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fervors of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries." He further writes that the "earliest accounts date from the 1840s; more vivid descriptions from the twentieth century leave little doubt that the dancing and stamping constituted a kind of drumming, especially when worshipers had a wooden church floor to stamp on." Ring shouts have often used as an act of praise when a person accepts the message of
Christianity. As such, they are also known as "Hallelujah Marches", with the word
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241:, the first written accounts of the ring shout date from the 1840s, during the pinnacle of Christian revivalism. The stamping on the church floor and clapping in a circle was described as a kind of "drumming," and 19th-century writers described it as accompanying the conversion of slaves to Christianity.
344:
evolved, followed by blues and jazz. In his article, "Ring Shout! Literary
Studies, Historical Studies, and Black Music Inquiry", Samuel A. Floyd Jr. argues that many of the stylistic elements observed during the ring shout later laid the foundations of various black music styles developed during the
185:
of
Georgia and South Carolina, shouters formed a circle outdoors, around the church building itself. In some cases, enslaved people retreated into the woods at night to perform shouts, often for hours at a time, with participants leaving the circle as they became exhausted. In the twentieth century,
519:
Yes, groups that sustain the Ring Shout as "authentic" to the Gullah-Geechee culture are mostly
Christian based in their religious affiliation. However, the very practice of assembling and traveling along the sacred circle goes deep into the cultural history of the various African peoples that are
165:
prayer meeting or worship service. Men and women moved in a circle in a counterclockwise direction, shuffling their feet, clapping, and often spontaneously singing or praying aloud. Robert Palmer states that it "developed with the widespread conversion of slaves to
Christianity during the revival
728:
Committed to uniting the regional churches, Bresee secured concessions from the
Southerners and from his own group, and on October 13, at 10:40 in the morning, the vote to merge the denominations was taken, followed by scenes of great joy and a "Hallelujah March" around the meeting
553:
The symbolic importance of the ring or circle in Negro spiritual expression is underscored in
European traveler Fredrika Bremer's account of an interracial evangelical camp meeting near Charleston, South Carolina in 1850, where she witnessed amng slaves, mostly from South Carolina,
367:" (or "praise break") tradition now seen across the globe. Though augmented and interracialized by the Pentecostal tradition in the early 1900s and spreading to various denominations and churches thereafter, it is still primarily practiced among Christians of West African descent.
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of tents "of all imaginable forms and colours." ... The continued observance of the ring shout ritual throughout the slave community, especially among those 'converted' to
Christianity, demonstrates beyond question the tenacious power and influence of the slaves' African cultural
46:
religious practice in which worshipers move in a circle while praying and clapping their hands, sometimes shuffling and stomping their feet as well. Despite the name, shouting aloud is not an essential part of the ritual march, which varies by congregation and locality.
252:. Certain authors posit that the Christian ring shout may be assumed to be derived from African dance, and scholars usually point out the presence of melodic elements such as call-and-response singing and heterophony, as well as rhythmic elements such as
422:
That promoted the
Pentecostal folks to jin in and so began a victory march around the perimter of the church. It was a glorious time, with everyone joining into, either the marching, or the singing, or the clapping of
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If the dancing continues without the music, it is assumed that it is genuine and induced by the Holy Spirit. But if it ceases, apparently it was not so holy after all and was merely rhythmically induced.
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356:; and various rhythmic aspects. Examples of black music that would evolve from the ring include, but are not limited to, Afro-American burial music of New Orleans, the Blues, the
260:, and aesthetic elements such as counter-clockwise dancing and ecstasy, which makes the ring shouts of Christianity similar to ceremonies among people like the
2028:
170:
meaning "Praise Jahweh". The term "Victory March" has been used to reference the
Christian concept of actively serving God and living victoriously over sin.
814:
Alleluia is the Latin form of Hallelujah, an acclamation formed by joining "Hallelu" (to praise) with the first syllable in a Hebrew name for God, Yahweh.
2917:
149:" (or "praise break"), is practiced in many Pentecostal churches, along with black churches of various denominations, to the present day. Traditionally,
58:
that became incorporated as a part of Christian worship and imbued with new theological meaning. Ring shouts may occur when a congregant experienced the
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sources of the indigenous culture of the Gullah-Geechee, specifically, people of African descent from the West and West-Central African regions.
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churchgoers (especially those of the Methodist and Pentecostal traditions) in the United States performed shouts by forming a circle around the
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What is indisputable, however, is that the shout serves as a testimony to the shouter's felt sense of Spirit Baptism or sanctification.
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nineteenth and twentieth centuries. According to Floyd, "...all of the defining elements of black music are present in the ring...".
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1107:
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Three-volume Set
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The Salvation Army opened its national campmeeting here to-day with a "knee drill at 7 a. m., followed by the hallelujah march.
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At the close of the altar service the camp closed with the largest and most glorious "Hallelujah March" we have ever witnessed.
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1161:, 69. Lorenzo Dow Turner proposed the theory, and Lydia Parrish first reported it in 1942. Turner's translation of
309:, meaning "a single run", such as a single circumambulation of the Kaaba, or an open space of ground for running.
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in Arkansas and Mississippi form a circle around the church member and allows them to shout within the circle.
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The earliest accounts of the practice date to the 1840s, where the ring shout was described as being a form of
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https://web.archive.org/web/20070203082227/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/freetodance/behind/behind_slaveships.html
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Ring shouts often lasted for hours on end. The shout was a central part of Holiness and Pentecostal services.
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66:. Ring shouts may also occur when the congregation perceives the presence of the Holy Spirit during worship.
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Hunter, TaTande Whitney V. (August 2023). "The "Ring Shout": A Corporeal Conjuring of Black-Togetherness".
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the shout was usually performed around a special second altar near the center of a church building. In the
2738:
2427:
2193:
1992:
1777:
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1218:. Center for Black Music Research - Columbia College of Chicago and University of Illinois Press: 49–70.
284:. A minority of scholars have suggested that the ritual may have originated among enslaved Muslims from
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2143:
2133:
1843:
1837:
1210:
Floyd Jr., Samuel (2002). "Ring Shout! Literary Studies, Historical Studies, and Black Music Inquiry".
688:
African American Musical Heritage: An Appreciation, Historical Summary, and Guide to Music Fundamentals
364:
360:, as well as the music that has accompanied various dance forms also present in Afro-American culture.
146:
81:
1165:(sic) as "to move around the Kaaba ... until exhausted" is inaccurate, according to Diouf, as neither
54:
Christian worship. Certain authors claim that the ring shout may be inspired by cultural practices in
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1970:
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Floyd Jr., Samuel A. "Ring Shout! Literary Studies, Historical Studies, and Black Music Inquiry."
661:
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are promulgated. They have been practiced by Christians of various ethnic and racial backgrounds.
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332:) argues that ring shout was a unifying element of Africans in American colonies, from which
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Ring shouts were sometimes held in honour of the dead. This custom has been practiced by
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1975:
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Shout Because You're Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia
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Shout Because You're Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia
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Shout Because You're Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia
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branches of Christianity. Hallelujah marches have a strong association with Christian
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and in "singing and praying bands" associated with many Methodist congregations in
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New Territories, New Perspectives: The Religious Impact of the Louisiana Purchase
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Slave Culture : Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America
1077:
Leslie M. Alexander; Leslie Alexander; Walter C. Rucker (28 February 2010).
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of people holding hands, rocking and singing joyously; and even a "vast"
383:
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202:
182:
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93:
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These basic elements of ring shouts included calls, cries, and hollers;
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Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory & the Foundations of Black America
2793:
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2472:
2371:
2178:
2073:
1700:
1596:
1231:
872:
Silvia King, quoted in Zita Allen, "From Slave Ships to Center Stage",
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Ain't Gonna Lay My 'ligion Down: African American Religion in the South
408:
Go Back with Me: A Nostalgic Recall of Early 1940 Life in West Virginia
257:
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135:
59:
20:
19:
This article is about the religious ritual. For the 2020 novella, see
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2013:
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1056:. University of Georgia Press. 1 October 2013. pp. 168–170.
743:
A Heritage of Holiness: The Story of Allegheny Wesleyan Methodism
226:
174:
111:
88:
into the 20th century, and it continues to the present among the
2478:
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Hallelujah March - Wesleyan Methodist Campground (Stoneboro, PA)
3189:
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2209:
303:
187:
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1942. Reprint, Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1992.
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2108:
1488:
295:
290:
1365:
1269:
Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas.
1030:. University of Georgia Press. 1 October 2013. p. 171.
841:"Dancin' on the Shoulders of Our Ancestors: An Introduction"
3181:
897:
Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas
637:
Together Let Us Sweetly Live: The Singing and Praying Bands
558:
of women dancing "the holy dance" for the newly converted;
299:
191:
1339:
Carla Gardina Pestana, Sharon V. Salinger (January 1998).
607:
Lincoln, C. Eric; Mamiya, Lawrence H. (7 November 1990).
579:
Lincoln, C. Eric; Mamiya, Lawrence H. (7 November 1990).
1315:
Victory March - Pentecostal Church (La Grande, Oregon)
1070:
1338:
976:
Working the Spirit Ceremonies of the African Diaspora
1196:"The Whitman Sisters: Why We May Never Silence Them"
923:"Jelly Roll Morton on the Mardi Gras Indians (1938)"
532:
530:
528:
190:, in the space in front of the altar, or around the
1124:
734:
609:
The Black Church in the African American Experience
581:
The Black Church in the African American Experience
370:The ring shout continues today in Georgia with the
107:, which have a large African American membership.
1110:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 363–364.
525:
3228:
1137:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 10–11.
1130:
572:
84:. The ring shout was has been practiced in some
764:"Salvation Army Old Orchard Beach Camp Meeting"
740:
1103:
639:. Champaign IL: University of Illinois Press.
536:
450:. Penguin Books Ltd.: Middlesex, Eng. p.
363:The ring shout has developed into the modern "
161:"Shouting" often took place during or after a
118:(especially in congregations aligned with the
2857:
2194:
2029:
1381:
1244:
1097:
1004:. University of Missouri Press. p. 139.
716:"The Closer: Phineas Bresee and Church Union"
606:
578:
401:
399:
1334:"Run Old Jeremiah": Echoes of the Ring Shout
993:
681:
679:
541:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 62.
1271:New York: New York University Press, 1998.
1247:""Jubilee" by the McIntosh County Shouters"
979:. Beacon Press. pp. 147–155, 171–175.
653:
478:Tap Roots: The Early History of Tap Dancing
229:. It is a sacred dance performed to become
110:Hallelujah marches are associated with the
2864:
2850:
2241:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion
2201:
2187:
2036:
2022:
1388:
1374:
1299:1949. Reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1969.
537:Johnson, Alonzo; Jersild, Paul T. (1996).
469:
396:
3292:Pre-emancipation African-American history
2418:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
1209:
791:
676:
2208:
1538:Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament
1205:
1203:
1080:Encyclopedia of African American History
999:
800:Companion to the United Methodist Hymnal
713:
707:
659:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
302:. If so, the word "shout" may come from
233:by the Holy Spirit or ancestral spirits.
212:
741:Satterfield, Ray; Cope, Daniel (2018).
475:
405:
3229:
1562:Conditional preservation of the saints
972:
838:
611:. Duke University Press. p. 365.
583:. Duke University Press. p. 365.
500:
443:
199:traditional bands of carnival revelers
145:A more modern form, known still as a "
2845:
2182:
2017:
1572:Four sources of theological authority
1369:
1200:
920:
890:
797:
685:
634:
428:
2591:Timeline of African-American history
2043:
1680:The Sunday Service of the Methodists
686:Bowie, Lenard C. (30 January 2012).
221:may have inspired the ring shout in
1290:Slave Songs of the Georgia Islands.
244:The ring shout gained ground among
13:
2871:
1297:Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect.
1131:Sterling Stuckey (23 April 1987).
933:from the original on Jun 15, 2023.
714:Ingersol, Stan (1 December 2009).
660:Ingersol, Stan (1 December 2009).
80:partook in ring shouts upon their
14:
3303:
3237:African-American cultural history
2292:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl
1303:
943:
298:that is an essential part of the
294:, the mass procession around the
3211:
3210:
2907:
2826:
2825:
2477:
2471:
2397:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
2165:
2164:
2149:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
2117:
1998:Ordination of women in Methodism
1622:Sanctification (growth in grace)
749:: Allegheny Press. p. 133.
1345:. University of Georgia Press.
1261:
1251:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
1238:
1189:
1176:
1151:
1104:Paul Finkelman (6 April 2006).
1044:
1018:
966:
946:"Gullah Customs and Traditions"
937:
914:
879:
866:
832:
819:
802:. Abingdon Press. p. 204.
756:
3247:African Americans and religion
1885:Conservative holiness movement
1083:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 247–248.
848:Journal of Pan African Studies
662:"A Photojournal of Compassion"
628:
600:
494:
156:
1:
1395:
1283:Black Music Research Journal,
1000:Callahan, Richard J. (2008).
476:Knowles, Mark (3 June 2002).
406:Holland, Nina (22 May 2020).
389:
2676:Slavery in the United States
2671:History of the United States
1642:Baptism with the Holy Spirit
1531:Sermons on Several Occasions
1212:Black Music Research Journal
876:, 2001, accessed 8 July 2007
312:
223:African-American communities
7:
2428:Michael Row the Boat Ashore
1993:Homosexuality and Methodism
1778:William Williams Pantycelyn
1567:Priesthood of all believers
921:Lomax, Alan (Summer 1938).
635:David, Jonathan C. (2007).
377:
10:
3308:
2144:Moses, Man of the Mountain
2134:African American folktales
1966:Methodist views on alcohol
1253:. Smithsonian Institution.
798:Young, Carlton R. (1993).
237:According to musicologist
82:conversion to Christianity
18:
3208:
3149:
3101:
3094:
3066:
3013:
2916:
2905:
2879:
2823:
2686:
2578:
2570:South Carolina Lowcountry
2524:
2493:
2486:
2469:
2446:
2405:
2324:
2308:
2283:
2224:
2217:
2162:
2126:
2115:
2051:
1946:
1903:
1860:
1748:
1669:
1582:Substitutionary atonement
1547:
1479:
1470:
1412:
1403:
900:. NYU Press. p. 68.
776:. 20 July 1885. p. 2
515:10.1017/S0149767723000268
480:. McFarland. p. 59.
208:
3252:Culture of the Caribbean
2623:History of Guinea-Bissau
2586:African-American history
2532:Beaufort, South Carolina
2454:African-American culture
1971:Methodist local preacher
1686:Covenant Renewal Service
1329:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1325:McIntosh County Shouters
372:McIntosh County Shouters
2659:History of Sierra Leone
2552:Golden Isles of Georgia
1956:World Methodist Council
1890:Holiness Pentecostalism
1184:Arabic -English Lexicon
444:Palmer, Robert (1981).
3242:African-American dance
2332:Afro-American religion
1828:Countess of Huntingdon
1788:Benjamin Titus Roberts
1587:Imparted righteousness
1320:Free to Dance - A film
1285:Vol. 22 (2002): 49-70.
774:Sacramento, California
690:. Bowie. p. 244.
503:Dance Research Journal
358:Afro-American Symphony
234:
2687:Related ethnic groups
2652:History of the Gambia
2511:Port Royal Experiment
2325:Religion and folklore
2265:Daughters of the Dust
2154:Sukey and The Mermaid
1773:John William Fletcher
1627:Sunday Sabbatarianism
1442:First Great Awakening
1406:List of denominations
1295:Turner, Lorenzo Dow.
216:
140:entire sanctification
3023:Ancestral veneration
2930:Chicamassi-chinuinji
2598:Atlantic slave trade
2273:Gullah Gullah Island
2003:Bishops in Methodism
1723:Brush arbour revival
1637:Second work of grace
1632:Christian perfection
1524:Articles of Religion
1425:in the United States
769:The Sacramento Union
2413:Charleston red rice
2225:Film and television
1961:Saints in Methodism
1874:Fetter Lane Society
1548:Distinctive beliefs
1245:Snithsonian Staff.
1173:implies exhaustion.
825:Sylviane A. Diouf,
288:as an imitation of
64:entirely sanctified
2647:History of Senegal
2633:History of Nigeria
2628:History of Liberia
2382:John the Conqueror
2139:John the Conqueror
2052:Magic and concepts
1976:Itinerant preacher
1916:General Conference
1740:Watchnight service
1557:Assurance of faith
235:
3282:Holiness movement
3224:
3223:
3204:
3203:
2899:Kongo Catholicism
2839:
2838:
2819:
2818:
2694:African Americans
2603:History of Angola
2559:(protected site)
2467:
2466:
2459:Culture of Africa
2438:Robot Hive/Exodus
2406:Music and culture
2299:Vibration Cooking
2249:A Soldier's Story
2176:
2175:
2011:
2010:
1921:Methodist Circuit
1880:Holiness movement
1823:George Whitefield
1665:
1664:
1577:Covenant theology
1462:Wesleyan theology
1267:Diouf, Sylviane.
1159:Servants of Allah
1144:978-0-19-802124-7
1117:978-0-19-516777-1
1090:978-1-85109-769-2
1063:978-0-8203-4611-3
1037:978-0-8203-4611-3
1011:978-0-8262-6626-2
907:978-1-4798-4711-2
827:Servants of Allah
809:978-0-687-09260-4
697:978-1-4653-0575-6
646:978-0-252-07419-6
618:978-0-8223-1073-0
590:978-0-8223-1073-0
548:978-1-57003-109-0
487:978-0-7864-1267-9
417:978-1-9736-9171-6
410:. WestBow Press.
354:call-and-response
258:"hamboned" rhythm
250:holiness movement
120:holiness movement
3299:
3257:Gullah mythology
3214:
3213:
3099:
3098:
2911:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2618:History of Ghana
2613:History of Congo
2608:History of Benin
2542:Eulonia, Georgia
2537:Daufuskie Island
2491:
2490:
2481:
2475:
2222:
2221:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2121:
2045:Hoodoo tradition
2038:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2014:
1803:Albert C. Outler
1612:Prevenient grace
1607:Outward holiness
1477:
1476:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1207:
1198:
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1187:
1180:
1174:
1155:
1149:
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1128:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1095:
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1042:
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1016:
1015:
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964:
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961:
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941:
935:
934:
918:
912:
911:
889:, 54, quoted in
883:
877:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
845:
836:
830:
823:
817:
816:
795:
789:
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783:
781:
760:
754:
753:
738:
732:
731:
725:
723:
718:. Holiness Today
711:
705:
704:
683:
674:
673:
671:
669:
664:. Holiness Today
657:
651:
650:
632:
626:
625:
604:
598:
597:
576:
570:
569:
534:
523:
522:
498:
492:
491:
473:
467:
465:
441:
426:
425:
403:
318:Sterling Stuckey
36:Hallelujah march
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3200:
3145:
3126:Hot foot powder
3090:
3062:
3033:Kongo cosmogram
3009:
2912:
2903:
2875:
2870:
2840:
2835:
2815:
2682:
2579:Related history
2574:
2520:
2516:Stono Rebellion
2501:Bilali Document
2482:
2476:
2463:
2447:Related culture
2442:
2401:
2377:Hot foot powder
2347:Flying Africans
2320:
2316:Gullah language
2304:
2279:
2213:
2207:
2177:
2172:
2170:Gullah category
2158:
2122:
2113:
2089:Kongo cosmogram
2079:Hot foot powder
2047:
2042:
2012:
2007:
1948:
1947:Other relevant
1942:
1926:Pastoral charge
1899:
1870:Moravian Church
1862:
1856:
1744:
1696:Mourner's bench
1691:Revival service
1661:
1549:
1543:
1516:Apostles' Creed
1481:
1466:
1408:
1399:
1394:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1306:
1288:Parrish Lydia.
1264:
1259:
1258:
1243:
1239:
1224:10.2307/1519943
1208:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1186:(1863) p. 1619.
1181:
1177:
1156:
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1125:
1118:
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1098:
1091:
1075:
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1064:
1050:
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1045:
1038:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1012:
998:
994:
987:
973:Murphy (1994).
971:
967:
957:
955:
953:Yale University
948:
944:Opala, Joseph.
942:
938:
919:
915:
908:
892:Diouf, Sylviane
885:Lydia Parrish,
884:
880:
871:
867:
857:
855:
843:
839:Glocke (2011).
837:
833:
824:
820:
810:
796:
792:
779:
777:
762:
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757:
739:
735:
721:
719:
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684:
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633:
629:
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573:
549:
535:
526:
499:
495:
488:
474:
470:
462:
442:
429:
418:
404:
397:
392:
380:
315:
219:Kongo cosmogram
211:
159:
134:, in which the
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3287:Pentecostalism
3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:Kongo religion
3269:
3267:Gullah culture
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:Black cat bone
3107:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Nature spirits
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2996:
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2986:
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2914:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:Kongo religion
2869:
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2861:
2854:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2821:
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2817:
2816:
2814:
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2756:
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2736:
2731:
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2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
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2696:
2690:
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2683:
2681:
2680:
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2678:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2656:
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2649:
2635:
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2620:
2615:
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2605:
2600:
2595:
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2582:
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2573:
2572:
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2534:
2528:
2526:
2522:
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2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2494:History topics
2488:
2484:
2483:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
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2435:
2430:
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2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Black cat bone
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2312:
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2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
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2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2059:Black cat bone
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1911:Connexionalism
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1895:Evangelicalism
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1838:Richard Watson
1835:
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1820:
1815:
1813:Charles Wesley
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
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1763:Francis Asbury
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1659:
1657:Works of mercy
1654:
1652:Works of piety
1649:
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1317:
1312:
1305:
1304:External links
1302:
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92:people of the
86:Black churches
70:African slaves
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3304:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
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3270:
3268:
3265:
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3262:Circle dances
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3018:
3016:
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3006:
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3000:
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2989:Nzambi Mpungu
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2587:
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2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:Sapelo Island
2555:
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2387:Rabbit's foot
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2250:
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2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2210:Gullah people
2204:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
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2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2107:
2105:
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2100:
2099:Rabbit's foot
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2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:Circuit rider
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1936:Penitent band
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:Class meeting
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
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1833:Phoebe Palmer
1831:
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1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Howell Harris
1796:
1794:
1793:Walter Sellew
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Richard Allen
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1618:
1617:Real presence
1615:
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1608:
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1600:
1598:
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1554:
1552:
1550:and practices
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1526:
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1514:
1512:
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1499:New Testament
1497:
1495:
1494:Old Testament
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1486:
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1452:Nonconformism
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1352:9780820319346
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1277:0-8147-1905-8
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1904:Organization
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3172:Espiritismo
3116:Goofer dust
3001:Phulu Bunzi
2967:Mbantilanda
2963:Mamba Muntu
2889:Antonianism
2563:Hog Hammock
2433:Ranky Tanky
2367:Goofer dust
2276:(1994–2000)
2069:Goofer dust
1851:Theologians
1818:John Wesley
1768:Thomas Coke
1447:Moravianism
1437:Arminianism
1432:Anglicanism
887:Slave Songs
384:Holy Roller
286:West Africa
203:New Orleans
183:Sea Islands
157:Description
124:Pentecostal
94:Sea Islands
74:West Indies
3231:Categories
3141:Ring shout
2979:Moni-Mambu
2944:Kuitikuiti
2811:Toucouleur
2642:Senegambia
2392:Ring shout
2372:Haint blue
2104:Ring shout
2074:Haint blue
1728:Revivalist
1711:Tabernacle
1701:Altar call
1413:Background
1358:2009-09-26
447:Deep Blues
390:References
350:blue notes
342:spirituals
338:work songs
330:0195042654
246:Methodists
168:Hallelujah
62:or became
32:ring shout
21:Ring Shout
3277:Methodism
3157:Candomblé
3150:Religions
2947:Lubangala
2881:Religions
1863:movements
1735:Lovefeast
1602:Free will
1597:New birth
1592:Moral law
1482:standards
1480:Doctrinal
1397:Methodism
313:Influence
231:possessed
163:Christian
136:New Birth
116:Methodist
98:Tidewater
60:New Birth
44:Christian
3217:Category
3186:Convince
3136:Mojo bag
3095:Diaspora
3015:Elements
2994:Nzambici
2959:Ma Kiela
2933:Dinganga
2832:Category
2789:Niominka
2744:Mandinka
2309:Language
2127:Folklore
1861:Related
1472:Doctrine
931:Archived
894:(2013).
378:See also
282:Bahumono
254:tresillo
179:Trinidad
105:Delaware
101:Maryland
76:and the
3131:Kumbaya
2956:Makanga
2953:Lusunzi
2950:Lusiemo
2941:Kimbazi
2918:Deities
2699:Ambundu
2547:Georgia
2487:History
2423:Kumbaya
2342:Boo Hag
2233:Conrack
2218:Culture
2064:Boo Hag
1988:Steward
1844:Bishops
1671:Worship
1457:Pietism
1420:History
1232:1519943
1157:Diouf,
958:11 June
927:YouTube
829:, 68-9.
780:17 July
722:17 July
668:17 July
560:circles
556:circles
324:(1987,
262:Bakongo
248:of the
227:Jamaica
225:and in
175:Jamaica
122:), and
112:Baptist
72:in the
3190:Kumina
3121:Hoodoo
3103:Hoodoo
3081:Nkondi
3053:Nlongo
3048:Nganga
3038:Mfinda
3005:Yahweh
2985:Ntangu
2982:Ngonde
2976:Mbumba
2970:Mbenza
2779:Laalaa
2734:Kpelle
2352:Hoodoo
2268:(1991)
2260:(1989)
2252:(1984)
2244:(1982)
2236:(1974)
2212:topics
1949:topics
1750:People
1506:Creeds
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274:Ibibio
270:Yoruba
209:Origin
188:pulpit
151:ushers
90:Gullah
56:Africa
3167:Comfa
3161:Bantu
3086:Tumba
3076:Nkisi
3058:Simbi
2998:Nzazi
2973:Mboze
2937:Jesus
2926:Bunzi
2894:Kongo
2804:Saafi
2799:Palor
2774:Serer
2769:Wolof
2759:Temne
2749:Mende
2739:Limba
2729:Kongo
2724:Kissi
2638:Sahel
2257:Glory
2109:Simbi
1489:Bible
1228:JSTOR
1171:tawaf
1163:shaut
949:(PDF)
844:(PDF)
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729:tent.
365:shout
307:shawáą
296:Kaaba
291:tawaf
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2754:Susu
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2094:Mojo
1347:ISBN
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