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1169:, judge-president of the Transvaal. The first trial indictment document listed 11 names as the accused. The trial began on the 6 October 1963 til 12 June 1964. Counsel for the accused successfully challenged the legal sufficiency of the document, with the result that Justice de Wet quashed it. Prior to dismissal of the first indictment, the state withdrew all charges against Bob Hepple, Hepple subsequently fled the country, without testifying, and stated "that he never had any intention of testifying". The second indictment thus only listed 10 out of the original 11 names, referring to them as Accused 1 through 10:
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1704:, close observers of the trial considered such a sentence to be implicit in the prosecutor's presentation of his case. Opposition to the death penalty included both public campaigns internationally, the United Nations, and the defence's arguments within the courtroom. Harold Hanson was called upon to argue in mitigation. He compared the African struggle for rights to the earlier Afrikaner's struggle, citing precedents for temperate sentencing, even in cases of treason. On 12 June 1964, eight defendants were sentenced to
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part of non-White
Africans, to go beyond its earlier use of constitutional methods and Gandhian non-violent opposition to the state, embracing a campaign of sabotage against property (designed to minimize risks of injury and death), while also starting to train a military wing for possible future use. He also discussed in some detail the relationship between the ANC and the SACP, explaining that, while the two shared a commitment to action against the
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1857:. In 2001, seven of the Dictabelts were digitised by the British Library. This included Nelson Mandela's "I am prepared to die" statement from the dock. In 2007, documents relating to the Criminal Court Case No. 253/1963 (State Versus N Mandela and Others) were recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2007. In 2012, NARSSA approached the French Institute of South Africa (IFAS) and the
53:
1676:
At the beginning of the defence's proceedings, Nelson
Mandela gave a three-hour speech from the defendant's dock, in which he explained and defended the ANC's key political positions. He justified the movement's decision, in view of the increasing restrictions on permitted political activity on the
1716:
There was no surprise in the fact that
Mandela, Sisulu, Mbeki, Motsoaledi, Mlangeni, and Goldberg were found guilty on all four counts. The defence had hoped that Mhlaba, Kathrada, and Bernstein might escape conviction because of the skimpiness of evidence that they were parties to the conspiracy,
1685:
Mandela's closing words have been much quoted. His statement that he was prepared to die for the cause was strongly resisted by his lawyers, who feared it might itself provoke a death sentence. In a concession to their concerns, Mandela inserted the words "if needs be". Speaking in the dock of the
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The accused all agreed that Kantor's defence could share nothing in common with the rest of the accused. He thus arranged a separate defence team. Denis Kuny (later counsel in the Bram
Fischer trial), was involved at the beginning of the trial defending Kantor. After State Prosecutor Yutar accused
1133:
The leaders who were prosecuted in the
Rivonia Trial also included Mandela, who was in Pretoria Local prison, where he was serving a five-year sentence for inciting workers to strike – trade unions were illegal for black workers – and leaving the country illegally.
1681:
system, he was wedded to a model of constitutional democracy for South Africa (he singled out the
British political model for particular praise), and also supported a market economy rather than a communist economic model. The speech is considered one of the founding moments of South African
1137:
The government took advantage of legal provisions allowing for accused persons to be held for 90 days without trial, and the defendants were held incommunicado. Withstanding beatings and torture, Goldreich, Jassat, Moolla and Wolpe escaped from jail on 11 August. Their escape infuriated the
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although undoubtedly they could be prosecuted on other charges. But Mhlaba too was found guilty on all counts, and
Kathrada, on one charge of conspiracy. Bernstein, however, was found not guilty. He was rearrested, released on bail, and placed under house arrest. Later he fled the country.
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During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the
African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal
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Nat Levy was attorney of record in
Pretoria for Mandela and the other accused, with the exception of Kantor, "who had no connection with the other defendants and was seemingly charged only as a proxy for his brother-in-law and law partner, Harold Wolpe." The defence team comprised
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him of having been on the mailing list of the
Communist Party, Kuny was debriefed and forced to withdraw. While Harold Hanson primarily represented Kantor, he was also invited to deliver the plea for mitigation for the other 9 accused. The defence line-up for Kantor was:
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moved onto the farm in October 1961 and evaded security police while masquerading as a gardener and cook called David Motsamayi. He was arrested on 5 August 1962 without the farm having been discovered.
2066:
Fran Buntman & Barbara Buntman (2010) ‘Old Synagogue’ and Apartheid Court: Constructing a South African Heritage Site, South African Historical Journal, 62:1, 183-201, DOI: 10.1080/02582471003778441
1876:" was organised to commemorate, discussing issues relating to the act of collecting, mapping, digitising and restoring archives and raising ethical questions that, in turn, become historical questions.
3068:"Rescuing the Rivonia Trial recordings, including extracts from the original Dictabelt recordings made in court, and restored to audible condition with technical assistance from the British Library"
1951:, which tells the story of the trial. (The title reflects Goldberg's words to his mother at the end of the trial on hearing that he and his comrades had been spared the death sentence).
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was released after spending 27 years and eight months in prison as a result of the Rivonia trial (18 years of which were spent on Robben Island). He was released by order of President
1240:(wife of Rusty Bernstein) approached Joffe after being rebuffed by other lawyers who claimed to be too busy or afraid to act for her husband. Joffe was subsequently also approached by
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was acquitted. Unsubstantiated evidence suggests that Hanson, in a private hearing with de Wet, persuaded him to commute the death sentence for high treason to life imprisonment.
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escaped from The Fort prison in Johannesburg while on remand after bribing a prison guard. After hiding in various safe houses for two months Goldreich and Wolpe escaped to
2350:"Historical Papers, Wits University, Authorisation in terms of Section 21(3) of Act 76 of 1962, and direction in terms of Section 152 BIS (1) of Act 56 of 1955, as amended"
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were all arrested by. They were detained under the General Law Amendment Act No 37 of 1963, which allowed for detention of up to ninety days. Other key leaders such as
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recruiting persons for training in the preparation and use of explosives and in guerrilla warfare for the purpose of violent revolution and committing acts of sabotage
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to act as lead counsel. Vernon Berrangé was also later recruited to join the team of advocates. The defence line-up for the majority of the accused was:
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The digitised recordings were officially returned to South Africa, in 2018, as part of Nelson Mandela's Centenary, a one-day international colloquium "
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1248:(wife of Nelson Mandela). Joffe agreed to act as attorney for all of the accused except Kantor, who would require separate counsel, and Bob Hepple.
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2680:"I am prepared to die : Nelson Mandela's statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the Rivonia Trial – NMF Archive"
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to start a process of digitisation and restoration of the rest of the Rivonia Trial sound archive. French engineer, historian and inventor,
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2705:"Criminal Court Case No. 253/1963 (State Versus N Mandela and Others) | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
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opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.
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Mlangeni, who died on 21 July 2020, was the last surviving Rivonia defendant following the death of Goldberg on 29 April same year.
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1447:, who had been serving as a member of the defence team, arrested and charged with the same crimes as Mandela and his co-accused.
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1853:, a now obsolete audio recording format. Nearly 250 hours of the trial proceedings were recorded on 591 Dictabelts, kept by the
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Church Square, the Old Synagogue and the Old Government Printing Work, Three historic places for testing strategic intervention
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1970:. It includes excerpts of interviews with some of the accused and others involved directly or indirectly in the trial.
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2298:"Historical Papers, Wits University, Indictment in the matter of: The State against "The National High Command""
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1739:(at that time the only security wing for white political prisoners in South Africa), where he served 22 years.
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1451:, a close friend and a politician, acted as his defence. After being dealt with aggressively by the prosecutor
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conspiring to commit the aforementioned acts and to aid foreign military units when they invaded the Republic
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1459:, who ruled that he had no case to answer. Following his release, Kantor fled the country. He died of a
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1865:, took a little over 15 months to edit and digitize 230 hours of recording using his own invention the
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Joffe initially secured the services of advocates Arthur Chaskalson and George Bizos, then persuaded
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2005:
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1928:, covers the story of the trial, focusing on the involvement of the lead counsel for the defence,
403:
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were released from the custody of the National Party government after spending 26 years each in
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1366:"Production requirements" for munitions for a six-month period were sufficient, the prosecutor
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2396:"Records of the Rivonia Treason Trial, State vs Nelson Mandela and Others; Second Indictment"
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was released from the custody of the National Party government after serving 24 years in the
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was released from the custody of the National Party government after spending 22 years in
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1966:), covers the story using actual audio recordings of the trial along with charcoal-style
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Rivonia's Children: Three Families and the Cost of Conscience in White South Africa
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after he also spent 28 years in prison. They were released by order of President
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1455:, who sought to portray him as a vital cog of MK, Kantor was discharged by Judge
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Listening to the Rivonia Trial : Courts, Archives and Liberation Movements
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prosecutors and police, who considered Goldreich to be "the arch-conspirator".
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after spending more than 6 years, and the co-founder and former leader of the
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The arrest of the MK high command members resulted in them being sentenced to
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685:-era South Africa between 9 October 1963 and 12 June 1964, after a group of
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Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)
3480:
2402:. Research Archives, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa - WITS
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1244:(wife of Walter Sisulu), Annie Goldberg (mother of Dennis Goldberg) and
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soliciting and receiving money for these purposes from sympathizers in
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972:
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791: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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A Simple Freedom: The Strong Mind of Robben Island Prisoner No. 468/64
27:
1963–64 arrest and trial of activist leaders in Pretoria, South Africa
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Saving Nelson Mandela: The Rivonia Trial and the Fate of South Africa
1967:
1918:
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Andrew Mlangeni (Accused No. 10); he was the last to testify on trial
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2730:"Rivonia Trial audio archive digitized » Soweto Life Magazine"
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Precedent & Possibility: The (ab)use of Law in South Africa
2655:"Rescuing the Rivonia Trial recordings – Sound and vision blog"
1339:
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1111:
537:
2920:
Drawing the Line: Toward an Aesthetics of Transitional Justice
2772:
1855:
National Archives and Records Service of South Africa (NARSSA)
4135:
2444:"Jimmy, the Rivonia Trial…and George Bizos' lamb-on-the-spit"
2082:
1437:
2980:
Hepple, Bob (2004). "Rivonia: The Story of Accused No. 11".
2965:. International Defence & Aid Fund for Southern Africa.
1377:
Kantor was discharged at the end of the prosecution's case.
979:
and others were not at the farm at the time of the arrests.
2226:"Trials and prisons chronology – Nelson Mandela Foundation"
1935:
In 2017 the two remaining survivors of the Rivonia trial –
1370:
said in his opening address, to blow up a city the size of
1335:
acting in these ways to further the objectives of communism
997:
994:, to others being arrested and to others going into exile.
3163:
Historical Papers of the Rivonia Trial, Digital Collection
2251:"Rivonia Trial 1963 - 1964 | South African History Online"
1424:
as a cover to deliver weapons to the ANC. From Swaziland,
2816:"Film Review: 'The State Against Mandela and the Others'"
2589:
2587:
1962:(written by journalist Nicolas Champeaux and directed by
697:. The farm had been the secret location for meetings of
2422:"Andrew Mlangeni: Last Mandela co-accused dies aged 95"
2364:
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Goldberg, Bernstein, Wolpe, Kantor, and Goldreich were
2611:
2584:
2572:
2502:
1700:
Although the prosecution did not formally request the
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and Sisulu was Xhosa (he had an English father and a
2846:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky.
2326:. University of Missouri-Kansas City. Archived from
2206:
2113:. University of Missouri-Kansas City. Archived from
1756:
white prison. He was released by order of President
1388:
against the South African government in some cases.
1145:
The Palace of Justice in Pretoria, site of the trial
2937:
2635:
2629:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2376:
2321:
5969:
2459:"The Nelson Mandela (Rivonia) Trial: An Account"
1203:Bob Hepple (Accused No. 11); he never testified.
4701:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
3174:Baileys African History Archive – Rivonia Trial
2111:"The Nelson Mandela(Rivonia) Trial: An Account"
1114:on his mother's; Jassat, Kathrada, Moolla were
3159:The prosecutor's account of the Rivonia Trial.
1845:Restoration of the Rivonia Trial sound archive
1771:prison. He was released by order of President
3897:
3808:"Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)" (song)
3303:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
3199:
1646:
1544:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
658:
3536:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
895:On 11 July 1963, the farm was raided by the
2278:. African National Congress. 1 January 2009
1859:French National Audiovisual Institute (INA)
1420:, who later helped to set up tour operator
871:. Various people and groups, including the
3904:
3890:
3602:Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation
3234:President of the African National Congress
3206:
3192:
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1943:– appeared in a documentary film entitled
1653:
1639:
1436:. Jassat and Moolla escaped into exile in
1428:was to charter a plane to take them on to
665:
651:
3016:
2938:Davis, Dennis; Le Roux, Michelle (2009).
2212:
2031:"Liliesleaf - Making a case for survival"
1384:and nations around the world, leading to
851:Learn how and when to remove this message
701:(MK), the newly-formed armed wing of the
4774:Reconstruction and Development Programme
3388:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2916:
2617:
2078:"Gradings: Site Reference: 9/2/228/0221"
2022:
1960:The State Against Mandela and the Others
1806:; and their release which also included
1720:
1572:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1148:
1140:
998:Those arrested and those who stood trial
981:
5998:Opposition to apartheid in South Africa
4370:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
3461:Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years
3165:at the University of the Witwatersrand.
3089:
2958:
2871:
2641:
2593:
2556:
2075:
606:Music in the movement against apartheid
14:
5970:
4851:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
2979:
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2382:
2108:
2076:Jackson, Clinton (12 September 2016).
1726:Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island
1482:This article is part of a series about
1443:Wolpe's escape saw his brother-in-law
3885:
3187:
3179:I am prepared to die speech – Mandela
2850:
2839:
2813:
2578:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2370:
2069:
2028:
863:The Rivonia Trial took its name from
3526:Nelson Mandela International Airport
3431:"I Am Prepared to Die" (1964 speech)
3090:Katwala, Sunder (11 February 2001).
1220:, who was the instructing attorney,
986:The thatched room at Liliesleaf Farm
789:adding citations to reliable sources
760:
4781:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
4427:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
3393:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3139:"On the trail of Mandela's handgun"
2188:"It was the struggle of a lifetime"
2060:
1665:
1577:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1416:dressed as priests with the aid of
1110:on his father's side and Dutch and
81:Coloured vote constitutional crisis
24:
3551:Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital
3213:
2557:Ebrahim, Shannon (17 March 2019).
2456:
2276:"Rivonia trial: The Rivonia Trial"
2155:
2029:Munro, Kathy (14 September 2021).
1849:The Rivonia Trial was recorded on
1210:
25:
6024:
5940:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
5568:South African Party (Cape Colony)
3445:Mandela: The Authorised Biography
3121:. 13 January 2006. Archived from
3040:
2048:
1981:List of massacres in South Africa
1686:court on 20 April 1964, he said:
1161:, deputy attorney-general of the
1118:; Mandela, Mbeki and Mhlaba were
1098:, prominent attorney and activist
5988:Events associated with apartheid
5952:
5951:
3864:
3863:
3348:state memorial service attendees
2400:historicalpapers-atom.wits.ac.za
1626:
1620:
1474:
1432:, a small town in south-eastern
1197:Elias Motsoaledi (Accused No. 9)
1188:Lionel Bernstein (Accused No. 6)
1047:, brother-in-law of Harold Wolpe
765:
634:
633:
596:Internal resistance to apartheid
51:
5582:South African Party (1977–1980)
5575:South African Party (1911–1934)
5491:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
5288:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
3017:Beresford, David (7 May 2003).
2807:
2790:
2765:
2748:
2722:
2697:
2672:
2647:
2550:
2477:
2450:
2436:
2414:
2388:
2324:"The Accused: 'The Rivonia 11'"
2268:
2243:
2218:
1382:United Nations Security Council
1380:The trial was condemned by the
1122:; Motsoaledi and Mlangeni were
877:Communist Party of South Africa
776:needs additional citations for
717:and led to the imprisonment of
681:was a trial that took place in
106:Church Street, Pretoria bombing
4900:2019 service delivery protests
4886:#FeesMustFall student protests
4631:1983 constitutional referendum
3516:Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate
3318:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
3225:18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013
3054:. South African History Online
2129:
1600:Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
1191:Raymond Mhlaba (Accused No. 7)
1185:Ahmed Kathrada (Accused No. 5)
1179:Denis Goldberg (Accused No. 3)
1173:Nelson Mandela (Accused No. 1)
1009:, architect and member of the
13:
1:
5358:Johannesburg Reform Committee
4587:Israel–South Africa Agreement
3980:
3965:
3942:
3935:
3783:International Tribute Concert
3650:Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
2899:Walter & Albertina Sisulu
2011:
1176:Walter Sisulu (Accused No. 2)
1011:South African Communist Party
5013:Black Consciousness Movement
4767:Government of National Unity
3793:"Free Nelson Mandela" (song)
3398:Constitution of South Africa
3383:Government of National Unity
3152:– via madiba.mg.co.za.
2057:University of Pretoria. 2015
2016:
1810:after spending 25 years for
1582:Constitution of South Africa
1567:Government of National Unity
1194:James Kantor (Accused No. 8)
571:Apartheid in popular culture
7:
4724:Saint James Church massacre
4610:Weapons of mass destruction
3521:Nelson Mandela Invitational
3266:1955 Congress of the People
3048:"Rivonia Trial 1963 - 1964"
2923:. Oxford University Press.
2857:. Oxford University Press.
2773:"Life is Wonderful Q&A"
2489:South Africa History Online
2322:Linder, Douglas O. (2010).
2109:Linder, Douglas O. (2010).
1974:
1742:
1520:1955 Congress of the People
1182:Govan Mbeki (Accused No. 4)
1023:engineer and leader of the
141:Saint James Church massacre
136:Assassination of Chris Hani
10:
6029:
4464:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
4342:South West Africa campaign
4241:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
4206:French Huguenot settlement
3826:Cape Town City Hall statue
3501:Mandela Rhodes Scholarship
3491:Nelson Mandela Institution
3256:Mandela and Tambo law firm
2851:Broun, Kenneth S. (2012).
2832:
2814:Lodge, Guy (22 May 2018).
2465:. U Missouri KC Law School
2163:"Professor Sir Bob Hepple"
2137:"Rivonia Trial 1963 -1964"
1879:
1695:
1669:
1510:Mandela and Tambo law firm
1391:
1320:
1165:. The presiding judge was
1153:Place of Justice interior.
756:
705:. The trial took place in
146:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis
5983:1964 in South African law
5978:1963 in South African law
5949:
5926:African National Congress
5915:
5821:
5654:
5379:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
5102:
5093:
4951:
4747:
4717:1992 apartheid referendum
4386:
4331:
4250:
4188:
4161:
4154:
3920:
3859:
3771:African National Congress
3763:
3700:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
3668:
3569:
3561:Nelson Mandela University
3471:
3453:Conversations With Myself
3421:
3363:
3243:
3228:President of South Africa
3221:
2994:10.1080/02533950408628669
2917:Clarkson, Carrol (2013).
2798:Life is Wonderful trailer
2559:"Denis Kuny: unsung hero"
2485:"Rivonia Trial 1963-1964"
2446:. SA People. 27 May 2011.
1552:President of South Africa
1310:H. C. Nicholas (advocate)
1157:The chief prosecutor was
873:African National Congress
749:. Many were convicted of
703:African National Congress
394:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
5372:Labour Party (1969–1994)
5365:Labour Party (1910–1958)
4921:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
4879:#RhodesMustFall protests
4478:1960 republic referendum
3682:Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
3541:Mandela National Stadium
3511:Nelson Mandela Challenge
3313:Mandela House and museum
2959:Mandela, Nelson (1979).
2944:. Juta and Company Ltd.
2840:Kathrada, Ahmed (2016).
2630:Davis & Le Roux 2009
2424:. BBC News. 22 July 2020
1304:Harold Hanson (advocate)
1268:(advocate, lead counsel)
687:anti-apartheid activists
581:Cape Qualified Franchise
5824:terrorist organisations
5624:National Party of Venda
4907:2019 Johannesburg riots
4520:Constructive engagement
4485:International isolation
4303:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
3846:Washington, D.C. statue
3408:Intervention in Lesotho
3343:Death and state funeral
2872:Frankel, Glenn (2011).
1991:The World That Was Ours
1911:The 2017 film entitled
1885:The 1966 film entitled
1820:Pan Africanist Congress
1754:Pretoria Central Prison
1733:Pretoria Central Prison
1731:Denis Goldberg went to
1615:Death and state funeral
1592:Intervention in Lesotho
1386:international sanctions
1307:George Lowen (advocate)
753:and sentenced to life.
611:Nostalgia for apartheid
6003:Trials in South Africa
4830:Attack on Kennedy Road
4441:Congress of the People
4032:South African Republic
3724:Zenani Mandela-Dlamini
3119:"TOWARD ROBBEN ISLAND"
2684:atom.nelsonmandela.org
1832:In 1990, 11 February;
1748:In 1985, 28 February;
1728:
1693:
1301:John Coaker (advocate)
1262:(instructing attorney)
1154:
1146:
987:
586:Disinvestment campaign
311:State Security Council
5400:Natal Indian Congress
5120:Afrikaner Broederbond
4974:Afrikaner nationalism
4760:1994 general election
4731:Bophuthatswana crisis
4624:Church Street bombing
4404:Apartheid legislation
4397:1948 general election
4317:South Africa Act 1909
4112:Union of South Africa
3932:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3912:Political history of
3546:Nelson Mandela Bridge
3531:Nelson Mandela Square
3333:90th Birthday Tribute
3328:70th Birthday Tribute
3298:Victor Verster Prison
2230:www.nelsonmandela.org
1958:documentary entitled
1778:In 1989, 15 October;
1763:In 1987, 5 November;
1724:
1688:
1152:
1144:
1104:Jewish South Africans
1025:Congress of Democrats
985:
576:Apartheid legislation
566:Afrikaner nationalism
126:Cape Town peace march
116:Trojan Horse Incident
76:1948 general election
5034:Greater South Africa
4872:2014 platinum strike
4738:Shell House massacre
4666:Transkei coup d'état
4471:Sharpeville massacre
4234:Battle of Blaauwberg
4227:Battle of Muizenberg
4179:Battle of Salt River
3962:Mthethwa Paramountcy
3798:"Mandela Day" (song)
3610:Mandela and de Klerk
3556:Ponts Nelson-Mandela
3486:Nelson Mandela Forum
3437:Long Walk to Freedom
3403:1995 Rugby World Cup
3169:Rivonia Trial Images
3052:www.sahistory.org.za
2962:I am prepared to die
2902:. New Africa Books.
2255:www.sahistory.org.za
2006:1964 in South Africa
2001:1963 in South Africa
1986:Little Rivonia Trial
1812:Little Rivonia Trial
1672:I Am Prepared to Die
1587:1995 Rugby World Cup
1536:I Am Prepared to Die
897:South African Police
785:improve this article
474:Eugène Terre'Blanche
344:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
151:Shell House massacre
121:Khotso House bombing
91:Sharpeville massacre
5993:History of Pretoria
5933:Democratic Alliance
5103:Civic and political
4967:Afrikaner Calvinism
4960:African nationalism
4809:African Renaissance
4499:UNSC Resolution 591
4420:Internal resistance
4321:National Convention
4289:Transvaal Civil War
4213:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
4096:Orange River Colony
3831:Johannesburg statue
3678:(great-grandfather)
3143:Mail & Guardian
3092:"The Rivonia Trial"
2734:sowetolifemag.co.za
2330:on 25 November 2010
2192:Mail & Guardian
2035:The Heritage Portal
1887:Der Rivonia-Prozess
967:, Stephen Dlamini,
621:Sullivan Principles
6013:Events in Pretoria
4673:Ciskei coup d'état
4492:UN Resolution 1761
4457:Women's March 1956
4310:South African Wars
4296:Mineral Revolution
3586:Death of Apartheid
3338:Awards and honours
3125:on 13 January 2006
2373:, pp. 43, 48.
2194:. 6 September 2013
2167:Squire Law Library
1996:1956 Treason Trial
1947:, directed by Sir
1922:An Act of Defiance
1729:
1610:Awards and honours
1155:
1147:
988:
206:Conservative Party
86:1956 Treason Trial
5965:
5964:
5918:political parties
5911:
5910:
5888:Orde van die Dood
5498:Progressive Party
5204:Congress Alliance
5020:Cape Independence
4952:Political culture
4947:
4946:
4914:COVID-19 pandemic
4844:Marikana massacre
4680:Venda coup d'état
4434:Defiance Campaign
4024:Orange Free State
3954:Dutch Cape Colony
3879:
3878:
3821:Atlanta sculpture
3353:funeral attendees
3261:UMkhonto we Sizwe
2951:978-1-77013-022-7
2930:978-0-8232-5415-6
2909:978-0-86486-639-4
2885:978-1-4314-0220-5
2864:978-0-19-991312-1
2736:. 11 October 2018
2632:, pp. 48–50.
2581:, pp. 122–3.
2511:, pp. 12–13.
2457:Linder, Douglas.
2352:. Wits University
2300:. Wits University
2141:SA History Online
1945:Life is Wonderful
1926:Jean van de Velde
1706:life imprisonment
1663:
1662:
1515:Umkhonto we Sizwe
1497:
1496:
1422:Africa Hinterland
1284:Arthur Chaskalson
1230:Arthur Chaskalson
992:life imprisonment
879:, had been using
861:
860:
853:
835:
711:Palace of Justice
699:uMkhonto we Sizwe
689:were arrested on
675:
674:
532:South-West Africa
16:(Redirected from
6020:
5955:
5954:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5822:Paramilitary and
5814:
5812:Umkosi Wezintaba
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5657:social movements
5655:Trade unions and
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5169:Boerestaat Party
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5100:
5099:
5086:
5077:
5068:
5059:
5052:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4940:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4659:Dakar Conference
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4589:
4582:
4580:Israeli alliance
4575:
4568:
4561:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4534:Sporting boycott
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4506:Academic boycott
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4363:Great Depression
4358:
4351:
4349:Maritz rebellion
4344:
4324:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4199:Dutch settlement
4181:
4174:
4172:Bantu migrations
4159:
4158:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4104:Transvaal Colony
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4072:Nieuwe Republiek
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4008:Natalia Republic
4003:
3995:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3977:Ndwandwe Kingdom
3972:
3970:
3967:
3957:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3867:
3866:
3803:"Rise Up" (song)
3718:Makaziwe Mandela
3712:Makgatho Mandela
3413:Mahlamba Ndlopfu
3293:Pollsmoor Prison
3208:
3201:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3157:Rivonia Unmasked
3153:
3151:
3149:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3013:
2976:
2955:
2934:
2913:
2889:
2878:. Jacana Media.
2868:
2847:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2778:. 13 August 2018
2777:
2769:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2701:
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2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
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2570:
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2542:
2536:
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2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
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2310:
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2294:
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2263:
2261:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
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2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2106:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2026:
1949:Nicholas Stadlen
1903:
1804:Pollsmoor Prison
1792:Elias Motsoaledi
1710:Lionel Bernstein
1666:Mandela's speech
1655:
1648:
1641:
1630:
1624:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1398:Arthur Goldreich
1362:, and elsewhere.
1242:Albertina Sisulu
1106:; Hepple was of
1081:Elias Motsoaledi
1030:Arthur Goldreich
1007:Lionel Bernstein
941:Elias Motsoaledi
909:Arthur Goldreich
901:Lionel Bernstein
887:, as a hideout.
885:Arthur Goldreich
856:
849:
845:
842:
836:
834:
793:
769:
761:
743:Elias Motsoaledi
667:
660:
653:
637:
636:
434:Albertina Sisulu
429:Benjamin Moloise
364:Arthur Goldreich
55:
32:
31:
21:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6017:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5316:HNP (Herstigte)
5314:
5309:HNP (Herenigde)
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5127:Afrikaner Party
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5095:
5089:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5055:
5046:
5041:Honorary whites
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5002:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4943:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4802:Soweto bombings
4800:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4603:Soweto Uprising
4601:
4594:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4527:Tar Baby Option
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:Freedom Charter
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4327:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4048:Griqualand West
4046:
4040:Griqualand East
4038:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3916:
3910:
3880:
3875:
3855:
3841:Pretoria statue
3759:
3750:(granddaughter)
3738:(granddaughter)
3736:Ndileka Mandela
3664:
3570:Film depictions
3565:
3473:
3467:
3423:
3417:
3359:
3308:Liliesleaf Farm
3271:Freedom Charter
3239:
3226:
3217:
3212:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3080:
3078:
3076:British Library
3066:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3019:"Walter Sisulu"
2982:Social Dynamics
2973:
2952:
2931:
2910:
2886:
2865:
2835:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2320:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2143:. 31 March 2011
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2117:on 20 July 2010
2107:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
1977:
1941:Andrew Mlangeni
1924:), directed by
1897:
1882:
1847:
1788:Andrew Mlangeni
1745:
1698:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1596:
1556:
1548:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1426:Vernon Berrangé
1402:Abdulhay Jassat
1394:
1323:
1272:Vernon Berrangé
1238:Hilda Bernstein
1226:Vernon Berrangé
1213:
1211:Defence lawyers
1108:English descent
1071:Andrew Mlangeni
1040:Abdulhay Jassat
1002:Arrested were:
1000:
933:Andrew Mlangeni
917:Abdulhay Jassat
881:Liliesleaf Farm
857:
846:
840:
837:
800:"Rivonia Trial"
794:
792:
782:
770:
759:
747:Andrew Mlangeni
691:Liliesleaf Farm
671:
626:
625:
601:Kairos Document
591:Freedom Charter
561:
553:
552:
536:
507:
499:
498:
329:Vernon Berrangé
324:
316:
315:
276:Security Branch
166:
156:
155:
101:Soweto uprising
71:
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6026:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6008:Nelson Mandela
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5963:
5962:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5881:Ossewabrandwag
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5827:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5617:Unionist Party
5613:
5606:
5599:
5596:Torch Commando
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5470:Orde Boerevolk
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5246:DP (1989–2000)
5242:
5239:DP (1973–1977)
5235:
5232:Dominion Party
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5113:Afrikaner Bond
5108:
5106:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5078:
5069:
5060:
5053:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5027:Day of the Vow
5023:
5016:
5009:
5000:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4795:Floor crossing
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4710:Bisho massacre
4706:
4705:
4704:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4652:Operation Vula
4648:
4645:Rubicon speech
4641:
4638:Langa massacre
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4400:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4356:Rand Rebellion
4352:
4345:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4282:Boer Republics
4278:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4128:Bophuthatswana
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4088:Klein Vrystaat
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3973:
3958:
3950:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:Nelson Mandela
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3748:Zoleka Mandela
3745:
3742:Mandla Mandela
3739:
3733:
3730:Zindzi Mandela
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3688:Nosekeni Fanny
3685:
3679:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3642:Winnie Mandela
3638:
3630:
3622:
3618:Goodbye Bafana
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:46664 concerts
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:Nelson Mandela
3211:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3135:
3115:
3087:
3064:
3042:
3041:External links
3039:
3037:
3036:
3014:
2988:(1): 193–217.
2977:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2935:
2929:
2914:
2908:
2894:Sisulu, Elinor
2890:
2884:
2869:
2863:
2848:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2806:
2789:
2764:
2747:
2721:
2696:
2671:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2608:, p. 202.
2598:
2596:, p. 258.
2583:
2571:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2476:
2449:
2435:
2413:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2341:
2311:
2289:
2267:
2242:
2217:
2213:Beresford 2003
2205:
2179:
2154:
2128:
2096:
2068:
2059:
2047:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1952:
1937:Denis Goldberg
1933:
1909:
1906:Nelson Mandela
1881:
1878:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:F. W. de Klerk
1834:Nelson Mandela
1830:
1827:F. W. de Klerk
1823:Jafta Masemola
1784:Raymond Mhlaba
1780:Ahmed Kathrada
1776:
1761:
1750:Denis Goldberg
1744:
1741:
1719:
1718:
1697:
1694:
1670:Main article:
1667:
1664:
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1660:
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1540:
1539:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1489:Nelson Mandela
1479:
1465:
1464:
1457:Quartus de Wet
1441:
1393:
1390:
1364:
1363:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1325:Charges were:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1246:Winnie Mandela
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1167:Quartus de Wet
1116:Indian Muslims
1100:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1087:and ANC member
1078:
1073:
1068:
1066:Raymond Mhlaba
1063:
1058:
1056:Nelson Mandela
1053:
1051:Ahmed Kathrada
1048:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1017:Denis Goldberg
1014:
999:
996:
929:Raymond Mhlaba
921:Ahmed Kathrada
905:Denis Goldberg
889:Nelson Mandela
867:, a suburb of
859:
858:
773:
771:
764:
758:
755:
739:Raymond Mhlaba
735:Denis Goldberg
731:Ahmed Kathrada
719:Nelson Mandela
673:
672:
670:
669:
662:
655:
647:
644:
643:
642:
641:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
560:Related topics
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
540:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
491:
486:
484:H. F. Verwoerd
481:
476:
471:
466:
464:Adelaide Tambo
461:
456:
454:Robert Sobukwe
451:
446:
444:J. G. Strijdom
441:
436:
431:
426:
424:Raymond Mhlaba
421:
416:
411:
409:Nelson Mandela
406:
401:
396:
391:
389:Albert Luthuli
386:
384:Ahmed Kathrada
381:
376:
374:Bantu Holomisa
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
349:F. W. de Klerk
346:
341:
336:
331:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
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303:
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266:National Party
263:
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233:
228:
223:
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208:
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62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6025:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5960:
5959:
5948:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5798:Die Spoorbund
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
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5743:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5722:
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5715:
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5708:
5704:
5701:
5697:
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5690:
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5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5653:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:Workers Party
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5512:Radio Freedom
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5463:Oranjewerkers
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
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5408:
5404:
5401:
5397:
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5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:
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5352:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5334:
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5327:
5324:
5320:
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5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:organisations
5101:
5098:
5096:organisations
5092:
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4893:Tshwane riots
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4617:Project Coast
4614:
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4597:
4596:Mafeje affair
4593:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4566:Durban Moment
4563:
4560:
4559:Rivonia Trial
4556:
4549:
4545:
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4538:
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4513:Disinvestment
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4268:1820 Settlers
4265:
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3836:London statue
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3754:Ndaba Mandela
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3671:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3658:Mandela's Gun
3655:
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3647:
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3643:
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3404:
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3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:1994 election
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
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3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Robben Island
3286:
3284:
3283:Rivonia Trial
3281:
3279:
3278:Treason Trial
3276:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
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3015:
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2999:
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2974:
2972:9780904759297
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2700:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2620:, p. 85.
2619:
2618:Clarkson 2013
2614:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2575:
2560:
2553:
2547:, p. 29.
2546:
2541:
2535:, p. 18.
2534:
2529:
2523:, p. 15.
2522:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2464:
2463:Famous Trials
2460:
2453:
2445:
2439:
2423:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
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2183:
2168:
2164:
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2138:
2132:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1891:Jürgen Goslar
1888:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:Henri Chamoux
1860:
1856:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:Wilton Mkwayi
1805:
1801:
1800:Robben Island
1797:
1796:Walter Sisulu
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:Robben Island
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1737:Robben Island
1734:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:death penalty
1692:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1673:
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1637:
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1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:1994 election
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:Rivonia Trial
1528:
1526:
1525:Treason Trial
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:Harry Schwarz
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
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1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1314:Harry Schwarz
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1290:Harold Hanson
1288:
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1270:
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1199:
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1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:Walter Sisulu
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
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1059:
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1038:
1036:
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1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
995:
993:
984:
980:
978:
977:Wilton Mkwayi
974:
970:
966:
965:Moses Mabhida
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:Walter Sisulu
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
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878:
874:
870:
866:
855:
852:
844:
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802: –
801:
797:
796:Find sources:
790:
786:
780:
779:
774:This section
772:
768:
763:
762:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:Walter Sisulu
720:
716:
715:Old Synagogue
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Rivonia Trial
668:
663:
661:
656:
654:
649:
648:
646:
645:
640:
632:
631:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
616:Project Coast
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
557:
556:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:Robben Island
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
503:
502:
495:
492:
490:
489:B. J. Vorster
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
439:Walter Sisulu
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
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370:
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319:
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282:
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267:
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232:
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219:
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214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:Organisations
160:
159:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
111:Vaal uprising
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
96:Rivonia Trial
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Rivonia trial
5956:
5916:Histories of
5610:United Party
5519:Reform Party
5456:Orangia Unie
5081:
5072:
5065:Swart gevaar
5063:
5047:
5003:
4994:
4935:
4837:Blikkiesdorp
4558:
4163:Pre-colonial
4016:Natal Colony
4000:Zulu Kingdom
3914:South Africa
3868:
3813:
3788:Madiba shirt
3706:Graça Machel
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3282:
3146:. Retrieved
3142:
3127:. Retrieved
3123:the original
3107:. Retrieved
3096:The Guardian
3095:
3079:. Retrieved
3071:
3056:. Retrieved
3051:
3028:. Retrieved
3024:The Guardian
3022:
2985:
2981:
2961:
2940:
2919:
2898:
2874:
2853:
2842:
2819:. Retrieved
2809:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2767:
2756:Bram Fischer
2755:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2733:
2724:
2712:. Retrieved
2708:
2699:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:
2649:
2642:Mandela 1979
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2594:Frankel 2011
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2462:
2452:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2399:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:the original
2302:. Retrieved
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:
2220:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2191:
2182:
2170:. Retrieved
2166:
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:the original
2087:. Retrieved
2081:
2071:
2062:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:
2024:
1964:Gilles Porte
1959:
1944:
1930:Bram Fischer
1921:
1914:Bram Fischer
1912:
1895:Simon Sabela
1889:directed by
1886:
1871:
1848:
1816:Oscar Mpetha
1730:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1675:
1619:
1550:
1549:
1529:
1461:heart attack
1445:James Kantor
1418:Mannie Brown
1410:Harold Wolpe
1406:Moosa Moolla
1379:
1376:
1372:Johannesburg
1365:
1324:
1295:
1278:George Bizos
1266:Bram Fischer
1253:Bram Fischer
1250:
1234:George Bizos
1222:Bram Fischer
1214:
1206:
1156:
1136:
1132:
1120:Xhosa people
1101:
1096:Harold Wolpe
1076:Moosa Moolla
1045:James Kantor
1001:
989:
957:Moses Kotane
953:Oliver Tambo
949:Harold Wolpe
937:Moosa Moolla
894:
869:Johannesburg
862:
847:
838:
828:
821:
814:
807:
795:
783:Please help
778:verification
775:
678:
676:
517:District Six
479:Desmond Tutu
469:Oliver Tambo
459:Helen Suzman
359:Bram Fischer
95:
29:
5049:Rooi gevaar
4928:2021 unrest
4858:Nkandlagate
4687:Third Force
4548:Rugby union
4146:(1981–1994)
4138:(1979–1994)
4130:(1977–1994)
4122:(1976–1994)
4114:(1910–1961)
4106:(1902–1910)
4098:(1902–1910)
4090:(1886–1891)
4082:(1885–1887)
4074:(1884–1888)
4066:(1882–1885)
4058:(1882–1883)
4050:(1870–1873)
4042:(1861–1879)
4034:(1856–1902)
4026:(1854–1902)
4018:(1843–1910)
4010:(1839–1843)
4002:(1816–1897)
3994:(1795–1910)
3992:Cape Colony
3984: 1780
3969: 1780
3956:(1652–1806)
3946: 1220
3939: 1075
3851:Ismail Ayob
3694:Evelyn Mase
3676:Ngubengcuka
3481:Mandela Day
3236:(1991–1997)
3230:(1994–1999)
3072:blogs.bl.uk
2659:blogs.bl.uk
2606:Sisulu 2011
2383:Hepple 2004
2235:5 September
2198:3 September
2172:3 September
1898: [
1867:Archeophone
1773:P. W. Botha
1765:Govan Mbeki
1758:P. W. Botha
1735:instead of
1682:democracy.
1453:Percy Yutar
1368:Percy Yutar
1159:Percy Yutar
1085:trade union
1061:Govan Mbeki
925:Govan Mbeki
883:, owned by
727:Govan Mbeki
419:Thabo Mbeki
414:Govan Mbeki
404:D. F. Malan
399:Mac Maharaj
334:P. W. Botha
261:Broederbond
5972:Categories
5867:Greyshirts
5631:Volksparty
5162:Black Sash
4823:Xenophobia
4816:Travelgate
4573:Border War
4377:Bantustans
4275:Great Trek
4220:Xhosa Wars
4080:Upingtonia
4064:Stellaland
3756:(grandson)
3744:(grandson)
3732:(daughter)
3726:(daughter)
3720:(daughter)
3472:Legacy and
3378:Presidency
3365:Presidency
3323:The Elders
3251:Early life
2740:27 October
2714:27 October
2709:unesco.org
2689:27 October
2664:27 October
2579:Broun 2012
2545:Joffe 2013
2533:Broun 2012
2521:Broun 2012
2509:Joffe 2013
2494:29 October
2371:Broun 2012
2121:2 November
2012:References
1851:Dictabelts
1605:The Elders
1505:Early life
1316:(advocate)
1292:(advocate)
1286:(advocate)
1280:(advocate)
1274:(advocate)
1260:Joel Joffe
1218:Joel Joffe
1035:Bob Hepple
973:Alfred Nzo
969:Joe Modise
913:Bob Hepple
811:newspapers
527:Sophiatown
494:Jacob Zuma
379:Joel Joffe
369:Chris Hani
354:Ruth First
339:Steve Biko
196:Black Sash
5083:Volkstaat
5074:Uitlander
5005:Boerehaat
4981:Anarchism
4788:Arms Deal
4751:apartheid
4411:Pass laws
4388:Apartheid
4333:1910–1948
4252:1815–1910
4190:1652–1815
3474:namesakes
3422:Books and
3104:0261-3077
3030:13 August
3010:219696818
3002:0253-3952
2356:28 August
2334:28 August
2304:28 August
2017:Citations
1968:animation
1679:apartheid
1414:Swaziland
1163:Transvaal
1130:mother).
1021:Cape Town
961:Joe Slovo
841:June 2022
683:apartheid
548:Vlakplaas
512:Bantustan
449:Joe Slovo
45:Apartheid
5958:Category
5860:Boeremag
5351:Jeugkrag
5302:Het Volk
4996:Baasskap
4938:incident
4541:Olympics
4120:Transkei
3923:polities
3921:Defunct
3870:Category
3690:(mother)
3684:(father)
3634:Invictus
3424:speeches
3148:26 April
3129:26 April
3109:26 April
3081:26 April
3058:26 April
2896:(2011).
2821:15 April
2782:23 April
2564:23 April
2469:1 August
2406:26 April
1975:See also
1743:Releases
1463:in 1974.
1434:Botswana
1348:Ethiopia
751:sabotage
713:and the
707:Pretoria
639:Category
543:Sun City
37:a series
35:Part of
5763:SAAPAWU
5094:Defunct
5057:Slavery
4261:Mfecane
3776:history
3764:Related
3626:Endgame
3594:Mandela
3578:Mandela
2833:Sources
2803:YouTube
2776:(video)
2428:22 July
2147:30 July
2089:30 July
2040:30 July
1954:A 2018
1880:In film
1696:Results
1430:Lobatse
1392:Escapes
1360:Tunisia
1356:Nigeria
1352:Liberia
1344:Algeria
1321:Charges
865:Rivonia
825:scholar
757:Origins
709:at the
695:Rivonia
5714:FOSATU
5561:SAYRCO
5533:SADECO
5449:Occupy
4988:Azania
4936:Lady R
4865:Racism
4694:CODESA
4155:Events
4144:Ciskei
4056:Goshen
3986:–1819)
3971:–1817)
3708:(wife)
3702:(wife)
3696:(wife)
3669:Family
3660:(2016)
3652:(2013)
3644:(2011)
3636:(2009)
3628:(2009)
3620:(2007)
3612:(1997)
3604:(1996)
3596:(1996)
3588:(1995)
3580:(1987)
3463:(2017)
3455:(2010)
3447:(1999)
3439:(1994)
3102:
3008:
3000:
2969:
2948:
2927:
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2882:
2861:
2282:17 May
2260:17 May
1956:French
1408:, and
1340:Uganda
1124:Sothos
1112:Jewish
1013:(SACP)
827:
820:
813:
806:
798:
538:Soweto
506:Places
323:People
271:COSATU
221:FOSATU
131:CODESA
66:Events
5895:PAGAD
5791:SATUC
5784:SARHU
5770:SACTU
5749:NURHS
5707:FNETU
5693:CTSWU
5686:CNETU
5679:BLATU
5554:SAYCO
5442:NUSAS
5323:IDASA
5134:AITUP
4749:Post-
4136:Venda
3714:(son)
3006:S2CID
2083:SAHRA
1902:]
1893:with
1438:India
1128:Xhosa
832:JSTOR
818:books
5902:SANF
5832:APLA
5777:SAIF
5756:PAWE
5742:NEUM
5735:MUSA
5700:FCWU
5645:WOSA
5589:TNIP
5547:SASO
5540:SAIC
5526:SABP
5477:PAVN
5211:COSG
5190:CTEG
5183:CNIP
3816:(EP)
3244:Life
3150:2023
3131:2023
3111:2023
3100:ISSN
3083:2023
3060:2023
3032:2014
2998:ISSN
2967:ISBN
2946:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2859:ISBN
2823:2019
2784:2019
2761:IMDb
2742:2018
2716:2018
2691:2018
2666:2018
2566:2019
2496:2018
2471:2023
2430:2020
2408:2023
2358:2015
2336:2015
2306:2015
2284:2022
2262:2022
2237:2022
2200:2020
2174:2020
2149:2018
2123:2017
2091:2023
2042:2023
1939:and
1802:and
1794:and
1232:and
1019:, a
947:and
875:and
804:news
677:The
306:SACP
296:SAMA
291:SAIC
286:SADF
281:SACC
176:APLA
5853:BBB
5846:AWB
5839:ARM
5805:UDF
5728:IWW
5721:ICU
5672:BCM
5665:APF
5603:UFP
5505:PRP
5484:PFP
5435:NRP
5428:NPP
5414:NNP
5407:NLP
5393:NCP
5344:ISL
5295:GNP
5267:ECC
5260:DSM
5253:DPP
5225:DLF
5197:COD
5176:CDA
5155:BPC
5148:AVF
5141:APO
2990:doi
2801:on
2759:at
1919:aka
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787:by
693:in
301:SAP
256:UDF
251:PAC
241:HNP
236:PFP
216:ECC
201:CCB
191:BBB
186:AWB
181:IFP
171:ANC
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5874:MK
5421:NP
5386:NA
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