70:
63:
1536:
1526:
294:
occupation, but conclusively demonstrating that they were made by human hands, and that they were as old as suspected, proved difficult. In 1985, Rendell and
Dennell published a paper in which they argued that some of the Riwat artefacts could be dated to the Lower Palaeolithic, between 400,000 and
331:
with little preparation or forethought. As a result of this and their great age, they can be difficult to distinguish from pieces of stone that were flaked through natural processes, such as rolling down a slope. Dennell therefore analysed the Riwat assemblage for characteristic features of human
223:
The site was discovered in 1983. The artifacts consist of flakes and cores made of quartzite. The collection of pebble tools is claimed to be 1.9 million years old and has been disputed because the artifacts weren't found in their original context. The claims of the dating of the site are being
396:) that they considered likely to be artefactual. They were also able to document that out of more than 1,000 stones in the same deposit, none were flaked (indicating that they were not deposited in an environment where natural flaking was common).
336:
and ripple marks, indicating that significant force was applied to the core in a single place; a large number of flakes struck from the same core, using up a majority of the core's original surface; flakes struck from different directions; and
295:
700,000 years ago. Later, in 1988, they selected six artefacts which they argued were as much as two million years old, and therefore the earliest evidence of humans outside of Africa known at the time.
946:
R. W. Dennell, H. M. Rendell, M. Halim, E. Moth, "A 45,000-Years-Old open-air
Paleolithic Site at Riwat, Northern Pakistan", Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 1. (Spring, 1992), pp. 17–33.
244:(1988–1999). In the early 1980s, the mission set out to investigate the earliest periods in the prehistory of Pakistan, which at that point were only poorly understood, based on the work of
275:
in good condition, and therefore decided to open an excavation, which was conducted over two seasons by
Dennell and Pakistani archaeologist M. Halim. The site was dated to the
286:, decided to survey the area around Riwat for more Palaeolithic sites. They noted several finds which appeared to be older than those at Site 55, perhaps indicating a
392:
A further seven pieces were described as possibly manufactured by hominids, but "equivocal". In 1988 Dennell and his team revisited Riwat and found another flake (
1565:
358:
with the flaked surfaces embedded in the gully side, ruling out the possibility that it had been flaked after eroding out of its original context.
283:
1031:
Allchin, Bridget (1986). "Earliest traces of man in the Potwar
Plateau, Pakistan: a report of the British Archaeological Mission to Pakistan".
1471:
1245:
1295:
932:
348:– a core with six or seven flakes removed, in different directions, leaving only 35% of the original surface untouched. It was found
1560:
860:
651:
1130:
Dennell, R. W.; Rendell, H.; Hailwood, E. (1988). "Early tool-making in Asia: two-million-year-old artefacts in
Pakistan".
1383:
1285:
670:
1506:
1211:
1010:
983:
105:
817:
1529:
1238:
1000:
62:
973:
351:
1570:
1165:
Dennell, R. W.; Rendell, H. M.; Hailwood, E. (1988). "Late
Pliocene Artefacts from Northern Pakistan".
252:
in the 1930s. One of the localities described by de Terra and
Paterson was a place near the village of
1066:
21:
1330:
1231:
853:
583:
495:
388:– a core with one very large flake and seven smaller flakes removed, with a clear bulb of percussion.
1575:
1511:
304:
1419:
1413:
1090:
Rendell, H.; Dennell, R. W. (1985). "Dated Lower
Palaeolithic Artefacts From Northern Pakistan".
755:
1393:
341:. Based on this analysis, he presented six pieces which he considered likely to be artefacts:
1201:
1325:
904:
879:
810:
632:
614:
1539:
1403:
1398:
1275:
846:
8:
1481:
1476:
874:
730:
608:
420:
1358:
742:
511:
333:
287:
233:
181:
145:
664:
1501:
1466:
1207:
1182:
1147:
1107:
1048:
1006:
979:
959:
894:
774:
748:
700:
563:
477:
433:
338:
291:
276:
204:
232:
Riwat was discovered by the
British Archaeological Mission to Pakistan, directed by
1496:
1491:
1486:
1353:
1290:
1270:
1254:
1174:
1139:
1099:
1040:
889:
797:
638:
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522:
450:
446:
324:
93:
1044:
1388:
1378:
724:
620:
245:
237:
176:
1335:
779:
768:
249:
1143:
688:
1554:
1443:
1186:
1151:
1111:
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823:
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712:
268:
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241:
212:
196:
171:
120:
107:
36:
23:
1430:
308:
960:"A 45,000-Years-Old open-air Paleolithic Site at Riwat, Northern Pakistan"
1448:
1262:
925:
Thermoluminescence Dating of an Upper
Pleistocene Site, Northern Pakistan
718:
676:
408:
328:
257:
200:
1458:
1368:
1300:
836:
694:
658:
531:
489:
352:
320:
272:
264:
89:
1345:
762:
706:
682:
543:
471:
316:
260:
943:, Current Anthropology, Vol. 29, No. 3 (June 1988), pp. 495–498
263:
deposits could be found eroding out of the ridges and slopes of the
1438:
1363:
1320:
1310:
1280:
1223:
1178:
1103:
803:
791:
644:
602:
416:
208:
933:
The African Emergence and Early Asian Dispersals of the Genus Homo
1373:
1315:
899:
884:
736:
626:
549:
537:
483:
465:
459:
596:
1408:
327:) were very simple, consisting of large flakes struck from a
312:
215:, shows a later occupation dated to around 45,000 years ago.
1206:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–139.
975:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors
1164:
1129:
282:At the same time, Dennell, together with geologist
1552:
941:Late Pliocene Artefacts from Northern Pakistan
939:R. W. Dennell, H. M. Rendell and E. Hailwood,
311:that were found at the base of a deeply eroded
1089:
271:, in 1983, the mission discovered prehistoric
1239:
1002:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Volume 1
854:
16:Paleolithic site in Punjab, northern Pakistan
1535:
1525:
1246:
1232:
861:
847:
998:
267:. Revisiting the site, which they called
1566:Archaeological sites in Punjab, Pakistan
978:. I.B. Tauris. 2012-12-11. p. 312.
1472:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1199:
1030:
307:at Riwat consists of sixteen pieces of
1553:
1005:. Oxford University Press. p. 9.
918:Early Tool Making: An Asian Connection
1227:
1067:"Professor Robin Dennell - Biography"
323:used by hominins in this period (the
1253:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1203:The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia
930:Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon,
923:Rendell, H. and Dennell, R.W. 1987
13:
1286:List of Paleolithic sites in China
671:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
14:
1587:
1507:List of Bronze Age sites in China
1118:
1059:
1019:
999:Silberman, Neil (November 2012).
376:– a core with two flakes removed.
1534:
1524:
68:
61:
1561:1983 archaeological discoveries
1193:
1158:
1083:
992:
966:
952:
1:
1045:10.1080/02666030.1986.9628347
910:
570:
518:
440:
298:
69:
227:
7:
1359:Early Neolithic settlements
936:, American Scientist (1996)
927:. Geoarchaeology 2, 63–67.
399:
364:– a small, retouched flake.
10:
1592:
279:, about 45,000 years ago.
1520:
1457:
1429:
1344:
1261:
1216:– via Google Books.
1144:10.1017/S0003598X00073555
584:Initial Upper Paleolithic
224:continuously researched.
164:
156:
151:
141:
136:
99:
85:
56:
1512:Seima-Turbino phenomenon
315:. With the exception of
1420:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
1414:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
1296:Paleolithic Mesopotamia
1200:Dennell, Robin (2008).
303:The Lower Palaeolithic
256:where artefact-bearing
218:
211:. Another site, called
1530:Archaeological periods
920:, Science News (1988).
1326:South Asian Stone Age
905:South Asian Stone Age
880:Early human migration
77:Shown within Pakistan
1404:Neolithic South Asia
1399:Neolithic Revolution
1276:Japanese Paleolithic
1167:Current Anthropology
1092:Current Anthropology
1071:University of Exeter
350:
1482:Bronze Age Caucasus
1477:Bronze Age Anatolia
1033:South Asian Studies
875:History of Pakistan
334:bulbs of percussion
288:Middle Palaeolithic
117: /
53:
33: /
1369:Trialetian culture
512:Middle Paleolithic
292:Lower Palaeolithic
277:Upper Palaeolithic
234:F. Raymond Allchin
182:F. Raymond Allchin
146:Lower Palaeolithic
51:
1571:Paleolithic sites
1548:
1547:
1502:Bronze Age Levant
1467:Andronovo culture
1374:Nemrikian culture
895:Madrasian culture
871:
870:
564:Upper Paleolithic
434:Lower Paleolithic
240:(1977–1987), and
190:
189:
1583:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1497:Bronze Age Korea
1492:Bronze Age India
1487:Bronze Age China
1364:Khiamian culture
1354:Fertile Crescent
1291:Natufian culture
1271:Dmanisi hominins
1255:Prehistoric Asia
1248:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1028:
1017:
1016:
996:
990:
989:
970:
964:
963:
956:
890:Prehistoric Asia
863:
856:
849:
590:Fertile Crescent
578:
572:
526:
520:
454:
445:
442:
404:
403:
382:– a large flake.
370:– a small flake.
354:
325:Oldowan industry
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
72:
71:
65:
54:
50:
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1576:Murree District
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1516:
1453:
1425:
1394:Neolithic Korea
1389:Neolithic Tibet
1384:Neolithic China
1379:Zarzian culture
1340:
1257:
1252:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1163:
1159:
1138:(234): 98–106.
1128:
1119:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1029:
1020:
1013:
997:
993:
986:
972:
971:
967:
958:
957:
953:
913:
867:
830:
829:
685:(41,000-37,000)
665:Châtelperronian
579:
568:
566:
556:
555:
527:
516:
514:
504:
503:
474:(1.76–0.13 Ma)
455:
443:
438:
436:
402:
356:
301:
246:Helmut de Terra
238:Bridget Allchin
230:
221:
186:
177:Bridget Allchin
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
81:
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78:
75:
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73:
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1336:Xiaochangliang
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1192:
1179:10.1086/203666
1173:(3): 495–498.
1157:
1117:
1104:10.1086/203287
1082:
1058:
1018:
1011:
991:
984:
965:
950:
949:
948:
947:
944:
937:
928:
921:
912:
909:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
869:
868:
866:
865:
858:
851:
843:
840:
839:
832:
831:
828:
827:
821:
808:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
772:
769:Iberomaurusian
766:
753:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
727:(15.5–13.1 ka)
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
649:
648:
647:(12.2–10.8 ka)
642:
641:(14.5–11.5 ka)
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
587:
586:
580:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
547:
541:
535:
528:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
500:
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493:
487:
481:
469:
463:
456:
432:
431:
428:
427:
412:
411:
401:
398:
390:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
332:modification:
300:
297:
250:T. T. Paterson
229:
226:
220:
217:
188:
187:
185:
184:
179:
174:
168:
166:
165:Archaeologists
162:
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133:
101:
97:
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66:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1588:
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1569:
1567:
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1562:
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1531:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
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1500:
1498:
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1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Halaf culture
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:(Mesopotamia)
1421:
1418:
1416:(Mesopotamia)
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1215:
1213:9781316583074
1209:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1012:9780199735785
1008:
1004:
1003:
995:
987:
985:9781780760605
981:
977:
976:
969:
961:
955:
951:
945:
942:
938:
935:
934:
929:
926:
922:
919:
915:
914:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
845:
844:
842:
841:
838:
834:
833:
825:
824:Afontova Gora
822:
819:
818:Mal'ta–Buret'
816:
815:
814:
812:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
760:
759:
757:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:Epigravettian
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
655:
653:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:
593:
591:
585:
582:
581:
576:
565:
560:
559:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
529:
524:
513:
508:
507:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
452:
448:
435:
430:
429:
425:
424:
418:
414:
413:
410:
406:
405:
397:
395:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
355:
347:
344:
343:
342:
340:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
293:
289:
285:
284:Helen Rendell
280:
278:
274:
270:
269:Riwat Site 55
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:Robin Dennell
239:
235:
225:
216:
214:
213:Riwat Site 55
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Rawat, Murree
194:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:Robin Dennell
170:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
147:
144:
140:
135:
130:
121:33.5°N 73.2°E
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
64:
55:
49:
46:
37:33.5°N 73.2°E
1540:Time periods
1431:Chalcolithic
1305:
1202:
1195:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1135:
1131:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1039:(1): 69–83.
1036:
1032:
1001:
994:
974:
968:
954:
940:
931:
924:
917:
809:
754:
733:(14–12.8 ka)
667:(44.5–36 ka)
650:
629:(18–12.5 ka)
588:
498:(400–220 ka)
492:(424–400 ka)
486:(500–130 ka)
468:(2.6–1.7 Ma)
422:
393:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
349:
345:
309:flaked stone
302:
281:
231:
222:
192:
191:
18:
1449:Uruk period
1263:Paleolithic
731:Federmesser
719:Magdalenian
689:Périgordian
677:Aurignacian
615:Aurignacian
609:Baradostian
552:(130–10 ka)
546:(130–70 ka)
540:(145–20 ka)
534:(160–40 ka)
409:Paleolithic
321:stone tools
273:stone tools
265:Soan Valley
258:Pleistocene
207:, northern
201:Paleolithic
124: /
100:Coordinates
90:Soan Valley
40: /
1555:Categories
1459:Bronze Age
1301:Peking Man
1098:(3): 393.
1076:2017-09-25
916:B. Bower,
911:References
837:Mesolithic
826:(21–12 ka}
820:(24–15 ka)
794:(15–11 ka)
788:(15—11 ka)
782:(22–14 ka)
771:(25–11 ka)
765:(42–18 ka)
745:(13–12 ka)
743:Ahrensburg
739:(14–10 ka)
721:(17–12 ka)
715:(20–10 ka)
709:(22–17 ka)
703:(29–25 ka)
697:(33–24 ka)
695:Gravettian
691:(35–20 ka)
679:(43–26 ka)
673:(43–32 ka)
661:(48–40 ka)
659:Bohunician
633:Trialetian
623:(20–10 ka)
617:(35–29 ka)
611:(36–18 ka)
605:(46–42 ka)
599:(50–40 ka)
532:Mousterian
490:Clactonian
444: 3.3
305:assemblage
299:Assemblage
157:Discovered
152:Site notes
126:33.5; 73.2
42:33.5; 73.2
1346:Neolithic
1187:0011-3204
1152:0003-598X
1132:Antiquity
1112:0011-3204
1053:0266-6030
806:(10–8 ka)
800:(15–5 ka)
775:Mushabian
763:Khormusan
751:(11–8 ka)
749:Swiderian
707:Solutrean
701:Pavlovian
683:Szeletian
635:(16–8 ka)
544:Micoquien
478:Madrasian
472:Acheulean
261:quartzite
228:Discovery
1439:Daimabad
1331:Ubeidiya
1321:Solo Man
1311:Sangiran
1281:Java Man
804:Magosian
792:Sebilian
645:Khiamian
639:Natufian
603:Ahmarian
496:Mugharan
480:(1.5 Ma)
462:(3.3 Ma)
417:Pliocene
400:See also
317:handaxes
290:or even
209:Pakistan
203:site in
86:Location
1316:Soanian
900:Soanian
885:Oldowan
811:Siberia
798:Eburran
737:Azilian
725:Hamburg
627:Kebaran
621:Zarzian
550:Sangoan
538:Aterian
521:300–50
484:Soanian
466:Oldowan
460:Lomekwi
421:before
353:in situ
339:retouch
199:) is a
142:Periods
137:History
112:73°12′E
109:33°30′N
28:73°12′E
25:33°30′N
1210:
1185:
1150:
1110:
1051:
1009:
982:
780:Halfan
756:Africa
652:Europe
597:Emiran
573:50–12
567:
515:
449:– 300
437:
319:, the
205:Punjab
94:Punjab
1409:Ohalo
1306:Riwat
786:Qadan
394:R88/1
313:gully
254:Rawat
193:Riwat
52:Riwat
1208:ISBN
1183:ISSN
1148:ISSN
1108:ISSN
1049:ISSN
1007:ISBN
980:ISBN
423:Homo
407:The
386:R014
380:R013
374:R011
368:R010
362:R008
346:R001
329:core
248:and
236:and
219:Site
160:1983
1175:doi
1140:doi
1100:doi
1041:doi
1557::
1181:.
1171:29
1169:.
1146:.
1136:62
1134:.
1120:^
1106:.
1096:26
1094:.
1069:.
1047:.
1035:.
1021:^
835:↓
813::
758::
654::
592::
575:ka
571:c.
523:ka
519:c.
451:ka
447:Ma
441:c.
415:↑
92:,
1247:e
1240:t
1233:v
1189:.
1177::
1154:.
1142::
1114:.
1102::
1079:.
1055:.
1043::
1037:2
1015:.
988:.
962:.
862:e
855:t
848:v
577:)
569:(
525:)
517:(
453:)
439:(
426:)
419:(
195:(
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