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favorably; Judge Becker considered Stroud to be modest, no longer a danger to society, and as having a genuine love for birds. Given his level of notoriety, the crimes he committed were unremarkable, especially as the assaults he committed had a clear cause. Carl
Sifakais considers Stroud to have been a "brilliant self-taught expert on birds, and possibly the best-known example of self-improvement and rehabilitation in the U.S. prison system."
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859:. Stroud never got to see the film or read the book it was based on but did share one of the problems that prevented parole, that he was an "admitted homosexual." Lancaster quoted Stroud as saying, "Let's face it, I am 73 years old. Does that answer your question about whether I would be a dangerous homosexual?"
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Stroud's activities created problems for the prison management. According to regulations, each letter sent or received at the prison had to be read, copied, and approved. Stroud was so involved in his business that this alone required a full-time prison secretary. Additionally, most of the time, his
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Because of Stroud's contributions to the field of ornithology, he gained a large following of thousands of bird breeders and poultry raisers who demanded his release, and for many years a "Committee to
Release Robert F. Stroud" campaigned to have Stroud released from prison. However, because Stroud
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Rumors of Stroud's homosexuality were noted at
Alcatraz. According to Donald Hurley, whose father was a guard at Alcatraz, "Whenever Stroud was around anyone, which was seldom, he was watched very closely, as prison officials were very aware of his overt homosexual tendencies." In an interview with
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On
December 16, 1942, Stroud was transferred to Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary and became inmate No. 594. He reportedly was not informed in advance that he was to leave Leavenworth and his beloved birds, and was given just 10 minutes' notice of his departure. His birds and equipment were sent to his
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Prison officials, fed up with Stroud's activities and their attendant publicity, intensified their efforts to transfer him from
Leavenworth. Stroud discovered a Kansas law that forbade the transfer of prisoners married in Kansas. To this end, he married Jones by proxy, which infuriated the prison's
647:. On January 18, 1909, barman F. K. "Charlie" von Dahmer allegedly failed to pay O'Brien for her services and beat her. Stroud confronted von Dahmer, and after a struggle shot him to death. Stroud surrendered himself. According to police reports, he knocked von Dahmer unconscious and then shot him.
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English took the last photo of Stroud, in which he is shown with a green visor. The warden of the prison attempted to have
English prosecuted for bringing something into the prison he did not take out: unexposed film. The authorities declined to take any action. Upon Stroud's death, his personal
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states that Stroud had a "superior intellect," and became a "first-rate ornithologist and author," but was an "extremely dangerous and menacing psychopath, disliked and distrusted by his jailers and fellow inmates." However, by his last years, Stroud's behavior had improved and he was viewed more
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Prison officials were not the only ones perturbed with Stroud's marriage; his mother was also incensed. They had a close relationship, but
Elizabeth Stroud strongly disapproved of the marriage to Jones, believing women were nothing but trouble for her son. Whereas previously she had been a strong
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in May 1946, Stroud made efforts to protect other inmates. Then fifty-six years old, Stroud climbed over the third tier railing and lowered himself to the second tier, then dropped onto the floor of D Block. He started closing the front solid steel doors of the six isolation cells to protect the
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In 1920, while in solitary confinement at the federal penitentiary of
Leavenworth, Stroud discovered a nest with three injured sparrows in the prison yard. He cared for them and within a few years had acquired a collection of about 300 canaries. He began extensive research into birds after being
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family of diseases, gaining much respect and some level of sympathy among ornithologists and farmers. Stroud ran a successful business from inside the prison, but his activities infuriated the prison staff. He was transferred to
Alcatraz in 1942 after it was discovered that he had been secretly
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as his wife, renamed Stella
Johnson in the film. However, former inmates of Alcatraz say that the real Stroud was far more sinister, dangerous and unpleasant than the fictionalized version portrayed in the book and film. One said "he was a vicious killer. I think Burt Lancaster owes us all an
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Stroud was one of the most violent prisoners at McNeil Island, frequently feuding with staff and other inmates, and was prone to illness. He reportedly stabbed a fellow prisoner who reported him for stealing food, assaulted a hospital orderly who had reported him to prison administration for
725:, and Stroud had started to add to his collection. He occupied his time raising and caring for his birds, which he could sell for supplies and to help support his mother. According to Stroud, he used a "razor blade and nail for tools" and made his first bird cage out of wooden crates.
793:. In retaliation, the publisher complained to the warden and, as a result, proceedings were initiated to transfer Stroud to Alcatraz, where he would not be permitted to keep his birds. In the end, Stroud was able to keep both his birds and canary-selling business at Leavenworth.
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advocate for her son, helping him with legal battles, she now argued against his application for parole and became a major obstacle in his attempts to be released from the prison system. She moved away from Leavenworth and refused any further contact with him. She died in 1938.
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helpless men. Stroud yelled to the Warden, explaining that there were no firearms in D Block and that those involved in violence had retreated to another section of the prison. He made it clear that many innocent men would die if the guards continued to fire into D Block.
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Stroud was born in Seattle, the eldest child of Elizabeth Jane (née McCartney, 1860–1938) and Benjamin Franklin Stroud. His mother had two daughters from a previous marriage. His father was an abusive alcoholic, and Stroud ran away from home at the age of 13.
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During his 17-year term at Alcatraz, Stroud was allowed access to the prison library and began studying law. Occasionally, he was permitted to play chess with one of the guards. Stroud began petitioning the government that his long prison term amounted to
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On November 21, 1963, Robert Stroud died at the Springfield Medical Center at the age of 73, having been incarcerated for the last 54 years of his life, of which 42 were spent in solitary confinement. He was interred in the old Masonic Cemetery near
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to manufacture alcohol. Officials finally had the wedge they needed to drive Stroud out. Citing his "dangerous tendencies" and longstanding concerns about the sanitary conditions of his cell, they initiated proceedings to send him to Alcatraz.
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In 1943, he was assessed by psychiatrist Romney M. Ritchey, who diagnosed him as a psychopath, with an I.Q. of 112 (his initial report in 1942 based on Leavenworth states that he had an I.Q. of 116). While there, he wrote two manuscripts:
778:, he was even given a second cell to house them. However, his letter-writing privileges were greatly curtailed. Jones and Stroud grew so close that she moved to Kansas in 1931 and started a business with him, selling his avian medicines.
690:. In 1916, he stabbed a guard through the heart after the guard reprimanded him for a minor rule violation that would have prevented a visit from Stroud's younger brother. In 1918, after three trials, Stroud was sentenced to be hanged.
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562:. Stroud gained a reputation as a dangerous inmate who frequently had confrontations with fellow inmates and staff. In 1916, he stabbed and killed a guard. Stroud was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to death by
844:. A judge ruled that Stroud had the right to write and keep such manuscripts, but upheld the warden's decision to ban their publication. After Stroud's death, the transcripts were delivered to his lawyer, Richard English.
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Hurley for his book, a former inmate heard Stroud was always in 'dog block' (solitary confinement) or later in the hospital because he was a 'wolf' (aggressive homosexual) who had a bad temper."
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brother as Alcatraz's strict policies meant that he was unable to continue his avocation. He spent six years in segregation and another 11 confined to the hospital wing at the penitentiary.
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penitentiary, Biddle furnished Stroud with cages, chemicals, and stationery to conduct his ornithological activities. Visitors were shown Stroud's aviary, and many purchased his canaries.
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Stroud mostly avoided trouble for several more years, until it came to light that some of the equipment Stroud had requested for his lab was in fact being used as a home-made
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Soon thereafter, Leavenworth's administration changed, and William Biddle took over as warden. Impressed with the possibility of presenting Leavenworth as a progressive
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In 1931, an attempt to force Stroud to discontinue his business and get rid of his birds failed after Stroud and one of his mail correspondents, a bird researcher from
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While at Leavenworth in 1920, Stroud found a nest with three injured sparrows in the prison yard, and raised them to adulthood. Prisoners were sometimes allowed to buy
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523:", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States. During his time at
535:, where regulations did not allow him to keep birds. Stroud was never released from the federal prison system; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963.
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property, including original manuscripts, was delivered to English, as his last legal representative, who later turned over some of the possessions to the
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had killed a federal officer, his punishment in solitary confinement remained intact. In 1963, Richard M. English, a young lawyer who had campaigned for
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The Celluloid Couch: An annotated international filmography of the mental health professional in the movies and television, from the beginning to 1990
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named Della Mae Jones, made his story known to newspapers and magazines. A massive letter campaign and a 50,000-signature petition sent to President
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Stroud began serving a 17-year term at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary on December 19, 1942, and became inmate No. 594. In 1943, he was assessed by
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747:(1943), with updated, specific information. He made several important contributions to avian pathology, most notably a cure for the hemorrhagic
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If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.
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to enlist support, but Truman declined. He also met with senior Kennedy administration officials who were studying the subject.
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birds were permitted to fly freely within his cells, and because of the great number of birds he kept, his cell was filthy.
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pay homage to him. In addition, Bryan Christopher Williams, a well-known rapper, adopted the stage name of Birdman (
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In 1912, Stroud was sentenced to an additional six months for the attacks and transferred from McNeil Island to the
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Looking Outward: A History of the U.S. Prison System from Colonial Times to the Formation of the Bureau of Prisons
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542:, Washington, Stroud ran away from his abusive father at the age of 13. By the time he was 18, he had become a
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Over the years, he raised nearly 300 canaries in his cells. He also wrote two books, the 60,000-word treatise
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In 1933, Stroud advertised in a publication that he had not received any royalties from the sales of
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1981:
1165:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. p. 160.
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family of diseases. He gained respect and also some level of sympathy in the bird-loving field.
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in California, took to the cause of securing Stroud's release. He met with former President
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In music, Stroud has been the subject of the instrumental "Birdman of Alcatraz" from
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of 112. Stripped of his birds and equipment, he wrote a history of the penal system.
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Stroud is considered to be one of the most notorious criminals in American history.
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1560:"Chronicle Archives Wayback Machine: Canseco earns MVP honor, Nov. 17, 1988, 1963"
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Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
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1712:"Bird-Man of Aberdeen - Official TF2 Wiki | Official Team Fortress Wiki"
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Alcatraz Screw: My Years as a Guard in America's Most Notorious Prison
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administrators, who would not allow him to correspond with his wife.
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741:(1933), which was smuggled out of Leavenworth, and a later edition,
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867:. In 1959, with his health failing, Stroud was transferred to the
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taken in 1942 and information in the warden's notebook at Alcatraz
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contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
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Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress
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Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
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resulted in Stroud being permitted to keep his birds. Despite
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granted equipment by a prison-reforming warden. Stroud wrote
32:"Birdman of Alcatraz" redirects here. For the 1962 film, see
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Free Press V. Fair Trial: Supreme Court Decisions Since 1807
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519:(January 28, 1890 – November 21, 1963), known as the "
1159:"The Last Days of Robert F. Stroud The Birdman of Alcatraz"
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making alcohol by using some of the equipment in his cell.
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627:, where he remained until his death on November 21, 1963.
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Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives, Volume 23
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1328:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 14647–14649.
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the federal penitentiary at McNeil Island, Washington
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The Rock: A History of Alcatraz: The Fort/The Prison
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1489:. Internet Archive. Ariel Vamp Press. p. 152.
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683:through threats, and reportedly stabbed an inmate.
117:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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851:In February 1963 Stroud met and talked with actor
527:, he reared and sold birds and became a respected
2670:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
1847:American Murder: Criminals, Crimes, and the Media
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1930:Ryan, James Gilbert; Schlup, Leonard C. (2006).
1452:Birdman of Alcatraz: the Story of Robert Stroud
1317:
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1016:is also about him. Several video games such as
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1613:Prologue: the journal of the National Archives
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1418:Looking Outward Part I: A Voice From the Grave
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1084:The Presidio: From Army Post to National Park
29:American inmate and ornithologist (1890–1963)
1980:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p.
1664:, article on sfgate.com, online home of the
1596:'Birdman of Alcatraz' buried near Metropolis
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932:Stroud became the subject of a 1955 book by
531:. From 1942 to 1959, he was incarcerated at
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688:federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas
80:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2660:American people who died in prison custody
2190:Former Military Chapel (Bachelor Quarters)
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2052:
1929:
1638:Alcatraz: History and Design of a Landmark
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600:Romney M. Ritchey, who diagnosed him as a
588:, most notably a cure for the hemorrhagic
2650:American people convicted of manslaughter
1868:History in the Media: Film and Television
1546:
1209:
292:Learn how and when to remove this message
274:Learn how and when to remove this message
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
2680:Inmates of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
2038:Stroud's Digest on the Diseases of Birds
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1741:Birdman: The Many Faces of Robert Stroud
1438:– via cdm17307.contentdm.oclc.org.
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2002:A History of Alcatraz Island: 1853–2008
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960:as a fictionalized and renamed warden,
619:In 1959, Stroud was transferred to the
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1635:MacDonald, Donald; Nadel, Ira (2012).
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693:Stroud's mother appealed to President
2665:American prisoners sentenced to death
2427:("The Dean of American Bank Robbers")
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1138:Alacatraz – The Warden Johnston years
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2645:American people convicted of assault
2625:American convicts who became writers
1954:The Encyclopedia of American Prisons
1843:
1558:Miller, Johnny (November 17, 2013).
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869:Medical Center for Federal Prisoners
621:Medical Center for Federal Prisoners
363:Medical Center for Federal Prisoners
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217:move details into the article's body
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115:adding citations to reliable sources
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985:played Stroud in the 1987 TV movie
975:played Stroud in the 1980 TV movie
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2610:20th-century American male writers
2144:Alcatraz Island in popular culture
1933:Historical Dictionary of The 1940s
1783:Captured On Film: The Prison Movie
1455:. Comstock Editions. p. 199.
978:Alcatraz: The Whole Shocking Story
25:
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2675:Criminals from Washington (state)
2655:American people of German descent
2635:American male non-fiction writers
2292:June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt
2020:
1826:Alcatraz Island: Maximum Security
1421:. Comstock Editions. p. 27.
1346:. Time Inc. May 2, 1960. p.
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1008:about criminality, and the song "
422:6 ft 3 in (191 cm)
61:This article has multiple issues.
2620:20th-century American zoologists
2615:20th-century American memoirists
2083:
1808:. University of Missouri Press.
1690:"Rick Wakeman's Criminal Record"
1641:. Chronicle Books. p. 243.
1322:United States. Congress (1962).
1134:"Alcatraz psychiatric summaries"
825:1942 Warden's notebook continued
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2640:American ornithological writers
2605:20th-century American criminals
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102:needs additional citations for
69:or discuss these issues on the
2123:June 1962 escape from Alcatraz
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1001:Rick Wakeman's Criminal Record
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503:with the possibility of parole
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1:
2113:Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
1758:Campbell, Douglas S. (1994).
1035:
875:, but he was never released.
658:and sentenced to 12 years in
1999:Wellman, Gregory L. (2008).
1415:Stroud, Robert (1943–1962).
1157:Larsen, Lawrence H. (1991).
865:cruel and unusual punishment
7:
1802:Gregory, George H. (2008).
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10:
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1909:Rabkin, Leslie Y. (1998).
1823:Hurley, Donald J. (1994).
1610:National Archives (1991).
611:In what came to be called
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34:Birdman of Alcatraz (film)
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2510:Ellsworth Raymond Johnson
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2210:Model Industries Building
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1662:"Alumni' revisit The Rock
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1829:. Fog Bell Enterprises.
1779:Crowther, Bruce (1989).
1472:– via Archive.org.
1081:Benton, Lisa M. (1998).
878:
838:, an autobiography, and
525:Leavenworth Penitentiary
2630:American male criminals
2566:("Birdman of Alcatraz")
2516:Alvin Francis Karpavicz
2205:New Industries Building
1976:The Secrets of Alcatraz
1957:. Infobase Publishing.
1739:Babyak, Jolene (1994).
1666:San Francisco Chronicle
1564:San Francisco Chronicle
1483:Babyak, Jolene (1994).
1449:Gaddis, Thomas (1989).
1267:"Officer Andrew Turner"
1227:Encyclopædia Britannica
964:as Stroud's mother and
857:The Birdman of Alcatraz
855:, who portrayed him in
652:United States territory
390:The Birdman of Alcatraz
39:For the scientist, see
2139:Occupation of Alcatraz
2005:. Arcadia Publishing.
1972:Sloate, Susan (2008).
1951:Sifakis, Carl (2002).
1886:Odier, Pierre (1982).
1865:Niemi, Robert (2006).
1066:Ryan & Schlup 2006
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613:The Battle of Alcatraz
517:Robert Franklin Stroud
330:Robert Franklin Stroud
18:Robert Franklin Stroud
2539:Rafael Cancel Miranda
2535:("Texas Bank Robber")
2524:("Machine Gun Kelly")
2378:Cecil J. Shuttleworth
1850:. Visible Ink Press.
1716:wiki.teamfortress.com
1087:. UPNE. p. 228.
946:film of the same name
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873:Springfield, Missouri
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679:attempting to obtain
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650:As Alaska was then a
631:Early life and arrest
625:Springfield, Missouri
492:6 months imprisonment
486:12 years imprisonment
367:Springfield, Missouri
2695:Writers from Seattle
1743:. Ariel Vamp Press.
988:Six Against the Rock
886:Metropolis, Illinois
791:Diseases of Canaries
762:Stroud c. late 1930s
738:Diseases of Canaries
581:Diseases of Canaries
572:solitary confinement
380:Metropolis, Illinois
111:improve this article
2522:George Kelly Barnes
1915:. Scarecrow Press.
1844:Mayo, Mike (2008).
938:Birdman of Alcatraz
776:prison overcrowding
521:Birdman of Alcatraz
499:Death, commuted to
2408:Richard J. Willard
2402:Arthur M. Dollison
2317:James B. McPherson
2287:Battle of Alcatraz
2118:Battle of Alcatraz
993:Battle of Alcatraz
950:John Frankenheimer
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2371:Associate wardens
2361:Olin G. Blackwell
2343:James A. Johnston
2327:William A. Winder
2135:
2106:General McPherson
2012:978-0-7385-5815-8
1991:978-1-4027-3591-2
1964:978-1-4381-2987-7
1943:978-0-7656-0440-8
1922:978-0-8108-3462-0
1901:978-0-9611632-0-4
1894:. L'Image Odier.
1878:978-1-57607-952-2
1857:978-1-57859-191-6
1836:978-0-9620546-2-4
1815:978-0-8262-1396-9
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1496:978-0-9618752-2-0
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2418:Notable inmates
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1936:. M.E. Sharpe.
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2549:Rufe Persful
2544:Rufus McCain
2488:Volney Davis
2462:("Scarface")
2454:James Bulger
2105:
2037:
2001:
1975:
1953:
1932:
1911:
1889:
1871:. ABC-CLIO.
1867:
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1787:. Batsford.
1782:
1764:. ABC-CLIO.
1760:
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1733:Bibliography
1732:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
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1694:. Retrieved
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1618:. Retrieved
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1569:November 20,
1567:. Retrieved
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1517:Sifakis 2002
1485:
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1466:. Retrieved
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1432:. Retrieved
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1369:. Retrieved
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1305:Wellman 2008
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1271:. Retrieved
1231:. Retrieved
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1141:. Retrieved
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1051:Gregory 2008
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598:psychiatrist
595:
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552:penitentiary
537:
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483:Manslaughter
462:Manslaughter
357:(1963-11-21)
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250:
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109:Please help
104:verification
101:
77:
70:
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63:Please help
60:
26:
2600:1963 deaths
2595:1890 births
2570:Henri Young
2533:James Lucas
2478:Bernard Coy
2466:Meyer Cohen
2433:("The Owl")
2410:(1962–1963)
2404:(1961–1962)
2398:(1959–1961)
2392:(1947–1955)
2386:(1937–1947)
2380:(1934–1937)
2363:(1961–1963)
2357:(1955–1961)
2351:(1948–1955)
2345:(1934–1948)
2241:Baker Beach
2225:Water Tower
2220:Power House
2195:Social Hall
2185:Building 64
2165:Dining Hall
1677:Rabkin 1998
1584:Sloate 2008
1541:Hurley 1994
1529:Hurley 1994
1391:Sloate 2008
1010:The Birdman
966:Betty Field
958:Karl Malden
956:as Stroud,
942:Guy Trosper
709:Leavenworth
666:Prison life
560:Puget Sound
460:1909
395:Occupations
2589:Categories
2505:John Giles
2490:("Curley")
2468:("Mickey")
2456:("Whitey")
2215:Lighthouse
1750:0961875224
1696:August 30,
1183:Odier 1982
1121:Niemi 2006
1036:References
1004:(1977), a
973:Art Carney
969:apology."
798:distillery
749:septicemia
639:At 18, in
604:, with an
602:psychopath
590:septicemia
336:1890-01-28
137:newspapers
66:improve it
2554:Ralph Roe
2512:("Bumpy")
2496:("Deafy")
2460:Al Capone
2450:("Dutch")
2153:Buildings
1620:August 6,
1371:August 6,
1366:0024-3019
1273:August 6,
1251:Mayo 2008
1233:August 6,
1019:Galerians
995:of 1946.
813:Stroud's
586:pathology
215:and help
72:talk page
2272:Features
2170:Hospital
1721:June 14,
1468:June 29,
1434:June 26,
1171:37503255
815:mug shot
805:Alcatraz
723:canaries
681:morphine
538:Born in
533:Alcatraz
406:Salesman
2474:("Ted")
2439:("Doc")
2336:Wardens
2277:Inmates
2234:Grounds
2175:Library
2093:General
1486:Birdman
1143:May 30,
768:Indiana
564:hanging
546:in the
540:Seattle
489:Assault
477:Penalty
444:
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344:Seattle
151:scholar
2303:People
2200:Morgue
2108:(ship)
2009:
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1269:. ODMP
1169:
1091:
981:, and
892:Legacy
836:Bobbie
699:warden
645:Juneau
495:Murder
427:Spouse
419:Height
153:
146:
139:
132:
124:
2265:Lists
2256:Wharf
1012:" by
879:Death
438:(
434:
158:JSTOR
144:books
2132:film
2128:book
2007:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1723:2023
1698:2013
1643:ISBN
1622:2013
1571:2013
1491:ISBN
1470:2021
1457:ISBN
1436:2022
1423:ISBN
1373:2013
1362:ISSN
1352:ISBN
1342:Life
1275:2013
1235:2013
1167:OCLC
1145:2018
1089:ISBN
1022:and
606:I.Q.
544:pimp
402:Pimp
382:, US
369:, US
352:Died
326:Born
130:news
1032:).
871:in
623:in
570:in
558:in
554:on
113:by
2591::
2130:·
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