179:"more or less knowingly played the leading roles in an age of industrial revolution. Even their quarrels, intrigues and misadventures (too often treated as merely diverting or picturesque) are part of the mechanism of our history. Under their hands the renovation of our economic life proceeded relentlessly : large-scale production replaced the scattered, decentralized mode of production; industrial enterprises became more concentrated, more “efficient” technically, and essentially “coöperative,” where they had been purely individualistic and lamentably wasteful. But all this revolutionizing effort is branded with the motive of private gain on the part of the new
223:
hopeless myth. ... Thus the creation of the Robber Baron stereotype seems to have been the product of an impulsive popular attempt to explain the shift in the structure of
American society in terms of the obvious. Rather than make the effort to understand the intricate processes of change, most critics appeared to slip into the easy vulgarizations of the "devil-view" of history which ingenuously assumes that all human misfortunes can be traced to the machinations of an easily located set of villains—in this case, the big businessmen of America. This assumption was clearly implicit in almost all of the criticism of the period.
27:
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argued that only because such people were able to amass great amounts of capital could our country become the world's greatest industrial power. Some of the actions of these men, which could only happen in a period of economic laissez faire, resulted in poor conditions for workers, but in the end, may also have enabled our present day standard of living.
183:. To organize and exploit the resources of a nation upon a gigantic scale, to regiment its farmers and workers into harmonious corps of producers, and to do this only in the name of an uncontrolled appetite for private profit—here surely is the great inherent contradiction whence so much disaster, outrage and misery has flowed.
312:
In this lesson, you and your students will attempt to establish a distinction between robber barons and captains of industry. Students will uncover some of the less honorable deeds as well as the shrewd business moves and highly charitable acts of the great industrialists and financiers. It has been
187:
Charles R. Geisst says, "in a
Darwinist age, Vanderbilt developed a reputation as a plunderer who took no prisoners." Hal Bridges said that the term represented the idea that "business leaders in the United States from about 1865 to 1900 were, on the whole, a set of avaricious rascals who habitually
250:
impersonally by faceless corporations. This scholarship, and the cultural persuasion of which it was an expression, drew on a deeply rooted feeling that was partly religious and partly egalitarian and democratic, a sensibility stretching back to
William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Jackson, and Tom Paine.
364:
argues that the robber barons were either political entrepreneurs (who lobby government for subsidies and monopoly rights), or market entrepreneurs (who innovate and reduce costs to provide the best good or service at the lowest price). Political entrepreneurs do long-term harm to the economy with
162:
still receive extra money from the taxpayers as funding. Vanderbilt's private shipping company began running the same routes, charging a fraction of the price, making a large profit without taxpayer subsidy. The state-funded shippers then began paying
Vanderbilt money to not ship on their route. A
157:
The first such usage was against
Vanderbilt, for taking money from high-priced, government-subsidized shippers, in order to not compete on their routes. Political cronies had been granted special shipping routes by the state, but told legislators their costs were so high that they needed to charge
153:
says the metaphor "conjures up visions of titanic monopolists who crushed competitors, rigged markets, and corrupted government. In their greed and power, legend has it, they held sway over a helpless democracy." Hostile cartoonists might dress the offenders in royal garb to underscore the offense
249:
Biographies of Mellon, Carnegie and
Rockefeller were often laced with moral censure, warning that "tories of industry" were a threat to democracy and that parasitism, aristocratic pretension and tyranny are an inevitable consequence of concentrated wealth, whether accumulated dynastically or more
209:
practices and demonstrating the protean nature of
American capitalism. Their new corporations also transmuted and became manifestations of the "Visible Hand," managerial rationality that eliminated waste, increased productivity and brought bourgeois values to replace those of financial buccaneers.
222:
The originators of the Robber Baron concept were not the injured, the poor, the faddists, the jealous, or a dispossessed elite, but rather a frustrated group of observers led at last by protracted years of harsh depression to believe that the
American dream of abundant prosperity for all was a
208:
Robber Barons, standing for a Gilded Age of corruption, monopoly, and rampant individualism. Their corporations were the
Octopus, devouring all in its path. In the twentieth century and the twenty-first they became entrepreneurs, necessary business revolutionaries, ruthlessly changing existing
236:
further popularized the term during the Great
Depression in his book, published in 1934. Josephson's view was that, like the medieval German princes, American big businessmen had amassed huge fortunes immorally, unethically, and unjustly. This theme was popular during the
188:
cheated and robbed investors and consumers, corrupted government, fought ruthlessly among themselves, and in general carried on predatory activities comparable to those of the robber barons of medieval Europe."
272:
In 1958 Bridges reported that, "The most vehement and persistent controversy in business history has been that waged by the critics and defenders of the "robber baron" concept of the American businessman."
174:
argued that the industrialists who were called robber barons have a complicated legacy in the history of American economic and social life. In the book's original foreword, he claims the robber barons:
265:(2 vols., 1940), arguing that while Rockefeller engaged in unethical and illegal business practices, he also helped to bring order to the industrial chaos of the day. According to Nevins, it was
870:
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have attracted a great deal of attention but the interpretations are contradictory: at first very hostile and then very favorable. At first, White says, they were depicted as:
2317:
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voted to use "Robber Barons" as the nickname for their sports teams. However, school administrators disallowed it, saying it was disrespectful to the school's founder,
1739:
1600:
59:
magazine. By the late 19th century, the term was typically applied to businessmen who used exploitative practices to amass their wealth. Those practices included
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their monopolies and subsidies. This provides politicians with a pretext to insist that increased planning and increased regulation is the appropriate remedy.
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53:
and others to certain wealthy, powerful, and unethical 19th-century American businessmen. The term appeared in that use as early as the August 1870 issue of
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732:
The old robber barons of the Middle Ages who plundered sword in hand and lance in rest were more honest than this new aristocracy of swindling millionaires.
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2277:
1021:"The Misunderstood Robber Baron: On Cornelius Vanderbilt: T.J. Stiles's The First Tycoon is a gilded portrait of the robber baron Cornelius Vanderbilt,"
2484:
2287:
277:, historian of the transcontinental railroads, stated in 2011 he has no use for the concept, which has been killed off by historians Robert Wiebe and
1086:
3919:
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218:
Historian John Tipple examined the writings of the 50 most influential analysts who used the robber baron model in the 1865–1914 period. He argued:
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This debate about the morality of certain business practices has continued in the popular culture, as in the performances in Europe in 2012 by
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capitalists who, by imposing order and stability on competitive business, made the United States the foremost economy by the 20th century.
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Marinetto, M. (1999). "The historical development of business philanthropy: Social responsibility in the new corporate economy"
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281:. He notes that "Much of the modern history of corporations is a reaction against the Robber Barons and fictions."
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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648-1806
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1955:
1823:
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critic of this tactic drew a political comic depicting Vanderbilt as a feudal robber baron extracting a toll.
3817:
3589:
3584:
3068:
1861:
1864:- Daniel Sheehan, University of California Santa Cruz, "The Trajectory of Justice in America 2019, Class #5"
1734:
Harvey, Charles, et al. "Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy."
95:. The term combines the sense of criminal ("robber") and illegitimate aristocracy (“baron”) in a republic.
3914:
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72:
889:
The Robber Barons: The Classic Account of the Influential Capitalists Who Transformed America's Future
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3771:
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1721:
274:
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197:
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1962:
1950:
483:
20:
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Wren, D.A. (1983) "American business philanthropy and higher education in the nineteenth century"
133:
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2307:
2038:
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578:
507:
278:
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The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power
1442:
1436:
1357:
983:
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2147:
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Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida
728:
We hear now on all sides the term "Robber Barons" applied to some of the great capitalists"...
447:
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791:
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However, contrary opinions by academic historians began to appear as the Depression ended.
180:
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55:
1251:
Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons
8:
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2187:
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2068:
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640:
587:(railroads, water transport, shipping, hotels) – Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, California
513:
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384:
353:
305:
290:
88:
35:
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1230:
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1123:
987:
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892:
847:
822:
691:
620:
525:
333:
318:
245:. Historian Steve Fraser notes that the mood was sharply hostile toward big business:
233:
171:
357:. Their rising wealth and power stands in contrast with the shrinking middle class.
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3701:
3601:
3431:
3239:
3129:
3080:
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2806:
2801:
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2090:
1928:
1815:
773:
Populist cartoons: an illustrated history of the third-party movement in the 1890s
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635:
590:
584:
560:
459:
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423:
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361:
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companies have all been described as being modern-day robber barons, particularly
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2177:
2152:
1881:
1504:
1269:
663:
614:
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417:
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378:
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26:
1192:
The Myth of the Robber Barons: A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America
3529:
3473:
3312:
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3197:
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2912:
2837:
2791:
2733:
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1782:
Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurs: Engagement in Philanthropy: Perspectives
1490:
1070:
602:
596:
572:
566:
471:
337:
326:
1868:
1778:
321:, who sang about bankers as "greedy thieves" and "robber barons". During the
3878:
3370:
3167:
2956:
2826:
2816:
2774:
2748:
2743:
2680:
2640:
2547:
2512:
2157:
2008:
1676:
1640:
1438:
The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century
1006:
John Tipple, "The anatomy of prejudice: Origins of the robber baron legend."
543:
489:
477:
1142:
David O. Whitten, "Russian robber barons: Moscow business, American style."
289:
In the popular culture the metaphor continues. In 1975 the student body of
3403:
3330:
3109:
3099:
3018:
2768:
2675:
2625:
2440:
2182:
2028:
866:
519:
495:
258:
242:
68:
31:
3567:
3398:
3388:
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3231:
3192:
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2880:
2506:
2167:
2097:
2063:
2033:
2003:
1806:
1669:
429:
304:
has prepared a lesson plan for schools asking whether "robber baron" or "
150:
124:) on the primitive roads crossing their lands, or larger tolls along the
117:
1503:
Cayton, Mary Kupiec; Gorn, Elliott J.; Williams, Peter W., eds. (1993).
1087:"The Industrial Age in America: Robber Barons and Captains of Industry"
683:, the 21st century term for the top 7 "supermajor" oil and gas companies
3413:
2753:
2192:
1982:
1851:
1694:
647:
631:
348:
266:
105:
19:
This article is about the U.S. practice. For the feudal practice, see
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3454:
3421:
3393:
3281:
3276:
3212:
3187:
3134:
3048:
2763:
2695:
2411:
2102:
2017:
1987:
1977:
1972:
657:
651:
465:
411:
50:
1689:
Bridges, Hal. (1958) "The Robber Baron Concept in American History"
1265:"The Overlords of Railroad Traffic: The Seven Men Who Reign Supreme"
846:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 105.
3468:
3440:
3426:
3293:
3259:
3217:
3202:
3162:
2907:
1622:"Tesla CEO Elon Musk quashes claim he is 'modern-day robber baron'"
1101:
Erik Kirschbaum, "Bruce Springsteen: Bankers Are 'Greedy Thieves'"
667:
344:
92:
76:
1767:
Trustees of culture: Power, wealth and status on elite arts boards
1059:
Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America
978:
Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America
3464:
3449:
3445:
3207:
3157:
3149:
3139:
3043:
3031:
2890:
2786:
2780:
2085:
1873:
1701:
Philanthropy in America: A comprehensive historical encyclopaedia
1294:
680:
1849:
Industrial Age in America: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry
1160:"How did tech CEOs do on Capitol Hill? Google 'robber barons.'"
767:
765:
368:
3436:
3249:
3182:
3122:
3117:
2924:
2591:
2519:
2134:
1905:
1491:"The Redstone Story re-lives the industrialization of the West"
136:, who both made a career out of highway robbery and brigandry.
1298:
Mrs. Mark Twain: The Life of Olivia Langdon Clemens, 1845–1904
3244:
3172:
2723:
1967:
1706:
Cochran, Thomas C. (1949) "The Legend of the Robber Barons."
1048:
Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history." p. 1
960:
Hal Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history."
844:
Capitalizing on Change: A Social History of American Business
762:
125:
1774:
The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901
916:
The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901
3254:
2796:
1779:
Taylor, Marilyn L.; Robert J. Strom; David O. Renz (2014).
1674:
Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865–1900
373:
168:
The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists 1861-1901
61:
unfettered consumption and destruction of natural resources
16:
Term of social criticism for unethical, wealthy businessmen
1037:
John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise
263:
John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise
139:
The metaphor appeared as early as February 9, 1859, when
120:
who charged nominally illegal tolls (unauthorized by the
1845:
December 19, 2014. Interview with historian Steve Fraser
1590:
910:
908:
480:(fuel, coal, steamboats, railroads) – St Paul, Minnesota
332:
The metaphor has also been used to characterize Russian
241:
of the 1930s, when the public often expressed scorn for
1760:
Why the wealthy give: The culture of elite philanthropy
1323:
The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt
325:
protests of 2011, the term was used by Vermont Senator
1809:. (2005). "Chapter 11: Robber Barons and Rebels" from
748:
Dole, Charles F. (1907). "The Ethics of Speculation".
905:
546:(public transportation) – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
73:
squashing competition by acquiring their competitors
1748:(1968) excerpts from primary and secondary sources.
1593:"Our new robber barons are worse than the old ones"
1347:
1089:
EDSITEment! The Best of the humanities on the web."
2485:Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor
1633:
1502:
1349:
975:
929:
715:Baldwin, Lida F. (1907). "Unbound Old Atlantics".
438:(tobacco, electric power) – Durham, North Carolina
261:advanced the "Industrial Statesman" thesis in his
145:used it to characterize the business practices of
30:1904 depiction of an acquisitive and manipulative
1408:Dreiser, Theodore (2010). Mulligan, Roark (ed.).
927:
486:(railroads) – California, Virginia, West Virginia
3876:
623:(water transport, railroads, sugar) – California
556:Identified as "robber barons" by other sources:
450:(Standard Oil, railroads) – New York and Florida
128:river. Some of the most notorious of these were
2283:Largest financial services companies by revenue
1533:Dictionary of American Antiquarian Bookdealers
1336:Robber Baron: The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes
1222:
1115:
1039:, 2 vols., New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1940.
918:, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1934.
660:(technology, automotive industry) - California
498:(finance, industrial consolidation) – New York
2607:
2278:Largest corporations by market capitalization
1889:
973:
369:List of businessmen labelled as robber barons
360:In contrast, conservative American historian
3511:
3291:
1556:
1295:Martin Naparsteck; Michele Cardulla (2013).
2480:The rich get richer and the poor get poorer
1591:John C. “Chuck” Chalberg (April 28, 2023).
1586:
1584:
1536:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 183.
1010:33#4 (1959): 510–523, quoting pp. 510, 521.
891:. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Inc. p. 14.
351:because of his influence on his newspaper,
300:In academia, the education division of the
2614:
2600:
2288:Largest manufacturing companies by revenue
1896:
1882:
743:
741:
1529:
886:
3499:
1581:
1226:The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal
871:"Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?"
372:
89:schemes to sell stock at inflated prices
25:
3920:Western (genre) staples and terminology
3905:Industrial history of the United States
2298:Largest technology companies by revenue
1869:college-level lectures on Robber Barons
1862:Robber Barons, Oil, and Power from 1860
1812:A People's History of the United States
1506:Encyclopedia of American Social History
1468:The Untold History of the United States
1434:
1407:
1270:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
738:
714:
540:(water transport, railroads) – New York
103:The term robber baron derives from the
3877:
2366:Income inequality in the United States
2361:Wealth inequality in the United States
1380:
816:
778:
708:
391:Individuals identified in Josephson's
3498:
2855:
2595:
2293:Largest software companies by revenue
1877:
1856:National Endowment for the Humanities
1569:from the original on January 14, 2015
1465:
1414:. U. of Illinois Press. p. 559.
1176:"Why the middle class is shrinking,"
1154:
1152:
1144:European Journal of Law and Economics
841:
784:
302:National Endowment for the Humanities
65:influencing high levels of government
2273:Largest corporate profits and losses
1262:
1256:
1229:. Infobase Publishing. p. 152.
785:Alden, Henry Mills (November 1894).
747:
569:(coal, lumber) – Victoria, BC Canada
516:(public transit, tobacco) – New York
2346:Countries by number of billionaires
1635:"Robber barons and silicon sultans"
1559:"Gates: Robber Baron of the 1990s?"
1493:Redstone, Colorado website, history
1441:. London, New York: Verso. p.
1411:The Financier: The Critical Edition
821:. Oxford: OUP Oxford. p. 213.
611:(antique bookdealer) – Philadelphia
284:
13:
2857:
2856:
1903:
1663:
1557:Elliot Zaret (November 22, 1999).
1149:
14:
3931:
3910:Social class in the United States
3900:19th century in the United States
1995:Primitive accumulation of capital
1829:
1603:from the original on May 10, 2023
1509:. Scribner. pp. 1064 vol 2.
1073:, "California and the Colleges,"
730:quoting the August 1870 issue...
528:(steel) – Pittsburgh and New York
456:(steel) – Pittsburgh and New York
408:(steel) – Pittsburgh and New York
308:" is the better term. They state:
3859:
3858:
2621:
2341:Cities by number of billionaires
1836:Full Show: The New Robber Barons
1708:Explorations in Economic History
1648:from the original on May 2, 2019
510:(Standard Oil, copper), New York
504:(Standard Oil) – Cleveland, Ohio
200:argues that the builders of the
2542:The Theory of the Leisure Class
2417:Acquired situational narcissism
1626:
1615:
1550:
1523:
1496:
1484:
1459:
1428:
1401:
1374:
1341:
1328:
1315:
1288:
1243:
1216:
1203:
1184:
1168:
1136:
1109:
1094:
1080:
1075:California Historical Quarterly
1064:
1051:
1042:
1029:
1013:
1000:
967:
954:
921:
522:(finance, railroads) – New York
329:in his attacks on Wall Street.
3500:
2356:Countries by wealth inequality
1956:History of economic inequality
1785:. Edward Elgar. pp. 1–8.
1744:Jones, Peter d'A. ed. (1968).
880:
860:
835:
810:
599:(coal mining, iron) – Colorado
227:
213:
1:
1699:Burlingame, D.F. Ed. (2004).
1530:Dickinson, Donald C. (1998).
792:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
702:
402:(real estate, fur) – New York
2323:Number of billionaire alumni
2268:Largest companies by revenue
1772:Josephson, Matthew. (1934).
1384:The Rough Guide to Vancouver
1263:Keys, C. M. (January 1906).
1122:. Verso Books. p. 278.
932:Wall Street : A History
552:(street railroads) – Chicago
38:) as an all-powerful octopus
7:
1746:The Robber Barons Revisited
1470:. New York: Gallery Books.
1119:Outsider in the White House
887:Josephson, Matthew (2015).
674:
492:(finance, oil) – Pittsburgh
191:
45:is a term first applied as
10:
3936:
2706:Weberian (three-component)
1693:(1958) 32#1 pp. 1–13
1301:. McFarland. p. 109.
964:32#1 (1958): 1–13, page 1.
928:Charles R. Geisst (1997).
787:"A Romance of the New Era"
581:(media mogul) – California
462:(barbed wire, oil) – Texas
202:transcontinental railroads
18:
3854:
3795:
3687:
3655:
3622:
3548:
3520:
3507:
3494:
3412:
3369:
3329:
3311:
3230:
3148:
3108:
3017:
3010:
2965:
2868:
2864:
2851:
2714:
2668:
2664:
2635:
2569:
2498:
2472:
2439:
2402:
2395:
2351:Countries by total wealth
2333:
2258:
2230:List of centibillionaires
2212:
2205:
2133:
2074:High-net-worth individual
2056:
1919:
1912:
1722:Little, Brown and Company
1435:Denning, Michael (1996).
1061:(2011) pp. xxxi, 234, 508
758:(December 1907): 812–818.
563:(copper) – Butte, Montana
3828:Pre-industrial East Asia
1963:International inequality
1951:Consumption distribution
1348:Charles O'Brien (2013).
1077:(1977) 56#2 pp. 140–63 .
982:. W. W. Norton. p.
817:Whaley, Joachim (2011).
593:(railroads) – California
534:(railroads) – California
484:Collis Potter Huntington
420:(railroads) – California
414:(finance) – Philadelphia
98:
21:robber baron (feudalism)
3895:American industrialists
2876:Administrative detainee
2039:Conspicuous consumption
1801:Business History Review
1717:Fraser, Steve. (2015).
1691:Business History Review
1352:Death of a Robber Baron
1223:George C. Kohn (2001).
1116:Bernie Sanders (2015).
1008:Business History Review
962:Business History Review
842:Buder, Stanley (2009).
579:William Randolph Hearst
508:Henry Huttleston Rogers
3292:
2425:Argumentum ad crumenam
1769:(U of Chicago: Press).
1738:53.3 (2011): 425–450.
1466:Stone, Oliver (2012).
1356:. Kensington. p.
974:Richard White (2011).
725:(November 1907): 683.
474:(railroads) – New York
468:(railroads) – New York
448:Henry Morrison Flagler
388:
315:
252:
225:
211:
185:
39:
3833:Pre-industrial Europe
2556:The Wealth of Nations
2407:Diseases of affluence
1765:Ostrower, F. (2002).
1758:Ostrower, F. (1995).
1209:David Leon Chandler,
1190:Burton Folsom (1991)
1146:13#3 (2002): 193–201.
936:. Oxford UP. p.
771:Worth Robert Miller,
605:(railroads) – Florida
377:1901 US cartoon from
376:
310:
247:
220:
206:
177:
134:Götz von Berlichingen
29:
3690: or countries
3501:By country or region
2739:Class discrimination
2464:Venture philanthropy
2459:Philanthrocapitalism
2371:Most expensive items
2245:Wealthiest Americans
2225:list of billionaires
1924:Capital accumulation
1841:Moyers & Company
1381:Jepson, Tim (2004).
751:The Atlantic Monthly
718:The Atlantic Monthly
644:) - Washington state
617:(banking) – New York
550:Charles Tyson Yerkes
538:Cornelius Vanderbilt
444:(finance) – New York
432:(finance) – New York
387:as a business despot
181:captains of industry
147:Cornelius Vanderbilt
56:The Atlantic Monthly
3915:Class-related slurs
3222:Vanniar (Chieftain)
2520:Greek god of wealth
2431:Prosperity theology
2250:Wealthiest families
2235:Female billionaires
2069:Captain of industry
2044:Conspicuous leisure
1946:Income distribution
1941:Wealth distribution
1936:Economic inequality
1644:. January 3, 2015.
1162:The Washington Post
914:Matthew Josephson,
641:The Washington Post
514:Thomas Fortune Ryan
502:John D. Rockefeller
436:James Buchanan Duke
385:John D. Rockefeller
354:The Washington Post
306:captain of industry
291:Stanford University
232:American historian
154:against democracy.
36:John D. Rockefeller
3803:18th-century Spain
3657:Standard of living
3361:Upper middle class
3356:Lower middle class
2947:Political prisoner
2729:Chattering classes
2701:Spoon class theory
2383:Wealthiest animals
1703:(3 vol. ABC Clio).
609:A. S. W. Rosenbach
575:(retail) – Chicago
426:(oil) – California
389:
323:Occupy Wall Street
256:Business historian
142:The New York Times
130:Thomas von Absberg
122:Holy Roman Emperor
40:
3872:
3871:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3683:
3682:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3384:Lumpenproletariat
2886:illegal immigrant
2847:
2846:
2759:Classless society
2589:
2588:
2565:
2564:
2454:The Giving Pledge
2391:
2390:
2201:
2200:
947:978-0-19-511512-3
898:978-0-547-54436-6
853:978-0-8078-3231-8
828:978-0-19-873101-6
692:Business oligarch
621:John D. Spreckels
526:Charles M. Schwab
319:Bruce Springsteen
234:Matthew Josephson
172:Matthew Josephson
166:In his 1934 book
3927:
3885:1870s neologisms
3862:
3861:
3689:
3590:Mexican-American
3518:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3297:
3240:Business magnate
3130:Knowledge worker
3015:
3014:
2903:dual or multiple
2866:
2865:
2853:
2852:
2807:Social exclusion
2802:Social cleansing
2716:
2666:
2665:
2655:Economic classes
2616:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2449:Gospel of Wealth
2400:
2399:
2210:
2209:
2021:
2012:
1929:Overaccumulation
1917:
1916:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1816:Harper Perennial
1803:. 57#3 321–346.
1796:
1753:Business History
1736:Business History
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1387:. Rough Guides.
1378:
1372:
1371:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1260:
1254:
1249:Edward Renehan,
1247:
1241:
1240:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1188:
1182:
1172:
1166:
1156:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1017:
1011:
1004:
998:
997:
981:
971:
965:
958:
952:
951:
935:
925:
919:
912:
903:
902:
884:
878:
864:
858:
857:
839:
833:
832:
814:
808:
807:
805:
804:
782:
776:
769:
760:
759:
745:
736:
735:
712:
697:Media proprietor
687:Business magnate
591:Mark Hopkins Jr.
585:Charles T. Hinde
561:William A. Clark
460:John Warne Gates
454:Henry Clay Frick
424:Edward L. Doheny
400:John Jacob Astor
362:Burton W. Folsom
285:Contemporary use
239:Great Depression
91:to unsuspecting
49:by 19th century
47:social criticism
3935:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3842:
3791:
3679:
3651:
3618:
3602:Underprivileged
3544:
3503:
3502:
3478:
3408:
3365:
3325:
3307:
3226:
3144:
3104:
3006:
2961:
2860:
2859:
2843:
2822:Social position
2812:Social mobility
2710:
2660:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2590:
2585:
2561:
2494:
2490:Too big to fail
2468:
2435:
2387:
2329:
2308:Philanthropists
2254:
2197:
2129:
2052:
1908:
1902:
1832:
1793:
1762:(Princeton UP).
1666:
1664:Further reading
1661:
1651:
1649:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1589:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1169:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1114:
1110:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1057:Richard White,
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1001:
994:
972:
968:
959:
955:
948:
926:
922:
913:
906:
899:
885:
881:
865:
861:
854:
840:
836:
829:
815:
811:
802:
800:
783:
779:
770:
763:
746:
739:
713:
709:
705:
677:
664:Mark Zuckerberg
615:Joseph Seligman
532:Leland Stanford
418:Charles Crocker
406:Andrew Carnegie
371:
343:The leaders of
295:Leland Stanford
287:
279:Alfred Chandler
230:
216:
194:
115:medieval German
101:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Business terms
3887:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3823:Ottoman Empire
3820:
3815:
3810:
3808:Ancient Greece
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3782:United Kingdom
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3675:Home-ownership
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3530:American Dream
3527:
3521:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Migrant worker
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2858:By demographic
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2838:Status Anxiety
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Ranked society
2789:
2784:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Class conflict
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2717: topics
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Mudsill theory
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2318:Endowment size
2312:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:Richest royals
2237:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1846:
1831:
1830:External links
1828:
1827:
1826:
1804:
1797:
1792:978-1783471010
1791:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1732:
1715:
1704:
1697:
1687:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1625:
1614:
1580:
1549:
1542:
1522:
1515:
1495:
1483:
1476:
1458:
1451:
1427:
1420:
1400:
1393:
1373:
1366:
1340:
1327:
1321:T. J. Stiles,
1314:
1307:
1287:
1255:
1242:
1235:
1215:
1202:
1199:978-0963020307
1183:
1174:Brett Arends,
1167:
1158:Dana Milbank,
1148:
1135:
1129:978-1784784195
1128:
1108:
1093:
1079:
1071:John R. Thelin
1063:
1050:
1041:
1035:Allan Nevins,
1028:
1012:
999:
993:978-0393342376
992:
966:
953:
946:
920:
904:
897:
879:
859:
852:
834:
827:
809:
777:
761:
737:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
676:
673:
672:
671:
661:
655:
645:
627:Contemporary:
625:
624:
618:
612:
606:
603:Henry B. Plant
600:
597:John C. Osgood
594:
588:
582:
576:
573:Marshall Field
570:
567:James Dunsmuir
564:
554:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
472:E. H. Harriman
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:
370:
367:
338:Vladimir Putin
327:Bernie Sanders
286:
283:
229:
226:
215:
212:
193:
190:
111:robber knights
100:
97:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3932:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3787:United States
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:Other regions
3686:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:United States
3510:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
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3349:
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3334:
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3328:
3322:
3319:
3318:
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3314:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
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3285:
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3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
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3258:
3256:
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3216:
3214:
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3209:
3206:
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3201:
3199:
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3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
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3087:
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3062:
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3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Socioeconomic
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
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2863:
2854:
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2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Social stigma
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Social orphan
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:Nouveau riche
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Class traitor
2747:
2745:
2744:Class society
2742:
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2737:
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2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
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2707:
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2699:
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2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Gilbert model
2679:
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2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
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2344:
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2336:
2332:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:Universities
2313:
2309:
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2305:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2260:Organizations
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
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2228:
2226:
2224:
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2211:
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2204:
2194:
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2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Concentration
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
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2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:Nouveau riche
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
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1949:
1947:
1944:
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1939:
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1937:
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1930:
1927:
1926:
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1922:
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1918:
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1911:
1907:
1899:
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1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:Vintage Books
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1641:The Economist
1636:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1543:9780313266751
1539:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1516:9780684192468
1512:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1477:9780091949310
1473:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1452:9781844674640
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1421:9780252035043
1417:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1394:9781843532453
1390:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1367:9780758286369
1363:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1334:John Franch,
1331:
1324:
1318:
1310:
1308:9780786472611
1304:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1236:9781438130224
1232:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1180:Apr. 22, 2019
1179:
1171:
1165:
1164:Jul. 29, 2020
1163:
1155:
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1125:
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1120:
1112:
1106:
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1090:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1025:Nov. 11, 2009
1024:
1019:Steve Fraser,
1016:
1009:
1003:
995:
989:
985:
980:
979:
970:
963:
957:
949:
943:
939:
934:
933:
924:
917:
911:
909:
900:
894:
890:
883:
877:24, June 2010
876:
872:
868:
863:
855:
849:
845:
838:
830:
824:
820:
813:
798:
794:
793:
788:
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766:
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742:
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729:
724:
720:
719:
711:
707:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
682:
679:
678:
670:, technology)
669:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
649:
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643:
642:
637:
633:
630:
629:
628:
622:
619:
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586:
583:
580:
577:
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568:
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562:
559:
558:
557:
551:
548:
545:
544:Peter Widener
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
490:Andrew Mellon
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:James J. Hill
476:
473:
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467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
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449:
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428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
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410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
397:
396:
394:
393:Robber Barons
386:
382:
381:
375:
366:
363:
358:
356:
355:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
314:
309:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
282:
280:
276:
275:Richard White
270:
268:
264:
260:
257:
251:
246:
244:
240:
235:
224:
219:
210:
205:
203:
199:
198:Richard White
189:
184:
182:
176:
173:
169:
164:
161:
155:
152:
148:
144:
143:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
107:
96:
94:
90:
86:
83:that control
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
28:
22:
3838:Soviet Union
3813:Ancient Rome
3670:Homelessness
3595:Upper Middle
3467: /
3448: /
3439: /
3404:Working poor
3300:
3287:Robber baron
3286:
3110:Intellectual
3100:Royal family
3064:Ancient Rome
2918:second-class
2836:
2779:
2778: /
2773:
2769:High society
2676:Elite theory
2653:
2646:
2639:
2626:Social class
2554:
2548:
2540:
2527:
2513:
2505:
2441:Philanthropy
2423:
2222:
2148:Distribution
2125:Robber baron
2124:
2034:Veblen goods
2029:Luxury goods
2018:
2009:
1860:
1854:lesson from
1839:
1810:
1807:Zinn, Howard
1800:
1781:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1735:
1718:
1707:
1700:
1690:
1673:
1670:Beatty, Jack
1650:. Retrieved
1639:
1628:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1597:Star Tribune
1596:
1571:. Retrieved
1562:
1552:
1532:
1525:
1505:
1498:
1486:
1467:
1461:
1437:
1430:
1410:
1403:
1383:
1376:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1325:(2010) p 328
1322:
1317:
1297:
1290:
1279:. Retrieved
1274:
1268:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1191:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1143:
1138:
1118:
1111:
1105:May 31, 2012
1102:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1002:
977:
969:
961:
956:
931:
923:
915:
888:
882:
874:
867:T. J. Stiles
862:
843:
837:
818:
812:
801:. Retrieved
796:
790:
780:
775:(2011) p. 13
772:
755:
749:
731:
727:
726:
722:
716:
710:
639:
626:
555:
520:Russell Sage
496:J. P. Morgan
392:
390:
379:
359:
352:
342:
331:
316:
311:
299:
288:
271:
262:
259:Allan Nevins
253:
248:
243:big business
231:
221:
217:
207:
195:
186:
178:
167:
165:
159:
158:high prices
156:
149:. Historian
140:
138:
110:
104:
102:
69:wage slavery
54:
43:Robber baron
42:
41:
34:(founded by
32:Standard Oil
3757:New Zealand
3474:Untouchable
3399:Proletariat
3389:Pea-pickers
3339:Bourgeoisie
3027:Aristocracy
2913:naturalized
2908:native-born
2507:Das Kapital
2376:by category
2098:Millionaire
2064:Billionaire
2022:(old money)
2019:Vieux riche
2013:(new money)
2004:Upper class
1755:41#4, 1–20.
1710:1#5 (1949)
1277:: 8437–8445
1178:MarketWatch
875:History Now
430:Daniel Drew
228:1930s–1970s
214:1860s–1920s
151:T.J. Stiles
3879:Categories
3747:Luxembourg
3637:Inequality
3302:Superclass
3093:Hereditary
3069:Post-Roman
3060:Patrician
2930:adolescent
2754:Classicide
2579:by country
2528:Superclass
2173:Management
1983:Plutocracy
1852:EDSITEment
1824:0060838655
1730:0316185434
1685:1400032423
1672:. (2008).
1281:2009-07-10
1023:The Nation
803:2009-07-10
703:References
648:Bill Gates
632:Jeff Bezos
442:James Fisk
383:depicting
349:Jeff Bezos
336:allied to
267:Gilded Age
196:Historian
106:Raubritter
85:the market
77:monopolies
75:to create
51:muckrakers
3772:Sri Lanka
3665:Education
3632:Household
3525:Affluence
3460:Rat tribe
3422:Ant tribe
3394:Precariat
3379:Lazzaroni
3321:Bohemians
3282:Overclass
3277:Old money
3213:Spartiate
3188:Kshatriya
3178:Hashashin
3135:Professor
3076:Political
3049:Oligarchy
3039:Hanseaten
2957:Stateless
2937:Convicted
2869:By status
2832:Subaltern
2764:Euthenics
2696:New class
2412:Affluenza
2303:Charities
2168:Inherited
2163:Geography
2118:Ukrainian
1988:Plutonomy
1978:Overclass
1973:Oligarchy
1652:19 August
1607:19 August
1573:19 August
658:Elon Musk
652:Microsoft
466:Jay Gould
412:Jay Cooke
334:oligarchs
93:investors
3864:Category
3796:Historic
3717:Colombia
3707:Cambodia
3642:Personal
3540:Mobility
3469:Freedman
3455:Plebeian
3441:Prisoner
3427:Commoner
3313:Creative
3294:Seigneur
3260:Nobility
3218:Vanniyar
3203:Pendekar
3163:Cossacks
2797:Snobbery
2669:Theories
2574:Category
2188:Religion
2178:National
2153:Dynastic
2108:Business
2103:Oligarch
2091:Business
1913:Concepts
1904:Extreme
1695:in JSTOR
1646:Archived
1601:Archived
1567:Archived
799:(DXXXIV)
675:See also
668:Facebook
395:(1934):
345:Big Tech
192:Critique
3767:Romania
3762:Nigeria
3647:Poverty
3550:Classes
3535:History
3446:Peasant
3432:Outcast
3371:Working
3351:Burgher
3208:Samurai
3198:Ocēlōtl
3158:Chhetri
3150:Warrior
3140:Scholar
3054:Russian
3044:Magnate
3032:Aristoi
3011:By type
2898:Citizen
2891:refugee
2787:Poverty
2781:Parvenu
2715:Related
2686:Marxian
2648:Stratum
2473:Sayings
2396:Related
2113:Russian
2086:Magnate
1103:Reuters
681:Big Oil
113:), the
79:and/or
3722:France
3702:Belize
3697:Africa
3624:Income
3580:Middle
3573:Gentry
3437:Outlaw
3344:Petite
3331:Middle
3265:Landed
3250:Gentry
3183:Knight
3123:Priest
3118:Clergy
3081:Family
3019:Ruling
2968:collar
2925:Clique
2641:Status
2549:Wealth
2514:Plutus
2223:Forbes
2214:People
2158:Effect
2135:Wealth
2057:People
1906:wealth
1822:
1789:
1740:online
1728:
1712:online
1683:
1540:
1513:
1474:
1449:
1418:
1391:
1364:
1338:(2008)
1305:
1253:(2005)
1233:
1213:(1986)
1197:
1126:
990:
944:
895:
850:
825:
797:LXXXIX
636:Amazon
87:, and
81:trusts
3818:Aztec
3777:Tibet
3752:Nepal
3742:Italy
3732:India
3727:Haiti
3712:China
3612:Under
3607:Lower
3585:Black
3568:Donor
3563:Black
3558:Upper
3465:Slave
3414:Under
3270:Petty
3245:Elite
3232:Upper
3173:Harii
3168:Cuāuh
3002:White
2982:Green
2881:Alien
2724:Caste
2499:Media
2334:Other
2206:Lists
2183:Paper
2079:UHNWI
1968:Elite
1563:ZDNet
126:Rhine
118:lords
99:Usage
3737:Iran
3450:Serf
3255:Lord
3193:Nair
3086:List
2997:Pink
2987:Grey
2977:Blue
2966:By "
2534:List
1820:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1654:2024
1609:2024
1575:2024
1538:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1275:XIII
1231:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1124:ISBN
988:ISBN
942:ISBN
893:ISBN
848:ISBN
823:ISBN
380:Puck
132:and
2992:New
2193:Tax
1443:173
1358:289
984:230
160:and
3881::
1838:.
1818:.
1724:.
1679:.
1638:.
1599:.
1595:.
1583:^
1565:.
1561:.
1445:.
1360:.
1273:.
1267:.
1151:^
986:.
940:.
938:77
907:^
873:,
869:,
795:.
789:.
764:^
754:.
740:^
721:.
638:,
340:.
297:.
170:,
71:,
67:,
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