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spreading opinions about predestination that apparently was contrary to Church of
England doctrine. Thomas Reader, likely Cushman's brother-in-law, testified that "Cushman of Canterbury was also of Gore's opinion." And another St. George's parishioner stated that Cushman had been "corrupted " by Gore. There were many other depositions, mostly St. George parishioners, indicating the parish had a number of dissenters and a few Separatists. Several of these deponents were associated with Cushman in earlier religious controversies.
127:
have mercy uppon us" which were posted on church doors throughout
Canterbury. The authorities ordered that the "lewd seditious persons" posting the libels be found, interrogated and committed to prison if they refused examination. Robert Cushman was arrested by the authorities and not providing satisfactory answers upon questioning, for "certain reasons" was committed to Westgate prison for one night. Friends of Cushman's from his prior parish of St. George were also involved in posting libels.
873:
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Association receiving a certificate stating the amount contributed and a picture of the
Monument. During the erection of the twenty-five-foot monument, the remains of Robert Cushman's son Elder Thomas Cushman, his wife Mary (Allerton) and other family members were found. These remains would later be buried within a space constructed beneath the monument, the completion of which was celebrated on 16 September 1858.
108:, with city butchers being obliged to sell animal fat to him for candle production. The parish of St. George being especially malodorous laying between the cattle market on one side and the butcher's slaughterhouse on the other. Apprentice Robert Cushman lived in George Master's house in St. George the Martyr parish making tallow candles at least until 1599 and likely as late as 1602 or 1603.
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Benenden, Kent, the next door village to
Rolvenden, where his brother, Richard, lived until Richard died in March 1623/24. Richard Couchman left a will probated in 1624 (PRC/17/65/443, Benenden). The will left a bequest to the children of "brother in lawe Stephen Everenden" (also Evernden). He married Richard and Roberts' sister, Sylvester Coucheman, in Rolvenden on 7 Nov 1593.
123:"is wanting and defective", a "superstitious custome," and he would not wish to worship "humane devices." He writes that he decided to seek instead the "nearest fellowship that the Saints can have in this world, most resembleth heaven." Cushman also writes that "God's people are still few, and scarce one of a hundred.." perhaps thinking of himself as one of the select few.
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the date of departure from
Portsmouth. But Cushman found at Plymouth that the settlers had finally come to realise their situation and their need for assistance from London. Cushman did complete his mission, but left Plymouth on 13 December 1621, having already spent four months at sea, and left his son Thomas in the care of
167:, sometime before 4 November 1611, where he was a woolcomber. In the year 1616, the year before his appointment as agent of the Leiden (Leyden) Church, Robert Cushman had three family losses. His wife Sarah died early in the year β exact date unknown. One of their children had died in March and another in October.
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captain refused to let them off. "(H)e will not hear them, nor suffer them to go ashore," Cushman stated, "lest they should run away." The months of tension had caught up with
Cushman and he began to suffer a searing pain in his chest β "a bundle of lead as it were, crushing my heart." He felt he was
138:
Various close connections of
Cushman were found in Canterbury parish records as well as those for apprenticeship and marriage. These persons likely thought of themselves as "Godly" and often were called 'Puritan." Due to the fact that their conventicles were illegal and secret it is very difficult to
99:
The first known record of Robert
Cushman appears in December 1597 in the parish of St. George the Martyr, Canterbury, co. Kent. City accounts provide information about 18-year-old Cushman's apprenticeship to grocer George Masters, being a second son who did not inherit land and moved to the city to
379:
Robert
Cushman's first marriage, in the parish of St Alphege, Canterbury, 11 July 1606, was to Sara Reder, who lived in the precincts of the cathedral and whose parentage has not been discovered. Sara Cushman died in Leiden, Holland, and was buried on 11 October 1616. Two of her three children died
370:
William
Bradford, Governor of Plymouth for many years, wrote upon receiving notice of Robert Cushman's death in England, that he "was as their right hand with their friends the (Merchant) Adventurers (London investment group), and for divers (sic) years had done and agitated all their business with
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cleared the coast, they put in for repairs at Dartmouth, a port 75 miles west of Southampton. The repairs were completed on 17 August, but they were forced to remain in Dartmouth due to lack of wind. By then half their food had been eaten. In his writings Cushman was very concerned about this. Many
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for financial backing from a group of merchants. Carver and Cushman quarrelled with Weston, and each other, over finances, contractual terms, shipping and provisions for the journey, to the point where Carver despaired of the whole venture. βWe have begun to buildβ, he said, βand shall not be able
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Robert Cushman remained but a few weeks. His mission was to convince the settlers to accept the terms of their contract imposed by Thomas Weston and the London investors. This contract had incurred the resentment and anger of the Leiden contingent and they had angrily rejected it on 5 August 1620,
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In 1606 Cushman was involved in an additional religious disturbance when the rector of St. George's, Thomas Wilson, accused a St. George's the Martyr parishioner, Gilbert Gore, of "false erroneous and devilish opinions" contrary to the Church of England and "repugnant to the word of God." Gore was
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Cushman's first problem with authorities came in 1603 while he was still apprenticed to Masters. This involved the illegal distribution of libels (derogatory religious writings) in Canterbury by Cushman "of the parish of St. Andrew of Canterbury." The libels were handwritten notices stating "Lorde
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The mission of Cushman in aid of the new Plymouth colony was much advanced by his return and arrival in London, 17 February 1622, with the signed approval of the terms of the Adventurers with him. It had been certified by the signatures of the leadership now led by Governor Bradford, successor to
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Cushman served as agent of the New Plymouth Colony and representative of the colony with the company of Merchant Adventurers of London until he died in May of 1625. Cushman did not die in London of the plague in 1625. There are no primary sources as evidence for this claim. Robert was visiting
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In 1604 Cushman was prosecuted by the Court of High Commission for distribution of libels and by the archdeaconry court for non-attendance at his parish church of St. Andrew's. His first excommunication came on 16 January 1604 for not acknowledging his offence of complaining that he could not be
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Robert Cushman was buried in England in 1625. On 15 August 1855 a gathering of Cushman family members meeting on Burial Hill in Plymouth Massachusetts decided to erect a monument to him and his descendants. The family formed the Cushman Monument Association. with any person contributing to the
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Thomas Cushman at age fourteen, was left behind at New Plymouth in the charge of the governor, William Bradford, after his father, Robert, returned to England. Thomas Cushman became Ruling Elder of the Plymouth Church in 1649, and remained in that office forty-two years until his death in 1691.
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Robert Cushman intended to sail to Plymouth Colony and was visiting his relatives before he left. William Bradford, in his book Of Plymouth Plantation, wrote that Cushman's "own purpose was to come over and spend his days with them". The St. Georges, Benenden archdeacon's transcript, primary
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In 1617 Robert Cushman married secondly, Mary Clarke Shingleton in Leiden, widow of Thomas Shingleton, who had died there. Cushman was forty and Mary twenty-seven. Prior to 1610, before sailing for Leiden, the Shingeltons had also moved from Canterbury where they lived, to St. Peter's parish,
351:β (or historically known as 'Mourt's Relation') the detailed journal-account, that is, day-to-day written record of the exploration of areas of Cape Cod and Plymouth bay and harbour. The "Relation" is the single most important historical document of its kind in early American history.
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research these associations other than to state that these kinship and marriages relationships seem to be true to form for Canterbury non-conformist society. In the pre-Leiden Pilgrim families of Nottingham and Lincolnshire, similar marriage and kinship relationships were found.
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In February 1607/1608 is found the last Canterbury record for the Cushman family at the baptism of Robert's son Thomas at St. Andrews. The next record of the Cushman family appears in Leiden in 1611 when Cushman bought a house in Nonensteeg which was next to the university.
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In 1605 Cushman completed his apprenticeship and became a freeman "grosser" for payment of four shillings and one pence. His surname was variously recorded as "Couchman" and "Cowchman," which were two of several surnames applied to him in records of the time.
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edified at his parish church. Per his request, he was absolved on 15 October 1604. His second excommunication was on 12 November 1604 likely for the offence of spreading libels. Per his request, on 7 July 1605 absolution was granted and the sentence lifted.
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to make an end.β Cushman talked of 'a flat schism' between them. After Weston had hired the Mayflower ship, Cushman and Carver, as purchasing agents for the Leiden congregation, began to secure supplies and provisions in London and Canterbury.
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until his death in 1625 in England. His historically famous booklet titled "Cry of a Stone" was written about 1619 and posthumously published in 1642. The work is an important pre-sailing Pilgrim account of the Leiden group's religious lives.
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source, record was May 6, 1625 "The 6 day Roberte Couchman a stranger." It was usual to identify a person as a "stranger" if they were from another parish. Robert lived in St. Botolph without Aldgate parish in northeast London.
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had to be abandoned because she would never have survived the voyage. The trade-off for a safer passage was the reduction of the 120 passengers to about 100, who then had to be squeezed aboard a single ship. Among those from the
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Many of Cushman's religious beliefs may have come from other Canterbury Puritans and his attendance at illegal religious meetings known as "conventicles." The best view into his religious principles and possibly some other
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When Robert Cushman arrived in London at the end of February 1622, he hurried to have printed and disseminated 'Mourt's Relation' as quickly and widely as possible, which was obviously meant as propaganda for the colony.
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A number of Canterbury Pilgrims are known to have moved to Sandwich in Kent where they resided prior to sailing for Leiden, Holland, with the James Chilton family, as an example, moving from Canterbury about 1600.
1143:
814:
Michael R. Paulick and Robert C. Cushman, "The 1625 Death of Pilgrim Robert Cushman in Benenden, Kent", The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol 172, Winter 2018, 25-29
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The Mayflower sailed from London with its passengers at the end of July, 1620, to take on supplies and meet up with the Speedwell from Leiden at Southampton. When it was time to leave
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80:, county Kent and is believed to be the second son of Thomas Couchman (Cushman) and Ellen Hubbarde. In 1601 Cushman's mother, wife of Thomas Tilden, her second husband, was buried in
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John Carver. This document had renewed the relationship between the colonist and the London investors and the investors were also relieved of ingratitude and culpable impropriety.
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going to die. The two ships left Dartmouth and sailed more than 300 miles, but then they again had to turn back, this time to Plymouth in Devon, because of trouble on the
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and Robert Cushman to carry on negotiations with officials in London regarding a voyage to America. By June 1619 Carver and Cushman had secured a patent from the
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220:, Cushman, and Carver. John Carver and Robert Cushman had jointly agreed to find them guardians among the passengers. The children were sent to the
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in 1621. Cushman carried with him a patent to the New Plymouth colony in the name of Mr John Pierce of London, one of the Merchant Adventurers.
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Beginning in September 1617, Cushman spent much of his time in England, working on preparations for the voyage to the new colony He, along with
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of the passengers wanted to abandon the voyage, even though, to many, it meant losing everything they possessed. Cushman stated that the
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390:(ca.1607/08-1691) was baptised at St Andrew's church, Canterbury. He died in Plymouth, Massachusetts, 11 December 1691. He married
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was attacked by French pirates and was robbed of its valuable cargo, along with the possessions of crew and passengers.
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for Brewster's distribution of religious tracts criticising the king and his bishops, the Separatists looked to
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Cushman arrived back in London, 17 February 1622. He was carrying with him a valuable document known as the
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about 1636 in Plymouth. They had eight children. Mary died in Plymouth 28 November 1699, the last of the
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Robert C. Cushman and Michael R. Paulick, "Robert Cushman, Mayflower Pilgrim in Canterbury, 1596β1607
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556:(a collaboration between American Ancestors and New England Historic Genealogical Society)
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Robert Cushman of Kent (1577β1625) : Chief Agent of the Plymouth Pilgrims (1617β1625)
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Robert Cushman of Kent (1577β1625) : Chief Agent of the Plymouth Pilgrims (1617β1625)
779:(General Society of Mayflower Descendants: 2005), 2nd Ed. edited by Judith Swan pp. 64β65
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Robert Cushman of Kent (1577β1625) : Chief Agent of the Plymouth Pilgrims (1617β1625)
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Robert Cushman of Kent (1577β1625) : Chief Agent of the Plymouth Pilgrims (1617β1625)
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Robert Cushman of Kent (1577β1625) : Chief Agent of the Plymouth Pilgrims (1617β1625)
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805:(General Society of Mayflower Descendants: 2005), 2nd Ed. edited by Judith Swan p. 73
740:(General Society of Mayflower Descendants: 2005), 2nd Ed. edited by Judith Swan p. 64
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580:(General Society of Mayflower Descendants: 2005), 2nd Ed. edited by Judith Swan p. 71
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851:(General Society of Mayflower Descendants: 2005), 2nd Ed. edited by Judith Swan p. 8
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Charles Edward Banks, 'The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers'(2006).
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History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth
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was "speedily dispatched away laden with (cargo) estimated to be worth near Β£500."
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can be found in his booklet titled "The Cry of a Stone." He writes that the
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was the family of Cushman, who stated he expected at any moment to become
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Robert Cushman and his son Thomas traveled to Plymouth Colony aboard the
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492:, The Mayflower Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 3, September 2013 pp. 226β228
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This article is about Plymouth Colony Pilgrim. For other uses, see
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3. (child) Buried at Pieterkerk, Leiden, Holland 24 October 1616.
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528:, The Mayflower Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 3, September 2013 p. 230
479:, The Mayflower Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 3, September 2013 p. 228
463:, The Mayflower Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 3, September 2013 p. 226
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Sandwich, Kent. They later joined the Pilgrim Church in Leiden.
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2. (child) Buried at Pieterkerk, Leiden, Holland 11 March 1616.
512:, The Mayflower Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 3, September 2013 p.229
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and Elizabeth Winslow; Jasper, seven, to the Carvers; and both
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As the Separatists gathered in London, they were joined by the
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838:, The Mayflower Quarterly, vol. 75, no. 1, March 2009. p. 48
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Robert Cushman, Mayflower Pilgrim in Canterbury, 1596β1607
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Robert Cushman, Mayflower Pilgrim in Canterbury, 1596β1607
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Robert Cushman, Mayflower Pilgrim in Canterbury, 1596β1607
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Robert Cushman, Mayflower Pilgrim in Canterbury, 1596β1607
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Robert Cushman, Mayflower Pilgrim in Canterbury, 1596β1607
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Robert Cushman, Mayflower Pilgrim in Canterbury, 1596β1607
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but they declined β probably because of Robert's illness.
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voyage in 1620, serving as chief agent in London for the
29:(1577β1625) was an important leader and organiser of the
753:(Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), pp. 276β277
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304:, Cushman and his family had priority to sail on the
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150th Anniversary of Cushman Monument on Burial Hill
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722:Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims
698:(Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 20
790:Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims
751:Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620β1691
711:(Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 2.
709:Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620β1691
696:Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620β1691
651:Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims
383:The children of Robert Cushman and his wife Sara:
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664:Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War
638:Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War
591:Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War
554:Pilgrim Village Families Sketch: Robert Cushman
54:passengers when the ship sailed from London to
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616:. London and New York: Pegasus. p. 327.
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792:(New York: St. Martin's Press, 2002), p. 52
420:Cushman Monument on Burial Hill in Plymouth
159:Robert Cushman and his family emigrated to
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42:contingent from 1617 to 1620 and later for
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508:Robert C. Cushman and Michael R. Paulick,
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475:Robert C. Cushman and Michael R. Paulick,
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195:for the Separatists. In 1620 they were in
682:(Indiana: Xlibris Corp., 2006), pp. 18β19
653:(New York: St. Martins Press, 2002), p 28
488:Robert C. Cushman and Michael R. Paulick
171:Preparing for the voyage to the New World
50:Cushman was most likely one of the first
847:Robert E. Cushman and Franklin P. Cole,
801:Robert E. Cushman and Franklin P. Cole,
775:Robert E. Cushman and Franklin P. Cole,
736:Robert E. Cushman and Franklin P. Cole,
576:Robert E. Cushman and Franklin P. Cole,
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640:(New York: Viking 2006), pp. 19, 22, 42
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1599:National Monument to the Forefathers
1069:Royal National College for the Blind
300:. After the decision to abandon the
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593:(New York: Viking, 2006), pp. 18β19
335:On the voyage back to England, the
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1662:People from colonial Massachusetts
1623:Mayflower: The Pilgrims' Adventure
68:was later forced to be abandoned.
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766:(Boston: 1856), pp. 110, 122, 114
371:them, to their great advantage."
248:Attempts to leave England on the
1615:Signing of the Mayflower Compact
1609:Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar
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680:The Mayflower and Her Passengers
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614:The Journey to the Mayflower
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1033:Frances Hodgson Burnett
971:Wittersham Road Station
865:Works by Robert Cushman
1575:Mayflower AI sea drone
1556:Mayflower House Museum
1194:Of Plymouth Plantation
564:17 August 2011 at the
292:who did not board the
1677:People from Rolvenden
662:Nathaniel Philbrick,
636:Nathaniel Philbrick,
589:Nathaniel Philbrick,
435:The Mayflower Society
72:Early life in England
1630:The Pilgrim Progress
1563:Pilgrim Hall Museum
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298:meate for ye fishes
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966:Rolvenden Windmill
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1667:1577 births
1626:(1979 film)
1426:Jasper More
1421:Elinor More
1350:John Turner
1340:John Tilley
1290:Edward Doty
1260:John Carver
1212:Separatists
1176:signatories
1166:Cole's Hill
257:Southampton
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189:John Carver
177:John Carver
56:Southampton
1646:Categories
1536:passengers
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1386:John Alden
1139:passengers
980:Businesses
441:References
106:Canterbury
102:apprentice
100:become an
40:Separatist
1582:Mayflower
1549:Mayflower
1504:Speedwell
1487:Corbitant
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1431:Mary More
1137:Mayflower
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230:Katherine
222:Mayflower
114:Mayflower
78:Rolvenden
66:Speedwell
61:Speedwell
52:Mayflower
32:Mayflower
1580:Harwich
1183:Pilgrims
1135:List of
562:Archived
429:See also
117:Pilgrims
90:Scituate
1551:Society
1511:Fortune
1496:Related
1472:Samoset
1467:Squanto
1121:General
1062:Schools
987:Geering
930:Kensham
876:at the
337:Fortune
330:Fortune
318:Fortune
242:Richard
197:Aldgate
165:Holland
86:Puritan
82:Ashford
996:People
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283:. The
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234:Elinor
218:Weston
161:Leiden
37:Leiden
1528:and
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1524:The
618:ISBN
269:and
214:More
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