460:
democratic institutions. In order to block this German ambition, he believed that the progress of the war would eventually disclose to the
American people the purposes of the German Government; that German activities in the United States and in Latin America should be carefully investigated and frustrated; that the American republics to the south should be weaned from the German influences; that friendly relations with Mexico should be maintained even to the extent of recognizing the Carranza faction; that the Danish West Indies should be acquired in order to remove the possibility of Germany's obtaining a foothold in the Caribbean by conquest of Denmark or otherwise; that the United States should enter the war if it should appear that Germany would become the victor; and that American public opinion must be awakened in preparation for this contingency. This outline of Mr. Lansing's views explains why the Lusitania dispute was not brought to the point of a break. It also explains why, though Americans were incensed at the British interference with commerce, the controversy was kept within the arena of debate.
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38:
380:
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as essential to the peace treaty, Lansing began to fall out of favor with Wilson, who considered participation in the League of
Nations to be a primary goal. During Wilson's stroke and illness, Lansing called the cabinet together for consultations on several occasions. In addition, he was the first
446:
According to John Milton Cooper, appointing
Lansing and then "treating him like a clerk" would be one of Wilson's worst mistakes as president. While Wilson set foreign policy directions almost entirely on his own, Lansing resented this treatment, and attempted to undermine the president in various
459:
Although the
President cherished the hope that the United States would not be drawn into the war, and while this was the belief of many officials, Mr. Lansing early in July, 1915, came to the conclusion that the German ambition for world domination was the real menace of the war, particularly to
451:
tragedy he had the "conviction that we would ultimately become the ally of
Britain". According to Lester H. Woolsey, Lansing expressed his views by manipulating the work of the State Department to minimize conflict with Britain and maximize public awareness of Germany's faults.
797:. The enclosure states, "If the British Government is expecting an attitude of “benevolent neutrality” on our part—a position which is not neutral and which is not governed by the principles of neutrality—they should know that nothing is further from our intention."
439:, Wilson was advised to select Lansing as replacement secretary because he did not have "too many ideas of his own". Unlike Bryan he lacked a political base, though he had technical knowledge of international law and diplomatic procedure. Wilson told
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293:. Before U.S. involvement in the war, Lansing vigorously advocated freedom of the seas and the rights of neutral nations. He later advocated U.S. participation in World War I, negotiated the
340:
From then to 1907, he was a member of the law firm of
Lansing & Lansing at Watertown. An authority on international law, he served as associate counsel for the United States, during the
468:
wrote of
Lansing in this period: "Lansing had the coolest head among all of Wilson's advisers. His power politics were least inhibited by moral considerations and pacifist impulses."
512:
to assume the powers of the presidency. Displeased by
Lansing's independence, Edith Wilson requested Lansing's resignation. Lansing stepped down from his post on February 12, 1920.
352:
in 1909–1910, and as agent of the United States in the
American and British Arbitration in 1912–1914. In 1914 Lansing was appointed counselor to the State Department by President
1281:
2136:
644:
Lansing kept a voluminous archive of US government communications during WWI, which are a key resource on US thinking and decision making in this period.
695:
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105:
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that as president he would practically be his own
Secretary of State, and "Lansing would not be troublesome by uprooting or injecting his own views."
1710:
1298:
1290:
964:
The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O'Brien
1274:
356:. Lansing, who had argued cases before Judge Nicholas D. Yost in Watertown, was responsible for encouraging the judge's son, future Ambassador
273:; October 17, 1864 – October 30, 1928) was an American lawyer and diplomat who served as Counselor to the State Department at the outbreak of
2181:
484:
in America and later to watch over interned German diplomats. The small group of agents hired by Lansing would eventually become the U.S.
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1807:
344:
from 1892–1893, as counsel for the United States Bering Sea Claims Commission in 1896–1897, as the government's lawyer before the
2016:
1891:
1138:
Grenville, John Ashley Soames. "The United States decision for war, 1917: Excerpts from the manuscript diary of Robert Lansing."
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384:
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1997:
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408:
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726:
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795:
Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I, Document 277
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1978:
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resigned as Secretary of State following Wilson's second note, which Bryan considered too belligerent. Consulting
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from 1915 to 1920. A conservative pro-business Democrat, he was a strong advocate of democracy and of the
660:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume II"
548:
485:
294:
930:
832:
Lester H. Woolsey, "Robert Lansing's Record as Secretary of State." Current History 29.3 (1928): 386-387
650:"Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Lansing Papers, 1914–1920, Volume I"
1482:
629:
1208:
1402:
345:
900:
794:
747:
1785:
1097:
Smith, Daniel M. "Robert Lansing and the Formulation of American Neutrality Policies, 1914-1915."
2161:
1930:
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289:' role in establishing international law. He was an avowed enemy of German autocracy and Russian
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2099:
1955:
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659:
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592:
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341:
85:
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431:, Lansing backed Woodrow Wilson in issuing three notes of protest to the German government.
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Lazo, Dimitri D. "A Question of Loyalty: Robert Lansing and the Treaty of Versailles."
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329:, the son of John Lansing (1832–1907) and Maria Lay (Dodge) Lansing. He graduated from
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Robert Lansing Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
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Glaser, David. "1919: William Jenkins, Robert Lansing, and the Mexican Interlude."
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Craft, Stephen G. "John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question."
866:
857:
Williams, Joyce G. (1979). "The Resignation of Secretary of State Robert Lansing".
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In 1916, Lansing hired a handful of men who became the State Department's first
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his chief foreign policy advisor because Lansing privately opposed much of the
282:
126:
73:
1109:
An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century
575:. In 1890, Lansing married Eleanor Foster, the daughter of Secretary of State
2115:
1777:
List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States
1734:
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Kahle, Louis G. "Robert Lansing and the Recognition of Venustiano Carranza."
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Williams, Joyce G. "The Resignation of Secretary of State Robert Lansing."
1047:
Hannigan, Robert E. "The New World Power." (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
673:
556:
348:
in 1903, as counsel for the North Atlantic Fisheries in the Arbitration at
950:. Boston, New York, Houghton Mifflin company – via Internet Archive.
399:
Lansing initially advocated for the United States to adopt a position of "
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1035:
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748:"Robert Lansing - People - Department History - Office of the Historian"
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Seymour, Charles. "War Memoirs of Robert Lansing, Secretary of State."
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In 1919, Lansing became the nominal head of the US Commission to the
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349:
1121:
Woolsey, Lester H. "Robert Lansing's Record as Secretary of State."
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480:. The agents were initially used to observe the activities of the
515:
After leaving office, Lansing resumed practicing law. He died in
844:
The Sword and the Scepter vol III: The tragedy of statesmanship
360:, to join the Foreign Service. He was a founding member of the
624:
Government: Its Origin, Growth, and Form in the United States
519:
on October 30, 1928, and was buried at Brookside Cemetery in
1003:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Robert Lansing".
1196:
U.S. Diplomatic Security - Office of Foreign Missions (OFM)
933:
Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Watson Foster
265:
262:
253:
903:
Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Robert Lansing
772:"Robert Lansing | United States statesman | Britannica"
1289:
259:
256:
447:
ways. As Lansing said in his memoirs, following the
250:
931:Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State,
901:Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State,
696:
Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration
247:
1055:The Great War and American Foreign Policy, 1914-24
579:. Eleanor's older sister Edith was the mother of
106:Counselor of the United States Department of State
1092:Robert Lansing and American Neutrality, 1914-1917
2113:
309:and was skeptical of the Wilsonian principle of
999:
948:"The peace negotiations, a personal narrative"
539:Through his father Lansing was descended from
333:in 1886, studied law, and was admitted to the
2137:Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members
1801:
1275:
891:Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine
808:Wilson: the struggle for neutrality 1914-1915
714:
639:The Peace Negotiations: A Personal Narrative
602:(1799–1878) was his grandfather; Chancellor
16:American politician and diplomat (1864–1928)
994:
622:, and with Gary M. Jones was the author of
555:. Through his mother he was descended from
526:
297:with Japan in 1917 and was a member of the
19:For other people named Robert Lansing, see
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63:June 24, 1915 – February 13, 1920
36:
846:. University of Miami Press. p. 143.
960:
856:
530:
378:
370:
945:
375:Lansing's Secretary of State nomination
301:at Paris in 1919. However, Wilson made
2114:
1107:Smith, Daniel M. "Robert Lansing." in
841:
583:, who also became Secretary of State,
425:on 7 May 1915 by the German submarine
385:Solicitor General of the United States
299:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
118:April 1, 1914 – June 23, 1915
1789:
1263:
1042:Robert Lansing: A Study in Statecraft
1009:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
721:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 1–3.
620:American Journal of International Law
366:American Journal of International Law
362:American Society of International Law
2182:Politicians from Watertown, New York
1099:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
946:Lansing, Robert (21 November 2018).
742:
740:
738:
718:Robert Lansing:A Study in Statecraft
667:
618:Lansing was associate editor of the
1065:Hispanic American Historical Review
13:
2132:United States secretaries of state
1291:United States Secretaries of State
1132:
1014:
961:Williams, Greg H. (25 July 2014).
871:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1979.tb00319.x
14:
2208:
2192:20th-century American politicians
2152:American male non-fiction writers
1166:
1032:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
735:
1850:
1322:
1187:Works by or about Robert Lansing
993:
589:Director of Central Intelligence
500:. Because he did not regard the
279:United States Secretary of State
243:
51:United States Secretary of State
1084:41#3 (1936), pp. 561–563.
954:
939:
924:
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21:Robert Lansing (disambiguation)
1094:(U of California Press, 1958).
1006:New International Encyclopedia
850:
835:
826:
813:
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788:
764:
708:
505:cabinet member to suggest for
394:
1:
2187:Writers from New York (state)
1147:War Memoirs of Robert Lansing
701:
613:
491:
478:Bureau of Secret Intelligence
418:Following the sinking of the
1299:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
1140:Culture, Theory and Critique
610:were his great-granduncles.
7:
916:Internet Accuracy Project,
821:Woodrow Wilson: a biography
689:
486:Diplomatic Security Service
321:Robert Lansing was born in
10:
2213:
2172:New York (state) Democrats
2147:American political writers
1848:
1082:American Historical Review
686:, and named in his honor.
641:, Boston/New York (1921).
213:Eleanor Foster (1890–1928)
65:Acting: June 9 – 24, 1915
18:
2090:
2065:
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2017:Secretary of the Interior
2015:
1996:
1977:
1946:
1921:
1892:Secretary of the Treasury
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1022:Pacific Historical Review
364:and helped establish the
346:Alaskan Boundary Tribunal
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2197:American anti-communists
2177:New York (state) lawyers
2042:Secretary of Agriculture
936:accessed 13 January 2011
921:accessed 13 January 2011
906:accessed 13 January 2010
842:Ritter, Gerhard (1972).
672:During World War II the
527:Personal life and family
403:" after the outbreak of
1931:Lindley Miller Garrison
1235:U.S. Secretary of State
1209:Encyclopædia Britannica
1203:"Lansing, Robert"
1178:Works by Robert Lansing
626:(1902). He also wrote:
598:New York State Senator
295:Lansing–Ishii Agreement
2157:Amherst College alumni
2142:American legal writers
2100:William Bauchop Wilson
1956:James Clark McReynolds
1869:William Jennings Bryan
1228:William Jennings Bryan
1212:(12th ed.). 1922.
1157:The Peace Negotiations
1125:29.3 (1928): 384-396.
1067:38.3 (1958): 353-372.
1034:74.3 (1971): 337-356.
1024:66.2 (1997): 231-249.
593:Eleanor Lansing Dulles
536:
498:Paris Peace Conference
462:
433:William Jennings Bryan
391:
376:
342:Bering Sea Arbitration
86:William Jennings Bryan
2067:Secretary of Commerce
1998:Secretary of the Navy
715:David Glaser (2015).
534:
457:
401:benevolent neutrality
382:
374:
2025:Franklin Knight Lane
1900:William Gibbs McAdoo
1118:3.3 (1979): 337-344.
1101:43.1 (1956): 59-81.
1053:Hannigan, Robert E.
819:John Milton Cooper,
684:Panama City, Florida
637:, Boston (1921) and
606:and State Treasurer
307:Treaty of Versailles
2081:Joshua W. Alexander
2075:William C. Redfield
1962:Thomas Watt Gregory
1077:9.1 (1985): 35-53.
521:Watertown, New York
409:blockade of Germany
195:New York City, U.S.
179:Watertown, New York
2092:Secretary of Labor
1987:Albert S. Burleson
1979:Postmaster General
1968:A. Mitchell Palmer
1861:Secretary of State
1841:Thomas R. Marshall
1336:1789–present
1333:Secretary of State
1220:Political offices
1142:4.1 (1960): 59-81.
1116:Diplomatic History
1075:Diplomatic History
859:Diplomatic History
776:www.britannica.com
632:and Others at the
608:Abraham G. Lansing
585:Allen Welsh Dulles
581:John Foster Dulles
537:
510:Thomas R. Marshall
392:
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311:self-determination
139:John Bassett Moore
2109:
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2056:Edwin T. Meredith
2031:John Barton Payne
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1249:Succeeded by
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1182:Project Gutenberg
1155:Lansing, Robert.
1145:Lansing, Robert.
1090:Smith, Daniel M.
752:history.state.gov
668:Legacy and honors
502:League of Nations
464:German historian
236:
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2050:David F. Houston
2006:Josephus Daniels
1948:Attorney General
1923:Secretary of War
1912:David F. Houston
1881:Bainbridge Colby
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587:who served as
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565:Roger Williams
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474:special agents
466:Gerhard Ritter
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671:
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191:(1928-10-30)
146:Succeeded by
113:
93:Succeeded by
58:
2127:1928 deaths
2122:1864 births
2102:(1913–1921)
2083:(1919–1921)
2077:(1913–1919)
2058:(1920–1921)
2052:(1913–1920)
2033:(1920–1921)
2027:(1913–1920)
2008:(1913–1921)
1989:(1913–1921)
1970:(1919–1921)
1964:(1914–1919)
1958:(1913–1914)
1939:(1916–1921)
1933:(1913–1916)
1914:(1920–1921)
1908:(1918–1920)
1902:(1913–1918)
1883:(1920–1921)
1877:(1915–1920)
1871:(1913–1915)
1843:(1913–1921)
1826:(1913–1921)
1653:Christopher
1648:Eagleburger
1588:G. Marshall
1358:J. Marshall
476:in the new
405:World War I
395:World War I
275:World War I
134:Preceded by
81:Preceded by
2116:Categories
1578:Stettinius
980:7 December
781:2023-03-08
757:2023-03-08
702:References
614:Authorship
561:John Mason
545:John Allin
492:Later life
291:Bolshevism
204:Democratic
172:1864-10-17
151:Frank Polk
1821:President
1735:Tillerson
1618:Kissinger
1463:Washburne
1388:Van Buren
1353:Pickering
1343:Jefferson
573:John Cutt
449:Lusitania
422:Lusitania
350:The Hague
337:in 1889.
323:Watertown
218:Education
123:President
114:In office
70:President
59:In office
1665:Albright
1423:Buchanan
1348:Randolph
879:24910117
690:See also
677:SS
630:Big Four
327:New York
1817:Cabinet
1759:Blinken
1706:Clinton
1593:Acheson
1568:Stimson
1563:Kellogg
1548:Lansing
1513:Sherman
1503:Gresham
1438:Everett
1433:Webster
1428:Clayton
1418:Calhoun
1408:Webster
1403:Forsyth
1363:Madison
1189:at the
1159:(1921)
1149:(1935)
1059:excerpt
1057:(2016)
1049:excerpt
1044:(2015).
662:. 1940.
652:. 1939.
488:(DSS).
411:by the
390:in 1917
1747:Pompeo
1711:tenure
1694:tenure
1677:Powell
1638:Shultz
1628:Muskie
1613:Rogers
1603:Herter
1598:Dulles
1583:Byrnes
1558:Hughes
1498:Foster
1493:Blaine
1488:Bayard
1478:Blaine
1473:Evarts
1458:Seward
1413:Upshur
1398:McLane
1373:Monroe
1161:online
1151:online
1127:online
1103:Online
1086:online
1069:Online
1036:Online
1026:Online
998:
971:
877:
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591:, and
317:Career
210:Spouse
181:, U.S.
1764:trips
1752:trips
1740:trips
1728:trips
1723:Kerry
1716:trips
1699:trips
1682:trips
1670:trips
1658:trips
1643:Baker
1623:Vance
1553:Colby
1543:Bryan
1533:Bacon
1508:Olney
1453:Black
1443:Marcy
1378:Adams
1368:Smith
875:JSTOR
49:42nd
1689:Rice
1633:Haig
1608:Rusk
1573:Hull
1538:Knox
1528:Root
1468:Fish
1448:Cass
1383:Clay
982:2017
969:ISBN
723:ISBN
628:The
571:and
551:and
428:U-20
420:RMS
186:Died
166:Born
104:3rd
1819:of
1523:Hay
1518:Day
1314:Jay
1180:at
867:doi
335:bar
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