Robert H. Goddard - Knowledge

1546: 1538: 1684: 1601: 1589: 1436:, but was noticed and advanced by other nations, especially the Germans. Goddard showed remarkable prescience in 1923 in a letter to the Smithsonian. He knew that the Germans were very interested in rocketry and said he "would not be surprised if the research would become something in the nature of a race," and he wondered how soon the European "theorists" would begin to build rockets. In 1936, the U.S. military attaché in Berlin asked Charles Lindbergh to visit Germany and learn what he could of their progress in aviation. Although the Luftwaffe showed him their factories and were open concerning their growing airpower, they were silent on the subject of rocketry. When Lindbergh told Goddard of this behavior, Goddard said, "Yes, they must have plans for the rocket. When will our own people in Washington listen to reason?" 1088:, "Believes Rocket Can Reach Moon", reported a Smithsonian press release about a "multiple-charge, high-efficiency rocket." The chief application envisaged was "the possibility of sending recording apparatus to moderate and extreme altitudes within the Earth's atmosphere", the advantage over balloon-carried instruments being ease of recovery, since "the new rocket apparatus would go straight up and come straight down." But it also mentioned a proposal "to to the dark part of the new moon a sufficiently large amount of the most brilliant flash powder which, in being ignited on impact, would be plainly visible in a powerful telescope. This would be the only way of proving that the rocket had really left the attraction of the earth, as the apparatus would never come back, once it had escaped that attraction." 3031: 1656:

fuel. ... " Harry Guggenheim and Charles Lindbergh arranged for (then Major) Doolittle to discuss with Goddard a special blend of gasoline. Doolittle flew himself to Roswell in October 1938 and was given a tour of Goddard's shop and a "short course" in rocketry. He then wrote a memo, including a rather detailed description of Goddard's rocket. In closing he said, "interplanetary transportation is probably a dream of the very distant future, but with the moon only a quarter of a million miles away—who knows!" In July 1941, he wrote Goddard that he was still interested in his rocket propulsion research. The Army was interested only in JATO at this point. However, Doolittle and Lindbergh were concerned about the state of rocketry in the US, and Doolittle remained in touch with Goddard.

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seconds, and Fischer was anxious to try it on a PBY. On the sixth test run, with all bugs worked out, the PBY, piloted by Fischer, was pushed into the air from the Severn River. Fischer landed and prepared to launch again. Goddard had wanted to check the unit, but radio contact with the PBY had been lost. On the seventh try, the engine caught fire. The plane was 150 feet up when flight was aborted. Because Goddard had installed a safety feature at the last minute, there was no explosion and there were no deaths. The problem's cause was traced to hasty installation and rough handling. Cheaper, safer solid fuel JATO engines were eventually selected by the armed forces. An engineer later said, "Putting rocket on a seaplane was like hitching an eagle to a plow."

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demonstrated to the Navy and some officials from Washington. Fischer invited the spectators to operate the controls; the engine blasted out over the Severn at full throttle with no hesitation, idled, and roared again at various thrust levels. The test was perfect, exceeding the Navy's requirements. The unit was able to be stopped and restarted, and it produced a medium thrust of 600 pounds for 15 seconds and a full thrust of 1,000 pounds for over 15 seconds. A Navy Commander commented that "It was like being Thor, playing with thunderbolts." Goddard had produced the essential propulsion control system of the rocket plane. The Goddards celebrated by attending the Army-Navy football game and attending the Fischers' cocktail party.

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became a rocket scientist working with von Braun's team in the late 1940s, said that he and his fellow workers had not heard of Goddard or his contributions and that they would have saved time if they had known the details of his work. Sutton admits that it may have been their fault for not looking for Goddard's patents and depending on the German team for knowledge and guidance; he wrote that information about the patents was not well distributed in the U.S. at that early period after World War II, though Germany and the Soviet Union had copies of some of them. (The Patent Office did not release rocket patents during World War II.) However, the Aerojet Engineering Corporation, an offshoot of the

1319: 2635:; they also had the benefit of intensive state funding, large-scale production facilities (using slave labor), and repeated flight-testing that allowed them to refine their designs. Oberth was a space flight theorist and had never built a rocket, but he tested small liquid propellant thrust chambers in 1929–30 which were not advances in the "state of the art". In 1922 Oberth asked Goddard for a copy of his 1919 paper and was sent one though Goddard was distrustful of the militaristic Germans. Later, Oberth erroneously believed that Goddard lacked vision, was interested only in studying the atmosphere, and did not comprehend the future of rocketry for space exploration. 3016: 529: 1692: 1700: 345:, Massachusetts in 1666. On his maternal side he was descended from John Hoyt and other settlers of Massachusetts in the late 1600s. Shortly after his birth, the family moved to Boston. With a curiosity about nature, he studied the heavens using a telescope from his father and observed the birds flying. Essentially a country boy, he loved the outdoors and hiking with his father on trips to Worcester and became an excellent marksman with a rifle. In 1898, his mother contracted tuberculosis and they moved back to Worcester for the clear air. On Sundays, the family attended the Episcopal church, and Robert sang in the choir. 2674:, Malina's mentor at the time, was unhappy with Goddard's attitude and later wrote, "Naturally we at Caltech wanted as much information as we could get from Goddard for our mutual benefit. But Goddard believed in secrecy. ... The trouble with secrecy is that one can easily go in the wrong direction and never know it." However, at an earlier point, von Kármán said that Malina was "highly enthusiastic" after his visit and that Caltech made changes to their liquid-propellant rocket, based on Goddard's work and patents. Malina remembered his visit as friendly and that he saw all but a few components in Goddard's shop. 1487: 1517: 2418: 1369:(MIT) and being assured that Goddard was a bona fide physicist and not a crackpot, he phoned Goddard in November 1929. Goddard met the aviator soon after in his office at Clark University. Upon meeting Goddard, Lindbergh was immediately impressed by his research, and Goddard was similarly impressed by the flier's interest. He discussed his work openly with Lindbergh, forming an alliance that would last for the rest of his life. While having long since become reluctant to share his ideas, Goddard showed complete openness with those few who shared his dream, and whom he felt he could trust. 870: 2893: 40: 2426: 1498:, in summer of 1930, where he worked with his team of technicians in near-isolation and relative secrecy for years. He had consulted a meteorologist as to the best area to do his work, and Roswell seemed ideal. Here they would not endanger anyone, would not be bothered by the curious and would experience a more moderate climate (which was also better for Goddard's health). The locals valued personal privacy, knew Goddard desired his, and when travelers asked where Goddard's facilities were located, they would likely be misdirected. 597:

with a variety of thoughts, mostly concerning his dream of space travel. He considered centrifugal force, radio waves, magnetic reaction, solar energy, atomic energy, ion or electrostatic propulsion and other methods to reach space. After experimenting with solid fuel rockets he was convinced by 1909 that chemical-propellant engines were the answer. A particularly complex concept was set down in June 1908: Sending a camera around distant planets, guided by measurements of gravity along the trajectory, and returning to earth.

2953: 2997: 1476: 2555:. RMI offered Goddard one-fifth interest in the company and a partnership after the war.) Goddard went with Navy people in December 1944 to confer with RMI on division of labor, and his team was to provide the propellant pump system for a rocket-powered interceptor because they had more experience with pumps. He consulted with RMI from 1942 through 1945. Though previously competitors, Goddard had a good working relationship with RMI, according to historian Frank H. Winter. 740:

and spent much of 1915 in preparation for his first tests. Goddard's first test launch of a powder rocket came on an early evening in 1915 following his daytime classes at Clark. The launch was loud and bright enough to arouse the alarm of the campus janitor, and Goddard had to reassure him that his experiments, while being serious study, were also quite harmless. After this incident Goddard took his experiments inside the physics lab in order to limit any disturbance.

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in Roswell, Goddard applied for life insurance, but when the company doctor examined him he said that Goddard belonged in a bed in Switzerland (where he could get the best care). Goddard's health began to deteriorate further after moving to the humid climate of Maryland to work for the Navy. He was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1945. He continued to work, able to speak only in a whisper until surgery was required, and he died in August of that year in

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eventually achieve high altitudes without tumbling in the rare atmosphere, providing a stable vehicle for the experiments it would eventually carry. He had built the necessary turbopumps and was on the verge of building larger, lighter, more reliable rockets to reach extreme altitudes carrying scientific instruments when World War II intervened and changed the path of American history. He hoped to return to his experiments in Roswell after the war.

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to develop a vehicle for flights into space, since most scientists, especially in the United States, did not consider such a goal to be a realistic or practical scientific pursuit, nor was the public yet ready to seriously consider such ideas. Later, in 1933, Goddard said that "n no case must we allow ourselves to be deterred from the achievement of space travel, test by test and step by step, until one day we succeed, cost what it may."

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was nearing retirement age, and was unable to lecture because of his throat problem, which did not allow him to talk above a whisper. He regretfully resigned as professor of physics and expressed his deepest appreciation for all Atwood and the trustees had done for him and indirectly for the war effort. In June he had gone to see a throat specialist in Baltimore, who recommended that he not talk at all, to give his throat a rest.

3218: 2965: 1447:(Caltech) "can take the Buck Rogers Job ." In 1941, Goddard tried to recruit an engineer for his team from MIT but could not find one who was interested. There were some exceptions: MIT was at least teaching basic rocketry, and Caltech had courses in rocketry and aerodynamics. After the war, Jerome Hunsaker of MIT, having studied Goddard's patents, stated that "Every liquid-fuel rocket that flies is a Goddard rocket." 452:. In these papers, Langley wrote that birds flap their wings with different force on each side to turn in the air. Inspired by these articles, the teenage Goddard watched swallows and chimney swifts from the porch of his home, noting how subtly the birds moved their wings to control their flight. He noted how remarkably the birds controlled their flight with their tail feathers, which he called the birds' equivalent of 1404:

young, imaginative military officers eventually got the services to attempt to contract with Goddard just prior to the war. The Navy beat the Army to the punch and secured his services to build variable-thrust, liquid-fueled rocket engines for jet-assisted take-off (JATO) of aircraft. These rocket engines were the precursors to the larger throttlable rocket plane engines that helped launch the space age.

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you know there's a war on?" Fischer also questioned the move, as Goddard could work just as well in Roswell. Goddard simply answered, "I was wondering when you would ask me." Fischer had wanted to offer him something bigger—a long range missile—but JATO was all he could manage, hoping for a greater project later. It was a case of a square peg in a round hole, according to a disappointed Goddard.

1046:, since these subjects were not too "far out." In a letter to the Smithsonian, dated March 1920, he discussed: photographing the Moon and planets from rocket-powered fly-by probes, sending messages to distant civilizations on inscribed metal plates, the use of solar energy in space, and the idea of high-velocity ion propulsion. In that same letter, Goddard clearly describes the concept of the 998:, Goddard's report is regarded as one of the pioneering works of the science of rocketry, and 1750 copies were distributed worldwide. Goddard also sent a copy to individuals who requested one, until his personal supply was exhausted. Smithsonian aerospace historian Frank Winter said that this paper was "one of the key catalysts behind the international rocket movement of the 1920s and 30s." 2696:

constrained. Goddard's health was frequently poor, as a result of his earlier bout of tuberculosis, and he was uncertain about how long he had to live. He felt, therefore, that he hadn't the time to spare arguing with other scientists and the press about his new field of research, or helping all the amateur rocketeers who wrote to him. In 1932 Goddard wrote to H. G. Wells:

725: 2466:, between World Wars, he was rebuffed, since the Army largely failed to grasp the military application of large rockets and said there was no money for new experimental weapons. German military intelligence, by contrast, had paid attention to Goddard's work. The Goddards noticed that some mail had been opened, and some mailed reports had gone missing. An accredited 1554:

chambers, reached a height of 200 feet, and corrected its vertical path using blast vanes until one chamber burned through. This flight demonstrated that a rocket with multiple combustion chambers could fly stably and be easily guided. In July 1937 he replaced the guidance vanes with a movable tail section containing a single combustion chamber, as if on gimbals (

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senior Daniel Guggenheim, the management of funding was taken on by his son, Harry Guggenheim. Upon his return to Roswell, he began work on his A series of rockets, 4 to 4.5 meters long, and powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen pressurized with nitrogen. The gyroscopic control system was housed in the middle of the rocket, between the propellant tanks.

1182:, at least as proponent of the idea of space rocketry and source of inspiration, although each side developed their technology and its scientific basis independently. In Europe the rocketeers were mainly theorists and visionaries. Goddard was the foremost experimenter, and his report was responsible for encouraging many to build their own rockets. 204: 1153:, in which he explained the physics and gave details of the vacuum experiments he had performed to prove the theory. But, no matter how he tried to explain his results, he was not understood by the majority. After one of Goddard's experiments in 1929, a local Worcester newspaper carried the mocking headline "Moon rocket misses target by 238,799 1570:

work involved static tests, which are a standard procedure today, before a flight test. He wrote to a correspondent: "It is not a simple matter to differentiate unsuccessful from successful experiments. ... work that is finally successful is the result of a series of unsuccessful tests in which difficulties are gradually eliminated."

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can predict to what heights of wealth, fame, or usefulness he may rise until he has honestly endeavored, and he should derive courage from the fact that all sciences have been, at some time, in the same condition as he, and that it has often proved true that the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and the reality of tomorrow.

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the A-5 successfully flew vertically to an altitude of (0.91 mi; 4,800 ft) using his gyroscopic guidance system. It then turned to a nearly horizontal path, flew 13,000 feet and achieved a maximum speed of 550 miles per hour. Goddard was elated because the guidance system kept the rocket on a vertical path so well.

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often worked alone, except during the two World Wars, which limited the impact of much of his work. Another limiting factor was the lack of support from the American government, military and academia, all failing to understand the value of the rocket to study the atmosphere and near space, and for military applications.

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flight, and spoke only of high-altitude research, since he believed that other scientists regarded the subject as unscientific. GALCIT saw Goddard's publicity problems and that the word "rocket" was "of such bad repute" that they used the word "jet" in the name of JPL and the related Aerojet Engineering Corporation.

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the possibilities rather than a declaration of intent, the papers sensationalized his ideas to the point of misrepresentation and ridicule. Even the Smithsonian had to abstain from publicity because of the amount of ridiculous correspondence received from the general public. David Lasser, who co-founded the

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Goddard's serious bout with tuberculosis weakened his lungs, affecting his ability to work, and was one reason he liked to work alone, in order to avoid argument and confrontation with others and use his time fruitfully. He labored with the prospect of a shorter than average life span. After arriving

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In August 1943, President Atwood at Clark wrote to Goddard that the university was losing the acting head of the physics department, was taking on "emergency work" for the army, and he was to "report for duty or declare the position vacant." Goddard replied that he believed he was needed by the navy,

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Goddard experimented with many of the features of today's large rockets, such as multiple combustion chambers and nozzles. In November 1936, he flew the world's first rocket (L-7) with multiple chambers, hoping to increase thrust without increasing the size of a single chamber. It had four combustion

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fter the rocket quits our air and really starts on its longer journey, its flight would be neither accelerated nor maintained by the explosion of the charges it then might have left. To claim that it would be is to deny a fundamental law of dynamics, and only Dr. Einstein and his chosen dozen, so few

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with which to study the atmosphere. Not only would such investigation aid meteorology, but it was necessary to determine temperature, density and wind speed as functions of altitude in order to design efficient space launch vehicles. He was very reluctant to admit that his ultimate goal was, in fact,

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published a decade earlier in Russia. Tsiolkovsky, however, did not account for gravity nor drag. For vertical flight from the surface of Earth Goddard included in his differential equation the effects of gravity and aerodynamic drag. He wrote: "An approximate method was found necessary ... in order

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By 1912 he had in his spare time, using calculus, developed the mathematics which allowed him to calculate the position and velocity of a rocket in vertical flight, given the weight of the rocket and weight of the propellant and the velocity (with respect to the rocket frame) of the exhaust gases. In

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During the First and Second World Wars, Goddard offered his services, patents, and technology to the military, and made some significant contributions. Just before the Second World War several young Army officers and a few higher-ranking ones believed Goddard's research was important but were unable

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for the Army. But they were having trouble with their liquid propellant rocket engine's performance (timely, smooth ignition and explosions). Frank Malina went to Annapolis in February and consulted with Goddard and Stiff, and they arrived at a solution to the problem (hypergolic propellant: nitric

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Corporation. "Although his death in August 1945 prevented him from participating in the actual development of this engine, it was a direct descendent of his design." Clark University and the Guggenheim Foundation received the royalties from the use of the patents. In September 1956, the X-2 was the

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In its 1942 crash effort to perfect an aircraft booster, the Navy was beginning to learn its way in rocketry. In similar efforts, the Army Air Corps was also exploring the field . Compared to Germany's massive program, these beginnings were small, yet essential to later progress. They helped develop

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Navy Lieutenant Charles F. Fischer, who had visited Goddard in Roswell earlier and gained his confidence, believed Goddard was doing valuable work and was able to convince the Bureau of Aeronautics in September 1941 that Goddard could build the JATO unit the Navy desired. While still in Roswell, and

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Though by the end of the Roswell years much of his technology had been replicated independently by others, he introduced new developments to rocketry that were used in this new enterprise: lightweight turbopumps, variable-thrust engine (in U.S.), engine with multiple combustion chambers and nozzles,

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Goddard was able to flight-test many of his rockets, but many resulted in what the uninitiated would call failures, usually resulting from engine malfunction or loss of control. Goddard did not consider them failures, however, because he felt that he always learned something from a test. Most of his

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When Goddard mentioned the need for turbopumps, Harry Guggenheim suggested that he contact pump manufacturers to aid him. None were interested, as the development cost of these miniature pumps was prohibitive. Goddard's team was therefore left on its own and from September 1938 to June 1940 designed

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The A-4 used a simpler pendulum system for guidance, as the gyroscopic system was being repaired. On March 8, 1935, it flew up to 1,000 feet, then turned into the wind and, Goddard reported, "roared in a powerful descent across the prairie, at close to, or at, the speed of sound." On March 28, 1935,

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A temporary loss of funding from the Guggenheims, as a result of the depression, forced Goddard in spring of 1932 to return to his much-loathed professorial responsibilities at Clark University. He remained at the university until the autumn of 1934, when funding resumed. Because of the death of the

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Goddard determined early that fins alone were not sufficient to stabilize the rocket in flight and keep it on the desired trajectory in the face of winds aloft and other disturbing forces. He added movable vanes in the exhaust, controlled by a gyroscope, to control and steer his rocket. (The Germans

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cone. Asbestos-wrapped aluminum tubes connect the motor to the tanks, providing both support and fuel transport. This layout is no longer used, since the experiment showed that this was no more stable than placing the combustion chamber and nozzle at the base. By May, after a series of modifications

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March 17, 1926. The first flight with a rocket using liquid propellants was made yesterday at Aunt Effie's farm in Auburn. ... Even though the release was pulled, the rocket did not rise at first, but the flame came out, and there was a steady roar. After a number of seconds it rose, slowly until it

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Not all of Goddard's early work was geared toward space travel. As the United States entered World War I in 1917, the country's universities began to lend their services to the war effort. Goddard believed his rocket research could be applied to many different military applications, including mobile

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While studying physics at WPI, ideas came to Goddard's mind that sometimes seemed impossible, but he was compelled to record them for future investigation. He wrote that "there was something inside which simply would not stop working." He purchased some cloth-covered notebooks and began filling them

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ust as in the sciences we have learned that we are too ignorant to safely pronounce anything impossible, so for the individual, since we cannot know just what are his limitations, we can hardly say with certainty that anything is necessarily within or beyond his grasp. Each must remember that no one

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from a battery could be charged by scuffing his feet on the gravel walk. But, holding the zinc, he could jump no higher than usual. Goddard halted the experiments after a warning from his mother that if he succeeded, he could "go sailing away and might not be able to come back." He experimented with

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Goddard spoke to professional groups, published articles and papers and patented his ideas; but while he discussed basic principles, he was unwilling to reveal the details of his designs until he had flown rockets to high altitudes and thus proven his theory. He tended to avoid any mention of space

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Goddard's concerns about secrecy led to criticism for failure to cooperate with other scientists and engineers. His approach at that time was that independent development of his ideas without interference would bring quicker results even though he received less technical support. George Sutton, who

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In April, Fischer notified Goddard that the Navy wanted to do all its rocket work at the Engineering Experiment Station at Annapolis. Esther, worried that a move to the climate of Maryland would cause Robert's health to deteriorate faster, objected. But the patriotic Goddard replied, "Esther, don't

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As an instrument for reaching extreme altitudes, Goddard's rockets were not very successful; they did not achieve an altitude greater than 2.7 km in 1937, while a balloon sonde had already reached 35 km in 1921. By contrast, German rocket scientists had achieved an altitude of 2.4 km

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The rocket, which was later dubbed "Nell", rose just 41 feet (12.5 meters) during a 2.5-second flight that ended 184 feet (56 meters) away in a cabbage field, but it was an important demonstration that liquid fuels and oxidizers were possible propellants for larger rockets. The launch site is

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On December 6, 1925, he tested the simpler pressure feed system. He conducted a static test on the firing stand at the Clark University physics laboratory. The engine successfully lifted its own weight in a 27-second test in the static rack. It was a major success for Goddard, proving that a liquid

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was the idea of launching a rocket to the Moon and igniting a mass of flash powder on its surface, so as to be visible through a telescope. He discussed the matter seriously, down to an estimate of the amount of powder required. Goddard's conclusion was that a rocket with starting mass of 3.21 tons

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At the Clark physics lab Goddard conducted static tests of powder rockets to measure their thrust and efficiency. He found his earlier estimates to be verified; powder rockets were converting only about two percent of the thermal energy in their fuel into thrust and kinetic energy. At this point he

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In the fall of 1914 Goddard's health had improved, and he accepted a part-time position as an instructor and research fellow at Clark University. His position at Clark allowed him to further his rocketry research. He ordered numerous supplies that could be used to build rocket prototypes for launch

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It was during this period of recuperation, however, that Goddard began to produce some of his most important work. As his symptoms subsided, he allowed himself to work an hour per day with his notes made at Princeton. He was afraid that nobody would be able to read his scribbling should he succumb.

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I began to realize that there might be something after all to Newton's Laws. The Third Law was accordingly tested, both with devices suspended by rubber bands and by devices on floats, in the little brook back of the barn, and the said law was verified conclusively. It made me realize that if a way

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Toward the end of his life, Goddard, realizing he was no longer going to be able to make significant progress alone in his field, joined the American Rocket Society and became a director. He made plans to work in the budding US aerospace industry (with Curtiss-Wright), taking most of his team with

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Many authors writing about Goddard mention his secrecy, but neglect the reasons for it. Some reasons have been noted above. Much of his work was for the military and was classified. There were some in the U.S. before World War II that called for long-range rockets, and in 1939 Major James Randolph

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How many more years I shall be able to work on the problem, I do not know; I hope, as long as I live. There can be no thought of finishing, for "aiming at the stars", both literally and figuratively, is a problem to occupy generations, so that no matter how much progress one makes, there is always

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By 1939, von Kármán's GALCIT had received Army Air Corps funding to develop rockets to assist in aircraft take-off. Goddard learned of this in 1940, and openly expressed his displeasure at not being considered. Malina could not understand why the Army did not arrange for an exchange of information

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Three features developed by Goddard appeared in the V-2: (1) turbopumps were used to inject fuel into the combustion chamber; (2) gyroscopically controlled vanes in the nozzle stabilized the rocket until external vanes in the air could do so; and (3) excess alcohol was fed in around the combustion

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engine, which circulated liquid oxygen around the outside of the combustion chamber, but he deemed the idea too complicated. He then used a curtain cooling method that involved spraying excess gasoline, which evaporated around the inside wall of the combustion chamber, but this scheme did not work

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In 1936–1939, Goddard began work on the K and L series rockets, which were much more massive and designed to reach very high altitude. The K series consisted of static bench tests of a more powerful engine, achieving a thrust of 624 lbs in February 1936. This work was plagued by trouble with

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By late 1929, Goddard had been attracting additional notoriety with each rocket launch. He was finding it increasingly difficult to conduct his research without unwanted distractions. Lindbergh discussed finding additional financing for Goddard's work and lent his famous name to Goddard's work. In

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Viewers familiar with more modern rocket designs may find it difficult to distinguish the rocket from its launching apparatus in the well-known picture of "Nell". The complete rocket is significantly taller than Goddard but does not include the pyramidal support structure which he is grasping. The

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Goddard worked alone with just his team of mechanics and machinists for many years. This was a result of the harsh criticism from the media and other scientists, and his understanding of the military applications which foreign powers might use. Goddard became increasingly suspicious of others and

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The publication of Goddard's document gained him national attention from U.S. newspapers, most of it negative. Although Goddard's discussion of targeting the moon was only a small part of the work as a whole (eight lines on the next to last page of 69 pages), and was intended as an illustration of

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In 1919 Goddard thought that it would be premature to disclose the results of his experiments because his engine was not sufficiently developed. Webster realized that Goddard had accomplished a good deal of fine work and insisted that Goddard publish his progress so far or he would take care of it

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During this time, Goddard was also contacted, in early 1918, by a civilian industrialist in Worcester about the possibility of manufacturing rockets for the military. However, as the businessman's enthusiasm grew, so did Goddard's suspicion. Talks eventually broke down as Goddard began to fear his

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was introduced to the field of space science at an early point in its history. He recalls in his autobiography, "I became interested in rocket development in the 1930s when I met Robert H. Goddard, who laid the foundation. ... While with Shell Oil I worked with him on the development of a type of

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From 1940 to 1941, Goddard worked on the P series of rockets, which used propellant turbopumps (also powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen). The lightweight pumps produced higher propellant pressures, permitting a more powerful engine (greater thrust) and a lighter structure (lighter tanks and no

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Because of the military potential of the rocket, Goddard, Lindbergh, Harry Guggenheim, the Smithsonian Institution and others tried in 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II, to convince the Army and Navy of its value. Goddard's services were offered, but there was no interest, initially. Two

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Too much attention has been concentrated on the proposed flash power experiment, and too little on the exploration of the atmosphere. ... Whatever interesting possibilities there may be of the method that has been proposed, other than the purpose for which it was intended, no one of them could be

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In the decades around 1910, radio was a new technology, fertile for innovation. In 1912, while working at Princeton University, Goddard investigated the effects of radio waves on insulators. In order to generate radio-frequency power, he invented a vacuum tube with a beam deflection that operated

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of American cities in the 1880s, the young Goddard became interested in science—specifically, engineering and technology. When his father showed him how to generate static electricity on the family's carpet, the five-year-old's imagination was sparked. Robert experimented, believing he could jump

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to Nahum Danford Goddard (1859–1928) and Fannie Louise Hoyt (1864–1920). Robert was their only child to survive; a younger son, Richard Henry, was born with a spinal deformity and died before his first birthday. His father Nahum was employed by manufacturers, and he invented several useful tools.

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The Guggenheim Foundation and Goddard's estate filed suit in 1951 against the U.S. government for prior infringement of three of Goddard's patents. In 1960, the parties settled the suit, and the U.S. armed forces and NASA paid out an award of $ 1 million: half of the award settlement went to his

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After a thorough inspection, Goddard was convinced that the Germans had "stolen" his work. Though the design details were not exactly the same, the basic design of the V-2 was similar to one of Goddard's rockets. The V-2, however, was technically far more advanced than the most successful of the

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The Soviet Union had a spy in the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics. In 1935, she gave them a report Goddard had written for the Navy in 1933. It contained results of tests and flights and suggestions for military uses of his rockets. The Soviets considered this to be very valuable information. It

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Though most of this work dealt with the theoretical and experimental relations between propellant, rocket mass, thrust, and velocity, a final section, entitled "Calculation of minimum mass required to raise one pound to an 'infinite' altitude," discussed the possible uses of rockets, not only to

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Few would recognize it at the time, but this little engine was a major breakthrough. These experiments suggested that rockets could be made powerful enough to escape Earth and travel into space. This engine and subsequent experiments sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution were the beginning of

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Although his work in the field was revolutionary, Goddard received little public support, moral or monetary, for his research and development work. He was a shy person, and rocket research was not considered a suitable pursuit for a physics professor. The press and other scientists ridiculed his

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On June 21, 1924, Goddard married Esther Christine Kisk (March 31, 1901 – June 4, 1982), a secretary in Clark University's President's office, whom he had met in 1919. She became enthusiastic about rocketry and photographed some of his work as well as aided him in his experiments and paperwork,

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As Germany became ever more war-like, Goddard refused to communicate with German rocket experimenters, though he received more and more of their correspondence. Oberth had Goddard's 1919 paper translated and Wernher von Braun read it. They therefore knew that efficiencies at least thirty times

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As a method of sending a missile to the higher, and even highest, part of the earth's atmospheric envelope, Professor Goddard's multiple-charge rocket is a practicable, and therefore promising device. Such a rocket, too, might carry self-recording instruments, to be released at the limit of its

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Goddard's fellow Clark scientists were astonished at the unusually large Smithsonian grant for rocket research, which they thought was not real science. Decades later, rocket scientists who knew how much it cost to research and develop rockets said that he had received little financial support.

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The young Goddard was a thin and frail boy, almost always in fragile health. He suffered from stomach problems, pleurisy, colds, and bronchitis, and he fell two years behind his classmates. He became a voracious reader, regularly visiting the local public library to borrow books on the physical

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Built lightweight propellant tanks out of thin sheets of steel and aluminum and used external high-strength steel wiring for reinforcement. He introduced baffles in the tanks to minimize sloshing which changed the center gravity of the vehicle. He used insulation on the very cold liquid-oxygen

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Goddard and his team had already been in Annapolis a month and had tested his constant-thrust JATO engine when he received a Navy telegram, forwarded from Roswell, ordering him to Annapolis. Lt. Fischer asked for a crash effort. By August, his engine was producing 800 lbs of thrust for 20

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Goddard's pace was slower than the Germans' because he did not have the resources they did. Simply reaching high altitudes was not his primary goal; he was trying, with a methodical approach, to perfect his liquid fuel engine and subsystems such as guidance and control so that his rocket could

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Goddard was concerned with avoiding the public criticism and ridicule he had faced in the 1920s, which he believed had harmed his professional reputation. He also lacked interest in discussions with people who had less understanding of rocketry than he did, feeling that his time was extremely

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Later that year, Goddard designed an elaborate experiment at the Clark physics lab and proved that a rocket would perform in a vacuum such as that in space. He believed it would, but many other scientists were not yet convinced. His experiment demonstrated that a rocket's performance actually

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Goddard began considering liquid propellants, including hydrogen and oxygen, as early as 1909. He knew that hydrogen and oxygen was the most efficient fuel/oxidizer combination. Liquid hydrogen was not readily available in 1921, however, and he selected gasoline as the safest fuel to handle.

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were considered essential, not only to protect original work but as documentation of first discovery. He began to see the importance of his ideas as intellectual property, and thus began to secure those ideas before someone else did—and he would have to pay to use them. In May 1913, he wrote

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and had to leave his position at Princeton. He then returned to Worcester, where he began a prolonged process of recovery at home. His doctors did not expect him to live. He decided he should spend time outside in the fresh air and walk for exercise, and he gradually improved. When his nurse

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Nevertheless, in 1963, von Braun, reflecting on the history of rocketry, said of Goddard: "His rockets ... may have been rather crude by present-day standards, but they blazed the trail and incorporated many features used in our most modern rockets and space vehicles". He once recalled that

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Despite Goddard's efforts to convince the Navy that liquid-fueled rockets had greater potential, he said that the Navy had no interest in long-range missiles. However, the Navy asked him to perfect the throttleable JATO engine. Goddard made improvements to the engine, and in November it was

604:. He wrote in his notebook about using liquid hydrogen as a fuel with liquid oxygen as the oxidizer. He believed that 50 percent efficiency could be achieved with these liquid propellants (i.e., half of the heat energy of combustion converted to the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases). 589:, which published the paper in 1907. Goddard later wrote in his diaries that he believed his paper was the first proposal of a way to automatically stabilize aircraft in flight. His proposal came around the same time as other scientists were making breakthroughs in developing functional 499:

in Worcester in 1901. He excelled in his coursework, and his peers twice elected him class president. Making up for lost time, he studied books on mathematics, astronomy, mechanics and composition from the school library. At his graduation ceremony in 1904, he gave his class oration as

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Though the unimaginative public chuckled at the "moon man," his groundbreaking paper was read seriously by many rocketeers in America, Europe, and Russia who were stirred to build their own rockets. This work was his most important contribution to the quest to "aim for the stars."

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well, and the larger rockets failed. Goddard returned to a smaller design, and his L-13 reached an altitude of 2.7 kilometers (1.7 mi; 8,900 ft), the highest of any of his rockets. Weight was reduced by using thin-walled fuel tanks wound with high-tensile-strength wire.

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wrote that his father, Edwin Aldrin Sr. "was an early supporter of Robert Goddard." The elder Aldrin was a student of physics under Goddard at Clark, and worked with Lindbergh to obtain the help of the Guggenheims. Buzz believed that if Goddard had received military support as

2639:"Goddard's experiments in liquid fuel saved us years of work, and enabled us to perfect the V-2 years before it would have been possible." After World War II von Braun reviewed Goddard's patents and believed they contained enough technical information to build a large missile. 2558:

The Navy had Goddard build a pump system for Caltech's use with acid-aniline propellants. The team built a 3000-lb thrust engine using a cluster of four 750-lb thrust motors. They also developed 750-lb engines for the Navy's Gorgon guided interceptor missile (experimental

387:] crowns enterprise." However, the lesson of this failure did not restrain Goddard's growing determination and confidence in his work. He wrote in 1927, "I imagine an innate interest in mechanical things was inherited from a number of ancestors who were machinists." 726: 2480:

was very interested and responded with more questions about Goddard's work. Guellich's reports did include information about fuel mixtures and the important concept of fuel-curtain cooling, but thereafter the Germans received very little information about Goddard.

757:. Connecting a combustion chamber full of gunpowder to various converging-diverging expansion (de Laval) nozzles, Goddard was able in static tests to achieve engine efficiencies of more than 63% and exhaust velocities of over 7,000 feet (2,134 meters) per second. 1558:). The flight was of low altitude, but a large disturbance, probably caused by a change in the wind velocity, was corrected back to vertical. In an August test the flight path was corrected seven times by the movable tail and was captured on film by Mrs Goddard. 728: 1458:

to pursue research in space vehicle guidance and control, and shortly after the war to teach courses in spacecraft guidance and orbit determination. Herrick began corresponding with Goddard in 1931 and asked if he should work in this new field, which he named

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First to prove that rocket propulsion operates in a vacuum (which was doubted by some scientists of that time), that it needs no air to push against. He actually obtained a 20% increase in efficiency over that determined at ground-level atmospheric pressure

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and the use of their physics lab to the project. Worcester Polytechnic Institute also allowed him to use its abandoned Magnetics Laboratory on the edge of campus during this time, as a safe place for testing. WPI also made some parts in their machine shop.

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The Dr. Robert H. Goddard Award, also known as the Achievement 7 Award, is an award given to cadets of the Civil Air Patrol who reach the rank of Cadet Chief Master Sergeant. The promotion and the award are always given concurrently and in unison with one

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declined to publish Goddard's letter, remarking that birds fly with a certain amount of intelligence and that "machines will not act with such intelligence." Goddard disagreed, believing that a man could control a flying machine with his own intelligence.

381:, shaping the raw metal in his home workshop, and filling it with hydrogen. After nearly five weeks of methodical, documented efforts, he finally abandoned the project, remarking, "... balloon will not go up. ... Aluminum is too heavy. Failior [ 752:

of the engine: the ratio of the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases to the available thermal energy of combustion, expressed as a percentage.) By mid-summer of 1915 Goddard had obtained an average efficiency of 40 percent with a nozzle exit velocity of

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between Goddard and Caltech since both were under government contract at the same time. Goddard did not think he could be of that much help to Caltech because they were designing rocket engines mainly with solid fuel, while he was using liquid fuel.

2547:(RMI) to use in developing a gas generator for the pump turbines. Goddard went to RMI to observe testing of the pump system and would eat lunch with the RMI engineers. (RMI was the first firm formed to build rocket engines and built engines for the 1109:

flight, and conceivable parachutes would bring them safely to the ground. It is not obvious, however, that the instruments would return to the point of departure; indeed, it is obvious that they would not, for parachutes drift exactly as balloons do.

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Goddard eschewed publicity, because he did not have time to reply to criticism of his work, and his imaginative ideas about space travel were shared only with private groups he trusted. He did, though, publish and talk about the rocket principle and

6390: 857:, which then heated water and drove an electric generator. Goddard believed his invention had overcome all the obstacles that had previously defeated other scientists and inventors, and he had his findings published in the November 1929 issue of 1671:, thought Doolittle to be more sympathetic than other scientists and engineers to the rocket, which was increasing in importance as a scientific tool as well as a weapon. Doolittle was instrumental in the successful transition of the NACA to the 1260:

to send fuel to the combustion chamber. He wanted to scale up the experiments, but his funding would not allow such growth. He decided to forgo the pumps and use a pressurized fuel feed system applying pressure to the fuel tank from a tank of

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greater than conventional rockets were achievable with Goddard's engine design. Via von Braun and his team joining the US post-war programs there is thus an indirect line of scientific and technology tradition from NASA back to Goddard.

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descriptions concerning his first rocket patent applications. His father brought them to a patent lawyer in Worcester who helped him to refine his ideas for consideration. Goddard's first patent application was submitted in October 1913.

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The delay in the development of the bazooka and other weapons was a result of the long recovery period required from Goddard's serious bout with tuberculosis. Goddard continued to be a part-time consultant to the U.S. Government at

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at 16 years old. His dedication to pursuing space flight became fixed on October 19, 1899. The 17-year-old Goddard climbed a cherry tree to cut off dead limbs. He was transfixed by the sky, and his imagination grew. He later wrote:

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rocket, signaling the era of the modern rocket and innovation. He and his team launched 34 rockets between 1926 and 1941, achieving altitudes as high as 2.6 km (1.6 mi) and speeds as fast as 885 km/h (550 mph).

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wife, Esther. At that time, it was the largest government settlement ever paid in a patent case. The settlement amount exceeded the total amount of all the funding that Goddard received for his work, throughout his entire career.

1021:) conversion of the energy of hot gases into forward motion. By means of this nozzle, Goddard increased the efficiency of his rocket engines from two percent to 64 percent and obtained supersonic exhaust velocities of over Mach 7. 544:

in Worcester in the fall of 1909. While studying at Clark, Goddard continued working in Salisbury Labs at WPI and anecdotally caused a damaging explosion, whereupon his work was moved to the Magnetic Lab (today called Skull Tomb).

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seaplane. By May 1942, he had a unit that could meet the Navy's requirements and be able to launch a heavily loaded aircraft from a short runway. In February, he received part of a PBY with bullet holes apparently acquired in the

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first plane to reach 126,000 feet altitude and in its last flight exceeded Mach 3 (3.2) before losing control and crashing. The X-2 program advanced technology in areas such as steel alloys and aerodynamics at high Mach numbers.

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First to attach a DeLaval type of nozzle to the combustion chamber of a solid-fuel engine and increase efficiency by more than ten times. The exhaust flow became supersonic at the narrowest cross-sectional area (throat) of the

1663:(ARS) conference at which a large number interested in rocketry attended. He later stated that at that time "we had not given much credence to the tremendous potential of rocketry." In 1956, he was appointed chairman of the 1288:. Present at the launch were his crew chief Henry Sachs, Esther Goddard, and Percy Roope, who was Clark's assistant professor in the physics department. Goddard's diary entry of the event was notable for its understatement: 2746:, though he was not outwardly religious. The Goddards were associated with the Episcopal church in Roswell, and he attended occasionally. He once spoke to a young people's group on the relationship of science and religion. 1600: 1292:

March 16. Went to Auburn with S in am. E and Mr. Roope came out at 1 p.m. Tried rocket at 2.30. It rose 41 feet & went 184 feet, in 2.5 secs., after the lower half of the nozzle burned off. Brought materials to lab.

886:. He made proposals to the Navy and Army. No record exists in his papers of any interest by the Navy to Goddard's inquiry. However, Army Ordnance was quite interested, and Goddard met several times with Army personnel. 4631:"Believes Rocket Can Reach Moon. Smithsonian Institution Tells of Prof. Goddard's Invention to Explore Upper Air. Multiple-Charge System. Instruments Could Go Up 200 Miles, and Bigger Rocket Might Land on Satellite". 1103:

editorial, in a section entitled "Topics of the Times", scoffed at the proposal. The article, which bore the title "A Severe Strain on Credulity", began with apparent approval, but soon went on to cast serious doubt:

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of ascending to Mars, and how it would look on a small scale, if sent up from the meadow at my feet. I have several photographs of the tree, taken since, with the little ladder I made to climb it, leaning against it.

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technology. Goddard accepted only a consultant's fee from Collins when the suit was dropped. Eventually, the two big companies allowed the country's growing electronics industry to use the De Forest patents freely.

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Further investigation and experimentation have confirmed the findings of Isaac Newton in the 17th Century and it is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere. The

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is visible beneath it. The fuel tank, which is also part of the rocket, is the larger cylinder opposite Goddard's torso. The fuel tank is directly beneath the nozzle and is protected from the motor's exhaust by an

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including accounting. They enjoyed going to the movies in Roswell and participated in community organizations such as the Rotary and the Woman's Club. He painted the New Mexican scenery, sometimes with the artist

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chemicals and created a cloud of smoke and an explosion in the house. Goddard's father further encouraged Robert's scientific interest by providing him with a telescope, a microscope, and a subscription to

748:, which were generally used with steam turbine engines, and these greatly improved efficiency. (Of the several definitions of rocket efficiency, Goddard measured in his laboratory what is today called the 2964: 6397: 1050:, suggesting the landing apparatus be covered with "layers of a very infusible hard substance with layers of a poor heat conductor between" designed to erode in the same way as the surface of a meteor. 768:

In September 1906 he wrote in his notebook about using the repulsion of electrically charged particles (ions) to produce thrust. From 1916 to 1917, Goddard built and tested the first known experimental

2650:, head of the V-2 project, used the idea that they were in a race with the U.S. and that Goddard had "disappeared" (to work with the Navy) as a way to persuade Hitler to raise the priority of the V-2. 4733:

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used this technique in their V-2.) He also introduced the more efficient swiveling engine in several rockets, basically the method used to steer large liquid-propellant missiles and launchers today.

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His first writing on the possibility of a liquid-fueled rocket came on February 2, 1909. Goddard had begun to study ways of increasing a rocket's efficiency using methods differing from conventional

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in 1904. He quickly impressed the head of the physics department, A. Wilmer Duff, with his thirst for knowledge, and Duff took him on as a laboratory assistant and tutor. At WPI, Goddard joined the

377:. He became a thorough diarist and documenter of his work—a skill that would greatly benefit his later career. These interests merged at age 16, when Goddard attempted to construct a balloon out of 3144:

First to static test a rocket in a systematic, scientific manner, measuring thrust, exhaust velocity and efficiency. He obtained the highest efficiency of any heat engine at the time. (1915-1916)

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It seemed to me then that a weight whirling around a horizontal shaft, moving more rapidly above than below, could furnish lift by virtue of the greater centrifugal force at the top of the path.

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wrote a "provocative article" advocating a 3000-mile range missile. Goddard was "annoyed" by the unclassified paper as he thought the subject of weapons should be "discussed in strict secrecy."

1588: 716:(gasoline and liquid nitrous oxide). The two patents would eventually become important milestones in the history of rocketry. Overall, 214 patents were published, some posthumously by his wife. 6062: 2543:

burned fiercely immediately when mixed. Goddard's team built the pumps for the aniline fuel and the nitric acid oxidizer and participated in the static testing. The Navy delivered the pumps to

902:. Goddard became leery of working with corporations and was careful to secure patents to "protect his ideas." These events led to the Signal Corps sponsoring Goddard's work during World War I. 1467:"to anticipate the basic problem of space navigation." Herrick's work contributed substantially to America's readiness to control flight of Earth satellites and send men to the Moon and back. 785:

By 1916, the cost of Goddard's rocket research had become too great for his modest teaching salary to bear. He began to solicit potential sponsors for financial assistance, beginning with the

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On this day I climbed a tall cherry tree at the back of the barn ... and as I looked toward the fields at the east, I imagined how wonderful it would be to make some device which had even the

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guidance and made a flight test of such a system in April 1932. A gyroscope mounted on gimbals electrically controlled steering vanes in the exhaust, similar to the system used by the German

1428:. Although the Weather Bureau was interested beginning in 1929 in Goddard's rocket for atmospheric research, the Bureau could not secure governmental funding. Between the World Wars, the 1439:

Most of the U.S.'s largest universities were also slow to realize rocketry's potential. Just before World War II, the head of the aeronautics department at MIT, at a meeting held by the

727: 6156: 1612: 1576: 5783: 5724:, August 10, 1945. Dr. Robert H. Goddard, internationally known pioneer in rocket propulsion and chief of Navy research on jet-propelled planes, died today at University Hospital. 5997:

Venture Into Space, Early Years of the Goddard Space Flight Center, Alfred Rosenthal, NASA Center History Series, NASA SP-4301, 1968 -- Appendix I, Robert H. Goddard Contributions

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and tested the small turbopumps and gas generators to operate the turbines. Esther later said that the pump tests were "the most trying and disheartening phase of the research."

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pressurization tank), but two launches both ended in crashes after reaching an altitude of only a few hundred feet. The turbopumps worked well, however, and Goddard was pleased.

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While away in Roswell, Goddard was still head of the physics department at Clark University, and Clark allowed him to devote most of his time to rocket research. Likewise, the

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Two years later, at the insistence of Arthur G. Webster, the world-renowned head of Clark's physics department, Goddard arranged for the Smithsonian to publish the paper,

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to avoid an unsolved problem in the calculus of variations. The solution that was obtained revealed the fact that surprisingly small initial masses would be necessary ...

7246: 6383: 5706:"Dr. Goddard Dead. Expert on Rockets. Pioneer in Field, Chief of Navy Research on Jet-Propelled Planes, Taught Physics Experimented Three Decades Secret Work During War" 1537: 819:

The Smithsonian was interested and asked Goddard to elaborate upon his initial inquiry. Goddard responded with a detailed manuscript he had already prepared, entitled

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Goddard's work as both theorist and engineer anticipated many of the developments that would make spaceflight possible. He has been called the man who ushered in the

1029:. He determined, using an approximate method to solve his differential equation of motion for vertical flight, that a rocket with an effective exhaust velocity (see 909:. The rocket-powered, recoil-free weapon was the brainchild of Goddard as a side project (under Army contract) of his work on rocket propulsion. Goddard, during his 2503:

attack. Goddard wrote to Guggenheim that "I can think of nothing that would give me greater satisfaction than to have it contribute to the inevitable retaliation."

5500: 3030: 250:. Two of Goddard's 214 patented inventions, a multi-stage rocket (1914), and a liquid-fuel rocket (1914), were important milestones toward spaceflight. His 1919 816:. (Earth's atmosphere can be considered to end at 80 to 100 miles (130 to 160 km) altitude, where its drag effect on orbiting satellites becomes minimal.) 2607:, in the naval laboratory in Annapolis, Maryland, where he had been working under contract. The unlaunched rocket had been captured by the US Army from the 1272:

Goddard conducted an additional test in December, and two more in January 1926. After that, he began preparing for a possible launch of the rocket system.

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Robert Goddard, bundled against the cold weather of March 16, 1926, holds the launching frame of his most notable invention—the first liquid-fueled rocket.

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First to launch and successfully guide a rocket with an engine pivoted by moving the tail section (as if on gimbals) controlled by a gyro mechanism (1937)

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The Dr. Robert H. Goddard Collection and the Robert Goddard Exhibition Room are housed in the Archives and Special Collections area of Clark University's

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Goddard was not personally religious; his most immediate and consistent motivation was a desire for recognition as the founding genius of rocket science.

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modern rocketry and, ultimately, space exploration. Goddard realized, however, that it would take the more efficient liquid propellants to reach space.

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had invented and tested a new type of multiple-charge, highefficiency rocket of entirely new design for exploring the unknown regions of the upper air.

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degree in physics from Worcester Polytechnic in 1908, and after serving there for a year as an instructor in physics, he began his graduate studies at

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First to develop the liquid propellant feed system using a high-pressure gas to force the propellants from their tanks into the thrust chamber (1923).

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First to prove that an oxidizer and a fuel could be mixed using injectors and burned controllably in a combustion chamber, also doubted by physicists.

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over 10 years later. Though the rocket crashed after a short ascent, the guidance system had worked, and Goddard considered the test a success.

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was the main source of funding for Goddard's research. Goddard's liquid-fueled rocket was neglected by his country, according to aerospace historian

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in 1936, and the spy Gustav Guellich sent a mixture of facts and made-up information, claiming to have visited Roswell and witnessed a launch. The

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agreed to fund Goddard's research over the next four years for a total of $ 100,000 (~$ 2.2 million today). The Guggenheim family, especially

905:

Goddard proposed to the Army an idea for a tube-based rocket launcher as a light infantry weapon. The launcher concept became the precursor to the

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1930 Lindbergh made several proposals to industry and private investors for funding, which proved all but impossible to find following the recent

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Years after his death, at the dawn of the Space Age, Goddard came to be recognized as one of the founding fathers of modern rocketry, along with

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before the Navy contract took effect, Goddard began in September to apply his technology to build a variable-thrust engine to be attached to a

1365:(even space flight) in the distant future and had settled on jet propulsion and rocket flight as a probable next step. After checking with the 3894: 3138:

First American to explore mathematically the practicality of using rocket propulsion to reach high altitudes and to traject to the Moon (1912)

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himself, so Goddard asked the Smithsonian Institution if it would publish the report, updated with notes, that he had submitted in late 1916.

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Before World War II there was a lack of vision and serious interest in the United States concerning the potential of rocketry, especially in

1033:) of 7000 feet per second and an initial weight of 602 pounds would be able to send a one-pound payload to an infinite height. Included as a 849:

While at Clark University, Goddard did research into solar power using a parabolic dish to concentrate the Sun's rays on a machined piece of

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but also was the first to scientifically study, design, construct and fly the precursory rockets needed to eventually implement those ideas.

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The Germans had been watching Goddard's progress before the war and became convinced that large, liquid fuel rockets were feasible. General

7236: 7201: 949:, until 1923, but his focus had turned to other research involving rocket propulsion, including work with liquid fuels and liquid oxygen. 7306: 4469: 3568: 3154:

First to develop suitable lightweight centrifugal pumps for liquid-fuel rockets and also gas generators to drive the pump turbine (1923).

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cleared the frame, and then at express train speed, curving over to the left, and striking the ice and snow, still going at a rapid rate.

5881: 4403: 3635: 2666:, visited Goddard in August 1936. Goddard hesitated to discuss any of his research, other than that which had already been published in 572:

The high school student summed up his ideas on space travel in a proposed article, "The Navigation of Space," which he submitted to the

6120: 2563:). Goddard continued to develop the variable-thrust engine with gasoline and lox because of the hazards involved with the hypergolics. 1482:

took this picture of Robert H. Goddard's rocket, when he peered down the launching tower on September 23, 1935, in Roswell, New Mexico.

968:

warhead was attached to the rocket, leading to the tank-killing weapon used in World War II and to many other powerful rocket weapons.

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For the rest of his life, he observed October 19 as "Anniversary Day", a private commemoration of the day of his greatest inspiration.

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in physics in 1911. He spent another year at Clark as an honorary fellow in physics, and in 1912 he accepted a research fellowship at

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to simplify the plumbing, the combustion chamber and nozzle were placed in the now classic position, at the lower end of the rocket.

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published a short item under the headline "A Correction". The three-paragraph statement summarized its 1920 editorial and concluded:

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In his letter to the Smithsonian in September 1916, Goddard claimed he had achieved a 63% efficiency and a nozzle velocity of almost

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may have benefited from the pre-1939 contacts to a limited extent, but had also started from the work of their own space pioneer,

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fraternity and began a long courtship with high school classmate Miriam Olmstead, an honor student who had graduated with him as

238:, which was successfully launched on March 16, 1926. By 1915 his pioneering work had dramatically improved the efficiency of the 2523:

a nucleus of trained American rocket engineers, the first of the new breed who would follow the professor into the Age of Space.

504:. In his speech, entitled "On Taking Things for Granted", Goddard included a section that would become emblematic of his life: 5210: 1501:

By September 1931, his rockets had the now familiar appearance of a smooth casing with tail-fins. He began experimenting with

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This engine was the basis of the Curtiss-Wright XLR25-CW-1 two-chamber, 15,000-pound variable-thrust engine that powered the

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is considered one of the classic texts of 20th-century rocket science. Goddard successfully pioneered modern methods such as

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However, Goddard's tendency to secrecy was not absolute, nor was he totally uncooperative. In 1945 GALCIT was building the

309: 2535:, eliminating the need for an ignition system. Chemist Ensign Ray Stiff had discovered in the literature in February that 6141: 6057: 6038: 5601: 4170:

Goddard, Robert H. "On ponderomotive force upon a dielectric which carries a displacement current in a magnetic field",

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to navigate space were to be discovered, or invented, it would be the result of a knowledge of physics and mathematics.

2624: 777:. The small glass engines he built were tested at atmospheric pressure, where they generated a stream of ionized air. 7231: 6264: 6151: 5853: 5537: 5447: 5307: 5267: 5067: 4900: 4615: 4521: 4496: 4289: 4112:"Frequently Asked Questions – Dr. Robert H. Goddard Collection – Archives and Special Collections – Clark University" 4011: 3961: 3847: 3527: 1241:

in September 1921, and successfully tested the first liquid propellant engine in November 1923. It had a cylindrical

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Goddard avoided sharing details of his work with other scientists and preferred to work alone with his technicians.

1118:

and fit, are licensed to do that. ... Of course, only seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools.

7281: 7226: 6047: 3317: 3002: 2881: 2743: 1416:'s team had enjoyed in Germany, American rocket technology would have developed much more rapidly in World War II. 317: 1269:

fuel rocket was possible. The test moved Goddard an important step closer to launching a rocket with liquid fuel.

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acid and aniline), which resulted in the successful launch of the high-altitude research rocket in October 1945.

1530: 1265:, a technique that is still used today. The liquid oxygen, some of which evaporated, provided its own pressure. 514: 94: 20: 6782: 987: 6244: 6089: 1318: 921:

for security reasons, designed the tube-fired rocket for military use during World War I. He and his co-worker

313: 421:

I was a different boy when I descended the tree from when I ascended. Existence at last seemed very purposive.

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Rocket, an ale made by the Wormtown Brewery of Worcester, Massachusetts is named in Robert Goddard's honor.

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First to launch a scientific payload (a barometer, a thermometer, and a camera) in a rocket flight (1929)

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chamber walls, so that a blanket of evaporating gas protected the engine walls from the combustion heat.

1455: 790: 644: 525:. Eventually, she and Goddard were engaged, but they drifted apart and ended the engagement around 1909. 496: 305: 2921:, Goddard is played by Andrew Robinson and is described as a rocket scientist and chief scientist for a 7286: 6259: 6254: 6209: 2909: 1691: 1308: 478: 260: 5760: 2875: 1699: 1374: 937:, on November 6, 1918, using two music stands for a launch platform. The Army was impressed, but the 899: 5116: 1353:

After launch of one of Goddard's rockets in July 1929 again gained the attention of the newspapers,

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The station, under Lt Commander Robert Truax, was developing another JATO engine in 1942 that used

2447:

with the A-2 rocket in 1934, 8 km by 1939 with the A-5, and 176 km in 1942 with the A-4 (

1675:(NASA) in 1958. He was offered the position as first administrator of NASA, but he turned it down. 1194:

Forty-nine years after its editorial mocking Goddard, on July 17, 1969—the day after the launch of

1060:

Every vision is a joke until the first man accomplishes it; once realized, it becomes commonplace.

1009:. A critical breakthrough was the use of the steam turbine nozzle invented by the Swedish inventor 918: 342: 329: 232: 174: 135: 60: 3610: 3426: 3056:

for his work, of which 131 were awarded after his death. Among the most influential patents were:

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discovered some of his notes in his bed, he kept them, arguing, "I have to live to do this work."

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provided few design details, but gave them the direction and knowledge about Goddard's progress.

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could produce a flash "just visible" from Earth, assuming a final payload weight of 10.7 pounds.

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was signed only five days later, and further development was discontinued as World War I ended.

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Nevertheless, Goddard had some influence and was influenced by European rocketry pioneers like

991: 448: 283: 5000: 4279: 3580: 2417: 986:. The report describes Goddard's mathematical theories of rocket flight, his experiments with 6522: 5889: 4892: 4885: 4845: 4813: 4386: 2971: 2532: 1285: 1147:

In 1924, Goddard published an article, "How my speed rocket can propel itself in vacuum", in

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As his health improved, Goddard continued his formal schooling as a 19-year-old sophomore at

401: 5678:

To Touch the Face of God: The Sacred, the Profane, and the American Space Program, 1957–1975

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of the thrust chamber in March 1923 (first suggested by Tsiolkovsky but unknown to Goddard).

2974:

marking the town in which Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket on March 16, 1926.

1397:, would continue to support Goddard's work in the years to come. The Goddards soon moved to 1099:

On January 13, 1920, the day after its front-page story about Goddard's rocket, an unsigned

1079:(ARS), wrote in 1931 that Goddard was subjected in the press to the "most violent attacks." 869: 576:. The journal's editor returned it, saying that they could not use it "in the near future." 7196: 7191: 6859: 5943: 5634: 3270: 2892: 1113:

The article pressed further on Goddard's proposal to launch rockets beyond the atmosphere:

826:

In January 1917, the Smithsonian agreed to provide Goddard with a five-year grant totaling

794: 557: 553: 4965:. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 267, 269. 4915: 4111: 3892: 1541:

Rocket weight reduction using thin-walled fuel tanks wound with high-tensile-strength wire

552:

degree in physics from Clark University in 1910, and then stayed at Clark to complete his

39: 8: 7007: 6954: 6726: 6320: 6025: 5059: 5053: 3006: 2928: 2885: 2857: 2751: 1495: 1494:

With new financial backing, Goddard eventually relocated to the Eden Valley Test Site in

1464: 1398: 1281: 953: 922: 585: 561: 537: 518: 365: 79: 2467: 898:

of the Signal Corps who had been contacted by Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,

804:. With these performance levels, he believed a rocket could vertically lift a weight of 275:

theories of spaceflight. As a result, he became protective of his privacy and his work.

7127: 6810: 6529: 6214: 6204: 6082: 5868: 5784:"Buzz Aldrin took a tiny book on his historic voyage to the moon. Here's the backstory" 5711: 5479: 5185: 4716: 4682: 4633: 4585: 4396: 3946: 3363: 3355: 3223: 2838: 2463: 1668: 1328: 1242: 1238: 1084: 1034: 702:, described a multi-stage rocket fueled with a solid "explosive material." The second, 180: 116: 4746: 4721: 4687: 4150: 4097: 2830:

took a miniature sized biography of Goddard on his historic voyage to the Moon aboard

2425: 990:, and the possibilities he saw of exploring Earth's atmosphere and beyond. Along with 7106: 6919: 6543: 6515: 6473: 6466: 6445: 6431: 6350: 6330: 6179: 6010: 5849: 5681: 5656: 5533: 5443: 5341: 5334: 5303: 5263: 5259: 5142: 5063: 5012: 4896: 4851: 4819: 4611: 4517: 4492: 4285: 4007: 4000: 3957: 3900: 3873: 3843: 3523: 3367: 2917: 2804: 2682:

at Caltech (GALCIT), filed two patent applications in Sep 1943 referencing Goddard's

2647: 2628: 2595: 1479: 1463:. Herrick said that Goddard had the vision to advise and encourage him in his use of 1413: 1390: 1386: 1354: 891: 854: 713: 618: 601: 579:

While still an undergraduate, Goddard wrote a paper proposing a method for balancing

334: 291: 290:. He not only recognized early on the potential of rockets for atmospheric research, 203: 4745:

Newton, Issac, ed. (1713). "Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica".

4267:. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 117. 4226: 613:

like a cathode-ray oscillator tube. His patent on this tube, which predated that of

6982: 6905: 6694: 6557: 6424: 6335: 6315: 6067: 6019: 5789: 5716: 5630: 4647: 4639: 4219: 3347: 3037: 2864: 2574:

research rocket plane. After World War II, Goddard's team and some patents went to

2451:) launched vertically, reaching the outer limits of the atmosphere and into space. 1555: 1425: 1135: 1043: 1030: 1006: 914: 541: 456:. He took exception to some of Langley's conclusions and in 1901 wrote a letter to 268: 99: 6030: 5809: 5365:. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. p. 74. 1606:

Springs that stabilize steerable rocket engine on Goddard's 1939 series L-C rocket

7155: 7148: 7014: 6898: 6884: 6768: 6701: 6638: 6610: 6575: 6536: 6189: 6184: 6042: 4925: 4786: 4205: 4172: 3606: 3241: 3164:

First to develop and successfully fly a liquid-propellant rocket (March 16, 1926)

2819: 2552: 2544: 1652: 1149: 1026: 1014: 1010: 745: 696:

In 1914, his first two landmark patents were accepted and registered. The first,

354: 5287:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 52, 53, 274, 277. 3673:. Las Vegas, New Mexico. Associated Press. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com. 7120: 7092: 7078: 7074: 6824: 6803: 6789: 6740: 6494: 6487: 6438: 6355: 6290: 5212:"I Was There: "The Tremendous Potential of Rocketry"." AIR & SPACE Magazine 3236: 3116: 3105: 3094: 3083: 2922: 2632: 2589:

Don't you know about your own rocket pioneer? Dr. Goddard was ahead of us all.

2575: 2560: 1475: 1175: 957: 549: 443: 287: 5605: 4186: 3173:

First to develop gyroscopic control apparatus for guiding rocket flight (1932)

3072: 3061: 2684: 704: 698: 7185: 7162: 6996: 6961: 6926: 6891: 6877: 6838: 6796: 6708: 6687: 6666: 6645: 6596: 6508: 6194: 6157:

Katherine Johnson Independent Verification and Validation Facility (IV&V)

6075: 6035: 5016: 4260: 3863: 3835: 2515: 1460: 1246: 1002: 965: 895: 770: 614: 501: 337:

paternal family roots in New England with William Goddard (1628–91) a London

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First to fly a rocket with an engine having multiple (four) thrust chambers.

7085: 7060: 7032: 7000: 6947: 6912: 6831: 6680: 6617: 6582: 6452: 6405: 6345: 6340: 6325: 3231: 2888:, and dedicated by Esther Goddard; the school's mascot is titled "Rockets". 2788: 2784: 2714: 2659: 2500: 1687:

Dr. Goddards original launch tower with blast deflector below rocket engine

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applied to motion in space. He wrote later about his own tests of the Law:

469: 239: 2462:

Although Goddard had brought his work in rocketry to the attention of the

894:

officer tried to make Goddard cooperate, but he was called off by General

7113: 7067: 6989: 6968: 6845: 6817: 6747: 6733: 6659: 6631: 6603: 6589: 6459: 6360: 2932: 2827: 2796: 2779:

Goddard influenced many people who went on to do significant work in the

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article. At the time, Lindbergh had begun to wonder what would become of

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First to receive a U.S. patent on the idea of a multistage rocket (1914)

2931:

prototype experimental reusable vertical launch and landing rocket from

2912:. The location was formerly the Asa Ward Farm, and is now a golf course. 7134: 7053: 6975: 6852: 6761: 6754: 6652: 6501: 6296:

Christyl Johnson (Deputy Director, Technology and Research Investments)

3359: 2807: 2800: 2736: 2608: 2604: 2448: 2433: 1506: 1179: 1138:, attempting to restore reason to what had become a sensational story: 1018: 982:

In late 1919, the Smithsonian published Goddard's groundbreaking work,

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McElroy, Gil, "The Collins 45A – How Art Collins met Robert Goddard",

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Swenson, Loyd S. Jr; Grimwood, James M; Alexander, Charles C (1989).

2831: 1659:

Shortly after World War II, Doolittle spoke concerning Goddard to an

1502: 1262: 1229: 1195: 590: 251: 247: 224: 220: 120: 112: 5822: 3392:

Goddard, Robert; Goddard and, Esther C.; Pendray, G. Edward (1961).

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to the US, Friedrich von Boetticher, sent a four-page report to the

308:

was named in Goddard's honor in 1959. He was also inducted into the

6775: 6550: 3893:

National Academy of Sciences, Office of the Home Secretary (1995).

3170:

First to use vanes in the rocket engine exhaust for guidance (1932)

2571: 2548: 1362: 1337: 1250: 934: 650:

provided the gases were ejected from the rocket at a high velocity,

580: 453: 378: 228: 216: 124: 5160: 5158: 7169: 4565:"When was the famous New York Times editorial about Dr. Goddard?" 4376:. New York: William Morrow and Company. pp. 260–688-03462–4. 3183:

First in U.S. to design and test a variable-thrust rocket engine.

2536: 1322:

Original launch console for launching Goddard liquid fuel rockets

906: 883: 874: 689: 622: 374: 7141: 5484:. (Science in World War II series; OSRD). Little Brown. p. 688:

In the technological and manufacturing atmosphere of Worcester,

5155: 3518:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 3053: 2773: 2472: 1707:

Between 1926 and 1941, the following 35 rockets were launched:

1332: 910: 850: 338: 235: 1385:

In the spring of 1930, Lindbergh finally found an ally in the

735:

Video clips of Goddard's launches and other events in his life

215:(October 5, 1882 – August 10, 1945) was an American 4428: 4333:. The Smithsonian Institution. September 1916. Archived from 1618:

Close up of Goddard's 1939 series L-C steerable rocket engine

1582:

Close up of Goddard's 1939 series L-C steerable rocket engine

231:

who is credited with creating and building the world's first

5300:

Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II

4434:

The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices

4331:"September 27, 1916 – Goddard's Proposal to the Smithsonian" 4002:

Rocket Man: Robert H. Goddard and the Birth of the Space Age

3089:

Mechanism for feeding combustion liquids to rocket apparatus

1256:

In 1924–25, Goddard had problems developing a high-pressure

996:

The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices

442:

Goddard's interest in aerodynamics led him to study some of

7039: 6098: 4284:. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 13. 3639: 3576: 2868: 2823: 2815: 2792: 2612: 1520:

Gyroscope installed inside Goddard's 1939 series L-C rocket

370: 359: 301: 255: 5414:"Recollections of Childhood/Early Experiences in Rocketry" 5165:

Goddard, Robert; Goddard, Esther; Pendray, George (1970).

4489:

The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow

4470:"A SALUTE TO LONG NEGLECTED 'FATHER OF AMERICAN ROCKETRY'" 3338:

Hunley, JD (Apr 1995). "The Enigma of Robert H. Goddard".

2742:

Concerning Goddard's religious views, he was raised as an

1065:–Response to a reporter's question following criticism in 4404:"NASA – Dr. Robert H. Goddard, American Rocketry Pioneer" 4308:. The Smithsonian Institution. March 1920. Archived from 3391: 2495: 971: 626: 383: 369:. Robert developed a fascination with flight, first with 5627:"Frequently Asked Questions About Dr. Robert H. Goddard" 5442:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. p. 3. 5209:

Putnam, William D. and Eugene M. Emme (September 2012).

3566: 3312: 3310: 2776:

for his work; 131 of these were awarded after his death.

2615:

mountains in Germany and samples began to be shipped by

1001:

Goddard described extensive experiments with solid-fuel

890:

work might be appropriated by the business. However, an

621:, whose small company made radio transmitter tubes, and 271:) to allow rockets to control their flight effectively. 5086:

Von Braun, Wernher and Frederick I. Ordway III (1969).

4815:

Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon

4642:, January 11, 1920. Announcement was authorized by the 775:

propulsion in the near-vacuum conditions of outer space

5462: 1642:

Thrust chambers for Goddard liquid fuel rocket engines

1630:

Thrust chambers for Goddard liquid fuel rocket engines

1594:

Combustion chamber of Goddard's 1939 series L-C rocket

1419: 1134:

editorial, Goddard released a signed statement to the

780: 5164: 5088:

History of Rocketry and Space Travel, revised Edition

4516:. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. pp. 2, 15. 4227:"Milestones of space exploration in the 20th century" 4082:

Goddard, Esther C.; Pendray, G. Edward, eds. (1970).

3307: 2603:

In the spring of 1945, Goddard saw a captured German

654:

most of the rocket consisted of propellant material."

6097: 6031:

Dr. Robert H. Goddard Archives from Clark University

5557:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 52. 5501:"Robert Goddard Was the Father of American Rocketry" 5363:

America's First Rocket Company: Reaction Motors, Inc

4748:

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, 2nd ed

3213: 3204:

A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes- Goddard 1919

7222:

Burials at Hope Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts)

5810:

Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature Feature ID:2199

5572:. San Bernardino, CA: Mental Landscape. p. 76. 5325: 4454:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 90. 2598:, when asked about his work, following World War II 1529:chamber burn-through. In 1923, Goddard had built a 583:using gyro-stabilization. He submitted the idea to 19:For other people with the name Robert Goddard, see 7247:Deaths from esophageal cancer in the United States 6410:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century 6018:is available for free viewing and download at the 5782: 5757:"How many patents were awarded to Robert Goddard?" 5704: 5333: 4884: 4467: 3999: 3945: 3636:"Dr. Robert H. Goddard: American Rocketry Pioneer" 1280:Goddard launched the world's first liquid-fueled ( 1237:Goddard began experimenting with liquid oxidizer, 1143:undertaken without first exploring the atmosphere. 5823:"Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard Digital Collection" 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 4782:"How my speed rocket can propel itself in vacuum" 4610:. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. p. 38. 4487:Shapiro, Ascher H. (1953). "4: Isentropic flow". 4271: 3943: 3937: 2925:public transport system in 1900s Toronto, Canada. 671:In early 1913, Goddard became seriously ill with 7183: 5553:Malina, Frank J. (1964). Emme, Eugene E. (ed.). 5530:This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age 4557: 4505: 4277: 6200:Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS) 5675: 5587:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 149. 5332:Haynes, J.E.; Klehr, H.; Vassiliev, A. (2009). 5235:Countdown: A History of Spacecraft and Rocketry 5051: 6058:Robert H. and Esther Goddard Collection at WPI 5742: 5336:Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America 5237:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 34. 4361:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 11. 4244:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 91. 4081: 3490:. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. p. 91. 2758:in his home town of Worcester, Massachusetts. 1695:Goddard blast deflector—view into side exhaust 952:Later, the former Clark University researcher 428: 6391: 6083: 5937: 5570:Bossart: America's Forgotten Rocket Scientist 5322:The Game of the Foxes, Ladislas Farago, 1972, 5090:. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. p. 50. 4811: 4744: 4480: 4151:"MS014: Robert and Esther Goddard Collection" 4086:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. p. 395. 3629: 3627: 3425:. The Smithsonian Institution. Archived from 3247:U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps 2116:Veered horizontally immediately after launch 1673:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1215: 323: 5602:"Robert H. Goddard--America's Space Pioneer" 5250: 5232: 5226: 5041:. New York: Orion Books. pp. 43, 128–9. 4646:tonight that Professor Robert H. Goddard of 4606:Lasser, David; Godwin, Robert, eds. (2002). 4605: 4090: 3869:Robert H. Goddard: Pioneer of Space Research 3842:. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 14, 16. 3840:Robert H. Goddard: Pioneer of Space Research 3573:This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury 3449:"Robert H. Goddard: American Rocket Pioneer" 3293:"Robert H. Goddard: American Rocket Pioneer" 3265: 3263: 3261: 2958:Goddard honored on a 1964 U.S. airmail stamp 2623:rockets designed and tested by Goddard. The 1703:Goddard blast deflector—side view of exhaust 925:successfully demonstrated his rocket to the 864: 567: 460:magazine with his own ideas. The editor of 6147:Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF) 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 4963:History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 4882: 4850:. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 36, 46–48. 4306:"Robert H. Goddard—American Rocket Pioneer" 4255: 4253: 4251: 3633: 2459:and curtain cooling of combustion chamber. 1665:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 1189: 1091: 1082:On January 12, 1920, a front-page story in 964:continued Goddard's work on the bazooka. A 395:He became interested in space when he read 6398: 6384: 6142:Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) 6090: 6076: 5879: 5523: 5521: 5258:. Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: 4956: 4954: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3624: 3337: 1647: 1443:to discuss project funding, said that the 1245:, using impinging jets to mix and atomize 1053: 1027:escape from Earth's gravitation altogether 830:. Afterward, Clark was able to contribute 719: 643:effect he had independently developed the 437: 160: 1924⁠–⁠1945) 38: 6299:Ray Rubilotta (Associate Center Director) 6230:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) 6026:Robert Goddard Wing of the Roswell Museum 5402:. New York: Orion Books. pp. 41, 43. 5246: 5244: 5204: 5202: 5182: 5085: 5052:Aldrin, Buzz; McConnell, Malcolm (1989). 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 3993: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3899:. National Academies Press. p. 179. 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3544:"History Of Rocketry Timeline | Preceden" 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3258: 1380: 1297:His diary entry the next day elaborated: 7292:Scientists from Worcester, Massachusetts 6048:NASA MSFC Goddard Rocket Replica Project 5972: 5596: 5594: 5582: 5567: 5477: 5331: 5178: 5176: 5141:. New York: Hyperion. pp. 165–166. 5081: 5079: 4551:"Report Concerning Further Developments" 4259: 4248: 4202:, Vol. 81(2), pp. 44–46 (February 1997). 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3481: 3479: 3333: 3331: 2986:Insignia of the 50th Anniversary of the 2891: 2662:, who was then studying rocketry at the 2432: 2424: 2416: 1698: 1690: 1682: 1544: 1536: 1515: 1485: 1474: 1348: 1317: 1228: 1122:Thrust is however possible in a vacuum. 868: 723: 527: 348: 5803: 5527: 5518: 5463:Aldrin, Buzz; Malcolm McConnel (1989). 5416:. History.msfc.nasa.gov. Archived from 5282: 5276: 5105:. Los Angeles: Feral House. p. 31. 5001:"How Lindbergh Gave a Lift to Rocketry" 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4891:. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 4887:Rocket man: the story of Robert Goddard 4779: 4553:. The Smithsonian Institution Archives. 4548: 4445: 4443: 4239: 4233: 4084:The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, 3 vols 3933:. New York: Hawthorn Books. p. 63. 3458:. NASA: 1–3. 2001-03-17. Archived from 683: 446:'s scientific papers in the periodical 16:American physicist & rocket pioneer 7302:Worcester Polytechnic Institute alumni 7267:Members of the American Rocket Society 7184: 6036:A Tribute to R H Goddard—Space Pioneer 5780: 5552: 5498: 5437: 5431: 5397: 5375: 5360: 5354: 5241: 5208: 5199: 5100: 5094: 5036: 4998: 4960: 4931: 4843: 4832: 4704: 4599: 4586:"Robert Goddard: A Man and His Rocket" 4468:John Noble Wilford (October 5, 1982). 4463: 4461: 4281:Spacecraft technology: the early years 4213:"Space Exploration Timeline 1600–1960" 4176:, Vol. 6(2), pp. 99–120 (August 1914). 4020: 3928: 3913: 3862: 3834: 3677: 3600: 3511: 3485: 3374: 3111:Control mechanism for rocket apparatus 3100:Control mechanism for rocket apparatus 3047: 2488: 2441: 2437:Some of the parts of Goddard's rockets 1667:(NACA) because the previous chairman, 1470: 1331:is the small cylinder at the top; the 984:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes 973:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes 821:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes 812:with an initial launch weight of only 765:decreases under atmospheric pressure. 256:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes 6674:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 6379: 6071: 5862: 5843: 5657:"Goddard Memorial Association/Esther" 5591: 5576: 5467:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 21. 5173: 5136: 5076: 4847:To a Distant Day: The Rocket Pioneers 4670: 4536: 4511: 4356: 3970: 3664: 3494: 3476: 3328: 1452:University of California, Los Angeles 1367:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1224: 773:, which he thought might be used for 617:, became central in the suit between 6225:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) 5297: 5183:Doolittle, James H. "Jimmy" (1991). 4985: 4578: 4449: 4440: 4387:"A New Invention To Harness The Sun" 4371: 3273:. New Mexico Museum of Space History 2668:Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development 2653: 755:6,728 feet (2,051 meters) per second 390: 310:International Aerospace Hall of Fame 7237:Congressional Gold Medal recipients 7202:20th-century American Episcopalians 5561: 5058:. New York: Bantam Books. pp. 4458: 3952:. London: Panther Science. p. 3634:Lynn Jenner, ed. (March 29, 1999). 3132: 2429:Top view of 1939 L-C series rocket. 1420:Lack of vision in the United States 882:artillery, field weapons and naval 781:Smithsonian Institution sponsorship 708:, described a rocket fueled with a 13: 7307:South High Community School alumni 6250:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) 6235:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) 5759:. Clark University. Archived from 5532:. Modern Library. pp. 89–92. 5191:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 4999:Lehman, Milton (October 4, 1963). 4780:Goddard, Robert (September 1924). 4763:"Goddard Rockets to Take Pictures" 4720:. January 13, 1920. Archived from 4686:. January 13, 1920. Archived from 4486: 3658: 3601:Kluger, Jeffrey (March 29, 1999). 3295:. Smithsonian Institution Archives 2680:Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory 2664:California Institute of Technology 1490:Goddard towing a rocket in Roswell 1445:California Institute of Technology 1025:reach the upper atmosphere but to 1005:burning high-grade nitrocellulose 14: 7318: 6265:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 6260:James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) 6210:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) 6152:Spacecraft Magnetic Test Facility 6003: 5117:"Samuel Herrick Papers 1930-1974" 4549:Goddard, Robert H. (March 1920). 3665:Locke, Robert (October 6, 1976). 3603:"Rocket Scientist Robert Goddard" 3575:(The Highway to Space ed.). 3320:. Astronautix.com. Archived from 3122:Vacuum tube transportation system 2582: 1678: 7212:20th-century American physicists 6255:Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) 5948: 5919: 5904: 5880:O'Kane, Jim (26 February 2012). 5873: 5837: 5815: 5781:Lukpat, Alyssa (July 16, 2019). 5774: 5585:The Men Behind the Space Rockets 5555:The History Of Rocket Technology 4098:"Robert Goddard and His Rockets" 3579:. pp. 13–18. Archived from 3216: 3029: 3014: 2995: 2979: 2963: 2951: 2729: 2722:to generate funds for his work. 1635: 1623: 1611: 1599: 1587: 1575: 607: 318:International Space Hall of Fame 202: 7272:People from Roswell, New Mexico 7207:20th-century American inventors 6162:Spacecraft Fabrication Facility 5729: 5697: 5669: 5649: 5619: 5546: 5499:Winter, Frank H. (8 May 2018). 5492: 5471: 5456: 5406: 5391: 5369: 5316: 5291: 5187:I Could Never Be So Lucky Again 5167:The Papers of Robert H. Goddard 5130: 5109: 5045: 5030: 4969: 4909: 4876: 4864: 4805: 4773: 4755: 4738: 4666:. January 13, 1920. p. 12. 4655: 4624: 4542: 4530: 4380: 4365: 4350: 4323: 4298: 4192: 4179: 4164: 4143: 4122: 4104: 3944:Clarke, Arthur C., ed. (1970). 3896:Biographical Memoirs, Volume 67 3886: 3856: 3594: 3560: 3536: 3197: 3023:Worcester Polytechnic Institute 2908:in Auburn, Massachusetts, is a 2791:(Naval Research Laboratory and 1284:) rocket on March 16, 1926, in 1275: 515:Worcester Polytechnic Institute 468:Around this time, Goddard read 157: 95:Worcester Polytechnic Institute 21:Robert Goddard (disambiguation) 7242:Deaths from cancer in Maryland 6551:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel 6245:Goddard Earth Observing System 6053:Robert Goddard and his rockets 4242:The Coming Age of Rocket Power 4153:. WPI George C. Gordon Library 4132:. WPI George C. Gordon Library 3441: 3415: 3400: 3285: 2772:Goddard was credited with 214 658:His first goal was to build a 637: 314:National Aviation Hall of Fame 1: 6417:Leaders & revolutionaries 6287:Dennis J. Andrucyk (Director) 6137:Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) 6012:The Dream That Wouldn't Down 5302:. Da Capo Press. p. 77. 5254:; Sharpe, Mitchell R (1979). 3872:. Da Capo Press. p. 11. 3252: 3003:Robert H. Goddard High School 2990:, a NASA facility in Maryland 2906:Goddard Rocket Launching Site 2898:Goddard Rocket Launching Site 2882:Robert H. Goddard High School 2701:the thrill of just beginning. 1313:Goddard Rocket Launching Site 712:(explosive material) or with 7277:Princeton University faculty 7257:Early spaceflight scientists 7217:American aerospace engineers 6220:Hubble Space Telescope (HST) 6063:On Taking Things for Granted 5528:Burrows, William E. (1999). 5283:Neufeld, Michael J. (1996). 5233:Heppenheimer, T. A. (1997). 4980:St. Joseph, Missouri Gazette 4883:Streissguth, Thomas (1995). 4844:Gainor, Chris (2008-04-01). 4790:. p. 38. Archived from 2915:In season 11, episode 10 of 2766: 1454:(UCLA) permitted astronomer 1125: 490: 479:Newton's Third Law of Motion 7: 7297:Sigma Alpha Epsilon members 7262:Goddard Space Flight Center 6102:Goddard Space Flight Center 5933:. NBC News. 3 January 2007. 4812:Nelson, Craig, ed. (1713). 4512:Goddard, Robert H. (2002). 4240:Pendray, G. Edward (1947). 3948:The Coming of the Space Age 3209: 2988:Goddard Space Flight Center 2854:Goddard Space Flight Center 2688:for the multistage rocket. 2514:Goddard's first biographer 1748:first liquid rocket launch 1017:allows the most efficient ( 846:which documented his work. 791:National Geographic Society 645:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation 532:Goddard at Clark University 497:South High Community School 429:Education and early studies 306:Goddard Space Flight Center 10: 7323: 6568:Artists & entertainers 5478:Burchard, John E. (1948). 5440:The Missile and Space Race 4976:"Giant Rocket Alarms Many" 4961:Sutton, George P. (2006). 3997: 3667:"Space Pioneers Enshrined" 3396:. New York: Prentice-Hall. 2910:National Historic Landmark 2860:, was established in 1959. 2174:Highest altitude achieved 1309:National Historic Landmark 1282:gasoline and liquid oxygen 1216:First liquid-fueled flight 666: 562:Palmer Physical Laboratory 399:' science fiction classic 324:Early life and inspiration 18: 7024: 6870:Scientists & thinkers 6869: 6718: 6567: 6416: 6306: 6280: 6273: 6170: 6129: 6108: 5956:"Achievement 7 - Goddard" 5680:. JHU Press. p. 22. 5568:Mitchell, Don P. (2016). 5481:Rockets, Guns and Targets 5376:Swopes, Began R. (2017). 5340:. Yale University Press. 5215:. Smithsonian Institution 5169:. Worcester: McGraw-Hill. 4357:Rosen, Milton W. (1955). 4278:Williamson, Mark (2006). 3512:Winter, Frank H. (1990). 2884:was completed in 1965 in 2876:Robert H. Goddard Library 2761: 1357:learned of his work in a 865:Goddard's military rocket 568:First scientific writings 201: 196: 167: 141: 130: 108: 87: 68: 46: 37: 30: 7232:Clark University faculty 6293:(Deputy Center Director) 5960:www.gocivilairpatrol.com 5676:Kendrick Oliver (2012). 5583:Gartmann, Heinz (1955). 5438:Levine, Alan J. (1994). 5361:Winter, Frank H (2017). 5285:The Rocket and the Reich 4452:A History of Spaceflight 4450:Emme, Eugene M. (1965). 3998:Clary, David A. (2003). 3929:Stoiko, Michael (1974). 2847:Congressional Gold Medal 919:Mount Wilson Observatory 853:, that was sprayed with 330:Worcester, Massachusetts 213:Robert Hutchings Goddard 175:Congressional Gold Medal 61:Worcester, Massachusetts 7282:Rocket science pioneers 7227:Clark University alumni 5252:Ordway, Frederick I III 4873:, July 17, 1969, p. 43. 4644:Smithsonian Institution 4430:Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin 4359:The Viking Rocket Story 3486:Caidin, Martin (1957). 2935:is named after Goddard. 2843:Smithsonian Institution 2625:Peenemünde rocket group 1661:American Rocket Society 1648:General Jimmy Doolittle 1375:U.S. stock market crash 1077:American Rocket Society 1054:Publicity and criticism 956:and Army officers Col. 931:Aberdeen Proving Ground 787:Smithsonian Institution 720:Early rocketry research 652:and also provided that 438:Aerodynamics and motion 280:Robert Esnault-Pelterie 187:Daniel Guggenheim Medal 6481:Martin Luther King Jr. 6240:NASA Earth Observatory 5927:"Blue Origin revealed" 5844:Clary, Robert (2004). 5378:"This Day In Aviation" 4662:"The New York Times". 4491:. N.Y.: Ronald Press. 4406:. NASA. Archived from 3340:Technology and Culture 2900: 2871:is named in his honor. 2849:on September 16, 1959. 2703: 2591: 2533:hypergolic propellants 2525: 2438: 2430: 2422: 1704: 1696: 1688: 1550: 1549:Top tank of L-C rocket 1542: 1521: 1491: 1483: 1381:Guggenheim sponsorship 1323: 1304: 1295: 1234: 1213: 1145: 1120: 1111: 1062: 992:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 927:U.S. Army Signal Corps 878: 802:2438 meters per second 736: 533: 511: 488: 423: 284:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 6719:Builders & titans 6523:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5915:season 11, episode 10 5137:Clary, David (2003). 5101:Carter, John (1999). 4918:Discover NASA and You 4712:"Topics of the Times" 4678:"Topics of the Times" 4608:The Conquest of Space 4187:U.S. patent 1,159,209 3324:on December 27, 2016. 3073:U.S. patent 1,103,503 3062:U.S. patent 1,102,653 3052:Goddard received 214 2972:Auburn, Massachusetts 2895: 2856:, a NASA facility in 2837:Goddard received the 2698: 2685:U.S. patent 1,102,653 2605:V-2 ballistic missile 2587: 2520: 2436: 2428: 2420: 1702: 1694: 1686: 1548: 1540: 1531:regeneratively cooled 1519: 1489: 1478: 1430:Guggenheim Foundation 1349:Lindbergh and Goddard 1321: 1299: 1290: 1286:Auburn, Massachusetts 1232: 1204: 1140: 1115: 1106: 1058: 947:Indian Head, Maryland 872: 734: 705:U.S. patent 1,103,503 699:U.S. patent 1,102,653 548:Goddard received his 536:Goddard received his 531: 506: 483: 474:Principia Mathematica 408: 402:The War of the Worlds 349:Childhood experiments 147:Esther Christine Kisk 6860:Thomas J. Watson Jr. 5505:Smithsonian Magazine 5398:Miller, Jay (1988). 5298:Kahn, David (2000). 5037:Miller, Jay (1988). 4637:. January 12, 1920. 4372:Grey, Jerry (1979). 4229:. Russian Space Web. 3931:Pioneers of Rocketry 3191:regenerative cooling 3117:U.S. patent 2511979A 3106:U.S. patent 2397659A 3095:U.S. patent 2397657A 3084:U.S. patent 2395113A 1048:ablative heat shield 795:Aero Club of America 684:Foundational patents 574:Popular Science News 558:Princeton University 513:Goddard enrolled at 328:Goddard was born in 136:liquid-fueled rocket 7008:Ludwig Wittgenstein 6955:John Maynard Keynes 6727:Stephen Bechtel Sr. 6321:Robert Bindschadler 5882:"Aunt Effie's Farm" 5719:. August 11, 1945. 5637:on November 3, 2009 4769:. January 19, 1920. 3613:on October 16, 2007 3569:"Part I, Chapter I" 3271:"Robert H. Goddard" 3048:Patents of interest 3036:Goddard Library at 3007:Roswell, New Mexico 2886:Roswell, New Mexico 2858:Greenbelt, Maryland 2754:. He was buried in 2752:Baltimore, Maryland 2672:Theodore von Kármán 2617:Special Mission V-2 2489:Annapolis, Maryland 2442:Analysis of results 2381:P-series, Section C 2220:L-series, Section C 2104:L series, Section B 2046:L series, Section A 1496:Roswell, New Mexico 1471:Roswell, New Mexico 1465:celestial mechanics 1399:Roswell, New Mexico 1239:liquid fuel rockets 954:Clarence N. Hickman 939:Compiègne Armistice 923:Clarence N. Hickman 814:89.6 lbs (40.64 kg) 750:internal efficiency 586:Scientific American 519:Sigma Alpha Epsilon 366:Scientific American 80:Baltimore, Maryland 7128:Emmeline Pankhurst 7047:Lady Diana Spencer 7025:Heroes & icons 6811:Charles E. Merrill 6530:Theodore Roosevelt 6307:Notable scientists 6215:Near Earth Network 6205:Hitchhiker Program 6041:2009-02-05 at the 5825:. Clark University 5712:The New York Times 4924:2010-05-27 at the 4871:The New York Times 4767:The New York Times 4717:The New York Times 4683:The New York Times 4664:The New York Times 4634:The New York Times 4567:. Clark University 4474:The New York Times 4006:. N.Y.: Hyperion. 3515:Rockets into Space 3394:Rocket Development 3224:Spaceflight portal 2901: 2896:Obelisk marks the 2839:Langley Gold Medal 2810:, astrodynamicist 2781:U.S. space program 2464:United States Army 2439: 2431: 2423: 2421:Goddard L-C rocket 2096:4 thrust chambers 1832:September 29, 1931 1722:Altitude in meters 1705: 1697: 1689: 1669:Jerome C. Hunsaker 1551: 1543: 1522: 1492: 1484: 1329:combustion chamber 1324: 1243:combustion chamber 1235: 1225:First static tests 1211:regrets the error. 1200:The New York Times 1085:The New York Times 1067:The New York Times 1035:thought experiment 988:solid-fuel rockets 879: 873:Goddard loading a 810:232 miles (373 km) 737: 714:liquid propellants 602:solid-fuel rockets 534: 292:ballistic missiles 181:Langley Gold Medal 117:aerospace engineer 7287:Rocket scientists 7179: 7178: 7107:Charles Lindbergh 7040:The American G.I. 6934:Robert H. Goddard 6920:Alexander Fleming 6544:Margaret Thatcher 6516:Eleanor Roosevelt 6474:Ruhollah Khomeini 6467:Pope John Paul II 6446:Mikhail Gorbachev 6432:Winston Churchill 6373: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6351:Lissette Martinez 6331:Gene Carl Feldman 6180:Explorers Program 6116:Robert H. Goddard 5913:Murdoch Mysteries 5911:IMDb listing for 5892:on 7 January 2023 5687:978-1-4214-0788-3 5347:978-0-300-12390-6 5260:Thomas Y. Crowell 5148:978-0-7868-8705-7 4857:978-0-8032-2258-8 4825:978-1-101-05773-5 4265:Blazing the Trail 3906:978-0-309-05238-2 3879:978-0-306-80331-4 2970:Bronze plaque in 2918:Murdoch Mysteries 2845:in 1960, and the 2805:flight controller 2654:Goddard's secrecy 2648:Walter Dornberger 2629:Wernher von Braun 2596:Wernher von Braun 2551:rocket plane and 2415: 2414: 2363:3,294 (barograph) 2260:November 24, 1937 2140:February 27, 1937 2101:December 18, 1936 1908:February 16, 1935 1812:December 30, 1930 1773:December 26, 1928 1480:Charles Lindbergh 1414:Wernher von Braun 1391:Daniel Guggenheim 1387:Guggenheim family 1377:in October 1929. 1355:Charles Lindbergh 1130:A week after the 994:'s earlier work, 917:, and working at 892:Army Signal Corps 732: 619:Arthur A. Collins 477:, and found that 391:Cherry tree dream 316:in 1966, and the 210: 209: 32:Robert H. Goddard 7314: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6992: 6985: 6983:William Shockley 6978: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6906:Philo Farnsworth 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6695:Steven Spielberg 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6425:David Ben-Gurion 6400: 6393: 6386: 6377: 6376: 6336:Orlando Figueroa 6316:David Louis Band 6278: 6277: 6171:Notable missions 6092: 6085: 6078: 6069: 6068: 6020:Internet Archive 6015: 5998: 5995: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5952: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5923: 5917: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5888:. Archived from 5877: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5790:The Boston Globe 5786: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5753: 5740: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5717:Associated Press 5708: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5633:. Archived from 5631:Clark University 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5604:. Archived from 5598: 5589: 5588: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5525: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5339: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5180: 5171: 5170: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 4996: 4983: 4982:, July 18, 1929. 4973: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4929: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4890: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4841: 4830: 4829: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4546: 4540: 4537:Goddard, Rockets 4534: 4528: 4527: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4400: 4394: 4393:, November 1929. 4384: 4378: 4377: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4337:on March 8, 2012 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4257: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4130:"Robert Goddard" 4126: 4120: 4119: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4018: 4017: 4005: 3995: 3968: 3967: 3951: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3926: 3911: 3910: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3832: 3675: 3674: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3642:. Archived from 3631: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3609:. Archived from 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3509: 3492: 3491: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3453: 3445: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3389: 3372: 3371: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3267: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3133:Important firsts 3119: 3108: 3097: 3086: 3078:Rocket apparatus 3075: 3067:Rocket apparatus 3064: 3038:Clark University 3033: 3021:Goddard Hall at 3018: 2999: 2983: 2967: 2955: 2687: 2619:on 22 May 1945. 2599: 2468:military attaché 2121:February 1, 1937 2081:November 7, 1936 2024:October 29, 1935 1981:record altitude 1961:record altitude 1870:October 27, 1931 1851:October 13, 1931 1827:record altitude 1807:record altitude 1768:record altitude 1719:Altitude in feet 1710: 1709: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1603: 1591: 1579: 1556:thrust vectoring 1395:Harry Guggenheim 1178:and his student 1162: 1161: 1157: 1136:Associated Press 1070: 1044:sounding rockets 1031:specific impulse 1007:smokeless powder 915:Clark University 833: 829: 815: 811: 807: 803: 756: 746:de Laval nozzles 733: 707: 701: 629:over his use of 542:Clark University 269:steerable thrust 261:two-axis control 206: 161: 159: 100:Clark University 75: 56: 54: 42: 28: 27: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7156:Andrei Sakharov 7154: 7149:Jackie Robinson 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7031: 7020: 7015:Wright brothers 7013: 7006: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6899:Albert Einstein 6897: 6890: 6885:Tim Berners-Lee 6883: 6876: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6769:Amadeo Giannini 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6714: 6707: 6702:Igor Stravinsky 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6639:Aretha Franklin 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6611:Charlie Chaplin 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6576:Louis Armstrong 6574: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6537:Margaret Sanger 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6412: 6404: 6374: 6365: 6308: 6302: 6269: 6190:Getaway Special 6185:Landsat program 6172: 6166: 6125: 6104: 6096: 6043:Wayback Machine 6013: 6009:The short film 6006: 6001: 5996: 5973: 5964: 5962: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5938: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5795: 5793: 5779: 5775: 5766: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5743: 5734: 5730: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5674: 5670: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5611: 5609: 5600: 5599: 5592: 5581: 5577: 5566: 5562: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5526: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5497: 5493: 5476: 5472: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5436: 5432: 5423: 5421: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5396: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5296: 5292: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5256:The Rocket Team 5249: 5242: 5231: 5227: 5218: 5216: 5207: 5200: 5181: 5174: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5103:Sex and Rockets 5099: 5095: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5050: 5046: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5011:(14): 115–127. 4997: 4986: 4974: 4970: 4959: 4932: 4926:Wayback Machine 4914: 4910: 4903: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4842: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4787:Popular Science 4778: 4774: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4743: 4739: 4727: 4725: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4693: 4691: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4604: 4600: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4547: 4543: 4539:pp. 54–57. 4535: 4531: 4524: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4485: 4481: 4466: 4459: 4448: 4441: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4391:Popular Science 4385: 4381: 4370: 4366: 4355: 4351: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4258: 4249: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4173:Physical Review 4169: 4165: 4156: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4080: 4021: 4014: 3996: 3971: 3964: 3942: 3938: 3927: 3914: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3833: 3678: 3671:Las Vegas Optic 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3584: 3565: 3561: 3552: 3550: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3510: 3495: 3484: 3477: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3390: 3375: 3352:10.2307/3106375 3336: 3329: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3242:Vikram Sarabhai 3222: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3200: 3135: 3124:– E. C. Goddard 3115: 3104: 3093: 3082: 3071: 3060: 3050: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3025: 3019: 3010: 3000: 2991: 2984: 2975: 2968: 2959: 2956: 2820:Jimmy Doolittle 2818:), and General 2769: 2764: 2732: 2683: 2656: 2611:factory in the 2601: 2593: 2585: 2553:Viking (rocket) 2545:Reaction Motors 2491: 2444: 2367: 2362: 2240:August 26, 1937 2062:October 3, 1936 1725:Flight duration 1681: 1653:Jimmy Doolittle 1650: 1643: 1640: 1631: 1628: 1619: 1616: 1607: 1604: 1595: 1592: 1583: 1580: 1473: 1422: 1383: 1351: 1278: 1227: 1218: 1192: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1150:Popular Science 1128: 1097: 1072: 1064: 1056: 1015:de Laval nozzle 1011:Gustaf de Laval 976: 900:Charles Walcott 867: 859:Popular Science 831: 827: 813: 809: 808:to a height of 805: 801: 783: 754: 724: 722: 703: 697: 686: 669: 660:sounding rocket 640: 610: 570: 493: 440: 431: 393: 355:electrification 351: 341:who settled in 326: 192: 163: 155: 151: 148: 104: 83: 77: 73: 72:August 10, 1945 64: 58: 57:October 5, 1882 52: 50: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7320: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7252:Early rocketry 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7124: 7121:Marilyn Monroe 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7093:Kennedy family 7089: 7082: 7079:Tenzing Norgay 7075:Edmund Hillary 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6825:Walter Reuther 6821: 6814: 6807: 6804:Louis B. Mayer 6800: 6793: 6790:William Levitt 6786: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6741:Willis Carrier 6737: 6730: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6495:Nelson Mandela 6491: 6488:Vladimir Lenin 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6439:Mahatma Gandhi 6435: 6428: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6356:John C. Mather 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291:Anne L. Kinney 6288: 6284: 6282: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6095: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6005: 6004:External links 6002: 6000: 5999: 5971: 5947: 5936: 5918: 5903: 5886:Citizen O'Kane 5872: 5861: 5854: 5836: 5814: 5802: 5773: 5741: 5728: 5696: 5686: 5668: 5648: 5618: 5590: 5575: 5560: 5545: 5538: 5517: 5491: 5470: 5465:Men from Earth 5455: 5448: 5430: 5405: 5390: 5368: 5353: 5346: 5324: 5315: 5308: 5290: 5275: 5268: 5240: 5225: 5198: 5172: 5154: 5147: 5129: 5108: 5093: 5075: 5068: 5055:Men from Earth 5044: 5029: 4984: 4968: 4930: 4908: 4901: 4875: 4863: 4856: 4831: 4824: 4804: 4772: 4754: 4737: 4703: 4669: 4654: 4623: 4616: 4598: 4577: 4556: 4541: 4529: 4522: 4504: 4497: 4479: 4457: 4439: 4421: 4395: 4379: 4364: 4349: 4322: 4297: 4290: 4270: 4261:Gruntman, Mike 4247: 4232: 4218: 4215:. Sea and Sky. 4204: 4191: 4178: 4163: 4142: 4121: 4103: 4089: 4019: 4012: 3969: 3962: 3936: 3912: 3905: 3885: 3878: 3864:Lehman, Milton 3855: 3848: 3836:Lehman, Milton 3676: 3657: 3623: 3593: 3559: 3535: 3528: 3493: 3475: 3440: 3414: 3399: 3373: 3327: 3306: 3284: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3237:Sergey Korolev 3234: 3228: 3227: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3189:First to test 3187: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3113: 3102: 3091: 3080: 3069: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3011: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2926: 2923:pneumatic tube 2913: 2890: 2889: 2879: 2872: 2861: 2850: 2835: 2812:Samuel Herrick 2795:), astronauts 2777: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2731: 2728: 2655: 2652: 2633:Hermann Oberth 2586: 2584: 2583:The German V-2 2581: 2576:Curtiss-Wright 2561:Project Gorgon 2490: 2487: 2443: 2440: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2378:August 9, 1940 2375: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2361:4,920 (visual) 2359: 2356: 2355:August 9, 1938 2352: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2317:April 20, 1938 2314: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298:March 17, 1938 2295: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179:April 22, 1937 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2159:March 26, 1937 2156: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946:March 28, 1935 1943: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1889:April 19, 1932 1886: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733:March 16, 1926 1730: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1680: 1679:Launch history 1677: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1574: 1472: 1469: 1456:Samuel Herrick 1441:Army Air Corps 1421: 1418: 1382: 1379: 1359:New York Times 1350: 1347: 1277: 1274: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1191: 1190:"A Correction" 1188: 1176:Hermann Oberth 1163: miles." 1132:New York Times 1127: 1124: 1101:New York Times 1096: 1093:New York Times 1090: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1003:rocket engines 975: 970: 958:Leslie Skinner 866: 863: 806:1 lb (0.45 kg) 782: 779: 721: 718: 685: 682: 668: 665: 639: 636: 609: 606: 569: 566: 492: 489: 444:Samuel Langley 439: 436: 430: 427: 392: 389: 373:and then with 358:higher if the 350: 347: 325: 322: 288:Hermann Oberth 208: 207: 199: 198: 194: 193: 191: 190: 184: 178: 171: 169: 165: 164: 153: 149: 146: 145: 143: 139: 138: 132: 131:Known for 128: 127: 110: 106: 105: 103: 102: 97: 91: 89: 85: 84: 78: 76:(aged 62) 70: 66: 65: 59: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7319: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7163:Mother Teresa 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6997:Francis Crick 6994: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6962:Leakey family 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6927:Sigmund Freud 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6892:Rachel Carson 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6878:Leo Baekeland 6875: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6839:David Sarnoff 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6797:Lucky Luciano 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6709:Oprah Winfrey 6706: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6688:Frank Sinatra 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6667:Pablo Picasso 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6646:Martha Graham 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6597:Marlon Brando 6594: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6509:Ronald Reagan 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6409: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309:and engineers 6305: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Space Network 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109:Main articles 6107: 6103: 6100: 6093: 6088: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6008: 6007: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5945:Bottle Rocket 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5907: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5855:0-7868-8705-2 5851: 5847: 5840: 5824: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5777: 5763:on 2009-11-03 5762: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5658: 5652: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5608:on 2009-02-05 5607: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5586: 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1137: 1133: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1071: 1068: 1061: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 974: 969: 967: 966:shaped-charge 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 896:George Squier 893: 887: 885: 876: 871: 862: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 840: 836: 824: 822: 817: 798: 796: 792: 788: 778: 776: 772: 771:ion thrusters 766: 762: 758: 751: 747: 741: 717: 715: 711: 706: 700: 694: 691: 681: 677: 674: 664: 661: 656: 655: 651: 646: 635: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 615:Lee De Forest 608:First patents 605: 603: 598: 594: 592: 588: 587: 582: 577: 575: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 543: 539: 530: 526: 524: 520: 516: 510: 505: 503: 502:valedictorian 498: 487: 482: 480: 476: 475: 471: 466: 463: 459: 455: 451: 450: 445: 435: 426: 422: 419: 416: 413: 407: 404: 403: 398: 388: 386: 385: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367: 361: 356: 346: 344: 340: 336: 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Retrieved 5959: 5950: 5939: 5930: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5894:. Retrieved 5890:the original 5885: 5875: 5864: 5848:. Hyperion. 5845: 5839: 5827:. Retrieved 5817: 5805: 5794:. Retrieved 5788: 5776: 5765:. Retrieved 5761:the original 5736: 5731: 5720: 5710: 5699: 5691: 5677: 5671: 5660:. Retrieved 5651: 5639:. Retrieved 5635:the original 5621: 5610:. Retrieved 5606:the original 5584: 5578: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5548: 5529: 5508:. Retrieved 5504: 5494: 5480: 5473: 5464: 5458: 5439: 5433: 5422:. Retrieved 5418:the original 5408: 5400:The X-Planes 5399: 5393: 5381:. Retrieved 5371: 5362: 5356: 5335: 5327: 5318: 5299: 5293: 5284: 5278: 5255: 5234: 5228: 5217:. Retrieved 5211: 5186: 5166: 5138: 5132: 5120:. Retrieved 5111: 5102: 5096: 5087: 5054: 5047: 5039:The X-Planes 5038: 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 5008: 5004: 4979: 4971: 4962: 4917: 4911: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4846: 4814: 4807: 4796:. Retrieved 4792:the original 4785: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4726:. 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Retrieved 3232:Homer Hickam 3198:Bibliography 3148:(1915–1916). 3127: 3121: 3110: 3099: 3088: 3077: 3066: 3051: 2916: 2789:Milton Rosen 2785:Robert Truax 2748: 2744:Episcopalian 2741: 2733: 2724: 2720: 2715:WAC Corporal 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2676: 2667: 2660:Frank Malina 2657: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2621: 2602: 2592: 2588: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501:Pearl Harbor 2492: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2336:May 26, 1938 2233: 2198:May 19, 1937 1966:May 31, 1935 1706: 1658: 1651: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1527: 1523: 1511: 1500: 1493: 1449: 1438: 1423: 1406: 1402: 1389:. Financier 1384: 1371: 1358: 1352: 1343: 1325: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1279: 1276:First flight 1271: 1267: 1255: 1236: 1219: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1184: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1083: 1081: 1073: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1040: 1023: 1000: 995: 983: 981: 977: 972: 951: 943: 904: 888: 880: 858: 848: 844:A Method..., 843: 841: 837: 825: 820: 818: 799: 784: 767: 763: 759: 749: 742: 738: 695: 687: 678: 673:tuberculosis 670: 657: 653: 649: 641: 611: 599: 595: 584: 578: 573: 571: 547: 535: 523:salutatorian 512: 507: 494: 484: 472: 467: 462:St. Nicholas 461: 458:St. Nicholas 457: 447: 441: 432: 424: 420: 417: 411: 409: 400: 394: 382: 364: 352: 333:Goddard had 327: 300: 296:space travel 277: 273: 254: 245: 240:solid-fueled 212: 211: 74:(1945-08-10) 25: 7197:1945 deaths 7192:1882 births 7114:Harvey Milk 7068:Che Guevara 6990:Alan Turing 6969:Jean Piaget 6846:Juan Trippe 6818:Akio Morita 6748:Walt Disney 6734:Leo Burnett 6660:James Joyce 6632:T. S. Eliot 6604:Coco Chanel 6590:The Beatles 6558:Lech Wałęsa 6460:Ho Chi Minh 6361:Nancy Roman 5829:January 14, 5641:January 15, 5510:29 December 4818:. Penguin. 3299:January 25, 3277:January 25, 3180:components. 2933:Blue Origin 2929:New Goddard 2863:The crater 2828:Buzz Aldrin 2797:Buzz Aldrin 2541:nitric acid 2397:May 8, 1941 2168:2,500–2,700 2165:8,000-9,000 1434:Eugene Emme 1409:Buzz Aldrin 1258:piston pump 638:Rocket math 631:vacuum tube 449:Smithsonian 412:possibility 397:H. G. Wells 7186:Categories 7135:Rosa Parks 7054:Anne Frank 6976:Jonas Salk 6941:Kurt Gödel 6853:Sam Walton 6762:Bill Gates 6755:Henry Ford 6653:Jim Henson 6502:Mao Zedong 6281:Leadership 6130:Facilities 5965:2024-05-14 5931:Cosmic Log 5846:Rocket Man 5796:2021-08-09 5767:2010-05-08 5662:2010-03-16 5612:2008-12-19 5424:2010-03-10 5219:2015-12-16 5139:Rocket Man 4798:2010-03-10 4728:2007-06-21 4694:2007-06-21 4640:Washington 4592:2010-05-08 4571:2017-10-01 4414:2010-05-04 4374:Enterprise 4316:2008-07-13 4157:2024-05-03 4136:2010-03-10 4116:clarku.edu 3650:2009-05-27 3617:2010-04-23 3587:2009-05-27 3553:2021-08-09 3469:2010-06-06 3433:2010-06-06 3423:"Archives" 3253:References 2808:Gene Kranz 2801:Jim Lovell 2783:, such as 2737:Peter Hurd 2609:Mittelwerk 1503:gyroscopic 1426:Washington 1407:Astronaut 1180:Max Valier 1019:isentropic 962:Edward Uhl 793:, and the 710:solid fuel 591:gyroscopes 434:sciences. 265:gyroscopes 53:1882-10-05 7100:Bruce Lee 6625:Bob Dylan 5896:7 January 5722:Baltimore 5017:0024-3019 4751:. London. 3488:VANGUARD! 3408:"Sea Sky" 3368:113038190 3318:"Goddard" 2841:from the 2832:Apollo 11 2767:Influence 2234:steering 1873:Goddard 4 1854:Goddard 4 1835:Goddard 4 1815:Goddard 4 1795:Goddard 3 1776:Goddard 3 1756:Goddard 1 1736:Goddard 1 1327:rocket's 1263:inert gas 1196:Apollo 11 1126:Aftermath 1095:editorial 884:torpedoes 832:US$ 3500 581:airplanes 491:Academics 353:With the 343:Watertown 320:in 1976. 252:monograph 248:Space Age 225:physicist 221:professor 197:Signature 121:physicist 113:Professor 88:Education 6776:Ray Kroc 6039:Archived 5122:June 21, 4922:Archived 4432:(1903). 4263:(2004). 3866:(1963). 3838:(1988). 3210:See also 2942:another. 2572:Bell X-2 2549:Bell X-1 2027:A series 2008:A series 1989:A series 1969:A series 1949:A series 1930:A series 1911:A series 1363:aviation 1338:asbestos 1251:gasoline 960:and Lt. 935:Maryland 828:US$ 5000 744:applied 623:AT&T 470:Newton's 454:ailerons 379:aluminum 375:balloons 229:inventor 217:engineer 125:inventor 7170:Bill W. 5870:, RISD. 4514:Rockets 4341:May 16, 4100:. NASA. 3360:3106375 3158:nozzle. 3054:patents 2867:on the 2865:Goddard 2803:, NASA 2787:(USN), 2774:patents 2627:led by 2537:aniline 2518:notes: 2409:unknown 2390:unknown 2371:unknown 2348:unknown 2291:unknown 2272:unknown 2252:unknown 2113:unknown 2093:unknown 1978:unknown 1920:unknown 1882:unknown 1863:unknown 1824:unknown 1785:unknown 1158:⁄ 1069:, 1920. 907:bazooka 877:in 1918 875:bazooka 855:mercury 690:patents 667:Illness 335:English 162: 154: 150: 7077:& 6999:& 6274:People 6014:(1965) 5852: 5684: 5536: 5446: 5344: 5306: 5266: 5145: 5066: 5060:xx, 21 5022:15 Mar 5015: 4916:NASA, 4899: 4854: 4822: 4614: 4588:. NASA 4520: 4495: 4288: 4010: 3960: 3903: 3876: 3846: 3526: 3366: 3358: 2762:Legacy 2478:Abwehr 2473:Abwehr 2329:25.3 s 2210:29.5 s 2191:21.5 s 2171:22.3 s 2133:20.5 s 1728:Notes 1333:nozzle 1311:, the 1307:now a 1013:. 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