31:
95:) were rich garments given by medieval and early modern Islamic rulers to subjects as tokens of honour, often as part of a ceremony of appointment to a public post, or as a token of confirmation or acceptance of vassalage of a subordinate ruler. They were usually produced in government factories and decorated with the inscribed bands known as
163:). The bestowal of garments became a fixed part of any investment into office, from that of a governor to the heir-apparent to the throne. As important court occasions, these events were often commemorated by poets and recorded by historians.
213:
provides a detailed description of the garments worn by the various classes and ranks; in addition, Mamluk practice included the bestowal of arms or even a fully outfitted horse from the Sultan's own stables as a
151:, where it became such a regular feature of government that ceremonies of bestowal occurred almost every day, and the members of the caliph's court became known as 'those who wear the
170:, the practice spread to the wealthy upper middle classes, who began conferring robes of honor on friends and relatives, in emulation of the aristocracy. Later, under the
1684:
517:
1549:
1679:
1731:
1559:
174:, the system was standardized into a system of classes reflecting the divisions of Mameluke society, each with its own ranks: the military (
1793:
1803:
1478:
1554:
1736:
282:
Sums of money or other valuables were also given as part of the bestowal ceremony, or, in some cases, in lieu of the robe. In the
1798:
1592:
1100:
996:
510:
486:
467:
688:
445:
1741:
710:
251:, and robes began to be given for every conceivable occasion, they also acquired distinct names. Thus for example the
814:
503:
650:
906:
220:. The practice remained very common until the early 20th century; in 19th-century India, the bestowal gift or
1721:
1356:
307:
17:
635:
1726:
1497:
916:
640:
1783:
911:
432:
1282:
1278:
1156:
197:
The distribution of the robes of honour was the responsibility of the Keeper of the Privy Purse (
1235:
931:
61:
1240:
1230:
901:
645:
1788:
1778:
8:
921:
1751:
1047:
1012:
782:
606:
135:
495:
1062:
1022:
989:
563:
526:
482:
463:
459:
167:
148:
1656:
1366:
1252:
1171:
1120:
824:
455:
424:
171:
34:
1746:
1247:
1042:
1032:
1027:
819:
765:
752:
678:
623:
413:
409:
52:
30:
1636:
1600:
1406:
1386:
1319:
1052:
936:
855:
845:
809:
792:
760:
715:
440:
428:
283:
144:"denotes the action of removing one's garment in order to give it to someone".
38:
1772:
1646:
1631:
1539:
1468:
1453:
1396:
1376:
1344:
1166:
1115:
1078:
1037:
797:
777:
436:
1641:
1391:
1215:
1176:
1151:
1110:
1017:
705:
700:
248:
114:
1689:
1057:
896:
876:
850:
787:
568:
303:
110:
1651:
1624:
1413:
1220:
1210:
1146:
1125:
1105:
979:
891:
860:
802:
611:
575:
210:
1619:
1401:
1381:
1371:
1324:
1161:
772:
683:
630:
618:
299:
118:
1614:
1518:
1339:
1314:
1225:
984:
881:
829:
668:
479:
Arab Dress, A Short
History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times
324:
125:
41:
1544:
1473:
1141:
974:
886:
695:
673:
261:') would be given on the appointment to the vizierate, while the
1674:
1523:
1492:
926:
329:
258:
1604:
1513:
1487:
1463:
1458:
1418:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1329:
952:
719:
319:
189:
97:
1609:
244:) might comprise from five up to 101 articles of clothing.
109:
The endowment of garments as a mark of favor is an ancient
477:
Stillman, Yedida Kalfon (2003). Norman A. Stillman (ed.).
376:
374:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
349:
347:
345:
267:('robe of dismissal') upon an—honourable—dismissal, the
147:
The practice of awarding robes of honour appears in the
138:
in recognition of a poem praising him. Indeed, the term
525:
386:
481:(Revised Second ed.). Leiden and Boston: Brill.
371:
342:
293:
287:
274:
268:
262:
252:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
204:
198:
187:
181:
175:
158:
152:
139:
129:
90:
84:
72:
66:
128:
himself set a precedent when he removed his cloak (
1770:
273:might be given to an arriving guest, while the
511:
27:Garments historically given by Islamic rulers
78:
1436:
113:tradition, recorded in sources such as the
518:
504:
446:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
422:
392:
380:
365:
476:
29:
1711:
298:'); most commonly this referred to the
14:
1771:
1203:
203:), who supervised the Great Treasury (
1710:
1580:
1435:
1303:
541:
499:
454:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 6–7.
408:
1581:
1794:Government of the Abbasid Caliphate
209:), where the garments were stored.
79:
56:
24:
1804:Government of the Mamluk Sultanate
1742:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
711:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
37:dons a robe of honour sent by the
25:
1815:
279:would to a departing guest, etc.
641:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
460:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0507
186:), and the religious scholars (
1799:Clothing of the Ottoman Empire
247:As the practice spread in the
13:
1:
1447:Palace and central government
1304:
335:
180:), the civilian bureaucracy (
907:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
651:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
7:
542:
313:
294:
288:
275:
269:
263:
253:
240:
234:
228:
222:
216:
205:
199:
188:
182:
176:
159:
153:
140:
130:
91:
85:
73:
67:
10:
1820:
402:
306:on the accession of a new
286:, such a sum was known as
104:
1717:
1706:
1667:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1532:
1506:
1446:
1442:
1431:
1310:
1299:
1267:
1189:
1134:
1093:
1075:
1005:
967:
949:
912:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
869:
838:
751:
734:
661:
599:
584:
552:
548:
537:
423:Stillmann, N. A. (1986).
1507:Financial administration
1279:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
415:Mamluk Costume: A Survey
1437:Government and military
932:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
124:In the Islamic world,
44:
1241:Mustansiriya Madrasah
646:Round city of Baghdad
33:
1737:Science and learning
636:Conquest of Ifriqiya
1712:Culture and society
815:Kharijite Rebellion
206:al-khizāna al-kubra
1752:Islamic philosophy
1048:Musharrif al-Dawla
917:Qarmatian invasion
902:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
783:Anarchy at Samarra
739:the Abbasid empire
607:Abbasid Revolution
45:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1427:
1426:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1263:
1262:
1195:(1157–1258)
1185:
1184:
1085:(1055–1157)
1071:
1070:
1063:al-Malik al-Rahim
990:Baghdad Manifesto
945:
944:
730:
729:
564:Umayyad Caliphate
527:Abbasid Caliphate
488:978-90-04-11373-2
469:978-90-04-07819-2
168:Fatimid Caliphate
149:Abbasid Caliphate
134:) and gave it to
65:
16:(Redirected from
1811:
1784:Robes and cloaks
1708:
1707:
1685:Jews and Judaism
1589:
1588:
1582:Religion and law
1578:
1577:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1301:
1300:
1283:Mamluk Sultanate
1201:
1200:
1196:
1091:
1090:
1086:
965:
964:
960:
959:(946–1055)
749:
748:
744:
737:Fragmentation of
689:Sack of Heraclea
597:
596:
592:
550:
549:
539:
538:
532:
520:
513:
506:
497:
496:
492:
473:
419:
396:
390:
384:
378:
369:
363:
302:received by the
297:
291:
278:
272:
266:
256:
254:khilaʿ al-wizāra
243:
237:
231:
225:
219:
208:
202:
193:
185:
179:
172:Mamluk Sultanate
166:In Egypt in the
162:
156:
143:
133:
94:
88:
82:
81:
76:
70:
60:
58:
35:Mahmud of Ghazni
21:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1747:House of Wisdom
1713:
1694:
1663:
1583:
1564:
1528:
1502:
1438:
1423:
1306:
1287:
1272:
1259:
1253:Sack of Baghdad
1197:
1194:
1181:
1130:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1067:
1043:Sultan al-Dawla
1033:Sharaf al-Dawla
1028:Samsam al-Dawla
1013:Mu'izz al-Dawla
1001:
961:
958:
957:
941:
865:
839:Abbasid revival
834:
766:Sack of Amorium
745:
743:(833–946)
742:
741:
738:
726:
679:Harun al-Rashid
657:
624:Battle of Talas
593:
591:(750–833)
590:
589:
580:
557:
544:
533:
530:
524:
489:
470:
429:Bosworth, C. E.
405:
400:
399:
395:, pp. 6–7.
391:
387:
379:
372:
364:
343:
338:
316:
276:khilaʿ al-safar
270:khilaʿ al-kudūm
160:aṣḥāb al-khilʿa
136:Ka'b ibn Zuhayr
107:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:Robe of honour
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1407:Jund Qinnasrin
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1387:Jund al-Urdunn
1384:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1135:Seljuk sultans
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:Jalal al-Dawla
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:'Adud al-Dawla
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
992:
982:
977:
971:
969:
962:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
940:
939:
937:Nasir al-Dawla
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
871:
867:
866:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
840:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
810:Zanj Rebellion
807:
806:
805:
800:
795:
790:
780:
775:
770:
769:
768:
757:
755:
753:Samarra period
746:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
725:
724:
723:
722:
713:
703:
698:
693:
692:
691:
686:
676:
671:
665:
663:
659:
658:
656:
655:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
628:
627:
626:
616:
615:
614:
603:
601:
594:
585:
582:
581:
579:
578:
573:
572:
571:
560:
558:
553:
546:
545:
535:
534:
523:
522:
515:
508:
500:
494:
493:
487:
474:
468:
433:van Donzel, E.
420:
410:Mayer, Leo Ary
404:
401:
398:
397:
393:Stillmann 1986
385:
381:Stillmann 1986
370:
366:Stillmann 1986
340:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
315:
312:
284:Ottoman Empire
264:khilaʿ al-ʿazl
257:('robe of the
200:nāẓir al-khāṣṣ
183:arbāb al-aqlām
177:arbāb al-suyūf
111:Middle Eastern
106:
103:
49:robe of honour
39:Abbasid caliph
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1657:Shi'a Century
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Sunni Revival
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:Abna al-dawla
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Amir al-umara
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:Jund Filastin
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:Malik-Shah II
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:al-Mustarshid
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Baha al-Dawla
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
991:
988:
987:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
966:
963:
956:
954:
948:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
922:Sack of Mecca
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
872:
868:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
837:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
778:al-Mutawakkil
776:
774:
771:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
758:
756:
754:
750:
747:
740:
733:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
660:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
604:
602:
600:Establishment
598:
595:
588:
583:
577:
574:
570:
567:
566:
565:
562:
561:
559:
556:
551:
547:
540:
536:
528:
521:
516:
514:
509:
507:
502:
501:
498:
490:
484:
480:
475:
471:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
406:
394:
389:
382:
377:
375:
367:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
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100:
99:
93:
87:
75:
69:
63:
54:
50:
43:
40:
36:
32:
19:
18:Robe of honor
1722:Architecture
1680:Christianity
1642:Twelve Imams
1483:
1392:Jund Dimashq
1269:
1248:al-Musta'sim
1236:al-Mustansir
1216:al-Mustanjid
1192:Final period
1191:
1177:Ahmad Sanjar
1152:Malik-Shah I
1111:al-Mustazhir
1077:
1018:Izz al-Dawla
951:
736:
701:Fourth Fitna
587:Early period
586:
554:
478:
451:
444:
418:. A. Kundig.
414:
388:
383:, p. 7.
368:, p. 6.
289:khilʿet behā
281:
249:Muslim world
246:
196:
165:
146:
123:
115:Hebrew Bible
108:
96:
48:
46:
1789:Award items
1779:Islamic art
1690:Khurramites
1637:Shi'a Islam
1601:Mu'tazilism
1058:Abu Kalijar
1006:Buyid emirs
897:al-Mustakfi
877:al-Muqtadir
856:al-Mu'tadid
851:al-Muwaffaq
846:al-Mu'tamid
793:al-Musta'in
788:al-Muntasir
761:al-Mu'tasim
716:Mu'tazilism
569:Third Fitna
441:Pellat, Ch.
304:Janissaries
292:('price of
1773:Categories
1727:Literature
1652:Qarmatians
1647:Isma'ilism
1555:Commanders
1414:Tabaristan
1281:under the
1221:al-Mustadi
1211:al-Muqtafi
1172:Muhammad I
1147:Alp Arslan
1126:al-Muqtafi
1106:al-Muqtadi
892:al-Muttaqi
861:al-Muktafi
803:al-Muhtadi
798:al-Mu'tazz
612:Abu Muslim
576:Hashimiyya
555:Background
531:(750–1258)
425:"K̲h̲ilʿa"
336:References
211:Al-Maqrizi
190:al-ʿulamāʾ
1732:Musicians
1625:Shafi'ism
1620:Hanbalism
1479:Officials
1402:Jund Hims
1305:Geography
1270:Aftermath
1162:Berkyaruq
1121:al-Rashid
825:Saffarids
773:al-Wathiq
706:al-Ma'mun
684:Barmakids
631:al-Mansur
619:al-Saffah
450:Volume V:
437:Lewis, B.
300:donativum
259:vizierate
119:Herodotus
92:tashrīfāt
71:, plural
62:romanized
1615:Hanafism
1533:Military
1367:Khurasan
1340:Ifriqiya
1315:Arminiya
1231:al-Zahir
1226:al-Nasir
1157:Mahmud I
1101:al-Qa'im
997:al-Qa'im
985:al-Qadir
882:al-Qahir
870:Collapse
830:Tulunids
820:Tahirids
669:al-Mahdi
452:Khe–Mahi
443:(eds.).
412:(1952).
325:Chelengk
314:See also
223:khillaut
126:Muhammad
86:tashārif
42:al-Qadir
1550:Battles
1545:Ghilman
1474:Mazalim
1320:Bahrayn
1204:Caliphs
1142:Tughril
1094:Caliphs
980:al-Ta'i
975:al-Muti
968:Caliphs
887:al-Radi
696:al-Amin
674:al-Hadi
543:History
529:topics
403:Sources
217:tashrīf
105:History
64::
1675:Dhimmi
1524:Kharaj
1498:Vizier
1493:Shurta
1382:Awasim
1357:Jazira
1081:period
1079:Seljuk
955:period
927:Bajkam
662:Apogee
485:
466:
439:&
330:Khalat
308:sultan
295:khilʿa
241:killut
235:khilut
229:khelat
154:khilʿa
141:khilʿa
83:, pl.
74:khilaʿ
68:khilʿa
53:Arabic
1668:Other
1605:Mihna
1593:Islam
1519:Iqta'
1514:Diwan
1488:tiraz
1469:Harem
1464:Hajib
1459:Barid
1419:Yemen
1377:Syria
1372:Sindh
1362:Jibal
1350:Sawad
1335:Hejaz
1330:Egypt
1325:Barqa
953:Buyid
720:Mihna
427:. In
320:Tiraz
238:, or
131:burda
98:ṭirāz
80:تشريف
77:, or
1610:Fiqh
1603:and
1560:Wars
1486:and
1345:Iraq
718:and
483:ISBN
464:ISBN
117:and
57:خلعة
456:doi
194:).
157:' (
89:or
1775::
462:.
448:.
435:;
431:;
373:^
344:^
310:.
232:,
121:.
101:.
59:,
55::
47:A
519:e
512:t
505:v
491:.
472:.
458::
226:(
51:(
20:)
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