Rights of nature - Knowledge

1077:) oil drilling operations from 1967 to 1992 resulted in an epidemic of birth defects, miscarriages, and an estimated 1,400 cancer deaths, that were particularly devastating to indigenous communities. These operations further caused more than one million acres of deforestation and polluted local waterways with 18 billion gallons of toxic wastewater and contaminants, severely damaging a formerly pristine rainforest of extraordinary biodiversity. Asserting that the same human actions that created such impacts violated the fundamental rights of both people and natural systems, it is argued that ethical and legal theories that recognize both sets of rights will better guide human behavior to recognize and respect humans' interconnected relationships with each other and the natural world. 229: 1151:. Just as the U.N. recognized human rights as arising from existence, so did the UDRME find that the "inherent rights of Mother Earth are inalienable in that they arise from the same source as existence". Like the UDHR, the UDRME defends the rights-bearing entity (nature and her elements) from the excesses of governing authorities. These rights include, among others, the recognition that "Mother Earth and all beings of which she is composed have... the right to life and to exist" as well as the "right to integral health". The UDRME adds that "ach being has the right to a place and to play its role in Mother Earth for her harmonious functioning". 669:

economic resource already has degraded some ecosystems and species so significantly that now, prominent policy experts are examining "endangered species triage" strategies to decide which species will be let go, rather than re-examine the economics driving the degradation. While twentieth and twenty-first century environmental laws do afford some level of protection to ecosystems and species, it is argued that such protections fail to stop, let alone reverse, overall environmental decline, because nature is by definition subordinated to anthropogenic and economic interests, rather than biocentric well-being.

766:. Leopold expressed that "hen we see land as a community to which we belong", rather than "a commodity belonging to us", we can "begin to use it with love and respect". Leopold offered implementation guidance for his position, stating that a "thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise." Berry similarly observed that "whatever preserves and enhances this meadow in the natural cycles of its transformation is good; what is opposed to this meadow or negates it is not good." Physician and philosopher 1912:"I perceived clearly that I was participating in a truly significant historic event in which a consensus had been reached as to the supreme value of the human person, a value that did not originate in the decision of a worldly power, but rather in the fact of existing—which gave rise to the inalienable right to live free from want and oppression and to fully develop one's personality. In the Great Hall…there was an atmosphere of genuine solidarity and brotherhood among men and women from all latitudes, the like of which I have not seen again in any international setting." 741:

view humans as the universe's only subjects, with all other beings merely a collection of objects to be owned and used. Rather, consideration of life as a web of relationships extending back to a shared ancestry confers subject status to all, including the inherent rights associated with that status. Laws based on a recognition of the intrinsic moral value of the natural world, create a new societal moral compass that directs society's interactions with the natural world more effectively toward well-being for all.

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fish, aquatic insects, water ouzels, otter, fisher, deer, elk, bear, and all other animals, including man, who are dependent on it or who enjoy it for its sight, its sound, or its life. The river as plaintiff speaks for the ecological unit of life that is part of it. Those people who have a meaningful relation to that body of water -- whether it be a fisherman, a canoeist, a zoologist, or a logger -- must be able to speak for the values which the river represents, and which are threatened with destruction.(...)

7225: 613: 1036:(UDHR) by the United Nations was another milestone, underpinned by the belief that fundamental human rights arise from "the fact of existing". The movement for rights of nature built on this belief, arguing that if "existence" is the defining condition for fundamental rights, this defining condition could not be limited to the rights of only one form of existence, and that all forms of existence should enjoy fundamental rights. For example, 1061:, and the recognition of other fundamental rights, societies have continued to expand rights in parallel with a growing acceptance of the inherent moral worth of the potential new rights holders. And, that this expansion of the circle of community ought to continue to grow to encompass the natural world, a position that has seen growing acceptance in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first. 943:, has been particularly vocal on humanity's relationship with the Earth, describing how humans must change their current actions in light of the fact that "a true 'right of the environment' does exist". He warned against humanity's current path, stating that "the deepest roots of our present failures" lie in the direction and meaning of economic growth, and the overarching rule of a "deified market". 518:. The rights of nature concept challenges twentieth-century laws as generally grounded in a flawed frame of nature as "resource" to be owned, used, and degraded. Proponents argue that laws grounded in rights of nature direct humanity to act appropriately and in a way consistent with modern, system-based science, which demonstrates that humans and the natural world are fundamentally interconnected. 965:", an African ethical concept that translates roughly to "I am because you are", observing that: "Ubuntu speaks particularly about the fact that you can't exist as a human being in isolation. It speaks about our interconnectedness... We think of ourselves far too frequently as just individuals, separated from one another, whereas you are connected and what you do affects the whole world." 43: 1109:

participation in human legal systems, describing such a legal system as necessarily including: recognition of injuries as subject to redress by public body, standing to institute legal actions (with guardians acting on behalf of the natural entity), redress calculated for natural entity's own damages, and relief running to the benefit of the injured natural entity.

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recognized in this Declaration". The UDRME addresses enforcement by requiring "damages caused by human violations of the inherent rights" to be "rectified", with those responsible "held accountable". Moreover, it calls on states to "empower human beings and institutions to defend the rights of Mother Earth and of all beings".

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Decades later, USC law professor Christopher Stone called for recognition of the legal standing and associated rights of the natural world as well, consistent with the "successive extension of rights" throughout legal history. As was done in the UDHR, Stone outlined the necessary elements of nature's

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n tracing the history of the evolution of ethics we find the recognition of mutual rights and duties confined at first to members of the same horde or tribe, then extended to worshippers of the same gods, and gradually enlarged so as to include every civilized nation, until at length all races of men

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Modern environmental laws began to arise in the 1960s out of a foundational perspective of the environment as best managed in discrete pieces. For example, United States laws such as the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Endangered Species Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act, and numerous others began to

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First, it is argued that if inherent human rights arise from human existence, so too logically do inherent rights of the natural world arise from the natural world's own existence. Human rights, and associated duties to protect those rights, have expanded over time. Most notably, the 1948 adoption by

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As awareness of rights of nature law and jurisprudence has spread, a new field of academic research is developing, where legal scholars and other scholars have begun to offer strategies and analysis to drive broader application of such laws, particularly in the face of early implementation successes

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Just as the rights protected by the UDHR are enforceable by the "right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals", so too does the UDRME specifically require humans and their institutions to "recognize and promote the full implementation and enforcement of the rights and obligations

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New Zealand law professor Catherine Iorns Magallanes observed that traditional Indigenous worldviews embody a connection with nature is so deep that nature is regarded as a living ancestor. From this worldview arises responsibilities to protect nature as one would a family member, and the need for a

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proposed that society's laws should derive from the laws of nature, explaining that "the universe is a communion of subjects, not a collection of objects". From the scientific perspective that all life arose from the context of the universe, Berry offered the ethical perspective that it is flawed to

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So it should be as respects valleys, alpine meadows, rivers, lakes, estuaries, beaches, ridges, groves of trees, swampland, or even air that feels the destructive pressures of modern technology and modern life. The river, for example, is the living symbol of all the life it sustains or nourishes --

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The legal and philosophical concept of rights of nature offers a shift from a frame of nature as property or resource, to nature as an interconnected Earth community partner. This school of thought aims at following the same path that human rights movements have followed, where at first recognition

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of the twentieth century are based on an outmoded framework that considers nature to be composed of separate and independent parts, rather than components of a larger whole. A more significant criticism is that those laws tend to be subordinate to economic interests, and aim at reacting to and just

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The early 2000s saw a significant expansion of rights of nature law, in the form of constitutional provisions, treaty agreements, national and subnational statutes, local laws, and court decisions. As of 2022, nature's rights laws exist in 24 countries (up from 17 in 2021), including in Canada, at

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As of 2021 rights of nature has been reflected in treaties, constitutions, court decisions, and statutory and administrative law at all levels of government. Craig Kauffman, political science professor at the University of Oregon, and scholar of nature's rights and global governance, contends that

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Extending this point, the common ethical and moral grounding of human rights and the rights of nature gives rise to the concept of "co-violations" of rights, defined as a "situation in which governments, industries, or others violate both the rights of nature and human rights, including indigenous

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Proponents suggest that rights derived from existence in nature do not confer human rights to all beings, but rather confer unique rights to different kinds of beings. Thomas Berry put forth the theory that rights "are species specific and limited"; that is, "rivers have river rights", "birds have

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observed that "ithin indigenous legal traditions, creation stories... give guidance about how to live with the world", rather than live at odds with it. A 2012 international Declaration of Indigenous Peoples found that modern laws destroy the earth because they do not respect the "natural order of

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The outgrowth of scientific and ethical advances around natural systems and species is a proposed new frame for legal and governance systems, one grounded in an ethic and a language that guide behavior away from ecological and social practices that ignore or minimize human-nature interconnections.

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analysis of the natural world; the modern, system-based understanding of the natural world, and the integrated place of humans with it, was still in development. The first major textbook on ecological science that described the natural world as a system rather than a collection of different parts,

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of 2000, "widely accepted as the most substantial and ambitious piece of European environmental legislation to date", relies on a target of "good status" of all EU waters, which includes consideration of needed "ecological flows". However, decades after the Directive's adoption, despite scientific

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have been recognized increasingly in law, so should nature's rights be recognized and incorporated into human ethics and laws. This claim is underpinned by two lines of reasoning: that the same ethics that justify human rights, also justify nature's rights, and, that humans' own survival depend on

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This school of thought is underpinned by two basic lines of reasoning. First, since the recognition of human rights is based in part on the philosophical belief that those rights emanate from humanity's own existence, logically, so too do inherent rights of the natural world arise from the natural

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similarly began to evolve from a business focus to include socioeconomic and natural systems starting in the 1970s. Since then, scientific disciplines have been converging and advancing on the concept that humans live in a dynamic, relationship-based world that "den the possibility of isolation".

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To illustrate implementation of nature's rights laws, the nonprofit Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature established "International Rights of Nature Tribunals". These are civil society initiatives and they issue non-binding recommendations. The tribunals bring together advocates of rights of

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The development of stronger and more active transnational rights of nature networks during the early 2000s, is a likely cause for the greater adoption of those championed principles into law. This has occurred in close integration with other, system-changing initiatives and movements for rights,

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While science in the late twentieth century shifted to a systems-based perspective, describing natural systems and human populations as fundamentally interconnected on a shared planet, environmental laws generally did not evolve with this shift. Reductionist U.S. environmental laws passed in the

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argument that humanity can only thrive in the long term by accepting integrated co-existence of humans with the natural world. Berry noted that the concept of human well-being derived from natural systems with no fundamental right to exist is inherently illogical, and that by protecting nature's

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Proponents of a shift to a more environmentally protective system of law contend that current legal and economic systems fail because they consider nature fundamentally as property, which can be degraded for profit and human desire. They point out that the perspective of nature as primarily an

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prioritizes protection of existing economic interests by activating only when species populations are headed toward extinction. By contrast, a "Healthy Species Act" would prioritize achievement of thriving species populations and facilitate economic systems that drive conservation of species.

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that identifies the earth's laws as primary and reasons that everything by the fact of its existence, therefore, has an intrinsic right to be and evolve. Earth Jurisprudence has been increasingly recognized and promoted worldwide by legal scholars, the United Nations, lawmakers, philosophers,

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exist at the local to national levels in 39 countries, including dozens of cities and counties throughout the United States. They take the form of constitutional provisions, treaty agreements, statutes, local ordinances, and court decisions. A state constitutional provision is being sought in

778:", which reflects a frame of nature maintained as economic feedstock, scholars supporting rights of nature suggest that society is beginning to consider visions such as "thriving communities", where "communities" includes nature as a full subject, rather than simply an object to be used. 2336: 1096:

in 1948 formalized recognition of broad categories of inalienable human rights globally. These include recognition that "ll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights", that "veryone has the right to life, liberty and security of person", and that "veryone has the

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evolving rights of nature initiatives and networks represent an "important new global movement" arising from "an informal global governance system... being constructed by citizens disillusioned by the failure of governments to take stronger actions to address the dual crises of

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Some scholars have contended thereafter that, given that basic human rights emanate from humans' own existence, nature's rights similarly arise from the similar existence of nature, and so humans' legal systems should continue to expand to recognize the rights of nature.

702:, called for a more holistic analysis of proposed infrastructure projects and required the disclosure of expected negative environmental impacts. However, it did not require that actions be taken to address those impacts in order to ensure ecosystem and species health. 655:, even where essentially non-existent in the law. The successes of past and current human rights movements provide lessons for the current movement to widen the circle of Earth community to include natural systems and species populations as rights-bearing entities. 806:

The ethical and philosophical foundation of a nature's rights legal theory and movement is a worldview of respect for nature, as contrasted with the "nature domination" worldview that underlies the concept of nature as object and property. Indigenous law professor

1231:. The goal of the tribunals is to provide formal public recognition, visibility, and voice to the people and natural systems injured by alleged violations of fundamental rights and marginalized in current law, and to offer a model for redress for such injuries. 3491: 1028:

are at least theoretically conceived as being united in a common bond of brotherhood and benevolent sympathy, which is now slowly expanding so as to comprise not only the higher species of animals, but also every sensitive embodiment of organic life.

939:, reflected that, "he obedience to the voice of Earth is more important for our future happiness... than the desires of the moment. Our Earth is talking to us and we must listen to it and decipher its message if we want to survive." His successor, 1105:" instruments such as the UDHR provided guidance to nations around the world, who have since developed constitutional provisions, statutes, court decisions, regulations, and other bodies of law based on the UDHR and the human rights it champions. 843:

Many of the world's other religious and spiritual traditions offer insights consistent with a nature's rights worldview. Eastern religious and philosophical traditions embrace a holistic conception of spirituality that includes the Earth. Chinese

619:– an Indian scholar and activist who has written extensively on Earth Jurisprudence and Earth Democracy that she describes as based on "local communities – organized on principles of inclusion, diversity, and ecological and social responsibility" 812:

Creation". The Declaration observed that humans "have our place and our responsibilities within Creation's sacred order" and benefit from "sustaining joy as things occur in harmony with the Earth and with all life that it creates and sustains".

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argued that the "laws of nature and of nature's God" reveal "self-evident" truths that "all Men are created equal" in their possession of "certain unalienable rights", particularly "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". The 1789 French

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least seven Tribal Nations in the U.S. and Canada, and over 60 cities and counties throughout the United States. The total number of countries with either existing or pending rights of nature legal provisions was 29 as of 2022.

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advances in identifying flow-ecology relationships, there remains no EU definition of "ecological flow", nor a common understanding of how it should be calculated. A nature's rights frame would recognize not only the existing

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later wrote of the place of humans, not at the center of being, but as one part of an integrated whole with the universe as primary, stating that "The order of the universe is the ultimate and noblest perfection in things."

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asserted that the "world is indeed a living being endowed with a soul and intelligence (...) a single visible living entity containing all other living entities, which by their nature are all related". Medieval theologian

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Court decisions including examples in Ecuador, Colombia and India have relied on these scientific developments in recognizing, interpreting and giving content to the legal rights of nature. Rather than a vision of merely "

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partially mitigating economics-driven degradation, rather than placing nature's right to thrive as the primary goal of those laws. This critique of existing environmental laws is an important component of tactics such as

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However, several scholars have denounced the Indigenous aspects of rights of nature to be a myth, and some have argued that one-sided implementations of rights of nature could be detrimental to indigenous communities.

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Kauffman, Craig M.; Sheehan, Linda (June 2019). "The Rights of Nature: Guiding Our Responsibilities Through Standards". In Turner, Stephen J.; Shelton, Dinah L.; Razzaque, Jona; McIntyre, Owen; May, James R. (eds.).

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to make U.N. adoption of the UDRME a priority. While that recommendation remains to be addressed, since then the UDRME has served to inform other international and national efforts, such as a 2012 Resolution by the

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claiming that the "day may come when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights which never could have been withholden from them but by the hand of tyranny". Nineteenth-century linguist and scholar

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Roderick Fraser Nash, professor of history and environmental studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, traced the history of rights for species and the natural world back to the thirteenth century

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world's own existence. A second and more pragmatic argument asserts that the survival of humans depends on healthy ecosystems, and so protection of nature's rights in turn, advances human rights and well-being.

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was created by a group of "lawyers, space archaeologists and concerned citizens", drawing on precedents in the Rights of Nature movement and the concept of legal personality for non-human entities in space.

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later recognized as well the "natural, inalienable and sacred rights of Man", adding that the "final end of every political institution is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of Man."

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Peter Burdon, professor at the University of Adelaide Law School and an Earth Jurisprudence scholar, has expanded upon Nash's analysis, offering that seventeenth century English philosopher and physician

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for the position that "environmental issues should be tendered by itself." As described by Stone and others, human rights have increasingly been "found" over time and declared "self-evident", as in the

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Christopher Stone, a law professor at the University of Southern California, wrote extensively on this topic in his seminal essay, "Should Trees Have Standing", cited by a U.S. Supreme Court dissent in

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theorized further that "choosing to accord nature a fraternal rather than an exploited role... might well make us different persons from the manipulators and subjugators we are in danger of becoming".

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Western religious and philosophical traditions have recognized the context of Earth and universe in providing spiritual guidance as well. From the Neolithic through the Bronze ages, the societies of "

745: 4306: 734:", wrote that each human is "truly a part and product of Nature as any other animal, and attempt to set him up on an isolated point outside of it is philosophically false and morally pernicious". 1408:"(...)Contemporary public concern for protecting nature's ecological equilibrium should lead to the conferral of standing upon environmental objects to sue for their own preservation. See Stone, 954:" as "the universal common good, the welfare of the entire creation," and note that "not a single creature, present or future, may be excluded from consideration in deciding a course of action." 4422: 891:) reflects the reality of humanity's networked interrelations with Earth and universe. Buddhist concepts of "co-dependent arising" similarly hold that all phenomena are intimately connected. 950:, Islam's primary authority in all matters of individual and communal life, reflects that "the whole creation praises God by its very being". Scholars describe the "ultimate purpose of the 672:

Rights of nature proponents contend that re-envisioning current environmental laws from a nature's rights frame demonstrates the limitations of current legal systems. For example, the U.S.

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Presentation of the Indigenous Environmental Network and Indigenous Peoples of Mother Earth and our Grandmothers – and Future Generations (Rights of Nature Ethics Tribunal, Quito, Ecuador)

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These and other factors supported the development of the 2010 Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth (UDRME). The UDRME was adopted by representatives of 130 nations at the

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including: development and implementation of new economic and finance models that seek to better reflect human rights and nature's rights; indigenous leadership to advance both the

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In addition to Stone's legal work, other late twentieth and early twenty-first century drivers of the rights of nature movement include indigenous perspectives and the work of the

1171:(IUCN) proposing a Universal Declaration of the Rights of Nature. The Incorporation of the Rights of Nature was adopted at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Hawaii (2016). 563: 2163: 4610: 977:(UDHR) by the United Nations in 1948. Key to the development of those rights are the concepts of natural rights, and rights of humans emanating from the existence of humanity. 1080:

As with the recognition of human rights, legal scholars find that recognition of the rights of nature alters the framework of human laws and practices. Harvard Law professor

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early 1970s remained largely unchanged, and other national and international environmental law regimes similarly stopped short of embracing the modern science of systems.

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ecological economists, and other experts as a foundation for Earth-centered governance, including laws and economic systems that protect the fundamental rights of nature.

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for basic needs, but would also recognize the rights of waterways to adequate, timely, clean water flows, and would define such basic ecological flow needs accordingly.

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and enacted nature's rights statutes to reflect traditional Indigenous respect for Pachamama, and a worldview of natural systems and humans as part of one family.

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who proposed that society's laws should derive from the laws of nature, explaining that "the universe is a communion of subjects, not a collection of objects"

5476: 4872: 4556: 3156: 582:(UDHR) that formalized recognition of broad categories of inalienable human rights. Drafters of the UDHR stated their belief that the concept of fundamental 3784: 4292: 4030: 5948: 4942: 4480: 1247:, directed by Isaac Goeckeritz, Hal Crimmel and Valeria Berros explores the challenges of creating new legal structures in relation to Rights of Nature. 1132:

book in 2003, followed by the creation of an eponymous legal association in the UK; growing concern about corporate power through the expansion of legal

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204 (1949), "The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land."

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is a legal and jurisprudential theory that describes inherent rights as associated with ecosystems and species, similar to the concept of fundamental

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Indigenous worldviews align with and have accelerated the development of rights of nature law, including in Ecuador and Bolivia. Ecuador amended its

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Magallanes, Catherine Iorns; Sheehan, Linda (2017). "Reframing Rights and Responsibilities to Prioritize Nature". In Scanlon, Melissa (ed.).

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be adopted in the early 1970s to address various elements of the natural world, separately from other elements. Some laws, such as the U.S.

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explained, "that which extends throughout the universe I regard as my body and that which directs the universe I consider as my nature".

494: 5053: 3302:"Removing the Veil from the 'Rights of Nature': The Dichotomy between First Nations Customary Rights and Environmental Legal Personhood" 6183: 3993: 199: 2850: 2151: 751:– a scientist and forester who advocated to "see land as a community to which we belong" rather than as "a commodity belonging to us" 7007: 6922: 4698:"Arranca el Tribunal Ético Mundial por los Derechos de la Naturaleza Hacia la Declaración Universal de los Derechos de la Naturaleza" 4600: 2203:

Hanak, Ellen; Lund, Jay; Dinar, Ariel; Gray, Brian; Howitt, Richard; Mount, Jeffrey; Moyle, Peter; Thompson, Barton (February 2011).

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wrote a dissenting opinion. His opinion highlighted the rights of nature and the intellectual contributions of Christopher Stone and

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Kauffman, Craig (2021). "Rights of Nature: Institutions, Law & Policy for Sustainable Development". In Sowers, Jeannie (ed.).

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This article is about the legal theory of rights of nature. For a survey of the legislation based on this school of thought, see

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movement; Thomas Berry's 2001 jurisprudential call for recognizing the laws of nature as the "primary text"; the publication of

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Incorporation of the Rights of Nature as the organizational focal point in IUCN's decision making (Resolution WCC-2012-Res-100)

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by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted". Recognition of fundamental rights in "

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Mapping Transnational Rights of Nature Networks & Laws: New Global Governance Structures for More Sustainable Development

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The expansion of rights continued out to animals, with eighteenth-nineteenth century English philosopher and legal theorist

6990: 4236: 2436: 1176: 3842: 2475: 7053: 6871: 6534: 5830: 5578:; Kim, Hun Joon (2013). "The Justice Cascade: The Origins and Effectiveness of Prosecutions of Human Rights Violations". 4854: 1275: 1216: 686: 758:

Scientists who similarly wrote in support of expanded human moral development and ethical obligation include naturalist

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Epstein, Yaffa; Ellison, Aaron M.; Echeverria, Hugo; Abbott, Jessica K., "Science and the Legal Rights of Nature".

4798: 4771: 4086: 2366: 2286: 1452:"Putting the rights of nature on the map. A quantitative analysis of rights of nature initiatives across the world" 1220: 652: 340: 6156:(United Nations, Harmony with Nature) – A list of laws and judicial decisions by country, on the rights on nature. 5076: 4548: 1897: 6980: 6900: 6263: 6248: 6113: 3904: 1967: 714:, which offered a scientific vision of the world as a self-regulating, complex system, first arose in the 1970s. 487: 243: 4015: 1826:

Sheehan, Linda (2013). "Realizing Nature's Rule of Law through Rights of Waterways". In Voigt, Christina (ed.).

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bird rights", and "humans have human rights". In his view, the difference is "qualitative, not quantitative".

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Global Patterns and Trends in Rights of Nature Legal Provisions: Insights from the Eco Jurisprudence Monitor

228: 7036: 6600: 6551: 6539: 6473: 6344: 2604:"The Earth Is Just as Alive as You Are: Scientists once ridiculed the idea of a living planet. Not anymore" 1337: 1098: 816: 5608: 3492:"Can Rights of Nature Save Us from the Anthropocene Catastrophe? Some Critical Reflections from the Field" 2279: 868:), the material force that flows through humans, nature, and universe. As the eleventh century pioneering 6985: 6963: 6838: 6811: 6730: 6279: 6205: 6054: 5613: 3256: 3058: 1310: 1751: 973:

Human rights have been developing over centuries, with the most notable outgrowth being the adoption of

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of rights in the rightless appeared "unthinkable", but later matured into a broadly-espoused worldview.

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in 2008 to recognize the rights of nature in light of the perceived need to better protect and respect

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Deep Ecology for the 21st Century: Readings on the Philosophy and Practice of the New Environmentalism

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legal structure that reflects a primary frame of responsibilities to the natural world as kin.

4237:"Human rights impacts of oil pollution: Ecuador - Impacts on health, livelihoods, environment" 3943: 2426:"Ecological flows and the Water Framework Directive implementation: An effective coevolution?" 1254:

about the rights of nature movement, directed by Joshua Boaz Pribanic and Melissa Troutman of

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defined right actions as those that recognize a reverence for life and the "will to live".

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arose not from "the decision of a worldly power, but rather in the fact of existing."

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nature, human rights, and rights of indigenous peoples into a process similar to the

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Encyclical Letter Laudato si' of the Holy Father Francis on Care for Our Common Home

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That, as I see it, is the issue of "standing" in the present case and controversy."

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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Our Human Planet

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International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Academy of Environmental Law

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Fighting for Our Shared Future: Protecting Both Human Rights and Nature's Rights

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Should Trees Have Standing? And Other Essays on Law, Morals, and the Environment

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Other Equators: measures for an international tribunal for the Rights of Nature

5421: 4827: 4387: 4327: 4054: 3843:"Pope Francis demands UN respect rights of environment over 'thirst for power'" 3739: 2665: 2631: 2570: 1901: 1353: 1292: 1137: 1081: 1015: 986: 896: 744: 632: 438: 5933:

Chapron, Guillaume; Epstein, Yaffa; López-Bao, José Vicente (March 29, 2019).

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World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth

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Rights of Nature & Mother Earth: Rights-based law for Systemic Change

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from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it".

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Some notable proponents of this approach include U.S. cultural historian

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Indra's Net and the Midas Touch: Living Sustainably in a Connected World

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Hernán Santa Cruz of Chile, member of the drafting sub-Committee, wrote:

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These laws reflected the science of the time, which was grounded in a

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Thomas Berry introduced a philosophy and ethics of law concept called

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Inanimate objects are sometimes parties in litigation. A ship has a

1288:

explores the concept of the rights of nature in different contexts.

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While some rights-of-nature laws grant rights to nature without any

6796: 6670: 6161: 5622: 5324: 5168:"Canadian river wins legal rights in global push to protect nature" 4445:

Cry of the Earth, Cry of the Poor (published in 1997 in English by

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Second, support for rights of nature also is supported through the

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and nature's rights; international social movements such as the

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Bringing together Western and Indigenous traditions, Archbishop

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Indigenous Peoples Global Conference on Rio+20 and Mother Earth

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Compendium rights of nature — case studies from six continents

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rights, with the same action". For example, in the Ecuadorian

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Proponents of the rights of nature also contend that from the

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Ecology reflects the land ethic; and Aldo Leopold wrote in

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list, examined relationships with and rights of trees.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

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Northampton, MA, U.S.: Edward Elgar. 3136: 2827:from the original on November 12, 2019 2306: 2146: 2055: 1892: 1799:Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy 1789: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1205: 326:International environmental agreements 6165: 6031: 5887: 5857: 5739:Axelrod, Joshua (February 27, 2021). 5698:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5218: 5087:from the original on February 6, 2022 5074: 4883:from the original on October 3, 2018. 4794:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4474: 4326: 4290: 4229: 4076: 3890: 3865: 3813:; Goodstein, Laurie (June 18, 2015). 3254: 3214: 2845: 2752: 2729: 2704: 2664: 2616:from the original on October 7, 2019. 2533: 2492: 2212:Public Policy Institute of California 1926: 1712: 1607: 1558: 1238: 1184:Declaration of the Rights of the Moon 1034:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 975:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 580:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 6191: 6060: 5711:Goeckeritz, Isaac (March 31, 2020). 5378:from the original on April 11, 2020. 4737:from the original on April 11, 2020. 4613:from the original on April 11, 2020. 4435: 4374: 4130:from the original on April 26, 2019. 3956: 3623: 3229:from the original on April 14, 2020. 3155: 3145:from the original on April 11, 2020. 2601: 2569: 2258:Vermont Journal of Environmental Law 1991: 1749: 1669: 1177:climate change and biodiversity loss 1149:2009 Copenhagen climate negotiations 346:Supranational environmental agencies 5823: 5671:from the original on April 11, 2020 5509:from the original on April 11, 2020 4989:from the original on April 23, 2021 4659:Acosta, Alberto (August 24, 2010). 3345:Tănăsescu, Mihnea (November 2020). 2166:from the original on April 7, 2020. 2038:from the original on April 7, 2020. 2023: 1412:, 45 S.Cal.L.Rev. 450 (1972).(...). 1377: 1245:Rights of Nature: A Global Movement 13: 5851: 5458:Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology 5166:Graham, Jack (February 24, 2021). 5136:from the original on May 27, 2020. 5056:from the original on June 28, 2021 4835:from the original on June 8, 2017. 4116:Editorial Board (April 24, 2019). 3105:(Report). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 2805:Babcock, Hope M. (April 1, 2016). 2638:; Behrens III, William W. (1972). 1396:Supreme Court of the United States 1162:urged then-U.N. Secretary-General 1088:20th and 21st century developments 14: 7261: 6817:Environmental resource management 6127: 5327:, Collective Heritage Institute. 5128:Sheehan, Linda (April 22, 2020). 4599:Rhoades, Hal (December 8, 2015). 4225:(Report). U.S.: Earth Law Center. 4207:(Report). U.S.: Earth Law Center. 4176:"Rights of Nature Law and Policy" 4152:Kauffman, Craig M. (April 2020). 3891:Denny, Frederick M. (Fall 1998). 3866:Vidal, John (December 27, 2014). 3300:Marshall, Virginia (2019-07-03). 3137:Herold, Kiana (January 6, 2017). 1908:from the original on 2020-02-19. 1792:"A Theory of Earth Jurisprudence" 839:Common roots with world religions 700:National Environmental Policy Act 7223: 6042:Tulane Environmental Law Journal 5935:"A rights revolution for nature" 5799: 5753: 5539:from the original on 2020-04-11. 5331:from the original on 2020-04-11. 5001: 4929:"A rights revolution for nature" 4894:Cano Pecharroman, Lidia (2018). 4857:from the original on 2020-04-11. 4711:from the original on 2019-05-10. 4645:from the original on 2016-03-05. 4588:from the original on 2019-10-07. 4580:(Report). Washington, DC, U.S.: 4425:from the original on 2019-09-03. 4364:from the original on 2019-04-26. 4243:from the original on 2019-09-30. 4186:from the original on 2020-02-02. 4087:Tulane Environmental Law Journal 3959:"Embracing the Spirit of Ubuntu" 3957:Rich, Judith (August 22, 2012). 3496:Asian Journal of Law and Society 3490:Viaene, Lieselotte (June 2022). 3054:Canada's Indigenous Constitution 2575:Systems Ecology: An Introduction 2482:from the original on 2020-04-07. 2367:Science of the Total Environment 2296:from the original on 2018-02-05. 2287:Indigenous Environmental Network 2231:from the original on 2019-08-05. 2192:from the original on 2020-04-07. 2103:, 745-747 (S. Ct. 1972). 1812:from the original on 2020-04-07. 1774:from the original on 2020-04-07. 710:was not written until 1983. The 653:U.S. Declaration of Independence 227: 50:Movements and schools of thought 41: 6264:Human impact on the environment 6249:List of environmental conflicts 6144:Thomas Berry and the Great Work 6114:United Nations General Assembly 5637:from the original on 2019-03-07 5550:Maloney, Michelle (2016–2017). 4801:from the original on 2019-08-02 4774:from the original on 2019-12-17 4559:from the original on 2020-04-08 4451:] (in Portuguese). Brazil: 4309:from the original on 2017-09-27 4036:from the original on 2014-06-30 3907:from the original on 2019-09-04 3483: 3430: 3383: 3351:Transnational Environmental Law 3338: 3306:Australian Feminist Law Journal 3293: 3248: 3075:from the original on 2018-07-25 2937:from the original on 2019-09-09 2787:from the original on 2020-04-08 2602:Jabr, Ferris (April 20, 2019). 2442:from the original on 2020-04-07 2389:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.228 2339:from the original on 2018-06-13 2313:Transnational Environmental Law 2024:Rai, Kavish (January 8, 2020). 1968:United Nations General Assembly 1519:(2nd ed.). United States: 1073:, pollution from Texaco's (now 789:with rights as well duties and 549: 244:Environmental impact assessment 6583:List of environmental killings 5631:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.017 5223:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. 5190:. Cambridge University Press. 4298:Southern California Law Review 4291:Stone, Christopher D. (1972). 3651:Lost Goddesses of Early Greece 3255:Lyons, Kristina (2021-07-01). 3215:Vidal, John (April 10, 2011). 3027:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. 2249:Sheehan, Linda (Winter 2019). 1608:Stone, Christopher D. (1996). 1443: 969:Common roots with human rights 887:("action" or "declaration" in 459:Right to a healthy environment 1: 6429:Bright green environmentalism 6074:University of Wisconsin Press 6032:Houck, Oliver (Winter 2017). 5075:Evans, Kate (July 20, 2021). 4382:World as Lover, World as Self 4077:Houck, Oliver (Winter 2017). 3318:10.1080/13200968.2019.1802154 2759:Pace Environmental Law Review 1683:University of Wisconsin Press 1477:10.1080/17445647.2022.2079432 1436: 1274:and spent over a year on the 985:'s launch of the concept of " 693:Underlying science and ethics 659:Underpinnings and development 331:Environmental laws by country 6601:Environmentalism of the poor 6474:Free-market environmentalism 5918:. Embassy of the North Sea. 5396:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: 4547:; Grim, John (Winter 2019). 3583:Environmental History Review 3390:Coombes, Brad (2020-06-15). 2997:Sheehan, Linda (June 2015). 1996:. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: 1338:Florida Right To Clean Water 1250:A documentary film entitled 1229:Permanent Peoples' Tribunals 1213:rights of indigenous peoples 1099:right to an effective remedy 7: 6812:Natural resource management 6731:Sustainability organization 6207:Outline of environmentalism 5895:. San Francisco, CA, U.S.: 5807:"Damages on Apple Podcasts" 3059:University of Toronto Press 1720:. San Francisco, CA, U.S.: 1311:Common heritage of humanity 1299: 1134:personhood for corporations 762:and scientist and forester 578:the United Nations, of the 10: 7266: 5394:Whose Water Is It, Anyway? 5172:Thomson Reuters Foundation 4421:. San Francisco, CA, U.S. 4016:"Earth Rights: The Theory" 3980:UK Youth Climate Coalition 1832:Cambridge University Press 1272:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1194: 1116:movement; the writings of 1055:the right to vote to women 796: 785:, others view nature as a 18: 7219: 7183: 7062: 6951: 6894:Anti-incinerator movement 6859: 6757:Climate change mitigation 6739: 6666:Cultural environmentalism 6633: 6606:Environmental stewardship 6591: 6565: 6522: 6416: 6403:Resacralization of nature 6365: 6358: 6272: 6216: 6201: 6091:Sessions, George (1995). 4871:(IUCN) (March 31, 2017). 4494:10.1080/00201747308601682 3678:Harding, Stephan (2006). 3363:10.1017/S2047102520000217 3273:10.17151/rasv.2021.23.2.6 2821:UC Berkeley School of Law 2753:Koons, Judith E. (2008). 2325:10.1017/S204710251500028X 1032:The 1948 adoption of the 682:Water Framework Directive 597:, South African attorney 532:climate change litigation 464:War and environmental law 372:Climate change litigation 264:Environmental cleanup law 6976:Conspicuous conservation 6792:Environmentally friendly 6777:Environmental protection 6772:Environmental personhood 6621:Radical environmentalism 6578:Environmental skepticism 6378:Environmental philosophy 5991:Chelsea Green Publishing 5289:Chelsea Green Publishing 5219:Kelly, Marjorie (2003). 4913:10.3390/resources7010013 4797:, United Nations, 1948, 4696:Acosta, Alberto (2010). 3684:Chelsea Green Publishing 3463:10.1177/2514848618763807 3141:. Intercontinental Cry. 2891:Henry Holt and Co., Inc. 1521:Chelsea Green Publishing 1398:in 1972. In it, Justice 1394:case was decided by the 1370: 1333:Environmental personhood 409:Environmental personhood 341:Environmental ministries 74:Environmental personhood 6767:Ecological civilization 5966:10.1126/science.aav5601 5746:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 5700:, Dept of Architecture. 5481:Health and Human Rights 5153:Oxford University Press 5034:10.1089/space.2018.0025 4960:10.1126/science.aav5601 4180:harmonywithnatureun.org 2976:10.1126/science.adf4155 2913:United Nations (2012). 2772:10.58948/0738-6206.1043 2711:Popular Science Monthly 2307:Borràs, Susana (2016). 2063:. Cambridge, MA, U.S.: 1992:Boyd, David R. (2017). 1877:Oxford University Press 1614:Oxford University Press 776:sustainable development 536:mitigate climate change 7230:Environment portal 7211:Tragedy of the commons 7075:Environmental defender 6762:Conservation community 6691:Environmental defender 6641:Anti-fracking movement 6557:Stewardship (theology) 6239:Environmental movement 6234:Environmental conflict 6097:Shambhala Publications 6062:Nash, Roderick Frazier 5989:(2nd ed.). U.S.: 5871:Crown Publishing Group 5790:The Overstory: A Novel 5257:Henry Holt and Company 4386:. Berkeley, CA, U.S.: 4014:Burdon, Peter (2011). 3984:"I am because you are" 3978:Million Belay and the 3184:Studley, John (2018). 2577:. New York, NY, U.S.: 1790:Burdon, Peter (2012). 1671:Nash, Roderick Frazier 1572:Crown Publishing Group 1030: 852:, as well as Japanese 755: 674:Endangered Species Act 620: 574: 336:Environmental lawsuits 321:Environmental journals 83:Traditional worldviews 7009:The Lord of the Rings 6829:Short-haul flight ban 6696:Environmental justice 6661:Conservation movement 6646:Anti-nuclear movement 6573:Anti-environmentalism 6259:Environmental studies 6123: August 1, 2016. 5794:W.W. Norton & Co. 5196:10.1017/9781108612500 4636:therightsofnature.org 3744:Summa Contra Gentiles 3163:. White Cloud Press. 2812:Ecology Law Quarterly 2579:John Wiley & Sons 2095:Sierra Club v. Morton 1977: August 1, 2016. 1425:A Sand County Almanac 1391:Sierra Club v. Morton 1270:, which won the 2019 1243:The 2018 documentary 1182:As well in 2021, the 1059:civil rights movement 1053:, to the granting of 1025: 747: 647:Sierra Club v. Morton 615: 565: 543:rights of nature laws 449:Public trust doctrine 414:Environmental justice 272:Natural resources law 236:Pollution control law 6782:Environmental policy 6596:Biophilia hypothesis 6499:Green libertarianism 5345:(February 2, 2019). 3982:(October 25, 2019). 3763:Catholic News Agency 3653:. Boston, MA, U.S.: 3551:Ecology and Religion 3157:Lake, Osprey Orielle 2731:Evans, Edward Payson 2706:Evans, Edward Payson 2160:The Georgia Straight 2101:405 U.S. 727 1936:North Atlantic Books 1217:human right to water 1197:Rights of nature law 1191:Rights of nature law 1092:The adoption of the 1051:abolition of slavery 732:environmental ethics 687:human right to water 559:healthy ecosystems. 259:Waste management law 173:Rights of nature law 111:Scholars and authors 21:Rights of nature law 7146:Seyyed Hossein Nasr 6721:Product stewardship 6706:Ethical consumerism 6616:Nature conservation 6393:Earth jurisprudence 5957:2019Sci...363.1392C 5313:Goldtooth, Tom B.K. 5026:2018NewSp...6..288T 4951:2019Sci...363.1392C 4729:(January 2, 2010). 4723:Solón Romero, Pablo 4545:Tucker, Mary Evelyn 3938:(2). Saudi Arabia. 3839:Goldenberg, Suzanne 3710:(4th century BCE). 3579:Tucker, Mary Evelyn 3547:Tucker, Mary Evelyn 3455:2018EnPlE...1...99R 2741:D. Appleton and Co. 2628:Meadows, Donella H. 2380:2017ScTEn.575..358V 2057:Thiele, Leslie Paul 1750:Bell, Mike (2003). 1681:. Wisconsin, U.S.: 1468:2022JMaps..18...89P 1322:Earth jurisprudence 1206:Related initiatives 1158:Bolivian President 1021:Edward Payson Evans 999:American Revolution 728:Edward Payson Evans 625:Earth jurisprudence 571:Earth Jurisprudence 397:Environmental crime 377:Earth jurisprudence 313:Reference materials 285:Water resources law 215:Part of a series on 59:Earth jurisprudence 29:Part of a series on 7161:Theodore Roosevelt 7096:Sunderlal Bahuguna 6484:Green conservatism 6095:. Colorado, U.S.: 5557:Vermont Law Review 5464:on April 11, 2020. 5315:(29 August 2017). 5151:. United Kingdom: 4453:Editora Ática S.A. 3820:The New York Times 3647:Spretnak, Charlene 3549:(2 January 2014). 3508:10.1017/als.2022.2 2970:(6646): eadf4155. 2881:Schweitzer, Albert 2739:. New York, U.S.: 2671:Harvard Law Review 2644:. Universe Books. 2632:Meadows, Dennis L. 2609:The New York Times 2150:(March 11, 2020). 1894:Santa Cruz, Hernán 1875:. United Kingdom: 1830:. United Kingdom: 1400:William O. Douglas 1239:In popular culture 925:St. Thomas Aquinas 756: 621: 575: 527:environmental laws 362:Administrative law 280:Species protection 7237: 7236: 7179: 7178: 7063:Environmentalists 6882:Rio Grande do Sul 6651:Car-free movement 6629: 6628: 6509:Green syndicalism 6373:Political ecology 6229:Ecological crisis 5897:Sierra Club Books 5614:World Development 4263:New Village Press 1722:Sierra Club Books 1416:legal personality 1114:indigenous rights 933:Pope Benedict XVI 753:(1946 photograph) 541:As of June 2021, 505: 504: 424:International law 254:Water quality law 221:Environmental law 210: 209: 7257: 7250:Rights of nature 7228: 7227: 7116:Jacques Cousteau 7086: 7085: 7070:Environmentalist 6824:Rights of nature 6747:Circular economy 6716:Impact investing 6686:Ecological grief 6656:Climate movement 6494:Green liberalism 6363: 6362: 6208: 6195: 6194:Environmentalism 6186: 6179: 6172: 6163: 6162: 6110: 6087: 6071: 6050: 6038: 6004: 5983:Cullinan, Cormac 5978: 5968: 5927: 5910: 5884: 5868: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5576:Sikkink, Kathryn 5572: 5566: 5565: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5529:Cullinan, Cormac 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5496: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5460:. Archived from 5450: 5444: 5443: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5254: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5108: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4962: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4760: 4739: 4738: 4727:Cullinan, Cormac 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4703: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4633: 4625:Cullinan, Cormac 4621: 4615: 4614: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4385: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4337:Yale Law Journal 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4288: 4277: 4276: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4172: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4149: 4132: 4131: 4123:The Daily Targum 4113: 4104: 4103: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4064: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4035: 4020: 4011: 3998: 3997: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3927: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3777: 3768: 3767: 3766:. July 26, 2007. 3754: 3748: 3747: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3715: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3557:. p. 2014. 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3519: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3411: 3409:10.4000/eps.9857 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3113: 3111: 3104: 3095: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2869:on July 9, 2007. 2865:. Archived from 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2774: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2727: 2716: 2715: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2545:. Anchor Books, 2544: 2531: 2518: 2517: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2458: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2441: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2401: 2391: 2374:(575): 358–366. 2357: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2265: 2255: 2246: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2210:(Report). U.S.: 2209: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2178:Bookchin, Murray 2174: 2168: 2167: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2115: 2104: 2098: 2090: 2079: 2078: 2053: 2040: 2039: 2021: 2012: 2011: 1989: 1978: 1965: 1950: 1949: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1890: 1881: 1880: 1865: 1846: 1845: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1796: 1787: 1776: 1775: 1747: 1736: 1735: 1710: 1697: 1696: 1680: 1667: 1628: 1627: 1605: 1586: 1585: 1569: 1556: 1535: 1534: 1513:Cullinan, Cormac 1509: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1479: 1447: 1430: 1386: 1235:and challenges. 1003:Thomas Jefferson 870:Neo-Confucianist 850:Neo-Confucianism 768:Albert Schweizer 716:Systems dynamics 508:Rights of nature 497: 490: 483: 454:Rights of nature 231: 212: 211: 202: 195: 188: 45: 35:Rights of nature 26: 25: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7222: 7215: 7206:Lifeboat ethics 7196:Business ethics 7175: 7141:Wangari Maathai 7101:Murray Bookchin 7084: 7080:Water protector 7058: 6947: 6906:Chipko movement 6855: 6735: 6701:Ethical banking 6625: 6587: 6561: 6518: 6479:Green anarchism 6454:Eco-nationalism 6424:Bioconservatism 6412: 6354: 6268: 6224:Climate justice 6212: 6206: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6130: 6107: 6084: 6036: 6001: 5907: 5881: 5854: 5852:Further reading 5849: 5848: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5815: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5786:Powers, Richard 5783: 5779: 5770: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5709: 5705: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5653: 5649: 5640: 5638: 5605: 5601: 5573: 5569: 5548: 5544: 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5473: 5469: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5422:Monbiot, George 5419: 5415: 5408: 5387: 5383: 5368: 5364: 5340: 5336: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5183: 5179: 5164: 5160: 5145: 5141: 5126: 5122: 5109: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4925: 4921: 4892: 4888: 4866: 4862: 4844: 4840: 4821:(May 7, 2010). 4816: 4812: 4804: 4802: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4777: 4775: 4761: 4742: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4663: 4657: 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1373: 1354:Quechua peoples 1302: 1241: 1208: 1199: 1193: 1126:Cormac Cullinan 1090: 1023:observed that: 971: 937:Catholic Church 931:More recently, 841: 804: 799: 791:legal liability 712:Gaia Hypothesis 695: 666: 661: 599:Cormac Cullinan 552: 501: 249:Air quality law 206: 177: 168:Gaia hypothesis 149: 125:Cormac Cullinan 106: 78: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7263: 7253: 7252: 7235: 7234: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7185: 7184:Related topics 7181: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7171:Greta Thunberg 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7090: 7089:Notable people 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6978: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6961: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6938:United Kingdom 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6874: 6869: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6841: 6836: 6834:Sustainability 6831: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6752:Climate action 6749: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6676:Earth Optimism 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6504:Green politics 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6439:Eco-capitalism 6436: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6408:Social ecology 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6345:Social science 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6270: 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Bell Tower, 5853: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5835:Apple Podcasts 5822: 5811:Apple Podcasts 5798: 5777: 5752: 5731: 5703: 5682: 5647: 5599: 5567: 5542: 5520: 5467: 5445: 5439:978-1846147487 5438: 5413: 5407:978-1770414303 5406: 5381: 5362: 5343:LaDuke, Winona 5334: 5304: 5298:978-1603586740 5297: 5272: 5266:978-0805087222 5265: 5245:McKibben, Bill 5236: 5230:978-1576752371 5229: 5211: 5204: 5177: 5158: 5139: 5120: 5098: 5067: 5020:(4): 288–298. 5000: 4974: 4919: 4886: 4860: 4838: 4828:United Nations 4810: 4784: 4740: 4714: 4704:(in Spanish). 4688: 4648: 4616: 4591: 4569: 4536: 4530:978-0879052478 4529: 4507: 4467: 4461:978-8532649355 4460: 4437:Boff, Leonardo 4428: 4403: 4397:978-1888375718 4396: 4388:Parallax Press 4367: 4350:10.2307/795326 4319: 4278: 4272:978-1613320211 4271: 4246: 4228: 4210: 4189: 4162: 4133: 4105: 4066: 4046: 3999: 3970: 3949: 3917: 3883: 3858: 3830: 3799: 3769: 3749: 3740:Thomas Aquinas 3731: 3712:Timaeus, 29/30 3699: 3693:978-1933392295 3692: 3670: 3664:978-0807013434 3663: 3638: 3616: 3570: 3564:978-1597267083 3563: 3537: 3502:(2): 187–206. 3482: 3429: 3382: 3357:(3): 429–453. 3337: 3312:(2): 233–248. 3292: 3267:(2): 105–139. 3247: 3232: 3207: 3200: 3176: 3170:978-0974524597 3169: 3148: 3129: 3085: 3068:978-1442610385 3067: 3040: 3034:978-1576757628 3033: 3015: 2989: 2947: 2929: 2919:. Tudor Rose, 2916:Future Perfect 2905: 2899:978-0801894121 2898: 2872: 2862:978-0609804995 2861: 2855:. Bell Tower. 2852:The Great Work 2838: 2797: 2745: 2717: 2697: 2657: 2651:978-0876639016 2650: 2619: 2594: 2588:978-0471652779 2587: 2562: 2556:978-0385476768 2555: 2535:Capra, Fritjof 2519: 2513:978-0879053345 2512: 2502:. Utah, U.S.: 2494:Udall, Stewart 2485: 2466: 2433:European Water 2413: 2349: 2319:(1): 113–143. 2299: 2267: 2234: 2221:978-1582131412 2220: 2195: 2169: 2139: 2133:978-1409403593 2132: 2105: 2080: 2074:978-0262016094 2073: 2041: 2013: 2007:978-1770412392 2006: 1979: 1951: 1945:978-1623170417 1944: 1928:Shiva, Vandana 1916: 1902:United Nations 1882: 1847: 1841:978-1107043268 1840: 1815: 1777: 1737: 1731:978-1619025318 1730: 1698: 1692:978-0299118440 1691: 1629: 1623:978-0379213812 1622: 1587: 1581:978-0609804995 1580: 1570:. Bell Tower, 1536: 1530:978-1603583770 1529: 1493: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1341: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1293:The Daily Show 1277:New York Times 1252:Invisible Hand 1240: 1237: 1207: 1204: 1195:Main article: 1192: 1189: 1138:climate change 1089: 1086: 1082:Laurence Tribe 1016:Jeremy Bentham 987:natural rights 970: 967: 935:, head of the 883:and Buddhism, 840: 837: 803: 800: 798: 795: 694: 691: 665: 662: 660: 657: 551: 548: 503: 502: 500: 499: 492: 485: 477: 474: 473: 472: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 439:Law of the sea 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 405: 404: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 367:Bankruptcy law 364: 356: 355: 354:Related topics 351: 350: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 315: 314: 310: 309: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 274: 273: 269: 268: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 238: 237: 233: 232: 224: 223: 217: 216: 208: 207: 205: 204: 197: 190: 182: 179: 178: 176: 175: 170: 165: 159: 156: 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