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unpredictable. Society follows competitions because competitions influence "the unity of society". Being loyal to one team in a rivalry brings a sense of belonging to a community of supporters that are hoping that the team they are rooting for wins. The fans of the two different teams do not sit next to each other because this disrupts the community. In a similar way, competition displays an indirect way of fighting. Society does not condone direct fighting as a way of getting something so this is the most passive-aggressive way of fighting. Because this is an acceptable practice, there are many supporters of competition as they fuel a way for the people to participate in a rivalry without the consequences of fighting. However, when the competition is not enough in sports and the tensions are high fighting may ensue.
206:. Institutions such as universities often maintain friendly rivalries, with the idea that " friendly rivalry encourages an institution to bring to the fore the very best it has to offer, knowing that if it is deficient, others will supersede it". In some instances, institutions such as corporations, sports leagues, or military units, may encourage friendly rivalries between subsets within that institution. For example, in the 1870s, the British Army held a sports competition in which individual military units selected members to compete against those selected by other units, for the purpose of engendering friendly rivalries between the units to promote internal cohesion. Such rivalries may also be encouraged in order to prompt individual members of those subsets to compete more productively.
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part of a sports event in some capacity becomes a part of the ritualism associated with sports. Teams get together before the game to warm-up, coaches shake hands with each other, captains have a determiner of who gets the ball first, everyone stands during the national anthem, the fans sit in specific areas, make certain gestures with their hands throughout the game, wearing specific gear that is associated with the team, and have the same post-game practices, every game of every season of every year. It is through this consistency of playing the same teams yearly that "these rivalries have shown remarkable staying power". Specifically, it is society's drive to disrupt these original rituals that start rivalries.
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to those who would work to undo it. Rivalries between nations can induce them to compete "over naval armaments, foreign aid, cultural influence, and athletic events", the rivalry in each case occurring within the context of the competitors having "labeled one or more of their adversaries as worthy of particular concern and attention". It has been noted that "while all great powers, almost by definition, are competitors, only some brand each other as rivals", with rivals being "competitors who have been singled out for special attention in some way":
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175:(individual, group, and organization), and distinguished rivalry specifically as a "subjective competitive relationship" which necessarily entails "increased psychological involvement and perceived stakes". More modern research has also identified similarity, proximity, and history of competition as necessary antecedents for the establishment of a rivalry, while others have suggested that incivility may reduce the need for a history of competition to solidify the rival relationship.
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69:. A rivalry can be defined as "a perceptual categorizing process in which actors identify which states are sufficiently threatening competitors". In order for the rivalry to persist, rather than resulting in perpetual dominance by one side, it must be "a competitive relationship among equals". Political scientist John A. Vasquez has asserted that equality of power is a necessary component for a true rivalry to exist, but others have disputed that element.
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requirement for an individual to be perceived as a rival is fulfilled if the partner is assumed to be attracted to this other person and if this attraction is considered sufficient to eventually result in the partner's infidelity. It is less clear whether someone should be considered a rival who is attracted to the partner when the partner does not return this attraction, as in this case a partner's infidelity appears rather unlikely.
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as one example of a formalized rivalry, "with its period summits and arms-control negotiations". In either case, the formulation of the rivalry carries with it its own expectation of appropriate behaviors among the participants, which works to sustain the relationship, and limit the avenues available
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During the descent, they reported seeing many firefighters who were resting and did not seem to be in the process of evacuating. They further reported advising these firefighters to evacuate, but said that at times they were not acknowledged. In the opinion of one of the ESU officers, some of these
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The jealousy mechanism is activated if a committed romantic relationship is threatened by a rival. ... In heterosexual relationships, the rival is an individual of the opposite sex; in homosexual relationships, the rival is of the same sex. The rival can be imagined, suspected, or real. The minimal
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Sports rivalries are often closely connected with the ritualism associated with sports. Ritualism is "a series of ... iterated acts or performances that are ... famous in terms 'not entirely encoded by the performer'; that is, they are imbued by meanings external to the performer". Everyone who is
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says, "society needs a particular quantitative relationship of harmony and disharmony, association and competition, favour and disfavour, in order to take shape in a specific way". Society is drawn to this in sports because this is a principal characteristic in everyday life, which can be seen in
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The competition of commercial rivals... centers on mutual exclusion from important markets, or the threat thereof. If a commercial rival continues to gain, there is some likelihood that its closest competitor will be excluded altogether from the market in question, or else reduced to a marginal
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In sports, competition tests who has better skill and ability at the time of the game through play. Many rivalries persist because the competition is between two teams that have similar abilities. Spectators gravitate towards competitive rivalries because they are interesting to watch and
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to serve as a foil to the hero. However, an archrival may also be distinguished from a nemesis, with the latter being an enemy whom the hero cannot defeat (or who defeats the hero), even while not being a longstanding or consistent enemy to the hero.
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Rivalry between France and
Germany has existed as long as the two nations states have; here, officers from the Prussian Gardes du Corps, wishing to provoke war, sharpen their swords on the steps of the French embassy in Berlin in the autumn of
84:. Moreover, "families, politicians, political parties, ethnic groups, regional sections of countries, and states all engage in enduring rivalries of varying length and intensity". Rivalries develop from the product of competition and
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firefighters essentially refused to take orders from cops. At least one firefighter who was in the North Tower has supported that assessment, stating that he was not going to take an evacuation instruction from a cop that morning.
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historic religious rivalries, such as the contemporary example of sectarianism in
Glasgow. Within an area, differences between two types of people can drive the start of a rivalry. Competition and support keep the rivalry going.
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prevents simultaneous consumption by other consumers. Companies that compete to sell the same goods can become rivals as each seeks to convince consumers to purchase its products, to the exclusion of the products of its rival:
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or animosity among siblings, whether blood related or not. Siblings generally spend more time together during childhood than they do with parents. The sibling bond is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as
105:
A rivalry generally refers to competition between people or groups, where each strives to be more successful than the other. Alternatively, and especially when used in the verb form (rivaled and rivaling in
276:, personality, and people and experiences outside the family. Sibling rivalry is particularly intense when children are very close in age and/or of the same gender and/or where one or both children are
462:
These differences may lead to poor decision making on the part of groups and individuals that may not otherwise take place in the absence of a rivalry. Examples examined in the literature include the
408:
Presumably, there is something unusual about their competitiveness. In most cases, the special significance can be attributed to a perception of acute threat to important values and interests.
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People employ a number of mechanisms to counter romantic rivals, such as discrediting the characteristics of the rival that the romantic partner might seek in a long-term relationship.
626:
At least one source contended that although commonly two-sided, a rivalry may exist as perceived by only one side of a conflict, without the requirement that the feeling be reciprocal.
136:, meaning a person who drinks from or utilizes the same brook or stream as another. The word likely entered the English language around 1577, and appeared in the writings of
1065:
Dictionary of
Philosophy and Psychology: Prefatory note. Text, Le-Z. Addenda: indices. I. Greek terms. II. Latin terms. III. German terms. IV. French terms. V. Italian terms
61:
relationship. Rivalry is the "against each other" spirit between two competing sides. The relationship itself may also be called "a rivalry", and each participant or side a
280:. According to a review by Macionis, older siblings tend to report rivalry peaking in childhood, while younger siblings report a peak later during early adolescence.
88:
between different parties. In some cases, rivalry can become "so consuming that actors worry only about whether their actions will harm or benefit their rivals".
114:) it may indicate a relationship of equality, as in "the rival of their peers," "a person without rival," or an "unrivaled performance". The origin of the root
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In the study of international relations, rivalries between nation states may be highly formalized or comparatively informal. Shohov and colleagues cite
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Rivalries traverse many different fields within society and "abound at all levels of human interaction", often existing between friends, firms,
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A rivalry in which competitors remain at odds over specific issues or outcomes, but otherwise maintain civil relations, can be called a
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A sports writer codified the essentials of a sports rivalry in the United States. To be termed a rivalry, the competition requires
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Not essential, but important for the "hate" factor is national significance (for college teams). Otherwise, no one else may care.
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Rivalries may increase motivation, lead to greater effort, and better performance. They may also contribute to greater
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Each team needs to have a winning season. Otherwise the team with the most wins can't take the other team seriously.
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Rivalries also occur between people who have competing romantic interests in the same potential romantic partner:
1338:
Achim SchĂĽtzwohl (2012). "Romantic
Jealousy and Sexual Conflict". In Todd K. Shackelford; Aaron T. Goetz (eds.).
233:
570:
1288:
940:
777:
Gary Goertz; Paul F. Diehl (June 1993). "Enduring
Rivalries: Theoretical Constructs and Empirical Patterns".
498:. At the extreme, competition between rivals "possesses some likelihood of escalation to physical damage".
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position there. It is not inconceivable that some commercial rivalries transform into strategic rivalries.
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229:
938:; Staw, Barry M. (2010). "The psychology of rivalry: A relationally dependent analysis of competition".
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Alternatively, Kilduff and colleagues in their 2010 review, instead divided among three types of
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1631:"Trash-talking: Competitive incivility motivates rivalry, performance, and unethical behavior"
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To, Christopher; Kilduff, Gavin; Ordóñez, Lisa D.; Schweitzer, Maurice E. (July 17, 2018).
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228:. The term also applies to the rivalries between a country's intelligence services (e.g.
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True hatred on both sides; not just an inferiority complex from one group of supporters.
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Where a person or entity has multiple rivals, the most significant one may be called an
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Principles of Social
Psychology as Developed in a Study of Economic and Social Conflict
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that they had engaged in a number of unethical practices against their business rival
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in the United States), or between the police and fire services of a city, such as the
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1036:"It Takes Two: The History of 'Rival' And, historically speaking, they were thirsty"
189:. In fiction, it is common for a recurring heroic character to have an archrival or
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were political rivals for the leadership of the UK for much of the 1930s as the
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Realizing the
Distinctive University: Vision and Values, Strategy and Culture
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Yip, Jeremy A.; Schweitzer, Maurice E.; Nurmohamed, Samir (January 2018).
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National
Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2006).
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Kilduff, Gavin J.; Galinsky, Adam D.; Gallo, Edoardo; Reade, J. James,
606:
1497:"Soziologie Der Konkurrenz – Sociology of Competition by Georg Simmel"
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among participants, and increase a propensity for unethical behavior.
216:, arising from the competition for limited resources among a nation's
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482:(including stealing confidential data and spreading rumors about CEO
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How to Become a
Superhero: the Ultimate Guide to the Ultimate You!
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1582:"The Upside of Rivalry: Higher Motivation, Better Performance"
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Richardson, Kay; Parry, Katy; Corner, John (January 1, 2013).
1603:"Research: We Take More Risks When We Compete Against Rivals"
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is one of the oldest and bitterest in the history of
English
329:, both goods and producers of goods are said to be rivals. A
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A variety of rivalries occur in interpersonal relationships.
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1241:. Berkley Books. 2001 – via Oxford Reference Online.
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Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces 1880–1960
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in their acquisition (called the "second worst" ever) of
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teams, is based on the ethno-political sectarianism of
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rivalry between Millwall F.C. and West Ham United F.C.
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Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
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The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military
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706:"Identifying Rivals and Rivalries in World Politics"
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can occur between different branches of a country's
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to the other. Someone's main rival may be called an
1530:"LSU-Florida rivalry is set to write a new chapter"
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The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating
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680:Political Culture and Media Genre: Beyond the News
443:A "history." Short term rivalries seem irrelevant.
1670:Whatever it takes: Rivalry and unethical behavior
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1441:(4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 1073–1096.
1340:The Oxford Handbook of Sexual Conflict in Humans
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977:Skeat, Walter W.; Skeat, Walter William (1993).
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791:
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1557:"How Rivalries Bring Out Our Best — and Worst"
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1164:Treasure-house of the language: the living OED
1108:Collins Cobuild Advanced Dictionary of English
1008:The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories
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781:. Vol. 37, no. 2. pp. 147–171.
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1062:Baldwin, James Mark; Rand, Benjamin (1902).
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1435:Social Research: An International Quarterly
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1084:"Rivalries Affect Risk in Sports, Business"
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981:The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology
635:Although superficially similar to the word
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1368:David L. Weimer; Aidan R. Vining (2005).
1258:. Barnes & Noble Publishing. p.
1135:Roche, Mark William (February 28, 2017).
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1371:Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice
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643:instead being derived from the Latin
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157:defined three main types of rivalry:
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1528:Guilbeau, Glenn (October 11, 2019).
1317:"The Effects of Sibling Competition"
397:Soviet Union-United States relations
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683:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 113.
437:Proximity - the closer, the better.
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1374:. Pearson: Prentice Hall. p.
1141:. University of Notre Dame Press.
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1555:Hutson, Matthew (June 26, 2014).
1536:. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1B
1431:"Ritual, the Self, and Sincerity"
1429:Seligman, Adam B. (Winter 2009).
1082:Pigott, Stacy (October 9, 2017).
794:The world of protracted conflicts
739:The world of protracted conflicts
167:commercial and industrial rivalry
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1212:Tony Mason; Eliza Riedi (2010),
796:. Lanham, Maryland. p. 11.
792:Michael Brecher (May 26, 2016).
741:. Lanham, Maryland. p. 11.
737:Michael Brecher (May 26, 2016).
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1402:Advances in Psychology Research
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1166:. New Haven, Conn. p. 24.
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779:International Studies Quarterly
710:International Studies Quarterly
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1471:. Cambridge University Press.
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571:Blonde versus brunette rivalry
164:personal or conscious rivalry,
53:is the state of two people or
1:
1501:Canadian Journal of Sociology
1011:. Merriam-Webster Inc. 1991.
941:Academy of Management Journal
854:Thompson, William R. (1999).
704:Thompson, William R. (2001).
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858:. Columbia, S.C. p. 3.
474:, the admission in court by
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1650:10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.06.002
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253:Interpersonal relationships
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1088:University of Arizona News
486:), and the overpayment of
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248:Rivalry in specific fields
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1399:Shohov, Serge P. (2003).
1162:Charlotte Brewer (2007).
964:10.5465/amj.2010.54533171
412:
42:Through the Looking-Glass
33:Tweedledum and Tweedledee
1237:"Interservice rivalry".
936:Elfenbein, Hillary Anger
613:
592:List of sports rivalries
35:, fictional rivals from
1608:Harvard Business Review
1315:Syliva B. Rimm (2002).
1289:"Adult Sibling Rivalry"
985:. Wordsworth Editions.
723:10.1111/0020-8833.00214
143:Two Gentlemen of Verona
1721:Quotations related to
1353:David M. Buss (2003),
1255:9/11 Commission Report
647:for "bank" or "shore".
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315:Economics and politics
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57:engaging in a lasting
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1699:"Chapter II: Rivalry"
1495:Helle, Horst (2008).
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856:Great power rivalries
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496:Johnson & Johnson
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278:intellectually gifted
140:as early as 1623, in
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31:
16:Competitive situation
1737:at Wikimedia Commons
1590:. September 4, 2014.
603:in visual perception
457:risk taking behavior
375:The rivalry between
19:For other uses, see
1405:. Nova Publishers.
934:Kilduff, Gavin J.;
321:Rivalry (economics)
304:Neville Chamberlain
161:biological rivalry,
138:William Shakespeare
470:against her rival
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198:Friendly rivalries
155:James Mark Baldwin
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92:Origin and meaning
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1733:Media related to
1478:978-1-139-49916-3
1412:978-1-59033-652-6
1388:. Fourth Edition.
1385:978-0-13-183001-1
1269:978-0-7607-8174-6
1173:978-0-300-12429-3
1148:978-0-268-10149-7
1018:978-0-87779-603-9
992:978-1-85326-311-8
803:978-1-4985-3188-7
748:978-1-4985-3188-7
601:Binocular rivalry
597:Monocular rivalry
530:Psychology portal
488:Boston Scientific
466:by figure skater
300:Winston Churchill
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