160:, bifurcation is important in dividing land and morphological areas. Rivers are abundantly used as political boundaries, marking borders between regions of opposing countries, states and peoples, among other things. Sudden river bifurcation, even temporary, can disturb terranes that would otherwise be considered the same region. Bifurcations are different from confluences in that many confluences are considered important sites for cities and trade. But due to the semi-permanence of most bifurcated rivers, and their uncommon occurrences, the concept of construction is not largely exhibited at sites of river bifurcation.
129:. The stability of bifurcation is dependent on the rate of flow of the river upstream as well as the sediment transport of the upper reaches of the branches just after bifurcation occurs. The evolution of bifurcation is highly dependent on the discharge of the river upstream of the bifurcation. Unstable bifurcations are bifurcations in which only one channel receives water. Within deltas, these typically create channels with relatively large widths, and are also known as channel avulsions. Stable bifurcations are bifurcations in which both channels receive water.
20:
173:
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32:
187:
bifurcate systems is largely determined by the water level of adjacent branches of the system. The water level differences in braided systems are themselves caused by closure of branch entrances as a result of bar growth. In addition to bar growth, differences in direction of bifurcated river flows from compound bar shapes and backwater effects also influence the evolution of the braided system.
951:
211:
of the surrounding area. The opposite, deterioration of a stable bifurcation to an unstable one, can have similar effects, as flow that was split through two channels now being directed through one can cause the stable channel to surpass bank-full stage, or the point at which the water level is above
100:
River bifurcation may be temporary or semi-permanent, depending on the strength of the material that is dividing the two distributaries. For example, a mid-stream island of soil or silt in a delta is most likely temporary, due to low material strength. A location where a river divides around a rock
181:
Bifurcated rivers are largely semi-permanent, and are subject to constant change in their configuration from evolving terranes and flow rates. As a result of this, observation of the process by which rivers bifurcate and then gradually deteriorate has been poorly documented. The evolution of river
176:
Progression of bifurcated river systems can be modeled in stages. The figure above gives a rough picture of what it would actually look like. It depicts that, gradually, a stable bifurcation will deteriorate until one of the channels no longer receives flow from upstream, thus becoming an unstable
147:
Delta bifurcation has a typical angle at which it is observed, with a critical angle of approximately 72º. However, observations and experiments show that many distributary channel bifurcations do not actually exhibit a bifurcation angle of 72º, but rather grow towards this angle over time after
190:
Bifurcations move largely as a result of migration of the upstream channel. The configuration of the bifurcated system is also modified by the migration of bars within the system. This can cause sudden variations in channel widths, as well as width asymmetry in the system. Over time, the stable
163:
Distributaries are common components of deltas, and are the opposite of tributaries. These distributaries, that are a result of river bifurcation, are important for the deposition and movement of water, sediment and nutrients from farther inland to the larger body of water that it empties into.
186:
regions of the channel. The bifurcation of channel systems begins when a single channel is forced to split when a bar of sediment causes initiation of the two channel system, however, this does not always result in a system in which both channels receive flow. In braided systems, evolution of
148:
initiation of bifurcation. This implies that bifurcations that occur in deltas are semi-permanent, as many observed channels do not exhibit this angle due to their relatively recent initiation, or because some of the channels that do reach this bifurcation angle did not last to be observed.
144:. The number of distributaries that are present is in part determined by the rate of sediment discharge, and increased sediment discharge leads to more river bifurcation. This then leads to increased numbers of distributaries in deltas.
870:
Schuurman, F.; Kleinhans, M.G. “3D modelling of bar and bifurcation evolution”, Utrecht
University, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Royal HaskoningDHV, Dep. Rivers, Deltas and Coasts, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
860:
Schuurman, F.; Kleinhans, M.G. “3D modelling of bar and bifurcation evolution”, Utrecht
University, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Royal HaskoningDHV, Dep. Rivers, Deltas and Coasts, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
850:
Le, T.B; Crosato, A; Mosselman, E.; Uijttewaal, W.S.J. "On the stability of river bifurcations created by longitudinal training walls. Numerical investigation", Advances in Water
Resources, Volume 113, p.112-125, March
768:
Le, T.B; Crosato, A; Mosselman, E.; Uijttewaal, W.S.J. "On the stability of river bifurcations created by longitudinal training walls. Numerical investigation", Advances in Water
Resources, Volume 113, p.112-125, March
105:, or a mountain, may be more lasting as a result of higher material strength and resistance to weathering and erosion. A bifurcation may also be man-made, for example when two streams are separated by a long
489:(about 1900 BC). Around 230 BC, the channel of the Nile from which it came (itself a bifurcation) dried up, but has since been fed by a new canal to allow water again to make it from the Nile to
832:
Olariu, Cornel; Bhattacharya, Janok P. “TERMINAL DISTRIBUTARY CHANNELS AND DELTA FRONT ARCHITECTURE OF RIVER-DOMINATED DELTA SYSTEMS”, Journal of
Sedimentary Research, v. 76, p. 212–233, 2006.
805:
Olariu, Cornel; Bhattacharya, Janok P. “Terminal
Distributary Channels and Delta Front Architecture of River-dominated Delta Systems”, Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 76, p. 212–233, 2006.
796:
Olariu, Cornel; Bhattacharya, Janok P. “Terminal
Distributary Channels and Delta Front Architecture of River-dominated Delta Systems”, Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 76, p. 212–233, 2006.
926:
716:, makes a hairpin turn, and flows west without entering the lake. During floods, water from the river previously flowed into the lake, but this has not happened since the
191:
channel system will eventually deteriorate until only one channel receives flow from upstream, this then creates an unstable channel, one in which no flow passes through.
224:
particulates to biologically rich areas in deltas. Sudden deterioration or initiation of bifurcated systems can disrupt the deposition of material required for various
404:, with an area of 13.0 ha (about 32 acres). This bifurcation is considered to be an artificial phenomenon, but created under extremely favorable natural conditions.
164:
Deltas are very important to humans, as the delta distributary regions provide homes to roughly half a billion people, and are exceptionally biologically rich.
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462:. However a dam was built, preventing water from flowing from the Kalaus into the East Manych; thus the Kalaus is now the source of the West Manych only.
360:
637:
611:. With a length of around 127 kilometers, it is the longest river to start and end within The Netherlands. Unlike the Rhine, which flows into the
199:
River bifurcations impact the surrounding area in a plethora of ways, namely, redistributing flow of water, sediment and nutrients throughout a
46:, often show bifurcations. The water flows in from the lower section of the image and passes on both sides of the large island in the center.
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521:
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841:
Edmonds, D.A. “Stability of backwater‐influenced river bifurcations: A study of the
Mississippi‐Atchafalaya system”, April, 2012.
787:
Edmonds, D.A. “Stability of backwater‐influenced river bifurcations: A study of the
Mississippi‐Atchafalaya system”, April, 2012.
778:
Edmonds, D.A. “Stability of backwater‐influenced river bifurcations: A study of the
Mississippi‐Atchafalaya system”, April, 2012.
823:
Coffey, Thomas S.; Shaw, John B. “Congruent Bifurcation Angles in River Delta and Tributary Channel Networks”, November, 2017.
814:
Coffey, Thomas S.; Shaw, John B. “Congruent Bifurcation Angles in River Delta and Tributary Channel Networks”, November, 2017.
316:
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can alter the terranes in a given region affected by this process. Sudden bifurcation initiation can cause small scale
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rivers. In meandering rivers, bifurcations are often unstable in their configuration, and usually result in channel
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bifurcations from single channel to multi-channeled and back again is largely dependent on discharge rate from the
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280:. One branch flows west to the Pacific Ocean; the other flows east and eventually reaches the Atlantic Ocean via
265:. The canal therefore provides a navigable channel between the large Orinoco basin and the enormous Amazon basin.
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In deltas, the directions of distributaries resulting from bifurcation are easily changeable by processes like
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93:. If the streams eventually merge again or empty into the same body of water, then the bifurcation forms a
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295:, United States, further south along the same continental divide, North Two Ocean Creek splits at the
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933:" (Anthropogenic changes in the Hydrographic Network of the Kuma-Manych Depression), summary of the
493:. The entire waterway is over 300 km long, consisting of modern canals taking Nile water from
485:. Originally a natural bifurcation for flood waters, its flow was increased by canalisation in the
759:
Kleinhans, Maarten. "River bifurcations in meandering rivers on lowland deltaic plains", 2005-2008.
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678:(extinct): In the spring of 2016 a melting glacier diverted most of the Slims River from the
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splits into two distributaries, of which one reaches the Pacific Ocean, with the other being
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400:(1979). The Nerodime bifurcation is a strict wildlife sanctuary, category I according to
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the river bank. This can also cause flooding, and is a prominent issue in regions where
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Bertoldi, Walter. “Life of a bifurcation in a gravel‐bed braided river”, May, 2012.
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Bertoldi, Walter. “Life of a bifurcation in a gravel‐bed braided river”, May, 2012.
880:
Bertoldi, Walter. “Life of a bifurcation in a gravel‐bed braided river”, May, 2012.
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396:. The Nerodime bifurcation was the first hydrological protected object in the
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588:. The Atchafalaya is 137 miles long and is the fifth largest river in
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924:АНТРОПОГЕННОЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ГИДРОГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ СЕТИ КУМО-МАНЫЧСКОЙ ВПАДИНЫ
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River bifurcation occurs in many types of rivers. It is common in
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Alexander Anatolievich Bazelyuk (Базелюк Александр Анатольевич), "
299:. One creek is called the Atlantic Creek, which flows east to the
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splits into two major rivers at the India-Bangladesh border.
261:, an enormous south-flowing river that eventually joins the
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and delta. In addition to this, migrating bifurcations and
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to live, and thus has an indirect impact on surrounding
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in Melle, Germany divides into the Hase River and the
910:"Kosovo on old maps from the XV to the XVIII century"
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rivers and was much used as a shortcut by voyageurs.
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are in use. Bifurcations are a major distributor of
469:is a channel which splits off the west side of the
912:. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
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342:and has been researched as a natural phenomenon.
276:on the Alberta–British Columbia border at the
16:The forking of a river into its distributaries
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569:and the two parts rejoin after flowing into
1367:List of rivers that have reversed direction
411:in south-western Russia, when reaching the
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1008:natuur en cultuur in de IJsselvallei
75:separates into two or more separate
38:, such as the pictured delta of the
937:dissertation. Rostov-on-Don, 2007.
249:(an east-flowing river in northern
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524:split, the first flowing into the
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1006:Kester Freriks, Langs de IJssel,
450:. The former flows west into the
415:of the Kuma-Manych Depression at
278:North American continental divide
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272:splits into two branches near
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1010:Zutphen: Walburg pers, 2017 (
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657:The Selinda Spillway of the
315:Rivers; the other is called
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988:"River and Drainage System"
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448:West and East Manych Rivers
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156:As is the case with river
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908:Tomović, Gordana (2006).
628:California Central Valley
454:and eventually into the
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693:in Canada connects the
407:In the past, the small
376:42.371827°N 21.133306°E
1129:Bar (river morphology)
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253:that empties into the
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85:) which then continue
71:) flowing in a single
61:, fork) occurs when a
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1311:Erosion and tectonics
1306:Degradation (geology)
966:"Pajala.se | English"
345:A bifurcation of the
297:Parting of the Waters
268:Canada's aptly-named
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1332:Deposition (geology)
1059:Large-scale features
718:Orto-Tokoy Reservoir
615:, it flows into the
584:bifurcates into the
473:and drains into the
381:42.371827; 21.133306
245:splits off from the
741:Interbasin transfer
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353:, near the town of
232:via flow patterns.
1406:River bifurcations
1362:Sediment transport
1316:River rejuvenation
1289:Regional processes
929:2009-03-05 at the
573:for 80 kilometers.
274:Kicking Horse Pass
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136:, or differential
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1416:Fluvial landforms
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1194:River bifurcation
586:Atchafalaya River
582:Mississippi River
434:45.717°N 44.100°E
398:former Yugoslavia
68:bifurcating river
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583:
579:
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568:
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563:Karnali River
560:
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545:Tärendö River
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321:Pacific Ocean
318:
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40:Salween River
37:
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26:
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1193:
1091:River valley
1011:
1007:
1002:
991:
982:
974:the original
969:
960:
946:
939:(in Russian)
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866:
856:
846:
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
783:
774:
764:
755:
736:Distributary
659:Cuando River
605:distributary
487:12th Dynasty
475:Birket Qarun
409:Kalaus River
270:Divide Creek
263:Amazon River
198:
189:
180:
177:bifurcation.
162:
155:
146:
131:
116:
99:
95:river island
81:
67:
66:
50:
49:
36:River deltas
1296:Aggradation
1247:Plunge pool
1214:Stream pool
1204:River mouth
1096:River delta
993:Banglapedia
676:Slims River
641: [
624:Kings River
556:Barak River
549:Kalix River
541:Torne River
467:Bahr Yussef
460:Caspian Sea
456:Sea of Azov
437: /
379: /
313:Mississippi
305:Yellowstone
134:aggradation
1400:Categories
1347:Hack's law
1301:Base level
1242:Knickpoint
1169:Oxbow lake
1149:Floodplain
1012:Dutch book
935:Cand. Sci.
747:References
720:was built.
710:Kyrgyzstan
680:Bering Sea
617:IJsselmeer
479:inland sea
367:21°08′00″E
364:42°22′19″N
340:Else River
336:Hase River
282:Hudson Bay
230:ecosystems
158:confluence
152:Importance
142:compaction
138:subsidence
119:meandering
113:Occurrence
87:downstream
1411:Hydrology
1325:Mechanics
1174:Point bar
1164:Mouth bar
1119:Anabranch
706:Chu River
686:watershed
653:Argentina
632:endorheic
613:North Sea
578:Louisiana
526:Coppename
522:Arrawarra
491:Al Fayyum
452:Don River
394:Black Sea
259:Rio Negro
251:Venezuela
226:organisms
218:nutrients
205:landforms
201:watershed
184:backwater
168:Evolution
27:, Germany
1385:Category
1270:Antidune
1257:Bedforms
1144:Cut bank
927:Archived
725:See also
671:Botswana
539:side of
530:Nickerie
514:Suriname
392:and the
329:Columbia
323:via the
309:Missouri
303:via the
236:Examples
209:flooding
127:avulsion
79:(called
25:Hövelhof
1219:Thalweg
1154:Meander
1081:Estuary
682:to the
667:Namibia
649:Neuquén
626:in the
607:of the
537:Swedish
518:Wayombo
481:in the
425:44°06′E
422:45°43′N
413:thalweg
355:Ferizaj
331:Rivers.
293:Wyoming
247:Orinoco
222:mineral
195:Impacts
123:braided
77:streams
73:channel
44:Myanmar
1237:Canyon
1184:Rapids
1179:Riffle
699:Nelson
663:Angola
601:IJssel
599:, the
580:, the
516:, the
499:Dairut
390:Aegean
351:Kosovo
214:levees
109:pier.
107:bridge
91:deltas
53:(from
871:2013.
861:2013.
851:2018.
769:2018.
695:Hayes
645:]
609:Rhine
603:is a
571:India
567:Nepal
503:Lahun
495:Asyut
477:, an
357:, at
325:Snake
63:river
59:furca
55:Latin
1275:Dune
704:The
697:and
689:The
669:and
622:The
561:The
554:The
535:The
520:and
471:Nile
465:The
402:IUCN
334:The
327:and
311:and
241:The
220:and
140:and
121:and
103:dike
1265:Ait
708:in
661:of
595:In
576:In
512:In
497:to
349:in
291:in
65:(a
42:in
1402::
990:.
968:.
665:,
651:,
647:,
643:es
307:,
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57::
1044:e
1037:t
1030:v
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