337:, initially focused on improving the clergy and prohibiting simony. In 1049 Leo IX declared that he would take more interest in English church matters and would investigate episcopal candidates more strictly before confirming them. It may have been partly to appease Leo that Edward appointed Robert instead of Æthelric, hoping to signal to the papacy that the English crown was not totally opposed to the growing reform movement. It was against this backdrop that Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, although there is no other evidence that Robert embraced the reform position, and his claim that the pope forbade the consecration may have had more to do with finding an easy excuse than any true desire for reform. There are also some indications that Spearhafoc was allied to Godwin, and his appointment was meant as a
317:, was consecrated instead of Spearhafoc. Robert also discovered that some lands belonging to Canterbury had fallen into Godwin's hands, but his efforts to recover them through the shire courts were unsuccessful. Canterbury had lost control of some revenues from the shire of Kent to Godwin during Eadsige's tenure as archbishop, which Robert unsuccessfully attempted to reclaim. These disputes over the estates and revenues of the archbishopric contributed to the friction between Robert and Godwin, which had begun with Robert's election. Robert's election had disrupted Godwin's patronage powers in Canterbury, and now Robert's efforts to recover lands Godwin had seized from Canterbury challenged the earl's economic rights. Events came to a head at a council held at
257:
352:
569:. Edward's work began in about 1050 and was completed just before his death in 1065. The recorded name of one of the senior masons, "Teinfrith the churchwright" indicates foreign origins, and Robert may have arranged for Norman masons to be brought over, though other names are English. It is possible that Westminster influenced the building at Jumièges, as the arcade there closely resembles Westminster's arcade, both of them in a style that never became common in Normandy. The Early Romanesque style of both was to be superseded after the Conquest by the Anglo-Norman High Romanesque style pioneered in
198:
248:, his elder son by his first wife, acceded to the English throne. Following Harald's death in 1040, Harthacanute succeeded him for a short time, but as neither Harald nor Harthacanute left offspring, the throne was offered to Edward on Harthacanute's death in 1042. There is some evidence that Edward spent some of his time in exile around Jumièges, as after becoming king he gave gifts to the abbey.
441:
that Robert, along with a number of other
Normans, had been the driving force behind his exile. Robert journeyed to Rome to complain to the pope about his own exile, where Leo IX and successive popes condemned Stigand, whom Edward had appointed to Canterbury. Robert's personal property was divided between Earl Godwin, Harold Godwinson, and the queen, who had returned to court.
382:, something unlikely to have been true and not corroborated by any other source. Modern historians have felt it more likely that Edward, at Robert's urging, wished to divorce Edith and remarry to have children to succeed him on the English throne, although it is possible that he merely wished to be rid of her, without necessarily wanting a divorce.
428:, and gathered a fleet and mercenaries to force the king to allow his return. In the summer of 1052, Godwin returned to England and was met by his sons, who had invaded from Ireland. By September, they were advancing on London, where negotiations between the king and the earl were conducted with the help of
287:
elected Æthelric, a kinsman of Godwin and a monk at
Canterbury, but were over-ruled when Edward appointed Robert Archbishop of Canterbury the following year. Godwin was attempting to exercise his power of patronage over the archbishopric, but the king's appointment signalled that the king was willing
485:
In notable contrast to his successor
Stigand, Robert does not figure among the important benefactors to English churches, but we know of some transfers to Jumièges of important English church treasures, the first trickle of what was to become a flood of treasure taken to Normandy after the Conquest.
440:
and Bishop
William of London, probably once again taking Wulfnoth and Hakon with him as hostages, whether with the permission of King Edward or not. Robert was declared an outlaw and deposed from his archbishopric on 14 September 1052 at a royal council, mainly because the returning Godwin felt
264:
Robert accompanied Edward the
Confessor on Edward's recall to England in 1042 to become king following Harthacanute's death. It was due to Edward that in August 1044 Robert was appointed Bishop of London, one of the first episcopal vacancies which occurred in Edward's reign. Robert remained close to
545:
from 990 to 1037. These masterpieces of the
Winchester style were the most elaborately decorated Anglo-Saxon manuscripts known to have reached Normandy, either before or after the Conquest, and influenced the much less-developed local style, though this remained very largely restricted to initials.
275:
work on King Edward's life, claimed that Robert "was always the most powerful confidential adviser of the king". Robert seems to have favoured closer relations with
Normandy, and its duke. Edward himself had grown up in the duchy, and spent 25 years in exile there before his return to England.
180:
that Edward wished for him to become his heir. The exact timing of Robert's trip, and whether he actually made it, have been the subject of debate among historians. The archbishop died in exile at Jumièges sometime between 1052 and 1055. Robert commissioned significant building work at Jumièges and
312:
had forbidden the consecration. Almost certainly the grounds were simony, the purchase of ecclesiastical office, as Leo had recently issued proclamations against the practice. In refusing to consecrate
Spearhafoc, Robert may have been following his own interests against the wishes of both the king
540:
with three remaining full-page miniatures and other decoration (respectively Rouen, Bibliothèque
Municipale, Manuscripts Y.6 and Y.7). The latter may well have been commissioned by Æthelgar, Robert's predecessor as archbishop in 988–90, although it is possible the "Archbishop Robert" of the
265:
the king and was the leader of the party opposed to Earl Godwin, Earl of Wessex. Godwin, for his part, was attempting to expand the influence of his family, which had already acquired much land. His daughter was Edward's queen, and two of his sons were elevated to earldoms. The
411:
is silent on the visit however, so it is uncertain whether Robert visited
Normandy or not, or why he did so. The entire history of the various missions which Robert is alleged to have made is confused, and complicated by propaganda claims made by Norman chroniclers after the
217:, a term for the part of a crop paid as rent to a landlord. Besides evidence that the preceding abbot at Jumièges was a relative, Robert's origin and family background are otherwise unknown. While abbot, Robert began construction of the abbey church, in the new
473:, a historian and biographer of William the Conqueror, who believes that Robert merely relayed Edward's decision, probably while Robert was on his way to Rome to receive his pallium. Several medieval chroniclers, including the author of the
494:
by Emma of Normandy. Though the Winchester head remained in place, another one appeared at Jumièges; he "must have clandestinely removed the head, or at least the greater part of it, and left his monks to venerate the empty or nearly empty
332:
Although Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, there is little evidence that he was interested in the growing movement towards Church reform being promulgated by the papacy. Pope Leo IX was beginning a reform movement later known as the
296:
that he was the childless King Edward's heir. According to these chroniclers, the decision to make William the heir had been decided at the same lenten royal council in 1051 that had declared Robert archbishop.
565:
have survived. Robert probably influenced Edward the Confessor's rebuilding of the church at Westminster Abbey, the first known building in the Romanesque style in England, which is so described by
523:
with thirteen surviving full-page miniatures, which bears an inscription apparently in Robert's own hand recording its donation to Jumièges when he was Bishop of London, and the other the so-called
508:
469:, suggests that it was Robert, while in exile after the return of Godwin, who testified that King Edward had nominated Duke William to be Edward's heir. However, this view is contradicted by
549:
Before he came to England, Robert had begun the construction of a new abbey church at Jumièges, in the new Romanesque style which was then becoming popular, and introduced to Normandy the
213:
around 940. Its ties with the ducal family were close and it played a role in ducal government and church reform. Robert's alternate surname "Champart" or "Chambert" probably derived from
525:
288:
to contest with the earl over the traditional royal rights at Canterbury. Although the monks of Canterbury opposed it, the king's appointment stood. Robert went to Rome to receive his
477:, felt that the blame for Edward and Godwin's conflict in 1051–1052 lay squarely with Robert; modern historians tend to see Robert as an ambitious man, with little political skill.
292:
and returned to England where he was ceremonially enthroned at Canterbury on 29 June 1051. Some Norman chroniclers state that he visited Normandy on this trip and informed Duke
224:
Robert became friendly with Edward the Confessor, a claimant to the English throne, while Edward was living in exile in Normandy, probably in the 1030s. Edward was the son of
321:
in September 1051, when Robert accused Earl Godwin of plotting to kill King Edward. Godwin and his family were exiled; afterwards Robert claimed the office of sheriff of
444:
Robert died at Jumièges, but the date of his death is unclear. Various dates are given, with Ian Walker, the biographer of Harold arguing for between 1053 and 1055, but
343:
for the non-appointment of Æthelric. If true, Robert's refusal to consecrate Spearhafoc would have contributed to the growing rift between the archbishop and the earl.
4172:
2610:
557:. On his return to Normandy he continued to build there, and the abbey church was not finished until 1067. Although the choir has been torn down, the towers,
165:
in 1044, and then archbishop in 1051. Robert's time as archbishop lasted only about eighteen months. He had already come into conflict with the powerful Earl
530:
450:
416:
in 1066, leaving it unclear if Robert visited Normandy on his way to receive his pallium or after Godwin was in exile, or if he went twice or not at all.
3435:
385:
During Godwin's exile, Robert is said to have been sent by the king on an errand to Duke William of Normandy. The reason for the embassy is uncertain.
709:
The inscription naming it as a gift of "Archbishop Robert" dates from the 17th century and is not clear which Archbishop Robert is being referred to.
506:
went the same way, thus probably preventing their destruction in a series of fires that devastated the major English libraries. One is the so-called
173:, Edward's choice to succeed Robert as Bishop of London. The rift between Robert and Godwin culminated in Robert's deposition and exile in 1052.
635:
Godwin was especially vulnerable to this charge, as he had been involved in the death of Edward's brother Alfred during Harthacanute's reign.
181:
was probably involved in the first Romanesque building in England, the church built in Westminster for Edward the Confessor, now known as
2722:
679:
Note that May 1052 is probably wrong, as it is prior to the September 1052 date when, according to most historians, Robert fled England.
4034:
513:
3428:
2385:
Plant, Richard (2002). "Ecclesiastical Architecture c.1050 to c.1200". In Harper-Bill, Christopher; van Houts, Elizabeth (eds.).
378:
is a hagiography, written soon after Edward's death to show Edward as a saint. Thus it stresses that Edward voluntarily remained
3627:
3924:
4049:
2498:
2432:
2413:
2394:
2188:
2097:
2012:
1930:
209:
at Rouen before he became abbot of the important Jumièges Abbey in 1037. Jumièges had been refounded under the Norman ruler
2627:
4167:
3421:
2969:
465:, the other being that Edward had named William his heir. Ian Walker, author of the most recent scholarly biography of
626:
Both Alfred and Edward returned to England in 1036, but afterwards Alfred was murdered, apparently on Harold's orders.
3622:
3453:
3384:
2994:
2584:
2476:
2454:
2344:
2325:
2303:
2276:
2257:
2207:
2169:
2150:
2070:
2031:
1990:
1849:
1803:
1781:
1759:
3314:
3274:
3089:
169:
and, while archbishop, made attempts to recover lands lost to Godwin and his family. He also refused to consecrate
2715:
542:
2815:
574:
2984:
2520:
689:
2356:
2219:
2870:
3227:
2860:
2830:
2880:
389:
says that Robert went to tell Duke William that Edward wished William to be his heir. The medieval writer
3907:
3592:
2855:
2785:
2404:
Potts, Cassandra (2002). "Normandy, 911–1144". In Harper-Bill, Christopher; van Houts, Elizabeth (eds.).
1861:
2354:
Oleson, T. J. (April 1957). "Edward the Confessor's Promise of the Throne to Duke William of Normandy".
4177:
3777:
2926:
2800:
2708:
2623:
2469:
Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
462:
413:
186:
3364:
3202:
2810:
206:
176:
A Norman medieval chronicler claimed that Robert travelled to Normandy in 1051 or 1052 and told Duke
138:
313:
and Godwin, as he had his own candidate, a Norman, in mind. In the end Robert's favoured candidate,
3444:
3369:
3349:
3212:
3163:
3029:
2682:
2000:
1978:
1791:
1769:
1747:
617:
who does not appear to be a relation to Robert. Both gained the surname by being monks at Jumièges.
130:
31:
3617:
3562:
1859:
Breese, Lauren Wood (1988). "Early Normandy and the Emergence of Norman Romanesque Architecture".
436:. When it became apparent that Godwin would be returning, Robert quickly left England with Bishop
4099:
4074:
3987:
3495:
3470:
3329:
3324:
3249:
3099:
2287:
2107:
Gem, Richard (1984). "English Romanesque Architecture". In Zarnecki, George; et al. (eds.).
1837:
1813:
276:
He brought many Normans with him to England, and seems to have spent much time in their company.
218:
2845:
225:
4182:
4054:
3912:
3897:
3527:
3490:
3475:
3269:
3114:
503:
166:
134:
670:
Edith, after her father's restoration to power, was returned to court and reinstated as queen.
614:
386:
4187:
3975:
3759:
3709:
3334:
3222:
3192:
3109:
2974:
2954:
2124:
Gem, Richard (1986). "The Origins of the Abbey". In Wilson, Christopher; et al. (eds.).
566:
407:
351:
177:
3612:
2890:
2646:
267:
4044:
4024:
3721:
3666:
3197:
3039:
2931:
2875:
570:
491:
433:
158:
308:
and the king's goldsmith, as his successor to the bishopric of London, claiming that Pope
8:
4079:
3740:
3653:
3294:
2936:
390:
293:
185:. Robert's treatment by the English was used by William as one of the justifications for
393:
gives the same reason, but also adds that Robert took with him as hostages Godwin's son
3862:
3840:
3783:
3772:
3676:
3671:
3507:
3049:
2921:
2916:
2840:
2373:
2236:
1909:
1901:
1884:
1829:
394:
314:
154:
2369:
644:
The whole issue is discussed in John "Edward the Confessor and the Norman Succession"
366:
claims that while Godwin was in exile Robert tried to persuade King Edward to divorce
4094:
3872:
3828:
3806:
3692:
3582:
3344:
3264:
3134:
3129:
3064:
3059:
3034:
3014:
2999:
2949:
2941:
2795:
2765:
2580:
2528:
2494:
2472:
2450:
2428:
2409:
2390:
2340:
2321:
2299:
2272:
2253:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2146:
2129:
2112:
2093:
2066:
2049:
2027:
2008:
1986:
1926:
1913:
1874:
1845:
1799:
1777:
1755:
652:, listed in the references, where the various theories are set forth in great detail.
284:
210:
182:
150:
81:
4089:
4084:
4064:
4004:
3970:
3851:
3789:
3746:
3703:
3698:
3607:
3389:
3339:
3232:
3207:
3079:
3074:
2964:
2790:
2731:
2653:
2549:
2464:
2447:
Queen Emma and Queen Edith: Queenship and Women's Power in Eleventh-century England
2442:
2365:
2232:
2228:
2041:
1952:
1940:
1893:
1870:
1825:
537:
470:
466:
445:
334:
241:
233:
162:
85:
2567:
1970:
1882:
Campbell, Miles W. (January 1971). "A Pre-Conquest Norman Occupation of England".
283:
of Canterbury died in October 1050, the post remained vacant for five months. The
4104:
4069:
3999:
3818:
3734:
3681:
3462:
3354:
3299:
3284:
3259:
3094:
3044:
3024:
2636:
2512:
2081:
487:
402:
367:
356:
245:
4129:
4109:
4059:
4029:
4014:
4009:
3960:
3955:
3934:
3929:
3918:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3834:
3795:
3402:
3395:
3379:
3374:
3319:
3309:
3187:
3150:
3124:
3119:
2959:
2553:
1956:
693:
437:
398:
305:
272:
229:
2541:
2065:(Third Edition, revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1944:
4161:
4119:
4114:
4039:
3994:
3965:
3939:
3867:
3857:
3823:
3812:
3752:
3715:
3686:
3289:
3279:
3242:
3168:
3155:
3054:
3019:
3004:
2989:
2755:
2486:
1816:(May 1978). "The Land Pleas of William I's Reign: Penenden Heath Revisited".
3413:
2532:
2133:
2116:
2060:
1716:
Breese "Early Normandy and the Emergence of Norman Romanesque Architecture"
661:
Ulf never returned to England, but William was allowed to return eventually.
256:
4134:
4124:
4019:
3980:
3882:
3801:
3728:
3359:
3304:
3237:
3217:
3104:
3069:
3009:
2516:
2508:
2217:
John, Eric (April 1979). "Edward the Confessor and the Norman Succession".
2085:
697:
520:
458:, another modern historian, argues that it is likely that he died in 1053.
339:
237:
3542:
2053:
197:
3845:
2979:
2805:
2181:
A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons: The Beginnings of the English Nation
500:
309:
3602:
3537:
2603:
Gem, R. D. H. (1980). "The Romanesque rebuilding of Westminster Abbey".
461:
Robert's treatment was used by William as one of the justifications for
115:
3766:
2900:
2760:
2663:
2313:
2291:
1905:
1774:
The English Church 1000–1066: A History of the Later Anglo-Saxon Church
455:
318:
301:
244:
were sent to Emma's relatives in Normandy. After Cnut's death in 1035,
170:
153:, near Rouen, in 1037. He was a good friend and adviser to the king of
3587:
2377:
2240:
370:, Godwin's daughter, but Edward refused and instead she was sent to a
3902:
3552:
3532:
3512:
3084:
2820:
554:
2885:
2700:
1897:
3661:
3577:
3567:
3557:
3522:
3480:
2850:
2835:
2825:
2745:
578:
562:
550:
425:
379:
214:
2162:
The Road to Hastings: The Politics of Power in Anglo-Saxon England
260:
View of the interior ruins of Jumièges, looking west down the nave
3642:
3632:
3597:
3547:
3517:
3501:
2865:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2692:
2675:
429:
326:
289:
280:
127:
67:
57:
3572:
3485:
2511:(1984). "Illuminated Manuscripts: Part II, The Golden Age". In
371:
146:
142:
77:
648:, and Oleson "Edward the Confessor's Promise of the Throne"
2750:
2061:
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).
558:
322:
2286:
Lawrence, Anne (1994). "Anglo-Norman Book Production". In
329:, his predecessor as archbishop, having held the office.
300:
After returning from Rome, Robert refused to consecrate
2493:(Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2092:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 482–484.
16:
11th-century Norman abbot and Archbishop of Canterbury
2046:
William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
1553:
1551:
1164:
Campbell "Pre-Conquest Norman Occupation of England"
4148:
indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.
2539:
1920:
232:
in 1016. Cnut subsequently married Æthelred's widow
2389:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 215–253.
2266:
1858:
454:entry, says on 26 May in either 1052 or 1055.
2090:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1925:(Reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer.
1881:
1548:
192:
2463:
2441:
2408:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 19–42.
2197:
2178:
2080:Gameson, Richard (2001). "Winchester School". In
2040:
1939:
1796:The Godwins: The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty
499:". Two of the four most important surviving late
4159:
2403:
2079:
2048:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
1818:Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
1754:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
1064:Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
4173:11th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops
2252:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
419:
240:. For their own safety, Edward and his brother
2485:
2384:
2285:
1042:
1040:
3443:
3429:
2716:
2602:
2353:
2320:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
1999:
1977:
1790:
1768:
1746:
1236:
1234:
1232:
2140:
2123:
2106:
2021:
1923:A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases
1836:
1812:
1359:
1357:
1202:
1200:
1000:
998:
996:
795:
793:
228:, king of England, who had been replaced by
2574:
2525:The Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon Art, 966–1066
2507:
2334:
2312:
2298:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 80–93.
2183:. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers.
1427:
1425:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1100:
1098:
1037:
943:
941:
939:
923:
784:van Houts, Elizabeth "William of Jumièges"
236:, Edward's mother, and had a son with her,
126:(died between 1052 and 1055) was the first
3436:
3422:
2723:
2709:
2422:
2247:
2216:
2159:
1634:
1632:
1603:
1590:
1438:
1229:
1158:
1058:
1056:
897:
871:
728:
726:
724:
1710:
1658:
1482:
1480:
1464:
1409:
1354:
1273:
1197:
1184:
1171:
1082:
1069:
1011:
993:
910:
858:
790:
2337:House of Godwine: The History of Dynasty
2026:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1684:
1671:
1609:Lawrence "Anglo-Norman Book Production"
1577:
1422:
1370:
1286:
1260:
1218:
1216:
1147:
1145:
1137:Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases
1111:
1095:
1062:Bates "Land Pleas of William I's Reign"
1024:
936:
845:
832:
486:These included the relic of the head of
355:Image of William the Conqueror from the
350:
255:
251:
196:
2546:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2449:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
2296:England and Normandy in the Middle Ages
2269:Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine
1949:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1629:
1516:mentions many of these, but not Robert.
1396:
1341:
1304:
1247:
1053:
980:
954:
819:
806:
786:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
774:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
721:
451:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4160:
2542:"Jumièges, William of (fl. 1026–1070)"
1776:(Second ed.). New York: Longman.
1729:Gem "English Romanesque Architecture"
1477:
1451:
1329:
768:
766:
764:
762:
424:After Godwin left England, he went to
3417:
2730:
2704:
2406:A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World
2387:A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World
2005:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty
1383:
1213:
1142:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
480:
2628:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1677:Plant "Ecclesiastical Architecture"
1493:
1317:
490:only recently given to the monks of
2579:. Gloucestershire, UK: Wrens Park.
2111:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
1945:"Robert of Jumièges (d. 1052/1055)"
1679:Companion to the Anglo-Norman World
988:Companion to the Anglo-Norman World
541:traditional name is Emma's brother
13:
2595:
2339:. London: Hambledon & London.
2024:Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective
2007:. London: Hambledon & London.
1830:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1978.tb01962.x
967:
739:
526:Benedictional of Archbishop Robert
14:
4199:
3454:List of archbishops of Canterbury
2617:
2109:English Romanesque Art, 1066–1200
1583:Turner "Illuminated Manuscripts"
1557:Turner "Illuminated Manuscripts"
905:Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons
892:Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons
879:Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons
2577:Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King
2425:Harold II: The Doomed Saxon King
2143:The Death of Anglo-Saxon England
346:
2527:. British Museum Publications.
2370:10.1093/ehr/LXXII.CCLXXXIII.221
2250:Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England
1723:
1697:
1645:
1616:
1564:
1535:
1519:
1506:
1255:Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England
1129:
884:
703:
682:
673:
664:
655:
638:
629:
620:
193:Background and life in Normandy
3365:Henry Montgomery Campbell
2607:. Vol. 3. pp. 33–60.
2063:Handbook of British Chronology
1335:Oleson "Edward the Confessor"
1048:Handbook of British Chronology
931:Handbook of British Chronology
778:
690:Benedictional of St Aethelwold
607:
590:
325:, probably on the strength of
133:. He had previously served as
1:
2970:William of Sainte-Mère-Église
2540:van Houts, Elizabeth (2004).
2357:The English Historical Review
2220:The English Historical Review
1921:Coredon, Christopher (2007).
1739:
772:Cowdrey "Robert of Jumièges"
145:in Normandy, before becoming
2568:UK public library membership
2318:The English Church, 940–1154
2267:Kelly, Henry Ansgar (1986).
2233:10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXI.241
1971:UK public library membership
1875:10.1016/0304-4181(88)90003-6
1666:Death of Anglo-Saxon England
1596:Gameson "Winchester School"
1472:Death of Anglo-Saxon England
1323:John "Edward the Confessor"
1006:Death of Anglo-Saxon England
715:
509:Missal of Robert of Jumièges
420:Outlawing, death, and legacy
7:
2548:. Oxford University Press.
2202:. London: Pearson/Longman.
1951:. Oxford University Press.
1862:Journal of Medieval History
1798:. London: Pearson/Longman.
1718:Journal of Medieval History
543:Robert, Archbishop of Rouen
10:
4204:
2198:Huscroft, Richard (2005).
2179:Hindley, Geoffrey (2006).
2128:. London: Bell and Hyman.
1501:Queen Emma and Queen Edith
551:two-towered western facade
4168:Archbishops of Canterbury
4143:
3948:
3651:
3460:
3451:
3445:Archbishops of Canterbury
3180:
3143:
2909:
2738:
2689:
2680:
2672:
2660:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2471:. London: Edward Arnold.
1337:English Historical Review
1325:English Historical Review
650:English Historical Review
646:English Historical Review
109:
104:
96:
91:
73:
63:
53:
45:
37:
30:
23:
3350:Arthur Winnington-Ingram
2683:Archbishop of Canterbury
2200:Ruling England 1042–1217
2088:; Scragg, Donal (eds.).
1692:English Church 1000–1066
1446:Unification and Conquest
1242:Unification and Conquest
1077:English Church 1000–1066
949:English Church 1000–1066
814:English Church 1000–1066
688:The other two being the
584:
205:Robert was prior of the
131:Archbishop of Canterbury
32:Archbishop of Canterbury
4075:Archibald Campbell Tait
3330:Archibald Campbell Tait
3325:Charles James Blomfield
1598:Blackwell Encyclopaedia
504:illuminated manuscripts
463:his invasion of England
187:his invasion of England
4055:Charles Manners-Sutton
3986:Episcopacy abolished (
3248:Episcopacy abolished (
3144:During the Reformation
2554:10.1093/ref:odnb/54418
2427:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
2164:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
2145:. Stroud, UK: Sutton.
1957:10.1093/ref:odnb/23717
1844:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
1731:English Romanesque Art
359:
261:
202:
3760:John of Sittingbourne
3710:Reginald Fitz Jocelin
2975:Eustace of Fauconberg
2955:Richard de Belmeis II
2141:Higham, Nick (2000).
2022:Dodwell, C.R (1982).
1985:. New York: Longman.
1842:William the Conqueror
1705:Westminster Cathedral
1312:William the Conqueror
801:William the Conqueror
567:William of Malmesbury
448:, who wrote Robert's
408:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
354:
259:
252:Bishop and archbishop
200:
113:between 1052 and 1055
4045:Frederick Cornwallis
3040:Richard de Wentworth
2932:Richard de Belmeis I
2611:his collected papers
2605:Anglo-Norman Studies
2575:Walker, Ian (2000).
2335:Mason, Emma (2004).
1983:Normandy Before 1066
1752:Edward the Confessor
1611:England and Normandy
1417:Edward the Confessor
1365:Edward the Confessor
1281:Edward the Confessor
1208:Edward the Confessor
1179:Edward the Confessor
1090:Edward the Confessor
1019:Edward the Confessor
866:Normandy Before 1066
853:Normandy Before 1066
827:Normandy Before 1066
734:Edward the Confessor
571:Canterbury Cathedral
492:Winchester Cathedral
475:Life of Saint Edward
434:Bishop of Winchester
364:Life of Saint Edward
268:Life of Saint Edward
226:Æthelred the Unready
207:monastery of St Ouen
161:, who appointed him
159:Edward the Confessor
4080:Edward White Benson
3295:Richard Osbaldeston
2937:Gilbert Universalis
2491:Anglo-Saxon England
2423:Rex, Peter (2005).
2248:John, Eric (1996).
2160:Hill, Paul (2005).
1459:Anglo-Saxon England
973:Quoted in Huscroft
615:William of Jumièges
596:Sometimes known as
391:William of Poitiers
387:William of Jumièges
294:William the Bastard
178:William of Normandy
3863:William Whittlesey
3841:Thomas Bradwardine
3784:William Chillenden
3773:Edmund of Abingdon
3677:William de Corbeil
3638:Robert of Jumièges
3613:Ælfric of Abingdon
3508:Theodore of Tarsus
3050:Michael Northburgh
2917:William the Norman
2896:Robert of Jumièges
481:Artistic patronage
360:
315:William the Norman
262:
203:
124:Robert of Jumièges
25:Robert of Jumièges
4178:Bishops of London
4153:
4152:
3873:William Courtenay
3829:John de Stratford
3807:Robert Winchelsey
3693:Roger de Bailleul
3411:
3410:
3345:Mandell Creighton
3265:Humphrey Henchman
3135:Cuthbert Tunstall
3130:Richard FitzJames
3065:Robert Braybrooke
3060:William Courtenay
3035:Stephen Gravesend
3015:Richard Gravesend
3000:Henry of Sandwich
2950:Robert de Sigello
2732:Bishops of London
2699:
2698:
2690:Succeeded by
2667:never consecrated
2661:Succeeded by
2566:(subscription or
2500:978-0-19-280139-5
2465:Stafford, Pauline
2443:Stafford, Pauline
2434:978-0-7394-7185-2
2415:978-1-84383-341-3
2396:978-1-84383-341-3
2271:. Leiden: Brill.
2190:978-0-7867-1738-5
2126:Westminster Abbey
2099:978-0-631-22492-1
2042:Douglas, David C.
2014:978-1-85285-595-6
1969:(subscription or
1941:Cowdrey, H. E. J.
1932:978-1-84384-138-8
1653:Westminster Abbey
986:Potts "Normandy"
438:Ulf of Dorchester
306:Abbot of Abingdon
285:cathedral chapter
211:William Longsword
183:Westminster Abbey
121:
120:
4195:
4090:Randall Davidson
4085:Frederick Temple
4065:John Bird Sumner
4005:William Sancroft
3971:Richard Bancroft
3949:Post-Reformation
3908:Thomas Bourchier
3852:William Edington
3790:Robert Kilwardby
3747:Richard le Grant
3741:Walter d'Eynsham
3704:Baldwin of Forde
3699:Richard of Dover
3438:
3431:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3390:Richard Chartres
3340:Frederick Temple
3233:George Montaigne
3208:Richard Bancroft
3203:Richard Fletcher
3181:Post-Reformation
3080:Richard Clifford
3075:Nicholas Bubwith
2965:Richard FitzNeal
2725:
2718:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2673:Preceded by
2654:Bishop of London
2644:Preceded by
2633:
2632:
2608:
2590:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2536:
2513:Backhouse, Janet
2504:
2482:
2460:
2438:
2419:
2400:
2381:
2364:(283): 221–228.
2350:
2331:
2309:
2282:
2263:
2244:
2227:(371): 241–267.
2213:
2194:
2175:
2156:
2137:
2120:
2103:
2082:Lapidge, Michael
2076:
2057:
2037:
2018:
1996:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1936:
1917:
1878:
1855:
1833:
1809:
1787:
1765:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1695:
1694:p. 51 footnote 2
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1640:House of Godwine
1636:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1529:pp. 216–222 and
1523:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1404:House of Godwine
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1349:House of Godwine
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1227:
1220:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1002:
991:
984:
978:
971:
965:
962:House of Godwine
958:
952:
945:
934:
927:
921:
914:
908:
901:
895:
888:
882:
875:
869:
862:
856:
849:
843:
836:
830:
823:
817:
810:
804:
797:
788:
782:
776:
770:
737:
730:
710:
707:
701:
686:
680:
677:
671:
668:
662:
659:
653:
642:
636:
633:
627:
624:
618:
611:
605:
594:
575:St Étienne, Caen
534:
517:
467:Harold Godwinson
446:H. E. J. Cowdrey
335:Gregorian Reform
279:When Archbishop
234:Emma of Normandy
163:bishop of London
139:Abbey of St Ouen
105:Personal details
86:Bishop of London
21:
20:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4105:Geoffrey Fisher
4070:Charles Longley
4000:Gilbert Sheldon
3944:
3819:Walter Reynolds
3735:Stephen Langton
3682:Theobald of Bec
3672:Ralph d'Escures
3647:
3456:
3447:
3442:
3412:
3407:
3370:Robert Stopford
3355:Geoffrey Fisher
3300:Richard Terrick
3285:Thomas Sherlock
3260:Gilbert Sheldon
3213:Richard Vaughan
3176:
3164:Nicholas Ridley
3139:
3095:Robert FitzHugh
3045:Ralph Stratford
3030:Richard Newport
3025:Gilbert Segrave
2922:Hugh d'Orevalle
2905:
2734:
2729:
2695:
2686:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2649:
2637:Catholic Church
2620:
2615:
2598:
2596:Further reading
2593:
2587:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2521:Webster, Leslie
2501:
2479:
2457:
2435:
2416:
2397:
2347:
2328:
2306:
2279:
2260:
2210:
2191:
2172:
2153:
2100:
2084:; Blair, John;
2073:
2034:
2015:
1993:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1933:
1898:10.2307/2855086
1852:
1806:
1784:
1762:
1742:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1630:
1624:Anglo-Saxon Art
1621:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1572:Anglo-Saxon Art
1569:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1527:Anglo-Saxon Art
1524:
1520:
1514:Anglo-Saxon Art
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1054:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
981:
972:
968:
959:
955:
946:
937:
928:
924:
915:
911:
902:
898:
889:
885:
876:
872:
863:
859:
850:
846:
837:
833:
824:
820:
811:
807:
798:
791:
783:
779:
771:
740:
731:
722:
718:
713:
708:
704:
696:, according to
687:
683:
678:
674:
669:
665:
660:
656:
643:
639:
634:
630:
625:
621:
613:This refers to
612:
608:
602:Robert Champart
598:Robert Chambert
595:
591:
587:
528:
511:
488:Saint Valentine
483:
422:
414:Norman Conquest
374:. However, the
357:Bayeux Tapestry
349:
254:
246:Harold Harefoot
195:
114:
84:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4201:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4130:Rowan Williams
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4110:Michael Ramsey
4107:
4102:
4100:William Temple
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:William Howley
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Matthew Hutton
4032:
4030:Thomas Herring
4027:
4022:
4017:
4015:Thomas Tenison
4012:
4010:John Tillotson
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3961:Edmund Grindal
3958:
3956:Matthew Parker
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3935:Thomas Cranmer
3932:
3930:William Warham
3927:
3922:
3919:Thomas Langton
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Henry Chichele
3890:
3888:Thomas Arundel
3885:
3880:
3878:Thomas Arundel
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3835:John de Ufford
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3796:Robert Burnell
3792:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3403:Sarah Mullally
3400:
3396:Pete Broadbent
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:Graham Leonard
3377:
3375:Gerald Ellison
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:William Howley
3317:
3312:
3310:Beilby Porteus
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Edmund Grindal
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3151:John Stokesley
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:William Barons
3122:
3120:William Warham
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3100:Robert Gilbert
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:Richard Talbot
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:Gilbert Foliot
2957:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2739:Post-Augustine
2736:
2735:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2619:
2618:External links
2616:
2614:
2613:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2572:
2537:
2505:
2499:
2487:Stenton, F. M.
2483:
2477:
2461:
2455:
2439:
2433:
2420:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2382:
2351:
2345:
2332:
2326:
2310:
2304:
2283:
2277:
2264:
2258:
2245:
2214:
2208:
2195:
2189:
2176:
2170:
2157:
2151:
2138:
2121:
2104:
2098:
2077:
2071:
2058:
2038:
2032:
2019:
2013:
1997:
1991:
1975:
1937:
1931:
1918:
1879:
1869:(3): 203–216.
1856:
1850:
1834:
1810:
1804:
1788:
1782:
1766:
1760:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1722:
1709:
1703:Gem "Origins"
1696:
1683:
1670:
1657:
1651:Gem "Origins"
1644:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1576:
1563:
1547:
1534:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1488:English Church
1476:
1463:
1450:
1437:
1421:
1408:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1353:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1303:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1246:
1228:
1212:
1196:
1183:
1170:
1157:
1141:
1128:
1110:
1106:Ruling England
1094:
1081:
1068:
1052:
1046:Fryde, et al.
1036:
1023:
1010:
992:
979:
975:Ruling England
966:
953:
935:
929:Fryde, et al.
922:
909:
896:
883:
870:
857:
844:
831:
818:
805:
789:
777:
738:
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:
702:
694:Harley Psalter
681:
672:
663:
654:
637:
628:
619:
606:
588:
586:
583:
482:
479:
421:
418:
348:
345:
273:hagiographical
253:
250:
230:Cnut the Great
201:Jumièges Abbey
194:
191:
151:Jumièges Abbey
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
82:Jumièges Abbey
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
49:September 1052
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4200:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Anglo-Normans
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4156:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Robert Runcie
4118:
4116:
4115:Donald Coggan
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Thomas Secker
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:William Juxon
3993:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:John Whitgift
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3940:Reginald Pole
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:John Stafford
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Simon Sudbury
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Simon Langham
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Simon Mepeham
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3813:Thomas Cobham
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:Ralph Neville
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3716:Hubert Walter
3714:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3687:Thomas Becket
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:John Randolph
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:Thomas Hayter
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:Edmund Gibson
3278:
3276:
3275:John Robinson
3273:
3271:
3270:Henry Compton
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:William Juxon
3255:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3243:William Juxon
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3169:Edmund Bonner
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:Edmund Bonner
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Thomas Savage
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Simon Sudbury
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Ralph Baldock
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:John Chishull
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Henry Wingham
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:Post-Conquest
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2586:0-905778-46-4
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2478:0-7131-6532-4
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2456:0-631-22738-5
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2346:1-85285-389-1
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2327:0-582-30303-6
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2305:1-85285-083-3
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2278:90-04-07849-5
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2259:0-7190-5053-7
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2209:0-582-84882-2
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2171:0-7524-3308-3
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2152:0-7509-2469-1
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:Keynes, Simon
2083:
2078:
2074:
2072:0-521-56350-X
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:0-7190-0926-X
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:Crouch, David
1998:
1994:
1992:0-582-48492-8
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:Crouch, David
1976:
1972:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1851:0-7524-1980-3
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:(123): 1–19.
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1805:0-582-78440-9
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:Barlow, Frank
1789:
1785:
1783:0-582-49049-9
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:Barlow, Frank
1767:
1763:
1761:0-520-01671-8
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:Barlow, Frank
1745:
1744:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
999:
997:
989:
983:
976:
970:
963:
957:
950:
944:
942:
940:
932:
926:
919:
913:
906:
900:
893:
887:
880:
874:
867:
861:
854:
848:
841:
835:
828:
822:
815:
809:
802:
796:
794:
787:
781:
775:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
735:
729:
727:
725:
720:
706:
699:
695:
691:
685:
676:
667:
658:
651:
647:
641:
632:
623:
616:
610:
603:
599:
593:
589:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
544:
539:
536:, actually a
535:
532:
527:
522:
519:, actually a
518:
515:
510:
505:
502:
498:
493:
489:
478:
476:
472:
471:David Douglas
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
452:
447:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
417:
415:
410:
409:
404:
400:
397:and grandson
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
358:
353:
347:Royal adviser
344:
342:
341:
336:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
307:
303:
298:
295:
291:
286:
282:
277:
274:
270:
269:
258:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
199:
190:
188:
184:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
117:
112:
108:
103:
99:
95:
90:
87:
83:
79:
76:
74:Other post(s)
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:
29:
22:
19:
4188:1050s deaths
4155:
4145:
4135:Justin Welby
4125:George Carey
4020:William Wake
3988:Commonwealth
3985:
3981:William Laud
3976:George Abbot
3917:
3883:Roger Walden
3850:
3833:
3811:
3802:John Peckham
3794:
3782:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3739:
3729:John de Gray
3727:
3720:
3708:
3691:
3652:Conquest to
3637:
3500:
3394:
3360:William Wand
3335:John Jackson
3305:Robert Lowth
3250:Commonwealth
3247:
3238:William Laud
3223:George Abbot
3218:Thomas Ravis
3193:Edwin Sandys
3171:
3158:
3110:Richard Hill
3105:Thomas Kempe
3090:William Grey
3070:Roger Walden
3010:Fulke Lovell
2944:
2895:
2681:
2652:
2604:
2576:
2559:30 September
2557:. Retrieved
2545:
2524:
2517:Turner, D.H.
2490:
2468:
2446:
2424:
2405:
2386:
2361:
2355:
2336:
2317:
2295:
2288:Bates, David
2268:
2249:
2224:
2218:
2199:
2180:
2161:
2142:
2125:
2108:
2089:
2062:
2045:
2023:
2004:
1982:
1960:. Retrieved
1948:
1922:
1892:(1): 21–31.
1889:
1883:
1866:
1860:
1841:
1838:Bates, David
1821:
1817:
1814:Bates, David
1795:
1773:
1751:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1223:
1207:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1105:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1047:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1005:
987:
982:
974:
969:
961:
956:
948:
930:
925:
917:
912:
904:
899:
891:
886:
878:
873:
865:
860:
852:
847:
839:
834:
826:
821:
813:
808:
800:
785:
780:
773:
733:
705:
698:D. H. Turner
684:
675:
666:
657:
649:
645:
640:
631:
622:
609:
601:
597:
592:
548:
524:
521:sacramentary
507:
496:
484:
474:
460:
449:
443:
423:
406:
384:
375:
363:
361:
340:quid pro quo
338:
331:
299:
278:
266:
263:
238:Harthacanute
223:
204:
175:
123:
122:
97:Consecration
18:
4025:John Potter
3925:Henry Deane
3913:John Morton
3846:Simon Islip
3654:Reformation
3198:John Aylmer
2985:Fulk Basset
2980:Roger Niger
2806:Heathoberht
2509:Turner, D.H
2314:Loyn, H. R.
2292:Curry, Anne
1962:10 November
1681:pp. 219–222
1626:pp. 225–226
1574:pp. 224–225
1008:pp. 128–129
907:pp. 315–318
894:pp. 316–317
881:pp. 306–310
868:pp. 193–194
529: [
512: [
501:Anglo-Saxon
54:Predecessor
4162:Categories
4095:Cosmo Lang
4050:John Moore
3767:John Blund
3385:David Hope
2901:Spearhafoc
2846:Æthelweard
2761:Earconwald
2687:1051–1052
2664:Spearhafoc
2658:1044–1051
1740:References
1585:Golden Age
1559:Golden Age
803:p. 167–170
538:pontifical
456:H. R. Loyn
319:Gloucester
302:Spearhafoc
219:Romanesque
171:Spearhafoc
46:Term ended
3903:John Kemp
3628:Æthelnoth
3593:Byrhthelm
3553:Feologild
3543:Æthelhard
3533:Bregowine
3513:Berhtwald
3496:Deusdedit
3471:Augustine
3228:John King
3085:John Kemp
2945:(quashed)
2861:Brihthelm
2831:Swithwulf
2821:Ceolberht
2816:Æthelnoth
2570:required)
1973:required)
1914:162235772
1707:pp. 13–15
1499:Stafford
1444:Stafford
1391:Harold II
1351:pp. 69–75
1244:pp. 89–92
1240:Stafford
1224:Harold II
1155:pp. 42–43
1153:Harold II
1104:Huscroft
964:pp. 51–53
951:pp. 46–50
716:Citations
563:transepts
555:Rhineland
553:from the
64:Successor
38:Appointed
3778:Boniface
3722:Reginald
3662:Lanfranc
3603:Æthelgar
3578:Wulfhelm
3568:Plegmund
3563:Æthelred
3558:Ceolnoth
3538:Jænberht
3528:Cuthbert
3523:Nothhelm
3491:Honorius
3481:Mellitus
3476:Laurence
3463:Conquest
3398:(Acting)
2891:Ælfweard
2876:Wulfstan
2856:Theodred
2851:Leofstan
2841:Wulfsige
2836:Heahstan
2826:Deorwulf
2796:Coenwalh
2786:Eadberht
2766:Waldhere
2746:Mellitus
2647:Ælfweard
2624:Robert 5
2533:11211909
2523:(eds.).
2489:(1971).
2467:(1989).
2445:(1997).
2316:(2000).
2294:(eds.).
2134:13125790
2117:12480908
2044:(1964).
2003:(2007).
1981:(1982).
1943:(2004).
1885:Speculum
1840:(2001).
1794:(2003).
1772:(1979).
1750:(1970).
1622:Dodwell
1570:Dodwell
1525:Dodwell
1512:Dodwell
1457:Stenton
1435:p. 50–51
1301:p. 37–38
1270:p. 35–36
1166:Speculum
1135:Coredon
1126:p. 29–30
903:Hindley
890:Hindley
877:Hindley
799:Douglas
692:and the
579:Lanfranc
426:Flanders
401:(son of
395:Wulfnoth
380:celibate
215:champart
116:Jumièges
4146:Italics
3643:Stigand
3633:Eadsige
3618:Ælfheah
3608:Sigeric
3598:Dunstan
3588:Ælfsige
3548:Wulfred
3518:Tatwine
3502:Wighard
2927:Maurice
2871:Ælfstan
2866:Dunstan
2801:Eadbald
2781:Wigheah
2776:Ecgwulf
2771:Ingwald
2693:Stigand
2676:Eadsige
2639:titles
1906:2855086
1690:Barlow
1664:Higham
1543:Chaucer
1470:Higham
1431:Walker
1415:Barlow
1376:Walker
1363:Barlow
1297:Walker
1279:Barlow
1266:Walker
1206:Barlow
1192:Godwins
1190:Barlow
1177:Barlow
1122:Walker
1088:Barlow
1075:Barlow
1030:Walker
1017:Barlow
1004:Higham
947:Barlow
918:Normans
916:Crouch
864:Crouch
851:Crouch
840:Normans
838:Crouch
825:Crouch
812:Barlow
732:Barlow
430:Stigand
405:). The
372:nunnery
327:Eadsige
290:pallium
281:Eadsige
221:style.
155:England
137:of the
68:Stigand
58:Eadsige
3667:Anselm
3623:Lyfing
3573:Athelm
3486:Justus
2942:Anselm
2886:Ælfwig
2881:Ælfhun
2811:Osmund
2791:Eadgar
2583:
2531:
2497:
2475:
2453:
2431:
2412:
2393:
2378:558704
2376:
2343:
2324:
2302:
2275:
2256:
2241:566846
2239:
2206:
2187:
2168:
2149:
2132:
2115:
2096:
2069:
2054:399137
2052:
2030:
2011:
1989:
1929:
1912:
1904:
1848:
1802:
1780:
1758:
1720:p. 212
1668:p. 148
1638:Mason
1600:p. 482
1541:Kelly
1531:passim
1474:p. 137
1461:p. 568
1433:Harold
1419:p. 126
1402:Mason
1378:Harold
1367:p. 124
1347:Mason
1310:Bates
1299:Harold
1283:p. 107
1268:Harold
1257:p. 177
1210:p. 115
1181:p. 111
1139:p. 260
1124:Harold
1092:p. 106
1079:p. 209
1050:p. 214
1032:Harold
1021:p. 104
960:Mason
933:p. 230
432:, the
310:Leo IX
304:, the
242:Alfred
167:Godwin
128:Norman
92:Orders
3172:(2nd)
3159:(1st)
2374:JSTOR
2237:JSTOR
1910:S2CID
1902:JSTOR
1733:p. 26
1655:p. 15
1642:p. 83
1613:p. 83
1587:p. 60
1561:p. 69
1545:p. 54
1503:p. 11
1490:p. 59
1486:Loyn
1448:p. 94
1406:p. 75
1393:p. 12
1380:p. 47
1314:p. 73
1253:John
1226:p. 46
1194:p. 42
1168:p. 22
1108:p. 52
1066:p. 16
1034:p. 27
990:p. 33
977:p. 50
920:p. 78
855:p. 58
842:p. 12
829:p. 30
816:p. 44
736:p. 50
585:Notes
533:]
516:]
497:capsa
403:Sweyn
399:Hakon
368:Edith
147:abbot
143:Rouen
135:prior
78:Abbot
3461:Pre-
2756:Wine
2751:Cedd
2581:ISBN
2561:2008
2529:OCLC
2495:ISBN
2473:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2341:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2130:OCLC
2113:OCLC
2094:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2050:OCLC
2028:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1964:2007
1927:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1389:Rex
1222:Rex
1151:Rex
573:and
561:and
559:nave
376:Life
362:The
323:Kent
271:, a
110:Died
100:1044
41:1051
3583:Oda
2626:at
2609:or
2550:doi
2366:doi
2229:doi
1953:doi
1894:doi
1871:doi
1826:doi
600:or
577:by
149:of
141:at
80:of
4164::
2544:.
2519:;
2515:;
2372:.
2362:72
2360:.
2290:;
2235:.
2225:96
2223:.
1947:.
1908:.
1900:.
1890:46
1888:.
1867:14
1865:.
1822:LI
1820:.
1631:^
1550:^
1479:^
1424:^
1356:^
1288:^
1231:^
1215:^
1199:^
1144:^
1113:^
1097:^
1055:^
1039:^
995:^
938:^
792:^
741:^
723:^
581:.
531:fr
514:fr
189:.
157:,
3990:)
3437:e
3430:t
3423:v
3252:)
2724:e
2717:t
2710:v
2589:.
2563:.
2552::
2535:.
2503:.
2481:.
2459:.
2437:.
2418:.
2399:.
2380:.
2368::
2349:.
2330:.
2308:.
2281:.
2262:.
2243:.
2231::
2212:.
2193:.
2174:.
2155:.
2136:.
2119:.
2102:.
2075:.
2056:.
2036:.
2017:.
1995:.
1966:.
1955::
1935:.
1916:.
1896::
1877:.
1873::
1854:.
1832:.
1828::
1808:.
1786:.
1764:.
700:.
604:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
