River - Knowledge

1493: 2084: 881: 44: 1470: 398: 1145: 621: 989: 3237: 1988: 517: 650: 1304: 693: 577: 1590: 1233: 3733: 1808: 1736: 2052: 1892: 1370: 2068: 809: 775: 3768: 596:. This is because any natural impediment to the flow of the river may cause the current to deflect in a different direction. When this happens, the alluvium carried by the river can build up against this impediment, redirecting the course of the river. The flow is then directed against the opposite bank of the river, which will erode into a more concave shape to accommodate the flow. The bank will still block the flow, causing it to reflect in the other direction. Thus, a bend in the river is created. 2020: 1044: 3745: 1956: 330: 2036: 790:. In this system, the first tributaries of a river are 1st order rivers. When two 1st order rivers merge, the resulting river is 2nd order. If a river of a higher order and a lower order merge, the order is incremented from whichever of the previous rivers had the higher order. Stream order is correlated with and thus can be used to predict certain data points related to rivers, such as the size of the drainage basin (drainage area), and the length of the channel. 5396: 2004: 56: 3757: 1972: 2100: 1096: 1823:

freely from headwaters to the sea have better water quality, and also retain their ability to transport nutrient-rich alluvium and other organic material downstream, keeping the ecosystem healthy. The creation of a lake changes the habitat of that portion of water, and blocks the transportation of sediment, as well as preventing the natural meandering of the river. Dams block the migration of fish such as

1008:, improved navigation, recreation, and ecosystem management. Many of these projects have the effect of normalizing the effects of rivers; the greatest floods are smaller and more predictable, and larger sections are open for navigation by boats and other watercraft. A major effect of river engineering has been a reduced sediment output of large rivers. For example, the 608:. The alluvium carried by rivers, laden with minerals, is deposited into the floodplain when the banks spill over, providing new nutrients to the soil, allowing them to support human activity like farming as well as a host of plant and animal life. Deposited sediment from rivers can form temporary or long-lasting 1060:

sides of rivers, meant to hold back water from flooding the surrounding area during periods of high rainfall. They are often constructed by building up the natural terrain with soil or clay. Some levees are supplemented with floodways, channels used to redirect floodwater away from farms and populated areas.

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Up to 60% of fresh water used by countries comes from rivers that cross international borders. This can cause disputes between countries that live upstream and downstream of the river. A country that is downstream of another may object to the upstream country diverting too much water for agricultural

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Dikes are channels built perpendicular to the flow of the river beneath its surface. These help rivers flow straighter by increasing the speed of the water at the middle of the channel, helping to control floods. Levees are also used for this purpose. They can be thought of as dams constructed on the

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River ecosystems have also been categorized based on the variety of aquatic life they can sustain, also known as the fish zonation concept. Smaller rivers can only sustain smaller fish that can comfortably fit in its waters, whereas larger rivers can contain both small fish and large fish. This means

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The sediment yield of a river is the quantity of sand per unit area within a watershed that is removed over a period of time. The monitoring of the sediment yield of a river is important for ecologists to understand the health of its ecosystems, the rate of erosion of the river's environment, and the

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that direct this water to rivers. This can cause flooding risk as large amounts of water are directed into the rivers. Due to these impermeable surfaces, these rivers often have very little alluvium carried in them, causing more erosion once the river exits the impermeable area. It has historically

1283:, and spread rapidly. By 1300, there were at least 10,000 mills in England alone. A medieval watermill could do the work of 30–60 human workers. Water mills were often used in conjunction with dams to focus and increase the speed of the water. Water wheels continued to be used up to and through the 1074:

that does not require any inputs beyond the river itself. Dams are very common worldwide, with at least 75,000 higher than 6 feet (1.8 m) in the U.S. Globally, reservoirs created by dams cover 193,500 square miles (501,000 km). Dam-building reached a peak in the 1970s, when between two or

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months, higher temperatures melt snow and ice, causing additional water to flow into rivers. Glacier melt can supplement snow melt in times like the late summer, when there may be less snow left to melt, helping to ensure that the rivers downstream of the glaciers have a continuous supply of water.

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make up 40% of the world's fish species, but 20% of these species are known to have gone extinct in recent years. Human uses of rivers make these species especially vulnerable. Dams and other engineered changes to rivers can block the migration routes of fish and destroy habitats. Rivers that flow

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began to be used to raise the elevation of water. Drought years harmed crop yields, and leaders of society were incentivized to ensure regular water and food availability to remain in power. Engineering projects like the shadoof and canals could help prevent these crises. Despite this, there is

1841:(PFAS) is a widely used chemical that breaks down at a slow rate. It has been found in the bodies of humans and animals worldwide, as well as in the soil, with potentially negative health effects. Research into how to remove it from the environment, and how harmful exposure is, is ongoing. 1141:. It is also thought that these civilizations were the first to organize the irrigation of desert environments for growing food. Growing food at scale allowed people to specialize in other roles, form hierarchies, and organize themselves in new ways, leading to the birth of civilization. 1031:, the excavation of sediment buildup in a channel, to provide a deeper area for navigation. These activities require regular maintenance as the location of the river banks changes over time, floods bring foreign objects into the river, and natural sediment buildup continues. Artificial 751:

that continuously deposit alluvium into the sea from their mouths. Depending on the activity of waves, the strength of the river, and the strength of the tidal current, the sediment can accumulate to form new land. When viewed from above, a delta can appear to take the form of several

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when applied specifically to rivers. This debris comes from erosion performed by the rivers themselves, debris swept into rivers by rainfall, as well as erosion caused by the slow movement of glaciers. The sand in deserts and the sediment that forms bar islands is from rivers. The

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used mills and water wheels beginning in the seventh century. Between 130 and 1492, larger dams were built in Japan, Afghanistan, and India, including 20 dams higher than 15 meters (49 ft). Canals began to be cut in Egypt as early as 3000 BC, and the mechanical

632:, which do not always have a continuous flow of water throughout the year. This may be because an arid climate is too dry depending on the season to support a stream, or because a river is seasonally frozen in the winter (such as in an area with substantial 1225:

evidence that floodplain-based civilizations may have been abandoned occasionally at a large scale. This has been attributed to unusually large floods destroying infrastructure; however, there is evidence that permanent changes to climate causing higher

868:, as well as scrapers feeding on algae. Further downstream, the river may get most of its energy from organic matter that was already processed upstream by collectors and shredders. Predators may be more active here, including fish that feed on plants, 828:

includes the life that lives in its water, on its banks, and in the surrounding land. The width of the channel of a river, its velocity, and how shaded it is by nearby trees. Creatures in a river ecosystem may be divided into many roles based on the

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and is responsible for creating all children and fish. Some sacred rivers have religious prohibitions attached to them, such as not being allowed to drink from them or ride in a boat along certain stretches. In these religions, such as that of the

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Middleton, Nick (26 April 2012). ""Introduction", "River ecology", "The Amazon: mightiest of them all", "River floods", "Sacred flows", "The first civilizations", "Natural barriers", "River rights and conflicts", "Water power", "Tamed rivers"".

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in mountains, meaning that melting snow can't replenish rivers during warm summer months, leading to lower water levels. Lower-level rivers also have warmer temperatures, threatening species like salmon that prefer colder upstream temperatures.

1070:, or power generation from rivers. Dams typically transform a section of the river behind them into a lake or reservoir. This can provide nearby cities with a predictable supply of drinking water. Hydroelectricity is desirable as a form of 1910:

can change the flooding cycles and water supply available to rivers. Floods can be larger and more destructive than expected, causing damage to the surrounding areas. Floods can also wash unhealthy chemicals and sediment into rivers.

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of Earth were born on floodplains between 5,500 and 3,500 years ago. The freshwater, fertile soil, and transportation provided by rivers helped create the conditions for complex societies to emerge. Three such civilizations were the

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are often constructed to "cut off" winding sections of a river with a shorter path, or to direct the flow of a river in a straighter direction. This effect, known as channelization, has made the distance required to traverse the

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is required to fuel the river. These rivers can appear in a variety of climates, and still provide a habitat for aquatic life and perform other ecological functions. Non-perennial rivers are believed to have once flowed on Mars.

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from being a fully canalized channel with hard embankments to being wider with naturally sloped banks and vegetation. This has improved wildlife habitat in the Isar, and provided more opportunities for recreation in the river.

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mythology, and in other cultures. In Genesis, the flood's role was to cleanse Earth of the wrongdoing of humanity. The act of water working to cleanse humans in a ritualistic sense has been compared to the Christian ritual of

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at a larger scale, and these canals were used in conjunction with river engineering projects like dredging and straightening to ensure the efficient flow of goods. One of the largest such projects is that of the

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of higher elevation land is what typically separates drainage basins; water on one side of a ridge will flow into one set of rivers, and water on the other side will flow into another. One example of this is the

1327:, pre-industrial river uses diminished in favor of more complex uses. This meant that the local ecosystems of rivers needed less protection as humans became less reliant on them for their continued flourishing. 2723: 267:

of some species, and lowered the amount of alluvium flowing through rivers. Decreased snowfall from climate change has resulted in less water available for rivers during the summer. Regulation of pollution,

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people in New Guinea. The two cultures speak different languages and rarely mix. 23% of international borders are large rivers (defined as those over 30 meters wide). The traditional northern border of the

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that are periodically flooded when there is a high level of water running through the river. These events may be referred to as "wet seasons' and "dry seasons" when the flooding is predictable due to the

1931:, can restore the natural habitats of river species. Regulators can also ensure regular releases of water from dams to keep animal habitats supplied with water. Limits on pollutants like 1168:. For civilizations built around rivers, fish were an important part of the diet of humans. Some rivers supported fishing activities, but were ill-suited to farming, such as those in the 461:

holds that all or most rivers flow from North to South, but this is not true. As rivers flow downstream, they eventually merge to form larger rivers. A river that feeds into another is a

1791:. While most rivers in India are revered, the Ganges is most sacred. The river has a central role in various Hindu myths, and its water is said to have properties of healing as well as 1066:

restrict the flow of water through a river. They can be built for navigational purposes, providing a higher level of water upstream for boats to travel in. They may also be used for

3400: 676:. Other rivers and streams have been covered over or converted to run in tunnels due to human development. These rivers do not typically host any life, and are often used only for 313:, a geographic feature that can contain flowing water. A stream may also be referred to as a watercourse. The study of the movement of water as it occurs on Earth is called 856:

in the form of leaves. In this type of ecosystem, collectors and shredders will be most active. As the river becomes deeper and wider, it may move slower and receive more

429:. Water flows into rivers in places where the river's elevation is lower than that of the water table. This phenomenon is why rivers can still flow even during times of 106:, or another river. A river may run dry before reaching the end of its course if it runs out of water, or only flow during certain seasons. Rivers are regulated by the 912:. Plants in the riparian zone of a river help stabilize its banks to prevent erosion and filter alluvium deposited by the river on the shore, including processing the 2083: 786:, a stream order is a positive integer used to describe the level of river branching in a drainage basin. Several systems of stream order exist, one of which is the 1389:. The nineteenth century saw canal-building become more common, with the U.S. building 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of canals by 1830. Rivers began to be used by 1137:

climates of the surrounding areas made these societies especially reliant on rivers for survival, leading to people clustering in these areas to form the first

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areas have become protected from development. Water restrictions can prevent the complete draining of rivers. Limits on the construction of dams, as well as

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has evolved from when they were a center of trade, food, and transportation to modern times when these uses are less necessary. Rivers remain central to the

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without being treated, along with pollution from industry. This has resulted in a loss of animal and plant life in urban rivers, as well as the spread of

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Rivers are some of the most sacred places in Hinduism. There is archeological evidence that mass ritual bathing in rivers at least 5,000 years ago in the

145:, areas where all water eventually flows to a common outlet. Rivers have a great effect on the landscape around them. They may regularly overflow their 720:. However, if human activity siphons too much water away from a river for other uses, the riverbed may run dry before reaching the sea. The outlets 2860:"Stream Order, Morphometry, Physico-Chemical Conditions, and Community Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in an Intermittent Stream System" 3372: 2749: 2520: 1156:, rivers were a source of transportation and abundant resources. Many civilizations depended on what resources were local to them to survive. 2412: 1350:

as goods such as grain and fuel could be floated downriver to supply cities with resources. River transportation is also important for the

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uses, pollution, as well as the creation of dams that change the river's flow characteristics. For example, Egypt has an agreement with

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faster than areas with harder rock, causing a difference in elevation between two points of a river. This can cause the formation of a

3792: 880: 4030: 4398: 1549:. Since the flow of a river is rarely static, the exact location of a river border may be called into question by countries. The 43: 833:. "Shredders" are organisms that consume this organic material. The role of a "grazer" or "scraper" organism is to feed on the 945:

The flow of a river can act as a means of transportation for plant and animal species, as well as a barrier. For example, the

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Modern river engineering involves a large-scale collection of independent river engineering structures that have the goal of

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River transportation has historically been significantly cheaper and faster than transportation by land. Rivers helped fuel

3785: 1445:. The restoration of water quality and recreation to urban rivers has been a goal of modern administrations. For example, 1838: 2357: 1815:

now runs dry in the deserts of Mexico, rather than running to the sea, due to diversion of water for agricultural uses.

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waters the garden and then splits into four rivers that flow to provide water to the world. These rivers include the

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are an anadromous fish that may die in the river after spawning, contributing nutrients back to the river ecosystem.

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that feed a river, and make up the river's source. These streams may be small and flow rapidly down the sides of

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can be deeper and longer, causing rivers to run dangerously low. This is in part because of a projected loss of

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three dams were completed every day, and has since begun to decline. New dam projects are primarily focused in

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and lower river flow may have been the determining factor in what river civilizations succeeded or dissolved.

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and light from dissolving into water, making it impossible for underwater life to survive in these so-called

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Attempts have been made to regulate the exploitation of rivers to preserve their ecological functions. Many

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The most basic river projects involve the clearing of obstructions like fallen trees. This can scale up to

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The river can then be modeled by the availability of resources for each creature's role. A shady area with

3429: 3193: 2566:"Sediment yield and runoff frequency of small drainage basins in the Mojave Desert, California and Nevada" 4999: 1944: 406: 736:. Since the levels of these rivers are often already at or near sea level, the flow of alluvium and the 5430: 4225: 1732:

mythology also have stories of floods, some of which contain no survivors, unlike the Abrahamic flood.

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to manage the right to fresh water from the river, as well as mark the exact location of the border.

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from farms can lead to a proliferation of algae on the surface of rivers and oceans, which prevents

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Along with mythological rivers, religions have also cared for specific rivers as sacred rivers. The

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along the Ganges river are the steps that allow people to bathe and release the ashes of the dead.

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The Sumerian civilization was made possible by the floodplains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

516: 63:(dark blue) and the rivers which flow into it (medium blue). The darker green marks the Amazon's 5213: 5004: 4696: 4461: 1748: 1696: 1264: 830: 31: 3487: 1255:

began to be used at least 2,000 years ago to harness the energy of rivers. Water wheels turn an

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remains of a person is released into the Ganges, their soul is released from the mortal world.

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The counterweight system of the shadoof is an early example of the engineering of river water.

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was banned in the Seine for over 100 years due to concerns about pollution and the spread of

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on rivers to transport it, was especially important. Rivers also were an important source of

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were said to be the cause of the river's yearly flooding, itself personified by the goddess

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moves about Earth. This means that all water that flows in rivers must ultimately come from

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Shanafield, Margaret; Bourke, Sarah A; Zimmer, Margaret A; Costigan, Katie H (March 2021).

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in New York City, which was covered in the 1800s and now exists only as a sewer-like pipe.

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and controls on pollution from factories have improved the water quality of urban rivers.

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and other nutrients it contains. Forests in a riparian zone also provide important animal

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saw rivers as goddesses. The Nile had many gods attached to it. The tears of the goddess

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boat is attempting to prevent crossings of the Rio Grande river from Mexico into the U.S.

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describes these four rivers as flowing with water, milk, wine, and honey, respectively.

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systems, where rock dissolves to form caves. These rivers provide a habitat for diverse

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Rivers may run through low, flat regions on their way to the sea. These places may have

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where the flow slows down. Rivers rarely run in a straight line, instead, they bend or

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can form, with cliffs on either side of the river. Areas of a river with softer rock

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Rivers have sustained human and animal life for millennia, including the first human

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due to sediment. Rivers also change their landscape through their transportation of

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A river in a permeable area does not exhibit this behavior and may even have raised

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Not all precipitation flows directly into rivers; some water seeps into underground

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than the river itself, and in these areas, water flows downhill into the river. The

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and have strong religious, political, social, and mythological attachments to them.

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requiring a specific minimum volume of water to pass into the Nile yearly over the

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and other bypass systems have been attempted, but these are not always effective.

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is one of the primary means of shipping goods on the Mississippi and other rivers.

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that larger rivers can host a larger variety of species. This is analogous to the

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A diagram of a possible river with the Strahler number of each tributary labeled.

673: 383: 248: 142: 2106: 1891: 1724:, where the world is said to emerge from a void that eleven rivers flowed into. 5356: 5223: 5173: 5125: 5085: 5080: 4895: 4779: 4759: 4641: 4626: 4513: 4498: 4493: 4453: 4433: 4345: 4187: 4167: 4132: 4064: 4049: 3956: 3878: 3838: 3761: 2136: 1971: 1907: 1812: 1673: 1407: 1382: 1316: 1237: 1196: 1192: 1165: 1037: 958: 853: 737: 681: 669: 525: 391: 370: 252: 217: 213: 201: 193: 153:

the surrounding area, spreading nutrients to the surrounding area. Sediment or

64: 3777: 3674: 3349: 576: 5414: 5361: 5243: 5203: 5148: 4976: 4971: 4956: 4941: 4890: 4885: 4651: 4616: 4570: 4530: 4525: 4285: 4157: 4117: 3863: 3843: 3767: 3744: 3737: 3682: 3499: 3357: 2883: 2708: 2656: 1759:. Many African religions regard certain rivers as the originator of life. In 1598: 1580: 1442: 1378: 1245: 1208: 1109: 1005: 909: 861: 546: 387: 346: 318: 185: 115: 91: 3627: 3137: 3111: 2384:"River Systems and Fluvial Landforms – Geology (U.S. National Park Service)" 1369: 1358:

have historically benefited the most from this method of trade. The rise of

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of the debris is gradually sorted by the river, with heavier particles like

329: 5294: 5105: 4966: 4716: 4701: 4691: 4540: 4471: 4340: 4305: 4220: 4162: 4037: 3936: 3898: 3873: 2750:"Yucatán Peninsula's hidden underground life tracks changes at the surface" 1962: 1864: 1856: 1777: 1729: 1717: 1534: 1517: 1438: 1422: 1414: 1347: 1288: 1280: 1252: 1012:

produced 400 million tons of sediment per year. Due to the construction of

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in exchange for money. Souls that were judged to be good were admitted to

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uphill of a river that feeds it with water in this way is in that river's

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The Canal du Midi was one of the first large canal projects in the world.

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of a river, the amount of water passing through it at a particular time.

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Rivers rarely run in a straight direction, instead preferring to bend or

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Rivers in History: Perspectives on Waterways in Europe and North America

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Rivers in History: Perspectives on Waterways in Europe and North America

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Baubinienė, Aldona; Satkūnas, Jonas; Taminskas, Julius (February 2015).

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is famous for its relationship to the city, from industry to recreation.

808: 5351: 5315: 5256: 5183: 5163: 4981: 4661: 4545: 4485: 4443: 4315: 4152: 4020: 3961: 3951: 3868: 3061:"Rivers and Streams: Life in Flowing Water | Learn Science at Scitable" 2891: 2859: 2146: 1932: 1842: 1792: 1768: 1764: 1645: 1584: 1550: 1521: 1363: 1332: 1021: 1013: 962: 753: 713: 677: 633: 506: 474: 466: 354: 264: 138: 76: 2700: 2565: 2413:"What determines the directional flow of rivers in the United States?" 949:

is so wide in parts that the variety of species on either side of its

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to forget their previous life. Rivers also appear in descriptions of

1606: 1566: 1509: 1272: 1114: 849: 842: 813: 783: 757: 510: 486: 462: 362: 350: 314: 237: 220:, and recreation. Humans have engineered rivers to prevent flooding, 205: 95: 3635: 3145: 3119: 2875: 565:. This sediment may be deposited in river valleys or carried to the 5284: 5158: 5035: 4621: 4588: 4265: 4107: 4074: 2464:"Geology – Grand Canyon National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 1916: 1912: 1873: 1796: 1680:, and two rivers that are possibly apocryphal but may refer to the 1661: 1618: 1546: 1446: 1324: 1157: 1028: 917: 913: 869: 857: 838: 637: 541: 537: 437: 414: 221: 154: 131: 123: 2677:"An overview of the hydrology of non-perennial rivers and streams" 1339:

for the more efficient movement of goods, as well as projects for

716:, the water they contain will always tend to flow down toward the 5271: 5233: 5168: 5095: 4931: 4880: 4408: 4403: 4365: 4270: 4142: 4079: 3521:"Endpoint of the Colorado River, Mexico | U.S. Geological Survey" 2220: 2210: 2090: 2026: 2010: 1924: 1881: 1772: 1709: 1653: 1542: 1450: 1359: 1226: 1221: 1181: 1177: 1095: 1052: 905: 817: 741: 729: 605: 593: 498: 494: 470: 454: 430: 358: 276:

have helped to improve water quality and restore river habitats.

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Alexander, Jason S.; Wilson, Richard C.; Green, W. Reed (2012).

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Griffiths, Peter G.; Hereford, Richard; Webb, Robert H. (2006).

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is bordered by several rivers. Ancient Greeks believed that the

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towards another body of water downhill. This flow can be into a

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from factories and urban areas can also damage water quality. "

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shapes as the river mouth appears to fan out from the original

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may flow underground through flooded caves. This can happen in

502: 441: 306: 260: 256: 162: 158: 79: 48: 2674: 1043: 4824: 4809: 4764: 4508: 4481: 4428: 4295: 4290: 4260: 4245: 4054: 3628:"Dams and Rivers: A Primer on the Downstream Effects of Dams" 3488:"Inside India's Gargantuan Mission to Clean the Ganges River" 3138:"Dams and Rivers: A Primer on the Downstream Effects of Dams" 2278:

Manual of Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques

2225: 2190: 2168: 1859:

are typically surrounded by impermeable surfaces like stone,

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was a textile mill powered by the pictured hydroelectric dam.

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Collier, Michael; Webb, Robert H.; Schmidt, John C. (1996).

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Collier, Michael; Webb, Robert H.; Schmidt, John C. (1996).

1381:, connecting rivers within France to create a path from the 908:. The land that interfaces with a water body is that body's 837:

that collects on rocks and plants. "Collectors" consume the

497:

the slopes on the sides of the river. When a river carves a

5289: 4854: 4819: 4375: 4335: 4300: 3005:. New York City: Oxford University Press (published 2012). 2622: 2195: 1752: 1740: 1681: 1641: 1626: 1602: 1525: 1458: 1256: 1204: 1161: 1084: 1063: 865: 733: 588:

is known for its fertile floodplains, which flood annually.

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carried by rivers shapes the landscape around it, forming

114:

moves around the Earth. Water first enters rivers through

5279: 4774: 4215: 1617:. This power has caused rivers to have a central role in 1553:

between the United States and Mexico is regulated by the

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Rivers flow downhill, with their direction determined by

386:. Water on the western side of the divide flows into the 1950:

Ten largest rivers by discharge (excluding tributaries):

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and other factories, but were eventually supplanted by

188:. The organisms that live around or in a river such as 2317:"Rivers, Streams, and Creeks | U.S. Geological Survey" 1402:. The river was then used for shipping crops from the 636:), or in the headwaters of rivers in mountains, where 2563: 1609:. They have also become associated with the reverse, 900:

focuses on habitats that flood seasonally, including

3109: 2417:

Geographic FAQ Hub: Answers to Your Global Questions

349:. The sides of rivers have land that is at a higher 2358:"Rivers and the Landscape | U.S. Geological Survey" 1421:of cities and nations. Famous examples include the 3625: 3135: 1593:The Ogun River in Nigeria is sacred to the Yoruba. 1331:began to develop projects that enabled industrial 1211:civilization used aqueducts to transport water to 317:, and their effect on the landscape is covered by 3236:Macklin, Mark G.; Lewin, John (3 February 2015). 1899:is expected to reduce the level of waters in the 1644:of those who perished had to be borne across the 1172:. Other animals that live in or near rivers like 1020:, and the removal of natural banks replaced with 390:, whereas water on the other side flows into the 5412: 1938: 1453:, until cleanup efforts to allow its use in the 1279:, water mills began to automate many aspects of 1024:, this sediment output has been reduced by 60%. 820:provide organic matter for organisms to process. 672:and have become an important target of study by 553:sinking to the bottom, and finer particles like 513:as the river's flow falls down a vertical drop. 417:. These, in turn, can still feed rivers via the 255:, and human activity. The construction of dams, 3807: 3651:"Positioning urban rivers within urban ecology" 3485: 3326:"Positioning urban rivers within urban ecology" 2807: 2445: 2280:(Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS. 1410:to other states as well as the Atlantic Ocean. 961:. Species that travel from the sea to breed in 2829:"Delta Landforms (U.S. National Park Service)" 1569:, to maintain both countries access to water. 1184:could provide food and valuable goods such as 425:beneath the surface of the land stored in the 5051: 3793: 3630:. Circular (Report). U.S. Geological Survey. 3140:. Circular (Report). U.S. Geological Survey. 3114:. Circular (Report). U.S. Geological Survey. 2271: 2267: 2265: 2263: 953:are distinct. Some fish may swim upstream to 612:. These islands exist in almost every river. 469:. Rivers must flow to lower altitudes due to 30:"Rivers" redirects here. For other uses, see 3486:Franklin-Wallis, Oliver (30 November 2023). 3235: 2858:Harrel, Richard C.; Dorris, Troy C. (1968). 2857: 1508:, rivers are often used as a border between 1457:. Another example is the restoration of the 852:trees might experience frequent deposits of 657:, Philippines features an underground river. 324: 5382:List of rivers that have reversed direction 2715: 2272:Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995). 2142:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 1555:International Boundary and Water Commission 1160:of commodities, especially the floating of 744:or downriver depending on the time of day. 732:) have their levels rise and fall with the 200:have different roles, including processing 5058: 5044: 3800: 3786: 2721: 2260: 1195:to use rivers for thousands of years. The 803: 680:or flood control. One such example is the 333:The major drainage basins in North America 3454: 3034:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 2997: 2808:Vernon-Harcourt, Leveson Francis (1896). 2446:Vernon-Harcourt, Leveson Francis (1896). 1572: 1541:, a river that today forms the border of 1398:, whose drainage basin covers 40% of the 740:that flows in these rivers may be either 628:About half of all waterways on Earth are 3559:"The Threats Facing Freshwater Habitats" 3290:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 2008. 3164:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 2008. 3105: 3103: 3101: 2747: 1890: 1806: 1795:from sins. Hindus believe that when the 1734: 1588: 1491: 1468: 1368: 1302: 1231: 1203:, Egypt, is an ancient dam built on the 1143: 1094: 1042: 1040:in 116 kilometers (72 mi) shorter. 987: 940: 923: 879: 807: 773: 691: 648: 619: 575: 515: 440:present in higher elevation regions. In 433:. Rivers are also fed by the melting of 396: 328: 309:refers to water that flows in a natural 232:from dams. People associate rivers with 54: 42: 4399:International scale of river difficulty 3648: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3370: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3131: 3129: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2518: 615: 14: 5413: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3455:Trimarchi, Maria (23 September 2023). 3424: 3422: 3395: 3393: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3050: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2803: 2801: 2779:Howard, Brian Clark (1 January 2017). 2778: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2743: 2741: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2618: 2616: 2559: 2557: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2410: 1872:to be directed directly to rivers via 1656:and permitted to drink water from the 1377:One of the first large canals was the 1319:with the growth of technology and the 875: 644: 122:of water down a slope, the melting of 5039: 3781: 3592: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3024: 3022: 2823: 2821: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2406: 2404: 2311: 2244: 2242: 1481: 1103: 448: 5065: 3538: 3457:"The Great Flood: More Than a Myth?" 3312: 3267:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 3186: 3152: 3126: 3078: 2596:"Floodplains — All About Watersheds" 2550:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 1695:The book of Genesis also contains a 1613:and destruction, especially through 1597:The importance of rivers throughout 1366:has made this practice less common. 704:is formed from the river's sediment. 501:or a similar high-elevation area, a 341:, the continuous processes by which 3689: 3642: 3612: 3577: 3513: 3419: 3390: 3271: 3212: 3047: 2898: 2846: 2798: 2767: 2738: 2663: 2613: 2554: 2507: 1839:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances 1699:. Similar myths are present in the 1601:has given them an association with 747:Rivers that are not tidal may form 724:of a river can take several forms. 493:section of land such as rocks will 24: 3474: 3019: 2818: 2814:. Clarendon Press. pp. 14–19. 2583: 2521:"River pattersn and their meaning" 2452:. Clarendon Press. pp. 14–19. 2401: 2239: 1863:, and concrete. Cities often have 1498:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 1125:civilization in the Nile, and the 884:This marsh is a floodplain of the 845:feed on living things to survive. 380:Continental Divide of the Americas 134:beneath the surface of the Earth. 25: 5457: 3724: 3002:Rivers: A Very Short Introduction 2430: 2335: 2288: 1298: 977: 763: 477:of a river is typically within a 27:Natural flowing freshwater stream 5395: 5394: 3766: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3649:Francis, Robert A. (June 2012). 3324:Francis, Robert A. (June 2012). 2748:Arellano, Astrid (29 May 2024). 2493:education.nationalgeographic.org 2284:from the original on 9 May 2012. 2274:"Hydrologic Definitions: Stream" 2098: 2082: 2066: 2050: 2034: 2018: 2002: 1986: 1970: 1954: 1935:can help improve water quality. 1000:province of China from flooding. 992:This levee protects the city of 5091:Drainage system (geomorphology) 4556:Flooded grasslands and savannas 3593:Lohan, Tara (12 October 2022). 3448: 3364: 3265:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.02.004 2864:The American Midland Naturalist 2548:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.03.001 2519:Twidale, C.R. (20 March 2004). 1016:, sediment buildup in man-made 687: 465:, and the place they meet is a 5101:Strahler number (stream order) 2781:"11 Rivers Forced Underground" 2649:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.025 2481: 2456: 2376: 1668:, beginning with the story of 13: 1: 3371:Nouvian, Tom (17 July 2024). 2232: 1939:Rivers by amount of discharge 1119:Tigris–Euphrates river system 1055:provides hydroelectric power. 972: 712:or man-made features such as 289:A river is a natural flow of 284: 279: 4722:Universal Soil Loss Equation 4672:Hydrological transport model 4566:Storm Water Management Model 3238:"The rivers of civilization" 2411:Warner, Hugh (2 July 2024). 2184: 2157: 489:. Rivers flowing through an 7: 2754:Mongabay Environmental News 2114: 1945:List of rivers by discharge 1672:. A river beginning in the 841:of dead organisms. Lastly, 708:While rivers may flow into 573:effects of human activity. 407:Los Glaciares National Park 357:of a river are the smaller 10: 5462: 4226:Antecedent drainage stream 3245:Quaternary Science Reviews 2120: 1942: 1802: 1578: 1485: 1271:, and grind grains with a 1191:Humans have been building 1090: 981: 793: 767: 29: 5390: 5339: 5303: 5270: 5242: 5124: 5073: 4990: 4962:River valley civilization 4924: 4863: 4845:Riparian-zone restoration 4745: 4607: 4579: 4480: 4452: 4384: 4206: 4073: 3990: 3912: 3823: 3675:10.1007/s11252-012-0227-6 3595:"5 big threats to rivers" 3434:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 3430:"When Rivers are Borders" 3350:10.1007/s11252-012-0227-6 3198:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 3194:"When Rivers are Borders" 3030:"River Continuum Concept" 2811:Rivers and Canals: Rivers 2722:News Staff (7 May 2020). 2449:Rivers and Canals: Rivers 1287:as a source of power for 1127:Indus Valley Civilization 931:species-area relationship 798: 325:Source and drainage basin 293:that flows on or through 224:crops, perform work with 173:, which carves rock into 137:Rivers flow and merge in 110:, the processes by which 5025:Countries without rivers 5000:Rivers by discharge rate 4712:Runoff model (reservoir) 4677:Infiltration (hydrology) 1720:. Floods also appear in 1400:contiguous United States 624:Dried out rivers on Mars 5214:River channel migration 4697:River Continuum Concept 4462:Agricultural wastewater 3059:McCabe, Declan (2011). 1895:Retreating snow in the 1749:Ancient Celtic religion 965:rivers are anadromous. 831:River Continuum Concept 804:River Continuum Concept 653:The Blue Water Cave in 337:Rivers are part of the 32:Rivers (disambiguation) 5144:Bar (river morphology) 5020:River name etymologies 4947:Hydraulic civilization 4805:Floodplain restoration 4581:Point source pollution 4356:Sedimentary structures 3750:Environment portal 2600:allaboutwatersheds.org 1904: 1816: 1744: 1697:story of a great flood 1594: 1573:Religion and mythology 1501: 1478: 1374: 1312: 1249: 1154:pre-industrial society 1149: 1100: 1056: 1001: 957:as part of a seasonal 893: 821: 812:The headwaters of the 779: 705: 658: 625: 589: 529: 410: 334: 305:, or another river. A 68: 52: 36:River (disambiguation) 5326:Erosion and tectonics 5321:Degradation (geology) 4632:Discharge (hydrology) 4594:Industrial wastewater 4075:Sedimentary processes 2528:Earth-Science Reviews 1901:Western United States 1894: 1810: 1738: 1726:Aboriginal Australian 1592: 1495: 1472: 1372: 1306: 1285:Industrial Revolution 1267:, work metal using a 1235: 1207:4,500 years ago. The 1147: 1098: 1083:, and other areas in 1046: 991: 941:Movement of organisms 924:Fish zonation concept 883: 811: 777: 695: 652: 623: 579: 519: 403:Perito Moreno Glacier 400: 332: 58: 47:A boat floats on the 46: 5347:Deposition (geology) 5074:Large-scale features 4737:Volumetric flow rate 4321:Riffle-pool sequence 3599:World Economic Forum 2254:Cambridge Dictionary 1678:Tigris and Euphrates 1512:, cities, and other 1455:2024 Summer Olympics 1406:and cotton from the 1242:Dover, New Hampshire 826:ecosystem of a river 616:Non-perennial rivers 459:common misconception 4911:Whitewater kayaking 4906:Whitewater canoeing 4707:Runoff curve number 4551:Flood pulse concept 3667:2012UrbEc..15..285F 3436:. 17 September 2020 3342:2012UrbEc..15..285F 3296:10.2307/jj.490884.5 3257:2015QSRv..114..228M 3200:. 17 September 2020 3170:10.2307/jj.490884.5 2693:2021WIRWa...8E1504S 2641:2015Geomo.231..343B 2540:2004ESRv...67..159T 1884:. In modern times, 1878:waterborne diseases 1666:Abrahamic religions 1516:. For example, the 1425:'s relationship to 1315:Rivers became more 1263:to move water into 898:flood pulse concept 876:Flood pulse concept 662:Subterranean rivers 645:Subterranean rivers 630:intermittent rivers 401:Melting toe of the 118:, whether from the 5377:Sediment transport 5331:River rejuvenation 5304:Regional processes 4937:Aquatic toxicology 4850:Stream restoration 4815:Infiltration basin 4667:Hydrological model 4183:Sediment transport 4006:Estavelle/Inversac 3884:Subterranean river 3762:Ecology portal 1905: 1817: 1789:Indus river valley 1745: 1595: 1502: 1482:Politics of rivers 1479: 1375: 1313: 1250: 1150: 1104:Pre-industrial era 1101: 1057: 1002: 894: 872:, and other fish. 822: 780: 728:(often part of an 706: 659: 626: 590: 530: 524:was carved by the 449:The flow of rivers 411: 335: 247:are threatened by 130:, or seepage from 69: 53: 5431:Fluvial landforms 5408: 5407: 5209:River bifurcation 5033: 5032: 5010:Whitewater rivers 4916:Whitewater slalom 4747:River engineering 4647:Groundwater model 4608:River measurement 4536:Flood forecasting 4351:Sedimentary basin 4208:Fluvial landforms 4113:Bed material load 3889:River bifurcation 3738:Rivers portal 3305:978-0-8229-4345-7 3179:978-0-8229-4345-7 3012:978-0-19-958867-1 2701:10.1002/wat2.1504 2495:. 19 October 2023 2075:Mississippi River 2059:Brahmaputra River 1701:Epic of Gilgamesh 1419:cultural identity 1396:Mississippi River 1387:Mediterranean Sea 1329:River engineering 1261:rotational energy 1170:Pacific Northwest 1010:Mississippi River 984:River engineering 864:and a variety of 540:, often known as 16:(Redirected from 5453: 5398: 5397: 5139:Avulsion (river) 5067:River morphology 5060: 5053: 5046: 5037: 5036: 4995:Rivers by length 4830:River morphology 4732:Wetted perimeter 4637:Drainage density 4148:Headward erosion 3977:Perennial stream 3849:Blackwater river 3802: 3795: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3748: 3747: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3702:"PFAS Explained" 3698: 3687: 3686: 3655:Urban Ecosystems 3646: 3640: 3639: 3623: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3590: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3565:. 9 October 2010 3555: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3483: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3330:Urban Ecosystems 3321: 3310: 3309: 3282: 3269: 3268: 3242: 3233: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3107: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3056: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3026: 3017: 3016: 2995: 2896: 2895: 2855: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2776: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2672: 2661: 2660: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2592: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2525: 2516: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2443: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2354: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2313: 2286: 2285: 2269: 2258: 2257: 2246: 2102: 2086: 2070: 2054: 2038: 2022: 2006: 1990: 1974: 1958: 1886:sewage treatment 1868:been common for 1714:Baptism of Jesus 1488:Water rights law 1404:American Midwest 1341:flood prevention 1321:human population 1259:that can supply 1123:Ancient Egyptian 1072:renewable energy 1068:hydroelectricity 860:. This supports 561:carried further 373:or watershed. A 274:sewage treatment 245:river ecosystems 230:hydroelectricity 90:towards another 59:South America's 21: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5426:Bodies of water 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5386: 5367:Helicoidal flow 5335: 5299: 5266: 5238: 5154:Channel pattern 5126:Alluvial rivers 5120: 5116:River sinuosity 5069: 5064: 5034: 5029: 5005:Drainage basins 4986: 4920: 4859: 4835:Retention basin 4795:Erosion control 4790:Detention basin 4741: 4657:Hjulström curve 4609: 4603: 4575: 4519:Non-water flood 4476: 4448: 4394:Helicoidal flow 4380: 4281:Fluvial terrace 4276:Floating island 4202: 4077: 4069: 4060:Rhythmic spring 3994: 3986: 3967:Stream gradient 3908: 3894:River ecosystem 3859:Channel pattern 3827: 3819: 3806: 3756: 3754: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3708:. 30 March 2016 3700: 3699: 3690: 3647: 3643: 3636:10.3133/cir1126 3624: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3591: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3484: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3369: 3365: 3322: 3313: 3306: 3284: 3283: 3272: 3240: 3234: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3146:10.3133/cir1126 3134: 3127: 3120:10.3133/cir1375 3108: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3057: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3013: 2996: 2899: 2876:10.2307/2423611 2856: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2826: 2819: 2806: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2777: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2746: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2720: 2716: 2673: 2664: 2621: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2594: 2593: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2562: 2555: 2523: 2517: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2444: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2409: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2289: 2270: 2261: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2201:River transport 2187: 2160: 2127:Lists of rivers 2123: 2117: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2046: 2045: 2043:Río de la Plata 2039: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2014: 2013: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1959: 1947: 1941: 1897:Rocky Mountains 1820:Freshwater fish 1805: 1767:rules over the 1761:Yoruba religion 1722:Norse mythology 1712:, famously the 1634:Greek mythology 1587: 1575: 1506:natural barrier 1490: 1484: 1352:lumber industry 1301: 1217:Spanish Muslims 1106: 1093: 986: 980: 975: 943: 926: 878: 806: 801: 796: 788:Strahler number 772: 766: 700:river delta in 690: 674:microbiologists 647: 618: 610:fluvial islands 451: 384:Rocky Mountains 327: 287: 282: 249:water pollution 143:drainage basins 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5459: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5372:Playfair's law 5369: 5364: 5359: 5357:Exner equation 5354: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5295:Current ripple 5292: 5287: 5282: 5276: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5224:Slip-off slope 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5174:Meander cutoff 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5086:Drainage basin 5083: 5081:Alluvial plain 5077: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5063: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4896:Stone skipping 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4780:Drop structure 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4760:Balancing lake 4757: 4751: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4687:Playfair's law 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4642:Exner equation 4639: 4634: 4629: 4627:Bradshaw model 4624: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4514:Urban flooding 4506: 4501: 4499:Crevasse splay 4496: 4494:100-year flood 4490: 4488: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4456: 4454:Surface runoff 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4434:Stream capture 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4346:Rock-cut basin 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4188:Suspended load 4185: 4180: 4178:Secondary flow 4175: 4170: 4168:Retrogradation 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4133:Dissolved load 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4065:Spring horizon 4062: 4057: 4052: 4050:Mineral spring 4047: 4046: 4045: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4031:list in the US 4028: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3957:Stream channel 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3918: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3879:Drainage basin 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3839:Alluvial river 3835: 3833: 3821: 3820: 3805: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3726: 3725:External links 3723: 3720: 3719: 3688: 3661:(2): 285–291. 3641: 3611: 3576: 3537: 3512: 3473: 3447: 3418: 3389: 3363: 3336:(2): 285–291. 3311: 3304: 3270: 3211: 3185: 3178: 3151: 3125: 3077: 3046: 3018: 3011: 2897: 2870:(1): 220–251. 2845: 2817: 2797: 2766: 2737: 2714: 2662: 2612: 2582: 2553: 2534:(3): 159–218. 2506: 2480: 2455: 2429: 2400: 2375: 2334: 2287: 2259: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2137:Water conflict 2134: 2129: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2033: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1943:Main article: 1940: 1937: 1908:Climate change 1813:Colorado River 1804: 1801: 1771:in modern-day 1674:Garden of Eden 1574: 1571: 1524:separates the 1483: 1480: 1408:American South 1383:Atlantic Ocean 1317:industrialized 1300: 1299:Industrial era 1297: 1197:Sadd el-Kafara 1193:infrastructure 1166:drinking water 1105: 1102: 1092: 1089: 1038:Missouri River 982:Main article: 979: 978:Infrastructure 976: 974: 971: 942: 939: 925: 922: 877: 874: 854:organic matter 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 768:Main article: 765: 764:Classification 762: 738:brackish water 689: 686: 682:Sunswick Creek 670:microorganisms 646: 643: 617: 614: 526:Colorado River 450: 447: 392:Atlantic Ocean 371:drainage basin 326: 323: 286: 283: 281: 278: 253:climate change 228:, and produce 218:drinking water 214:transportation 202:organic matter 194:aquatic plants 82:that flows on 65:drainage basin 26: 18:River terminus 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5458: 5447: 5446:Water streams 5444: 5442: 5441:Sedimentology 5439: 5437: 5436:Geomorphology 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5352:Water erosion 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5244:Bedrock river 5241: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5204:Riparian zone 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149:Braided river 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977:Surface water 4975: 4973: 4972:Sacred waters 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957:Riparian zone 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942:Body of water 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891:Riverboarding 4889: 4887: 4886:River surfing 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610:and modelling 4606: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4571:Return period 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4531:Flood control 4529: 4527: 4526:Flood barrier 4524: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4158:Palaeochannel 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4118:Granular flow 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3864:Channel types 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3844:Braided river 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3729: 3728: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3462: 3461:HowStuffWorks 3458: 3451: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3406: 3405:Climate Adapt 3402: 3396: 3394: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2802: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2725: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629:Geomorphology 2626: 2619: 2617: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2571: 2570:pubs.usgs.gov 2567: 2560: 2558: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2364:. 6 June 2018 2363: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2323:. 6 June 2018 2322: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2238: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874:sewer systems 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1728:religion and 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648:on a boat by 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599:human history 1591: 1586: 1582: 1581:Sacred waters 1577: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1476: 1473:The Seine in 1471: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:New York City 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:Canal du Midi 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1289:textile mills 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1247: 1246:United States 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209:Ancient Roman 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1110:civilizations 1097: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:flood control 999: 995: 990: 985: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 938: 936: 932: 921: 919: 915: 911: 910:riparian zone 907: 903: 899: 891: 887: 882: 873: 871: 867: 863: 862:invertebrates 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 819: 815: 810: 791: 789: 785: 776: 771: 761: 759: 755: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 703: 699: 694: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 656: 651: 642: 639: 635: 631: 622: 613: 611: 607: 602: 597: 595: 587: 583: 578: 574: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 547:particle size 543: 539: 535: 527: 523: 518: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 446: 443: 439: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 408: 404: 399: 395: 393: 389: 388:Pacific Ocean 385: 381: 376: 372: 368: 365:. All of the 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 347:precipitation 344: 340: 331: 322: 320: 319:geomorphology 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 277: 275: 271: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186:civilizations 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:precipitation 113: 109: 105: 101: 98:, such as an 97: 93: 92:body of water 89: 85: 81: 78: 75:is a natural 74: 66: 62: 57: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5106:River valley 5015:Flash floods 4967:River cruise 4864:River sports 4717:Stream gauge 4702:Rouse number 4692:Relief ratio 4541:Flood-meadow 4472:Urban runoff 4386:Fluvial flow 4371:River valley 4341:River island 4306:Meander scar 4221:Alluvial fan 4163:Progradation 4038:Karst spring 3982:Winterbourne 3937:Chalk stream 3899:River source 3874:Distributary 3824: 3808: 3774:at Wikibooks 3710:. Retrieved 3705: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3602:. Retrieved 3598: 3567:. Retrieved 3562: 3528:. Retrieved 3524: 3515: 3503:. Retrieved 3491: 3464:. Retrieved 3460: 3450: 3438:. Retrieved 3433: 3409:. Retrieved 3404: 3380:. Retrieved 3376: 3366: 3333: 3329: 3286: 3248: 3244: 3202:. Retrieved 3197: 3188: 3160: 3154: 3068:. Retrieved 3064: 3037:. Retrieved 3033: 3001: 2867: 2863: 2836:. Retrieved 2832: 2810: 2788:. Retrieved 2784: 2757:. Retrieved 2753: 2728:. Retrieved 2717: 2684: 2680: 2632: 2628: 2603:. Retrieved 2599: 2573:. Retrieved 2569: 2531: 2527: 2497:. Retrieved 2492: 2483: 2471:. Retrieved 2467: 2458: 2448: 2420:. Retrieved 2416: 2391:. Retrieved 2387: 2378: 2366:. Retrieved 2361: 2325:. Retrieved 2320: 2277: 2253: 2107:Paraná River 1963:Amazon River 1922: 1906: 1865:storm drains 1857:Urban rivers 1855: 1833: 1818: 1786: 1746: 1730:Mesoamerican 1718:Jordan River 1694: 1631: 1596: 1576: 1559: 1535:Roman Empire 1518:Lamari River 1503: 1439:Hudson River 1423:River Thames 1415:urban rivers 1413:The role of 1412: 1376: 1348:urbanization 1345: 1314: 1281:manual labor 1253:Water wheels 1251: 1190: 1151: 1107: 1062: 1058: 1026: 1003: 947:Amazon River 944: 927: 895: 847: 823: 781: 770:Stream order 746: 726:Tidal rivers 707: 688:The terminus 660: 627: 598: 591: 571: 531: 522:Grand Canyon 479:river valley 452: 412: 336: 288: 242: 226:water wheels 183: 136: 72: 70: 67:or watershed 61:Amazon River 40: 5311:Aggradation 5262:Plunge pool 5229:Stream pool 5219:River mouth 5111:River delta 4876:Fly fishing 4800:Fish ladder 4785:Daylighting 4504:Flash flood 4467:First flush 4414:Plunge pool 4138:Downcutting 4123:Debris flow 4098:Aggradation 3972:Stream pool 3563:Environment 3251:: 228–244. 2785:Environment 2681:WIREs Water 2635:: 343–352. 2489:"Waterfall" 1995:Congo River 1929:dam removal 1829:fish ladder 1658:River Lethe 1514:territories 1391:cargo ships 1293:steam power 1277:Middle Ages 1269:trip hammer 1213:urban areas 1131:Indus River 1049:Na Hang Dam 601:floodplains 491:impermeable 423:groundwater 419:water table 409:, Argentina 339:water cycle 270:dam removal 243:Rivers and 139:confluences 108:water cycle 94:at a lower 5415:Categories 5362:Hack's law 5316:Base level 5257:Knickpoint 5184:Oxbow lake 5164:Floodplain 4982:Wild river 4662:Hydrograph 4652:Hack's law 4617:Baer's law 4561:Inundation 4546:Floodplain 4486:stormwater 4444:Whitewater 4316:Oxbow lake 4153:Knickpoint 4128:Deposition 4021:Hot spring 3962:Streamflow 3952:Stream bed 3869:Confluence 2726:. Sci News 2233:References 2147:Potamology 1933:pesticides 1851:dead zones 1843:Fertilizer 1827:for which 1793:absolution 1769:Ogun River 1646:River Styx 1638:underworld 1585:Flood myth 1579:See also: 1551:Rio Grande 1522:New Guinea 1486:See also: 1437:, and the 1364:automobile 1333:hydropower 1108:The first 1022:revetments 1014:reservoirs 973:Human uses 963:freshwater 754:triangular 714:reservoirs 678:stormwater 634:permafrost 467:confluence 355:headwaters 291:freshwater 285:Definition 280:Topography 265:extinction 86:or inside 77:freshwater 5340:Mechanics 5189:Point bar 5179:Mouth bar 5134:Anabranch 4952:Limnology 4901:Triathlon 4871:Canyoning 4840:Revetment 4770:Check dam 4682:Main stem 4439:Waterfall 4326:Point bar 4311:Mouth bar 4251:Billabong 4198:Water gap 4193:Wash load 4173:Saltation 4093:Anabranch 4016:Holy well 3904:Tributary 3683:1083-8155 3500:1059-1028 3358:1083-8155 2884:0003-0031 2709:2049-1948 2657:0169-555X 2216:Steamboat 2206:Riverboat 2185:Transport 2158:Crossings 2152:Limnology 2132:Salt tide 1835:Pollution 1627:mythology 1607:fertility 1567:Aswan Dam 1510:countries 1275:. 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