military and political forces had changed.

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Recognizing this situation, Greece grants citizenship to broad categories of people of ethnic Greek ancestry who are members of the Greek diaspora, including individuals and families whose ancestors have been resident in diaspora communities outside the modern state of Greece for centuries or

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became German citizens by this law. Paragraph 2 of Article 116 also provides that "Former German citizens who between 30 January 1933 and 8 May 1945 were deprived of their citizenship on political, racial or religious grounds, and their descendants, shall on application have their citizenship

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Nevertheless, the Occupying Power may undertake total or partial evacuation of a given area if the security of the population or imperative military reasons so demand. ... Persons thus evacuated shall be transferred back to their homes as soon as hostilities in the area in question have

2581:"Allocution de M. François Mitterrand, Président de la République, aux cérémonies du tricentenaire de la Révocation de l'Edit de Nantes, sur la tolérance en matière politique et religieuse et l'histoire du protestantisme en France, Paris, Palais de l'UNESCO, vendredi 11 octobre 1985" 1320:, which provides access to German citizenship for anyone "who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of December 31, 1937, as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such person". Those territories had 2467: 847:: "o one can be expelled from the territory of the state of which he is a national or be deprived of the right to enter it." In these conventions the word "national" is used which is considered narrower than "his own country" in article 12(4) of the ICCPR. 1211:

or Finnish people evacuated by German or Finnish authorities from occupied areas to Finland during World War II also qualified as returnees. However, these options are no longer available, and applicants must qualify for ordinary naturalization instead.

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to let these expelled ethnic Danes and their descendants return to Schleswig and take part in the plebiscite. This was granted, though many of the optants had in the meantime emigrated to the United States, and most of these did not actually come back.

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continues; this, however, has been countered by possible claims for war compensation from Germany's eastern neighbours, pertaining to both Germany's unconditional surrender and the series of population transfers carried out under the instruments of

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in 1998, 200,000–250,000 Georgian civilians became internally displaced people (IDPs) and refugees. Abkhazia, while formally agreeing to repatriation, has hindered the return of refugees both officially and unofficially for more than fifteen years.

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Every individual shall have the right to leave any country including his own, and to return to his country. This right may only be subject to restrictions, provided for by law for the protection of national security, law and order, public health or

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strategic military installation on the island. Ever since, the Chagossians have been conducting a persistent political and legal struggle to return to Diego Garcia. As of 2007, their right to return was recognised by several British courts but the

2070:: "Meantime Lysander, upon reaching Aegina, restored the state to the Aeginetans, gathering together as many of them as he could, and he did the same thing for the Melians also and for all the others who had been deprived of their native states." 1567:

or are wanted fugitives in their countries with the exception of persecution victims. Jews who converted to another religion can also be denied the right of return. Since its inception in 1948, over three million Jews have immigrated to Israel.

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Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their

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in most circumstances, people who receive citizenship under § 58c may keep their previous citizenship. However, if they later receive another country's citizenship, they must renounce their Austrian citizenship and may not re-apply.

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In 2010, Hungary passed a law granting citizenship and the right of return to descendants of Hungarians living mostly on the former territory of the Kingdom of Hungary and now residing in Hungary's neighbouring countries.

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In 2007, the Spanish Parliament approved the 57/2007 Act, the Law of Historical Memory. The 57/2007 Act provides for the descendants of Spaniards living abroad that left Spain because of political persecution during the

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ethnicity, did not voluntarily chose a different ethnicity and lived on Latvian territory between 1881 and 17 June 1940, may register Latvian citizenship upon providing proofing documents and passing a language exam.

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Various phenomena throughout Greek history (the extensive colonization by classical Greek city states, the vast expansion of Greek culture in Hellenistic times, the large dominions at times held by the Greek-speaking

1754:, which is the city "where Gibraltar lives on". Some of the population's descendants have cited the right of return in order to return to Gibraltar, although their requests have not been currently addressed by the 543:

and expulsion of the Huguenots had taken place more than a century earlier, and there were numerous Huguenot emigrants to other countries, where they often intermarried with the population of the host country (see

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South Africans and others – though only a fraction actually took advantage of it. This option for Huguenot descendants to gain French citizenship remained open until 1945, when it was abolished - since after the

576:", chose to retain their Danish citizenship and refused to take up a German one. Consequently, they were expelled from the area by Prussian authorities. Half a century later, following the German defeat in the 1166: 1462:(Law 2130/1993). Anyone wishing to do so must present a number of documents, including "vailable written records ... proving the Greek origin of the interested person and his ancestors". 760:

There is no evidence that mass movements of groups such as refugees or displaced persons were to be intended to be included within the scope of article 12 of the Covenant by its drafters.

1156:, issued by the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Armenia in 1989, which declared at article 4 that "Armenians living abroad are entitled to the citizenship of the Republic of Armenia". 669: 1152:(1995) provides that "ndividuals of Armenian origin shall acquire citizenship of the Republic of Armenia through a simplified procedure." This provision is consistent with the 1554:

of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew". This resulted in several hundreds of thousands of people fitting the above criteria immigrating to Israel (mainly from the

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by 5 UN member states (two other states previously recognised it but then withdrew their recognition), while the remainder of the international community recognizes it as

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It has been argued that if the HR require the repatriation of prisoners, then it is "obvious" that civilians displaced during conflict must also be allowed to repatriate.

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from their ancestral homelands, pushing most surviving Circassians into the diaspora. Many Circassians have expressed an interest in returning to Circassia, particularly

2604: 1517:. Additionally, the law permits the Minister of Justice to waive the residency requirements for naturalization for a person of "Irish descent or Irish associations". 369:, being explicitly refused permission to return home, was a common punishment for severe crimes. The topic was discussed extensively by antique writers. For example, 3729: 3547: 1100:

from the areas that became Israel automatically acquired Israeli nationality with the creation of the state in 1948. Consequently, these individuals, based on their

2890: 881:. The court ruled that Turkey had violated Mrs Loizidou's human rights, that she should be allowed to return to her home and that Turkey should pay damages to her. 3854: 2738: 1381:, were given refugee status and documents, and—as to foreign ethnic Germans—also West German citizenship (in 1949), and resettled in West Germany. The 3021: 1891: 3844: 2433: 991:

of 2004. In these plans, the right of return was to be severely limited with respect to Greek-Cypriot internally displaced people/refugees to districts such as

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the law of the land, people from a country that is at war with us, and merchants – who shall be dealt with as stated above – are excepted from this provision.

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All persons born in a foreign country and descending in any degree of a French man or woman expatriated for religious reason are declared French nationals (

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All persons born in a foreign country and descending in any degree of a French man or woman expatriated for religious reason are declared French nationals (

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the freedom of everyone to go, to stay, or to leave, without being halted or arrested unless in accordance with procedures established by the Constitution.

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the freedom of everyone to go, to stay, or to leave, without being halted or arrested unless in accordance with procedures established by the Constitution.

319: 2355:""Chagos islanders' case inadmissible because they accepted compensation and waived the right to bring any further claims before the UK national courts"" 1750:"). The Spanish population established institutions similar to those they maintained in Gibraltar, including the census and the archives in the City of 4502: 1341: 2064: 1092:

arises when there is a definitive replacement of one state by another in respect of sovereignty over a given political territory, in conformity with

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in the 1960s. The court ruled in 2012 that their case was inadmissible and that by accepting compensation, the islanders had forfeited their claim:

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has argued the opposite position, that the right of return applies "even if masses of people are claiming this right". Bracka has argued similarly:

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Some disagreement exists on whether the right of return is applicable to situations in which whole ethnic groups have been forcibly displaced.

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persons and for those born outside their country to return for the first time, so long as they have maintained a "genuine and effective link".

3044: 1782:, with very few exceptions. However, children born outside the country to a U.S. citizen may also acquire citizenship under the principle of 1317: 4233: 2080: 2828: 1254:) and will benefit to rights attached to that quality if they come back to France, establish their domicile there and take the civic oath. 535:) and will benefit to rights attached to that quality if they come back to France, establish their domicile there and take the civic oath. 4229: 3534: 3093: 803:

Rosand discusses the views of scholars who do not consider the right of return to be applicable under mass displacement but concludes:

3056: 1926:"The Human Rights Committee General Comment on Article 12 of the International Covenant on civil and Political Rights (November 1999)" 4849: 944: 4521:

What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

3543: 2695: 2628: 1995:"The Right to Return Under International Law Following Mass Dislocation: The Bosnia Precedent? Dislocation: The Bosnia Precedent?" 697:"establishment", "interests" and "family ties". The 1955 ruling has been supplanted by more recent conventions and court rulings. 4754: 2301: 2022:

Study of Discrimination in Respect of the Right of Everyone to Leave any Country, Including His Own, and to Return to His Country

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reversed Russia's population decline but has also increased the birth rate. Officials estimate that 25 million members of the

1602:, Article 52(5): "Anyone whose Polish origin has been confirmed in accordance with statute may settle permanently in Poland." 4237: 2654: 2538: 2048: 725:

one's country" was made in order to include nationals or citizens born outside the country and who have never lived therein.

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nor were necessarily born there, may become Greek citizens by enlisting in Greece's military forces, under article 4 of the

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on the Annan Plan were held in April 2004, separately along ethnic lines. The Annan Plan was overwhelmingly rejected in the

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Bradley, Megan: "Liberal Democracies' Divergent Interpretations of the Right of Return: Implications for Free Movement",

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states that any person with a grandparent born on the island of Ireland can claim Irish nationality by enrollment in the

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There is some disagreement as to what "his own" and "his country" means in the ICCPR and UDHR. According to the

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On April 12, 2013, the Portuguese parliament unanimously approved a measure that allows the descendants of

179: 2270:"The Implications of the Acquisition of a New Nationality for the Right of Return of Palestinian Refugees" 1122:

The law on the repatriation of self-declared Republic of Abkhazia gives the right of return to the ethnic

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from his 1966 commentary of ICCPR, that the right was not intended to protect groups of displaced people:

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wrote "But exiles are not allowed to return home, and this is a severe restriction of their freedom."

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The right of return principle has been codified in a number of international instruments, including:

307:, the right of return is not restricted to citizenship or nationality in the formal sense. It allows 103: 454:

in 405 BC made a concerted effort to gather these exiles and restore them to their original cities.

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resident in France into full-fledged citizens, the law enacted on December 15, 1790 stated that:

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recognizing the Right of Return was the French constitution of 1791, enacted on 15 December 1790:

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resident in France into full-fledged citizens, the law enacted on December 15, 1790 stated that:

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recognizing the Right of Return was the French constitution of 1791, enacted on 15 December 1790:

323: 1549:, people of Jewish ancestry up to at least one Jewish grandparent, and their spouses the right to 1426:

to apply for and be granted the right to stay in Ghana indefinitely, known as the Right of Abode.

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country but that this weakening is not enough to automatically lead to the deprivation of rights.

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groups to assert that they have a right to return to the country from which they were displaced.

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Georgian territory. Georgia continues to claim the area as its own territory, designating it as

2174:"Past the Point of no Return? The Palestinian Right of Return in International Human Rights Law" 1575:

According to the law passed in 2013, any person who themself or whose parent or grandparent had

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Large-scale deportations of undocumented immigrants from the United States have resulted in a

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of any ethnicity or (2) people of ethnic German descent and living in countries of the former

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The political status of Abkhazia is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from

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Encrevé, André (1999). "French Protestants". In Liedtke, Rainer; Wendehorst, Stephan (eds.).

2038: 1510: 1303:(as well as Yugoslavia) the right to "return" to Germany and ("re")claim German citizenship ( 1200: 988: 742: 634:

Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

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Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State.

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The right is formulated in several modern treaties and conventions, most notably in the 1948

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Emancipation of Catholic Jews: Minorities and the Nation-State in Nineteenth-Century Europe

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and that the right of return is therefore binding on non-signatories to these conventions.

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Pandora's Passport, Hungary extends citizenship beyond its borders, Slovakia retaliates",

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The right of return is also found in many regional treaties, such as article 12(2) of the

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The first codified law guaranteeing a right of return can be found in the English charter

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Michael Neal, Return of the New Mexican-American Diaspora, Berkeley La Raza Law Review,

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Michael Neal, Return of the New Mexican-American Diaspora, Berkeley La Raza Law Review,

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and establishing themselves in the surrounding area (which has come to be known as the "

717:- of the ICCPR reveals that the wording of article 12(4) was changed from "the right to 4964: 4892: 4769: 4695: 4590: 4286: 2632: 2206: 2192:

HRC in General Comment 27 CCPR General Comment No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement)

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was held in 1920 to determine the future of the area. The Danish government asked the

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Lawand, Kathleen (1996). "The Right to Return of Palestinians in International Law".

2044: 1871: 1811: 1794: 1771: 1724: 1451: 1443:) all tended to create Greek communities far beyond the boundaries of modern Greece. 1376: 1093: 861: 600: 431: 280: 219: 2994: 2109: 1232:

The constitution put an end to the centuries-long persecution and discrimination of

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Some controversy exists among scholars on how these articles should be interpreted.

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The right to leave any country, including one's own, and to return to one's country.

552:, the French were unwilling to let Germans of Huguenot origin take advantage of it. 510:

The constitution put an end to the centuries-long persecution and discrimination of

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https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1242205/files/3%20Neal%202022%20%2847-105%29.pdf

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https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1242205/files/3%20Neal%202022%20%2847-105%29.pdf

2722: 2411: 2281: 1806: 1743: 1637: 1436: 1423: 1321: 1196: 1034:

The right of return continues to remain a stumbling block to the settlement of the

967: 932: 791: 613: 569: 545: 468: 420: 404: 400: 284: 224: 142: 125: 446:

and other cities (some of them being sold into slavery). Following the victory of

349:

The right to leave any country and to return to one's own country are regarded as

4985: 4949: 4867: 4779: 4680: 4630: 3102: 3066: 3010: 2742: 2113: 1866: 1821: 1728: 1477: 1170: 979:

Plans for a solution of the conflict has centered around bilateral agreements of

874: 866: 577: 392: 370: 204: 132: 2040:

Writing Exile: The Discourse of Displacement in Greco-Roman Antiquity and Beyond

1177:), Austrians and their descendants who were persecuted or feared persecution by 4954: 4809: 4734: 4690: 4423: 4323: 2807: 2793: 2517: 2191: 1469: 1468:

has demanded since the 1940s that Greece grant a right of return to the Muslim

1440: 1405: 1401: 1353: 1349: 1296: 1207:

and other Finns who had remained in the Soviet Union. People who served in the

1035: 1028: 920: 693: 388: 304: 194: 110: 42: 2286: 2269: 573: 5020: 4959: 4839: 4774: 4655: 4453: 4402: 4334: 3876: 1850: 1826: 1783: 1715: 1538: 1526: 1397: 1366: 1204: 915:

Circassians are an indigenous ethnic group originating from the northwestern

870: 765: 734: 308: 93: 68: 55: 1964: 1731:– that is the period between 1936 and 1975 – to obtain Spanish nationality. 1357:

restored". The historic context for Article 116 was the eviction, following

4749: 4744: 4635: 4512: 4480: 4349: 3057:

Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return: An International Law Analysis

2829:"Descendants of Jews who fled persecution may claim Portuguese citizenship" 2415: 2152:

Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return: An International Law Analysis

1481: 1358: 1221: 1178: 1055: 1051: 889: 646:

No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his own country.

609: 499: 416: 412: 292: 22: 1309:, "late emigrants"). After legislative changes in late 1992 this right is 4615: 4407: 4365: 3032: 2375:

Circassian Right of Return: “Putin The Terrible or Putin The Enlightened?

1300: 1047: 885: 481: 354: 350: 300: 288: 172: 167: 158: 88: 79: 1134:. The State Repatriation Committee provides support to the repatriates. 4903: 4620: 2566: 1485: 1450:"Foreign persons of Greek origin", who neither live in Greece nor hold 1292: 1241: 1237: 1123: 1096:. Experts argue that, under those principles, Palestinian citizens who 1015:, and numerous UN resolutions recognizing the right of return (such as 522: 515: 189: 33: 1369:

and eastern neighbour states extended military hegemony in 1945, were

855:

Few cases have dealt with the right of return principle. In 1996, the

365:

While the right of return was not explicitly recognized in antiquity,

4600: 3063:

The Palestinian Refugees and the non-existence of the Right of Return

1940:"2. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)" 1580: 1563: 1275: 1130:

who are the descendants of the refugees who left Abkhazia due to the

1059: 1000: 565: 408: 1654: 938: 4862: 4700: 4375: 4341: 3071: 2224: 1790: 1576: 1498: 1311: 1233: 1110: 916: 670:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

511: 451: 427:

and also inspired other groups seeking to pursue their own return.

374: 115: 62: 2794:"Latvians and Livs | Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde" 2747: 2024:, Geneva, UN, UN Sales no. 64.XIV.2, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/220/Rev.1 1562:

recognize only the child of a Jewish mother as being Jewish, or a

4665: 4610: 4595: 4580: 2543:"Citizenship for Persecuted Persons and their Direct Descendants" 2438: 1559: 1465: 1127: 1101: 1004: 996: 992: 424: 338: 214: 3003: 2537: 2961:

United States v. Valentine, 288 F. Supp. 957, 980 (D.P.R. 1968)

2243:

The Right to Leave and Return in International Law and Practice

1599: 1550: 1542: 878: 772:

At any rate, what seems clear is that neither the text nor the

447: 443: 435: 26: 1460:

Acquisition of Greek Nationality by Aliens of Greek Origin Law

905: 1390:. Between 1950 and 2016 it is estimated that up to 1,445,210 1097: 1084: 439: 407:

the option to return to their ancestral homeland and rebuild

366: 2677:"Zuzug von (Spät-)Aussiedlern und ihren Familienangehörigen" 2256:

U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary

2997:

War Echo: Ousted by Poland in 1945, Germans Want Homes Back

2934:

Worthy v. United States, 328 F.2d 386, 394 (5th Cir. 1964).

2655:"Emigracja z Polski do Niemiec liczna i prawie niewidoczna" 2325: 2131: 2129: 1742:, the Spanish population left, citing their loyalty to the 1546: 1181:

can become Austrian citizens. While Austria does not allow

337:

The right of return is often invoked by representatives of

2676: 3039:

Do Palestinian Refugees Have a Right to Return to Israel?

2457:"Конституционный закон республики Абхазия о репатриантах" 1965:"United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law" 1439:, and the energetic trading activity by Greeks under the 713:

According to Agterhuis, the record of negotiations - the

396: 2126: 1594:

Polish nationality law § Loss of Polish citizenship

888:

asked the ECHR in 2005 to rule about their removal from

3004:

Let Them Return – The Chagos People's Homeland Campaign

2856:"Articolul 11 – AUTORITATEA NATIONALA PENTRU CETATENIE" 1942:. Institute Statelessness and Inclusion. Archived from 326:. Legal scholars have argued that one or more of these 2952:

Acosta v. Gaffney, 558 F.2d 1153, 1157 (3d Cir. 1977).

2943:

Ayala-Flores v. INS, 662 F.2d 444, 446 (6th Cir. 1981)

2156:

BADIL - Information & Discussion Brief Issue No. 8

2097:

Democratic Citizenship and the Free Movement of People

2494:

Nation-Building and Identity in the Post-Soviet Space

2377:. American University Washington College of Law 2015. 2599: 2597: 2342:

Unlawful territorial situations in international law

1889: 1346:

Emigration from Poland to Germany after World War II

1062:

in the 1960s, in connection with the erection of an

639:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

423:) this case is often cited as a precedent by modern 320:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2225:"Legal Aspects of the Palestinian Refugee Question" 2207:"The right to Return and its Practical Application" 1164:

Under Section 58c of the Austrian Citizenship Act (

592: 4873:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 2696:"Ghana, a place for African-Americans to resettle" 2036: 564:of 1864, the previously Danish-ruled territory of 287:to, or re-entry to, their country of origin or of 2594: 1883: 939:Georgian refugees and internally displaced people 572:. A significant number of inhabitants, known as " 5018: 1373:as well. These expellees and refugees, known as 1111:Countries with laws conferring a right of return 3045:International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict 839:The right is also found in article 3(2) of the 2434:is formally recognised as an independent state 2326:Rutsel Martha; Stephen Bailey (23 June 2020). 2302:"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights" 2032: 2030: 1484:– a demand firmly rejected by the Greeks (see 1316:codified in paragraph 1 of Article 116 of the 1274:issued a public apology to the descendants of 850: 683: 555: 493: 303:. While many states afford their citizens the 4919: 4496: 3087: 2867: 2865: 2222: 1318:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 291:. The right of return is part of the broader 256: 4510: 4234:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 2491: 2204: 1391: 1374: 1335: 1329: 1304: 1249: 1050:, an ethnic group residing on the island of 828:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 773: 616:shall be carried out as quickly as possible. 530: 299:and is also related to the legal concept of 4541:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 2873:A Sturdier Russia Beckons Its Children Home 2328:"The right to enter his or her own country" 2144: 2027: 1761: 1683:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1115: 1041: 906:Non-state groups claiming a right of return 704:'s authoritative interpretation from 1999: 4926: 4912: 4503: 4489: 3094: 3080: 2862: 2140:. Manchester University Press. p. 66. 2073: 2057: 438:expelled and scattered the inhabitants of 263: 249: 2888: 2766: 2285: 2198: 2168: 2166: 2164: 1703:Learn how and when to remove this message 1400:according to Deutsche Welle (for example 1396:and their family members, including many 945:Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia 859:(ECHR) ruled in a landmark case known as 4933: 3022:The Right of Return in International Law 2629:"Gibt es ein oberschlesisches Ethnikum?" 2464:The website of the President of Abkhazia 2369: 2367: 2195:, 2 November 1999, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9 2016: 2014: 2012: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1932: 1324:, which also had German citizenship and 456: 4755:Right to an adequate standard of living 2135: 2037:Jan Felix Gaertner (28 December 2006). 884:In a similar case, petitioners for the 5019: 4556:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 3051:The Feasibility of the Right of Return 2970:Nguyen v. INS, 533 U.S. 53, 67 (2001). 2583:. Discours.vie-publique.fr. 1985-10-11 2399: 2393: 2178:Melbourne Journal of International Law 2161: 1992: 1154:Declaration on Independence of Armenia 328:international human rights instruments 4907: 4484: 3075: 2364: 2294: 2267: 2261: 2183: 2009: 1999:Michigan Journal of International Law 1981: 1920: 1918: 1480:between 1944 and 1945, at the end of 812: 790:Eric Rosand, legal advisor to the US 702:United Nations Human Rights Committee 625:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 360: 316:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 283:which guarantees everyone's right of 3101: 3028:The problem is how to become Israeli 2693: 2539:Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2403:International Journal of Refugee Law 2319: 2216: 1681:adding citations to reliable sources 1648: 821: 728: 2492:Isaacs, Rico; Polese, Abel (2016). 2229:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 2223:Ruth Lapidoth (September 1, 2002). 1383:discussion of possible compensation 919:. Throughout the 19th century, the 845:American Convention on Human Rights 841:European Convention on Human Rights 739:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 721:to one's country" to "the right to 608:After the conclusion of peace, the 13: 3018:—Government of the State of Israel 2889:Foltynova, Kristyna (2020-06-19). 2871:Levy, Clifford J. 21 March 2009. " 2681:Federal Agency for Civic Education 2274:Asian Journal of International Law 1915: 1326:after World War II lived in Poland 1295:allows (1) people descending from 14: 5078: 4676:Right to refuse medical treatment 2988: 2189:UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), 1363:former eastern German territories 1260:revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1240:).. Concurrently with making all 1107:, could claim a right to return. 961: 541:revocation of the Edict of Nantes 4463: 4462: 3184:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1793:of U.S. citizens, especially of 1736:Anglo-Dutch capture of Gibraltar 1653: 987:reached in 1975 or the proposed 877:and prevented from returning by 593:Legal understanding of the right 4329:Birth aboard aircraft and ships 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2916: 2907: 2895:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2882: 2848: 2821: 2800: 2786: 2760: 2729: 2715: 2687: 2669: 2647: 2621: 2573: 2559: 2531: 2510: 2485: 2473:from the original on 2022-02-21 2449: 2422: 2380: 2347: 2334: 2248: 2235: 2102: 2089: 1328:. These Polish people are also 1074: 4888:Sexual and reproductive health 4785:Right to a healthy environment 4166:Federated States of Micronesia 3530:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2767:Branovsky, Yael (6 May 2008). 2518:"ICL - Armenia - Constitution" 1957: 1614:in the 16th century to become 1009:European Court of Human Rights 910: 857:European Court of Human Rights 690:International Court of Justice 475: 16:Principle in international law 1: 4805:Right to public participation 2808:"ICL – Poland – Constitution" 1877: 1856:Overseas Citizenship of India 1740:War of the Spanish Succession 764:Austrian human rights lawyer 756:has made a similar argument: 521:Concurrently with making all 467:, one of only four surviving 5001:Collective rights management 4825:Right to science and culture 4447:British Overseas Territories 1837:Internally Displaced Persons 1071:had failed to implement it. 1007:, despite judgements of the 387:A well-known example is the 330:have attained the status of 7: 4651:Right to keep and bear arms 4561:Freedom from discrimination 4317:Renunciation of citizenship 2913:U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1 1800: 1612:Jews expelled from Portugal 1605: 1533:Palestinian right of return 1081:Palestinian right of return 951:Abkhazia's war of secession 851:Right of return in case law 556:Schleswig plebiscites, 1920 494:French Constitution of 1791 332:customary international law 10: 5083: 2694:Dovi, Efam (11 May 2015). 2496:. Routledge. p. 217. 2444:Russian-occupied territory 1890:Tjasa Leskovic Vendramin. 1738:in August 1704 during the 1621: 1591: 1541:is legislation enacted by 1530: 1524: 1504: 1491: 1418:Year of Return, Ghana 2019 1415: 1408:), emigrated from Poland. 1288:German Citizenship Project 1285: 1281: 1189: 1159: 1141: 1137: 1078: 974:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 965: 942: 794:, used the same argument: 344: 4978: 4942: 4848: 4815:Right to rest and leisure 4721: 4526: 4519: 4442: 4416: 4358: 4299: 4252: 4153: 4043: 3870: 3863: 3632: 3557: 3414: 3407: 3116: 3109: 2287:10.1017/S2044251314000241 2172:Bracka, Jeremie Maurice. 1776:United States citizenship 1630: 1598:From the Constitution of 1587: 1570: 1520: 1476:from the Greek region of 1456:Code of Greek Citizenship 1429: 1422:Ghana allows people with 1393:Aussiedler/Spätaussiedler 1306:Aussiedler/Spätaussiedler 1220:Another early example of 1215: 1175:Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz 1144:Repatriation of Armenians 498:Another early example of 48:Aboard aircraft and ships 4979:Rights of other entities 4830:Right to social security 4795:Right to Internet access 4740:Equal pay for equal work 4626:Presumption of innocence 3164:Central African Republic 2723:"Right of Abode - Ghana" 1832:Canadians of convenience 1780:United States of America 1762:United States of America 1644: 1545:in 1950, that gives all 1411: 1117:Abkhazia (self-declared) 1042:Diego Garcia Chagossians 657: 652:Fourth Geneva Convention 606: 560:In the aftermath of the 324:Fourth Geneva Convention 4706:right to be a candidate 4536:Equality before the law 4262:Commonwealth of Nations 2547:Austrian Embassy London 2388:Dividing Divided States 2043:. BRILL. pp. 89–. 1842:Back-to-Africa movement 1734:Finally, following the 1515:Foreign Births Register 1342:especially in the 1980s 1150:Constitution of Armenia 873:refugee displaced from 644: 641:(ICCPR) article 12(4): 4566:Freedom of information 4551:Freedom of association 4076:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2386:Gregory F. Treverton, 1392: 1375: 1336: 1330: 1305: 1256: 1250: 1230: 1209:Finnish Defence Forces 1174: 1132:19th-century conflicts 985:Third Vienna Agreement 903: 837: 810: 801: 788: 774: 762: 751: 741:has argued, by citing 711: 678: 537: 531: 508: 491: 472: 450:, the Spartan general 4878:Intersex human rights 4686:Right of self-defense 4641:Right to a fair trial 4459:Partially recognized. 3324:São Tomé and Príncipe 2995:Wall Street Journal, 2757:, 5 June 2010, p. 60. 2567:"Suomen kansalaisuus" 2268:Masri, Mazen (2015). 1993:Rosand, Eric (1998). 1928:. Human Rights Watch. 1778:to those born in the 1729:Franco's dictatorship 1511:Irish nationality law 1458:, as amended by the 1416:Further information: 1246: 1226: 1142:Further information: 1098:fled or were expelled 966:Further information: 953:in 1992–1993 and the 925:eradicate Circassians 898: 832: 805: 796: 776:travaux préparatoires 770: 758: 747: 715:travaux préparatoires 706: 674: 527: 504: 486: 460: 185:Diplomatic protection 5006:Corporate personhood 4996:Collective agreement 4765:Right to development 4646:Right to family life 4596:Freedom from torture 4581:Freedom from slavery 4398:Second-class citizen 4371:Multiple citizenship 3840:United Arab Emirates 3474:(Kingdom of Denmark) 3053:by Salman Abu-Sittah 2736:US Embassy in Athens 2416:10.1093/ijrl/8.4.532 2020:J.D. Inglés (1963), 1768:Fourteenth Amendment 1677:improve this section 1265:Occupation of France 923:adopted a policy to 627:(UDHR), article 13: 562:Second Schleswig War 550:occupation of France 5027:Freedom of movement 4576:Freedom of religion 4571:Freedom of movement 4546:Freedom of assembly 4528:Civil and political 4388:Permanent residency 4307:Loss of citizenship 4282:Caribbean Community 3535:Trinidad and Tobago 3520:St. Kitts and Nevis 3422:Antigua and Barbuda 3030:– Amon Rubenstein, 3016:Law of Return, 1950 2834:The Times of Israel 1817:Freedom of movement 1616:Portuguese citizens 1556:former Soviet Union 1272:François Mitterrand 1058:, were expelled to 981:population exchange 955:second Abkhazia war 929:Circassians fleeing 463:Cotton MS. Augustus 297:freedom of movement 210:Permanent residency 4965:Self-determination 4893:Right to sexuality 4770:Right to education 4696:Security of person 4591:Freedom of thought 3462:Dominican Republic 3024:by Eyal Benvenisti 3009:2011-07-13 at the 2858:. 10 January 2020. 2741:2008-07-05 at the 2432:in 1992, Abkhazia 2205:Sander Agterhuis. 1862:Birthright Armenia 1846:Rastafari movement 1756:Spanish government 1748:Campo de Gibraltar 1278:around the world. 1148:Article 14 of the 1013:Loizidou v. Turkey 894:British government 813:Resettled refugees 672:, article 5d(ii): 603:(HR), article 20: 473: 411:. Recorded in the 361:Ancient precedents 279:is a principle in 230:Identity cleansing 5037:International law 5014: 5013: 4991:Return of results 4901: 4900: 4800:Right to property 4760:Right to clothing 4745:Fair remuneration 4713:Right to homeland 4661:Right to petition 4586:Freedom of speech 4478: 4477: 4452:Open border with 4295: 4294: 4149: 4148: 3628: 3627: 3548:US Virgin Islands 3475: 3199:Equatorial Guinea 3059:by Gail J. Boling 3000:, August 11, 2004 2701:The Africa Report 2617:on March 4, 2016. 2180:, Melbourne, 2005 2050:978-90-474-1894-8 1872:Right to homeland 1812:Diaspora politics 1795:Mexican Americans 1772:U.S. Constitution 1713: 1712: 1705: 1452:Greek citizenship 1377:Heimatvertriebene 1322:a Polish minority 1251:naturels français 1094:international law 1011:in cases such as 933:conflict in Syria 862:Loizidou v Turkey 822:Regional treaties 729:Mass displacement 684:"His own country" 601:Hague Regulations 532:naturels français 432:Peloponnesian War 281:international law 273: 272: 220:Right to homeland 5074: 5067:Refugees in Asia 5062:Diaspora studies 4928: 4921: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4790:Right to housing 4724:Economic, social 4671:Right to protest 4666:Right to privacy 4505: 4498: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4466: 4465: 4312:Denaturalization 4201:Papua New Guinea 4186:Marshall Islands 3868: 3867: 3473: 3412: 3411: 3114: 3113: 3103:Nationality laws 3096: 3089: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3041:by Ruth Lapidoth 2983: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2886: 2880: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2764: 2758: 2751: 2745: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2657:. Deutsche Welle 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2631:. Archived from 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2610:. Archived from 2609: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2472: 2461: 2453: 2447: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2304:. Archived from 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2196: 2187: 2181: 2170: 2159: 2150:Boling, Gail J. 2148: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2106: 2100: 2093: 2087: 2082:Life of Lysander 2077: 2071: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2034: 2025: 2018: 2007: 2006: 1990: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1897:. Archived from 1896: 1887: 1807:Voluntary return 1708: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1657: 1649: 1638:Russian diaspora 1437:Byzantine Empire 1424:African ancestry 1395: 1380: 1344:to Germany, see 1339: 1333: 1308: 1297:German nationals 1269:French President 1253: 1183:dual citizenship 1169: 1090:State succession 968:Cypriot refugees 792:State Department 786:rights illusory. 779: 743:Stig Jägerskiöld 614:prisoners of war 570:Imperial Germany 546:Edict of Potsdam 534: 471:of the 1215 text 469:exemplifications 421:Book of Nehemiah 391:, by which King 285:voluntary return 265: 258: 251: 225:Voluntary return 138:Lost citizenship 19: 18: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5057:Immigration law 5042:Nationality law 5017: 5016: 5015: 5010: 4986:Protected group 4974: 4970:Right of return 4950:Right to resist 4943:National rights 4938: 4932: 4902: 4897: 4868:Family planning 4853: 4844: 4820:Right of return 4780:Right to health 4728: 4725: 4717: 4681:Right to resist 4631:Right of asylum 4522: 4515: 4509: 4479: 4474: 4438: 4412: 4393:Right of return 4354: 4291: 4254: 4248: 4211:Solomon Islands 4145: 4111:Northern Cyprus 4106:North Macedonia 4039: 3874: 3859: 3624: 3553: 3403: 3105: 3100: 3067:Ben-Dror Yemini 3047:by Julius Stone 3011:Wayback Machine 2991: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2899: 2897: 2887: 2883: 2870: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2748: 2743:Wayback Machine 2734: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2692: 2688: 2683:. 1 April 2018. 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2635:on 15 July 2018 2627: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2549: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2427: 2423: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2340:Enrico Milano, 2339: 2335: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2266: 2262: 2254:Manfred Nowak, 2253: 2249: 2240: 2236: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2188: 2184: 2171: 2162: 2149: 2145: 2134: 2127: 2118: 2116: 2114:British Library 2108: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2090: 2078: 2074: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2035: 2028: 2019: 2010: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1867:Right of asylum 1822:Nationality law 1803: 1764: 1709: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1674: 1658: 1647: 1633: 1624: 1608: 1596: 1590: 1573: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1507: 1494: 1432: 1420: 1414: 1290: 1284: 1218: 1201:Soviet passport 1192: 1165: 1162: 1146: 1140: 1120: 1113: 1087: 1079:Main articles: 1077: 1044: 1003:, and parts of 970: 964: 947: 941: 913: 908: 875:Northern Cyprus 867:Titina Loizidou 853: 824: 815: 731: 686: 667: 662: 661: 649: 619: 595: 578:First World War 568:became part of 558: 496: 478: 393:Cyrus the Great 371:Teles of Megara 363: 353:and founded on 347: 277:right of return 269: 235:Right of return 180:Criminalization 17: 12: 11: 5: 5080: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4955:Right to exist 4952: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4835:Right to water 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4810:Right of reply 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735:Digital rights 4731: 4729: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4698: 4693: 4691:Right to truth 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4476: 4475: 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3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3389:Western Sahara 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3179:Congo Republic 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3001: 2990: 2989:External links 2987: 2985: 2984: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2915: 2906: 2881: 2877:New York Times 2861: 2847: 2820: 2799: 2785: 2775:. Ynetnews.com 2759: 2746: 2728: 2714: 2686: 2668: 2646: 2620: 2593: 2572: 2558: 2530: 2509: 2502: 2484: 2466:(in Russian). 2448: 2421: 2410:(4): 532–568. 2392: 2379: 2373:Wiley, Mason. 2363: 2346: 2333: 2318: 2293: 2280:(2): 356–386. 2260: 2247: 2241:Hurst Hannum, 2234: 2215: 2197: 2182: 2160: 2158:, January 2001 2143: 2125: 2101: 2088: 2072: 2056: 2049: 2026: 2008: 1980: 1956: 1931: 1914: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1848: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1802: 1799: 1763: 1760: 1711: 1710: 1661: 1659: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1607: 1604: 1589: 1586: 1572: 1569: 1525:Main article: 1522: 1519: 1506: 1503: 1493: 1490: 1470:Cham Albanians 1431: 1428: 1413: 1410: 1406:Eugen Polanski 1402:Lukas Podolski 1354:Eugen Polanski 1350:Lukas Podolski 1348:. For example 1337:Spätaussiedler 1283: 1280: 1217: 1214: 1197:Nordic country 1191: 1188: 1161: 1158: 1139: 1136: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1076: 1073: 1043: 1040: 1036:Cyprus problem 983:, such as the 963: 962:Greek-Cypriots 960: 943:Main article: 940: 937: 921:Russian Empire 912: 909: 907: 904: 852: 849: 823: 820: 814: 811: 730: 727: 694:Nottebohm case 685: 682: 666: 665: 656: 654:, article 49: 648: 647: 643: 636: 635: 632: 618: 617: 605: 594: 591: 557: 554: 495: 492: 477: 474: 399:expelled from 389:return to Zion 362: 359: 346: 343: 305:right of abode 271: 270: 268: 267: 260: 253: 245: 242: 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 195:Foreign worker 192: 187: 182: 177: 176: 175: 162: 161: 155: 154: 153: 152: 151: 150: 145: 135: 130: 129: 128: 123: 118: 111:Naturalization 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 83: 82: 76: 75: 74: 73: 72: 71: 59: 52: 51: 50: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5079: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 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4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3970:Liechtenstein 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3877:Schengen Area 3873: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 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3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3239:Guinea-Bissau 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2982: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2910: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2809: 2803: 2795: 2789: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2755:The Economist 2750: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2724: 2718: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2679:(in German). 2678: 2672: 2656: 2650: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2598: 2582: 2576: 2568: 2562: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2519: 2513: 2505: 2503:9781317090199 2499: 2495: 2488: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2452: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2356: 2350: 2343: 2337: 2329: 2322: 2308:on 2022-05-09 2307: 2303: 2297: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2258:, p.220, 1993 2257: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2115: 2111: 2110:"Magna Carta" 2105: 2098: 2092: 2085: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2033: 2031: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1946:on 2021-12-23 1945: 1941: 1935: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1904:on 2020-07-25 1900: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1851:Law of Return 1849: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1827:Jus sanguinis 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1784:jus sanguinis 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1716:Sephardi Jews 1707: 1704: 1696: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1662:This section 1660: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1642: 1639: 1628: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1539:Law of Return 1534: 1528: 1527:Law of Return 1518: 1516: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1367:Joseph Stalin 1365:, over which 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1205:Ingrian Finns 1202: 1198: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1118: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1070: 1069:UK government 1065: 1064:U.S. Military 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1029:Greek-Cypriot 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 969: 959: 956: 952: 946: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 902: 897: 895: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 871:Greek-Cypriot 868: 864: 863: 858: 848: 846: 842: 836: 831: 829: 819: 809: 804: 800: 795: 793: 787: 784: 778: 777: 769: 767: 766:Manfred Nowak 761: 757: 755: 750: 746: 744: 740: 736: 735:Ruth Lapidoth 726: 724: 720: 716: 710: 705: 703: 698: 695: 691: 688:The landmark 681: 677: 673: 671: 658: 655: 653: 645: 642: 640: 633: 630: 629: 628: 626: 622: 615: 611: 607: 604: 602: 598: 590: 587: 586:Allied Powers 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 553: 551: 547: 542: 536: 533: 526: 524: 519: 517: 513: 507: 503: 501: 490: 485: 483: 470: 466: 464: 459: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 385: 381: 379: 376: 372: 368: 358: 356: 352: 342: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 322:and the 1948 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 266: 261: 259: 254: 252: 247: 246: 244: 243: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 174: 171: 170: 169: 166: 165: 164: 163: 160: 157: 156: 149: 146: 144: 143:denaturalized 141: 140: 139: 136: 134: 131: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104:transnational 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 90: 87: 86: 85: 84: 81: 78: 77: 70: 69:Birth tourism 67: 66: 65: 64: 60: 58: 57: 56:Jus sanguinis 53: 49: 46: 45: 44: 41: 40: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 28: 24: 21: 20: 5052:Repatriation 5032:Human rights 4969: 4936:group rights 4855:reproductive 4819: 4750:Labor rights 4726:and cultural 4636:Right to die 4513:human rights 4511:Substantive 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