Roberto Cofresí - Knowledge

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ended with the arrest of pirate Eustaquio Ventura de Luciano at the home of Juan Francisco. The troops came close to capturing a second associate, Joaquín "El Maracaybero" Gómez. Madrona then began a surprise attack at Pedernales, finding Cofresí and several associates (including Juan Bey, his brother Ignacio and his brother-in-law Juan Francisco Creitoff). The pirates' only option was to flee on foot. The Cofresí brothers escaped, but Creitoff and Bey were captured and tried in San Germán. Troops later visited Creitoff's house, where they found Cofresí's wife and mother-in-law. Under questioning, the women confirmed the brothers' identities. The authorities continued searching the homes of those involved and those of their families, where they found quantities of plunder hidden and prepared for sale. Madrona also found burned loot on a nearby hill. Juan Francisco Cofresí, Ventura de Luciano and Creitoff were sent to San Juan with other suspected associates. Of this group the pirate's brother, Luis de Río and Juan Bautista Buyé were prosecuted as accomplices instead of pirates. Ignacio was later arrested and also charged as an accomplice. The Mattei brothers filed a claim against shopkeeper Francisco Betances that some of his merchandise was cargo from

530:, Bernardo Pabón Davila was Bernardina's godfather and Felícita Asencio her godmother. On December 4, 1821, a wanted poster was circulated by San Germán mayor Pascacio Cardona. There is little documentation of Cofresí's whereabouts in 1822. Historians have suggested that he exploited his upper-class connections to remain concealed; the Ramírez de Arellano family held most regional public offices, and their influence extended beyond the region. Other wealthy families, including the Beys, had similarly protected their relatives and Cofresí may have hidden in plain sight due to the inertia of Cabo Rojo authorities. When he became a wanted man, he moved Juana and Anna to her brothers' houses and would visit in secret; Juana also visited him at his headquarters in the rural ward of Pedernales in Cabo Rojo. It is unknown how far Cofresí traveled during this time, but he had associates on the east coast and may have taken advantage of eastern migration from Cabo Rojo. Although he may have been captured and imprisoned in San Juan, he does not appear in contemporary records. However, Cofresí's associates Juan "El Indio" de los Reyes, Francisco Ramos and José "Pepe" Cartagena were released only months before his recorded reappearance. 513:

group of fifteen men from Cabo Rojo participated in the highway robbery of Francisco de Rivera, Nicolás Valdés and Francisco Lamboy on the outskirts of Yauco. Cofresí is believed to have been involved in this incident because of its timing and the criminals' link to an area headed by his friend, Cristóbal Pabón Dávila. The incident sparked an uproar in towns throughout the region, and convinced the governor that the authorities were conspiring with the criminals. Among measures taken by Aróstegui were a mayoral election in Cabo Rojo (Juan Evangelista Ramírez de Arellano, one of Cofresí's relatives, was elected) and an investigation of the former mayor. The incoming mayor was ordered to control crime in the region, an unrealistic demand with the resources at his disposal. Bernardo Pabón Davila, a friend of Cofresí and relative of Cristóbal, was assigned to prosecute the Yauco incident. Bernardo reportedly protected the accused and argued against pursuing the case, saying that according to "private confidences" they were fleeing to the

1191:. During the next few weeks, a joint initiative by Rivas and the west coast mayors led to the arrest of Cofresí associates Gregorio del Rosario, Miguel Hernández, Felipe Carnero, José Rodríguez, Gómez, Roberto Francisco Reifles, Sebastián Gallardo, Francisco Ramos, José Vicente and a slave of Juan Nicolás Bey (Juan Geraldo's father) known as Pablo. However, the pirate again evaded the net. In his confession, Pablo testified that Juan Geraldo Bey was an accomplice of Cofresí. Sebastián Gallardo was captured on July 13, 1824, and tried as a collaborator. The defendants were transported to San Juan, where they were prosecuted by Madrazo in a military tribunal overseen by the governor. The trial was plagued by irregularities, including Gómez' allegation that the public attorney had accepted a bribe of 300 pesos from Juan Francisco. 796: 1096:). The irregularity of the transactions was quickly noticed, prompting an investigation of García. The scandal weakened his already-frail authority, and Matías Conchuela intervened as the governor's representative. De la Torre asked the mayor of Añasco, Thomás de la Concha, to retrieve the records and verify their accuracy. The investigation, led by public prosecutor José Madrazo of the Regimiento de Granada's Military Anti-Piracy Commission, concluded with Bautista's imprisonment and sanctions for García. Several members of the Ramírez de Arellano family were prosecuted, including the former mayors of Añasco and Mayagüez (Manuel and José María), Tómas and Antonio. Others with the same last name but unclear parentage, such as Juan Lorenzo Ramirez, were also linked to Cofresí. 648:, where its captain and crew were ordered to unload the cargo. After this was done, the pirates reportedly killed the sailors and sank the brigantine. Both of Cofresí's brothers were soon involved in his operation, helping him move plunder and deal with captured ships. Juan Francisco was able to gather information about maritime traffic in his work at the port, presumably forwarding it to his brother. The pirates communicated with their cohorts through coastal signs, and their associates on land warned them of danger; the system was probably used to identify loaded vessels as well. According to Puerto Rican historian Aurelio Tió, Cofresí shared his loot with the needy (especially family members and close friends) and was considered the Puerto Rican equivalent of 1309:

Morales, Antonio del Castillo and Juan Manuel de Fuentes Rodríguez—also broke out. They were joined by Juan Manuel "Venado" de Fuentes Rodríguez, Ignacio Cabrera, Miguel de la Cruz, Damasio Arroyo, Miguel "El Rasgado" de la Rosa and Juan Reyes. Those traveling east met with Cofresí, who welcomed them on his crew; the pirate was in Naguabo looking for recruits after his return from Hispaniola. Hernández Morales, an experienced knife fighter, was second-in-command of the new crew. At the height of their success, they had a flotilla of three sloops and a schooner. The group avoided capture by hiding in Ceiba, Fajardo, Naguabo, Jobos Bay and Vieques, and when Cofresí sailed the east coast he reportedly flew the flag of Gran Colombia.

1076: 402:("of noble origin"). Francesco's name was Hispanicized to Francisco José Cofresí (his third given name was not), which was easier for his neighbors to pronounce. Since he was linked to illegal commerce in his homeland, he probably relocated to Cabo Rojo for strategic reasons; its harbor was far from San Juan, the capital. Francisco soon met María Germana Ramírez de Arellano y Segarra, and they married. His wife was born to Clemente Ramírez de Arellano y del Toro y Quiñones Rivera, a noble and first cousin of town founder Nicolás Ramírez de Arellano y Martínez de Matos. Her paternal family, descended from the Jimena royal dynasty of the 1853: 453:, she was probably born in Cabo Rojo to Dutch parents. After their marriage, the couple moved to a residence bought for 50 pesos by Creitoff's father, Geraldo. Months later Cofresí's father in-law lost his humble home in a fire, plunging the family into debt. Three years after his marriage Cofresí owned no property and lived with his mother-in-law, Anna Cordelia. He established ties with residents of San Germán, including his brothers-in-law: the wealthy merchant Don Jacobo Ufret and Don Manuel Ufret. The couple struggled to begin a family of their own, conceiving two sons (Juan and Francisco Matías) who died soon after birth. 33: 779:, Eugenio Astol described an 1823 incident between Cofresí and Puerto Rican physician and politician Pedro Gerónimo Goyco. The 15-year-old Goyco traveled alone on a schooner to a Santo Domingo school for his secondary education. In mid-voyage, Cofresí intercepted the ship and the pirates boarded it. Cofresí assembled the passengers, asking their names and those of their parents. When he learned that Goyco was among them, the pirate ordered a change of course; they landed on a beach near Mayagüez, where Goyco was freed. Cofresí explained that he knew Goyco's father, an immigrant from 1628: 1324:, but the pirates docked at Punta Arenas in Vieques and fled inland; one, identified as Juan Felis, was captured after a shootout. When Platt disembarked in Fajardo to contact Juan Campos, a local associate of Bedford, the authorities accused him of piracy and detained him. The officer was later freed, but the pirates escaped. Commodore Porter's reaction to what was later known as the Fajardo Affair led to a diplomatic crisis which threatened war between Spain and the United States; Campos was later found to be involved in the distribution of loot. 1529: 1764:. Juan Ignacio also evidently disassociated himself from Creitoff and her daughter, and one of Juan Ignacio's granddaughters ignored Bernardina and her descendants. Due to Cofresí's squandering of his treasure, his only asset the Spanish government could seize was Carlos. Appraised at 200 pesos, he was sold to Juan Saint Just for 133 pesos. After the auction costs were paid, only 108 pesos and 2 reales were left; the remainder was paid by Félix and Miguel Mattei after they made a deal with the authorities giving them the cargo of the 1207:, a cannon, ammunition and supplies. After an unsuccessful search of nearby woods, the mayor sailed the craft to Pedernales and turned it over to Mendoza. A group left behind continued the search, but did not find anyone. Assuming that the pirates had fled inland, Hurtado alerted his colleagues in the region about the find. The mayor resumed the search, but abandoned it due to a rainstorm and poor directions. Peraza, Pérez, José Rivas del Mar, José María Correa and José Antonio Martinez were later arrested, but Cofresí remained free. 1613:

more so) sometimes took months or years. Cofresí was reportedly tried as an insurgent corsair (and listed as such in a subsequent explanatory action in Spain), in accordance with measures enacted by governor Miguel de la Torre the year before. It is thought that the reason for the irregularities was that the Spanish government was under international scrutiny, with several neutral countries filing complaints about pirate and privateer attacks in Puerto Rican waters; there was additional pressure due to the start of

727:), which had turned the Caribbean into a haven for pirates attacking shipments from the region's Spanish colonies; this made his capture a priority. By late 1823, the pursuit on land probably forced Cofresí to move his main base of operations to Mona; the following year, he was often there. This base, initially a temporary haven with Barrio Pedernales his stable outpost, became more heavily used. Easily accessible from Cabo Rojo, Mona had been associated with pirates for more than a century; it was visited by 1053:

described Cofresí as "one of the evil ones that I am pursuing" and acknowledged that the pirate was protected by Cabo Rojo authorities. The mayor was unable (or unwilling) to cooperate, despite orders from de la Torre. Rivas tracked Cofresí to his house twice, but found it empty. When the captain lost contact with the pirate and his wife, he was also unable to communicate with the mayor. A similar search was undertaken in San Germán, whose mayor reported to de la Torre on March 12, 1824.

696: 1776:. Cofresí's great-granddaughter, Méndez was directly descended from the Cabo Rojo bloodline through her mother Ana González Cofresí. Known for her interest in education, she was the first member of her branch of the Cofresí family to earn a high-school diploma and university degree. A teacher, Méndez founded the Puerto Rico High School of Commerce during the 1940s (when most women did not complete their education). By the turn of the 21st century her initiative had evolved into the 1714:). According to historian Enrique Ramírez Brau, in a final act of defiance Cofresí refused to have his eyes covered after he was tied to a chair and he was blindfolded by soldiers. Richard Wheeler said that the pirate said that after killing three or four hundred people, it would be strange if he was not accustomed to death. Cofresí supposedly said he had "killed four hundred persons with his own hands, but never to his knowledge had he killed a native of Puerto Rico." Cofresí's 1460:), which he had ordered from boatbuilder Toribio Centeno and registered in St. Thomas. Centeno sailed the sloop to Fajardo, where he received permission to dock at Quebrada de Palmas in Naguabo. As its new owner Low accompanied him, remaining aboard while cargo was loaded. That night Cofresí led a group of eight pirates, stealthily boarded the ship and forced the crew to jump overboard; during the capture, Cofresí reportedly picked $ 20 from Low's pocket. Despite having to " 9067: 2011: 464:. The corrals belonged to the aristocrat Cristóbal Pabón Dávila, a friend of municipal port captain José Mendoza. This connection is believed to have later protected Cofresí, since Mendoza was godfather to several of his brother Juan Francisco's children. The following year he first appeared on a government registry as a sailor, and there is no evidence linking him to any other jobs in Cabo Rojo. Although Cofresí's brothers were maritime merchants and sailed a boat, 1997: 330: 9079: 517:. Other initiatives to capture highway robbers in Cabo Rojo were more successful, resulting in over a dozen arrests; among them was the nobleman Bey, who was charged with murder. Known as "El Holandés", Bey testified that Cofresí led a criminal gang. Cofresí's primary collaborators were the Ramírez de Arellano family, who prevented his capture as Cabo Rojo's founding family with high positions in politics and law enforcement. The central government issued 6660: 410:(said house was established by a Jimena prince), owned a significant amount of land in Cabo Rojo. After their marriage the couple settled in El Tujao (or El Tujado), near the coast. Francisco's father Giovanni died in 1789, and a petition pardoning him for Steffani's murder a decade before was granted two years later (enabling him to return to Trieste). However, no evidence exists that Francisco ever returned to the city. 1130:. The schooner, owned by Santos Lucca, sailed with captain Francisco Ocasio and a crew of four. Frequently used to transport cargo throughout the southern region and Saint Thomas, she made several trips to Cabo Rojo. When Cofresí began the chase, Ocasio headed landward; the brothers abandoned ship and swam ashore, from where they watched the ship's plundering. Portugués was second-in-command during the boarding of 7961: 6649: 770:. With no apparent escape route, Cofresí is said to have ordered the vessel's sinking and it sailed into Bahía de Samaná before coming to rest near the town of Punta Gorda. This created a diversion, allowing him and his crew to escape in skiffs they rowed to shore and adjacent wetlands (where the larger Spanish ships could not follow). The remains of the ship, reportedly full of plunder, have not been found. 1737:. Hernández Morales and several of his associates received the same treatment. Cofresí and his men were buried behind the cemetery, on what is now a lush green hill overlooking the cemetery wall. Contrary to local lore, they were not buried in Old San Juan Cemetery (Cementerio Antiguo de San Juan); their execution as criminals made them ineligible for burial in the Catholic cemetery. A letter from Sloat to 652:. Acosta disagrees, saying that any acts of generosity were probably opportunistic. Cardona Bonet's research suggests that Cofresí organized improvised markets in Cabo Rojo, where plunder would be informally sold; according to this theory, merchant families would buy goods for resale to the public. The process was facilitated by local collaborators, such as French smuggler Juan Bautista Buyé. 491:, changing the archipelago's economic and political environments. With strategic acquisitions, the new arrivals triggered a rise in prices. Food distribution was inefficient, particularly in non-agricultural areas. Unmotivated and desperate, the local population drifted toward crime and dissipation. By 1816, governor Salvador Meléndez Bruna shifted responsibility for law enforcement from the 1159:

later, they returned to Cabo Rojo on a ship confiscated from the pirates with weapons, three prisoners and Portugués' head and right hand (probably for identification when claiming the bounty). Rivas contacted de la Torre, informing him of further measures to track the pirates. The governor publicized the expedition, writing an account which was published in the government newspaper

1154:, once used by Cofresí's brothers) to José Pérez Mendoza and Antonio Gueyh. There were eight volunteers, The locally coordinated operation intended to ambush and apprehend Cofresí in his hideout. The expedition left the coast of Cabo Rojo with Action Stations in place. Despite unfavorable sea conditions, the party arrived at their destination. However, as soon as they disembarked 704:

sympathizers made arresting them difficult. The central government, frustrated with Cabo Rojo's inefficiency, demanded the pirates' capture and western Puerto Rico military commander José Rivas was ordered to exert pressure on local authorities. Although Cofresí was tracked to the beach in Peñones, near his brothers' homes in Guaniquilla, the operation only recovered the

1138:(clothing belonging to the brothers and a painting) was later found at Cabo Rojo. Days later, a sloop and a small boat commanded by Luis Sánchez and Francisco Guilfuchi left Guayama in search of Cofresí. Unable to find him, they returned on June 19, 1824. Patillas and Guayama enacted measures, monitored by the governor, which were intended to prevent further visits. 2025: 1183:. De la Torre ordered the destruction of any hut or abandoned ship which might aid Cofresí in his escape attempts, an initiative carried out on the coasts of several municipalities. Again acting on the basis of information obtained by interrogation, the authorities tracked the pirates during the first week of July. Although José "Pepe" Cartagena (a local 1437:) off the Ponce coast with a load of imported merchandise. After the assault, Cofresí and his crew abandoned the ship at sea. Later seen floating with broken masts, it was presumed lost. Some time later Cofresí and his crew boarded another ship owned by the company near Guayama, again plundering and abandoning her. Like its predecessor, it was seen near 1917:, songs and plays have been adapted from the oral tradition, and formal studies of the historical Cofresí and the legends surrounding him have appeared in book form. Historians Cardona Bonet, Acosta, Salvador Brau, Ramón Ibern Fleytas, Antonio S. Pedreira, Bienvenido Camacho, Isabel Cuchí Coll, Fernando Géigel Sabat, Ramírez Brau and 1661:, and José Rodríguez of Curaçao. Torres stood out as an African and Cofresí's slave. Among the few sentenced for piracy who were not executed, his sentence was to be sold at public auction with his price earmarked for trial costs. Cofresí confessed to capturing a French sloop in Vieques; a Danish schooner; a 1881:

attempt to justify his piracy, blaming it on poverty, revenge or a desire to restore his family's honor, and portray Cofresí as a class hero defying official inequality and corruption. He is said to have been a protector and benefactor of children, women and the elderly, with some accounts describing

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could not capture her, her crew described the vessel as painted black, armed with a rotating cannon and having a crew of twenty unidentified Puerto Rican men. Cofresí was presumably leading the vessels to dock at Pedernales, where Mendoza and his brother could facilitate the distribution of loot with

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to the mayors. Driven by hunger and poverty, highway robbers continued to roam southern and central Puerto Rico. In 1817 wealthy San Germán residents requested help with the criminals, who were invading houses and shops. The following year, Meléndez established a high-security prison at El Arsenal in

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meant that his household was poor. Cofresí worked at sea from an early age which familiarized him with the region's geography, but it provided only a modest salary, and he eventually decided to abandon the sailor's life and became a pirate. He had previous links to land-based criminal activities, but

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The 20th century revived interest in Cofresí's piracy as a tourist attraction, with municipalities in Puerto Rico highlighting their historical connection to the pirates. By the second half of the century, beaches and sports teams (especially in his native Cabo Rojo, which features a monument in his

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has a fiery aura or extraordinary powers of manifestation, defending the locations of his hidden treasure or roaming aimlessly. Cofresí has been vilified by merchants. Legends portraying him as benign figure are more prevalent near Cabo Rojo; in other areas of Puerto Rico, they focus on his treasure

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differing from late-19th-century fictional accounts of pirates. The legends are inconsistent in their depiction of historical facts, often contradicting each other. Cofresí's race, economic background, personality and loyalties are among variable aspects of these stories. However, the widespread use

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and fled inland. Although a third pirate fell during the landing, most scattered throughout rural Guayama and adjacent areas. Cofresí, injured, was accompanied by two crew members. Half his crew was captured shortly afterwards, but the captain remained at large until the following day. At midnight a

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off Vieques. After a battle, the pirate sloop was captured and Hernández Morales was transported to St. Thomas for trial. After being sentenced to death, he escaped from prison and disappeared for years. According to a St. Thomas resident, on February 12, 1825, the pirates retaliated by setting fire

1256:, struck southern Puerto Rico and passed directly over the Mona Passage. Cofresí and his crew were caught in the storm, which drove their ship towards Hispaniola. According to historian Enrique Ramírez Brau, an expedition weeks later by Fajardo commander Ramón Aboy to search Vieques, Culebra and the 1028:

In this region Cofresí's influence extended to government and the military, with the Ramírez de Arellano family involved in the smuggling and sale of his loot. On land the loot, hidden in sacks and barrels, was brought to Mayagüez, Hormigueros or San Germán for distribution. When Beluche returned to

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The regional harvest was destroyed by a September 28, 1820, hurricane, triggering the region's largest crime wave to date. Newly appointed Puerto Rican governor Gonzalo Aróstegui Herrera immediately ordered Lieutenant Antonio Ordóñez to round up as many criminals as possible. On November 22, 1820, a

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had repercussions in Puerto Rico; due to widespread privateering and other naval warfare, maritime commerce suffered heavily. Cabo Rojo was among the municipalities affected most, with its ports at a virtual standstill. African slaves took to the sea in an attempt at freedom; merchants were assessed

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As a cosmopolitan, mercantile city Trieste was a probable hub of illicit trade, and Francesco was forced to leave after he killed Josephus Steffani on July 31, 1778. Although Steffani's death is commonly attributed to a duel, given their acquaintanceship (both worked at a criminal court) it may have

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was assembled to carry out the sentence handed down to the pirates. The public execution, which had a large number of spectators, was supervised by the Regimiento de Infantería de Granada between eight and nine a.m. Catholic priests were present to hear confessions and offer comfort. As the pirates

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Cofresí admitted off the record that he had killed nearly 400 people (but no Puerto Ricans). The pirate also confessed that he burned the cargo of an American vessel to throw off the authorities. The defendants' social status and association with criminal (or outlaw) elements dictated the course of

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off the coast of Tallaboa in Peñuelas. The ship was en route between Saint Thomas and Guayanilla with over 6,000 pesos' worth of dry goods for Félix and Miguel Mattei, who were aboard. The Mattei brothers are now thought to have been anti-establishment smugglers related to Henri La Fayette Villaume

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since at least 1818 and to another nobleman, Juan Geraldo Bey. Among Cofresí's associates were Juan de los Reyes, José Cartagena and Francisco Ramos, and the criminals continued to thrive in 1820. The situation worsened with the arrival of unauthorized street vendors from nearby municipalities, who

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was quickly used to intercept a merchant off the coast of Vieques who was completing a voyage from Saint Croix to Puerto Rico. Like others before it, the fate of the captured ship and its crew is unknown. The Spanish countered with an expedition from the port of Patillas. Captain Sebastián Quevedo

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rankled, and they were hungry for revenge after the capture of Hernández Morales. Low met Centeno at his hacienda, where he told the Spaniard about the incident and later filed a formal complaint in Fajardo. Afterwards, he and his crew sailed to Saint Thomas. Although another account suggests that

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On January 23, 1824, de la Torre implemented anti-piracy measures in response to Spanish losses and political pressure from the United States, ordering that pirates be tried in a military tribunal with the defendants considered enemy combatants. De la Torre ordered the pursuit of pirates, bandits,

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case was settled, Cofresí attacked a ship registered to the harbor of Patillas and robbed the small fishing boat of 800 pesos in cash. Cofresí attacked with other members of his gang and that of another pirate, Manuel Lamparo, who was connected to British pirate Samuel McMorren (also known as Juan

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von Kupferschein. The family gained prestige and became one of the city's wealthiest, with the next generation receiving the best possible education and marrying into other influential families. Cofresí's grandfather, Giovanni Giuseppe Stanislao de Kupferschein, held several offices in the police,

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trial, with no possibility of a civil trial. The only right granted the pirates was to choose their lawyers; the arguments the attorneys could make were limited, and their role was a formality. José Madrazo was again the prosecutor. The case was hurried—an oddity, since other cases as serious (or

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s hijacking, a Puerto Rican ship reported a recent sighting. Sloat requested three international sloops (with Spanish and Danish papers) from the Danish governor, collaborating with Pastoriza and Pierety. All four of Cofresí's victims left port shortly after the authorization on March 4; the task

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was owned by Salvador Pastoriza, who was supervising the unloading. Cofresí began the charge in a sloop, opening musket fire on the crew, and Pastoriza fled in a rowboat. Despite a bullet wound, Pastoriza identified four of the eight to ten pirates (including Cofresí). An Italian living in Puerto

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named Torre del Homenaje. Cofresí and his men escaped, were recaptured and again imprisoned. The group escaped again, breaking the locks on their cell doors and climbing down the prison walls on a stormy night on a rope made from their clothing. With Cofresí were two other inmates: a man known as

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De la Torre continued his tour of the municipalities, ordering Rivas to focus on the Cabo Rojo area when he reached Mayagüez. The task was given to Lieutenant Antonio Madrona, leader of the Mayagüez garrison. Madrona assembled troops and left for Cabo Rojo, launching an operation on June 17 which

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led by Captain Carlos de Espada, and additional searches were made in San Germán. On May 23, 1824, the Mayagüez military commander prepared two vessels and sent them to Pedernales in response to reported sightings of Cofresí. Rivas and the military captain of Mayagüez, Cayetano Castillo y Picado,

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The pirates sailed east and docked at Quebrada de las Palmas, a river in Naguabo. From there, Cofresí, Hernández Morales, Juan Francisco "Ceniza" Pizarro and De los Reyes crossed the mangroves and vegetation to the Quebrada barrio in Fajardo. Joined by a fugitive, Juan Pedro Espinoza, the group

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It was soon established that some of the pirates were from Cabo Rojo, since they disembarked there. Undercover agents were sent to the town to track them, and new mayor Juan Font y Soler requested resources to deal with a larger group which was out of control. Links between the pirates and local

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Bernardina later married a Venezuelan immigrant, Estanislao Asencio Velázquez, continuing Cofresí's blood lineage in Cabo Rojo to this day. She had seven children: José Lucas, María Esterlina, Antonio Salvador, Antonio Luciano, Pablo, María Encarnación and Juan Bernardino. One of Cofresí's most

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By October 1824 piracy in the region was dramatically reduced, with Cofresí the remaining target of concern. However, that month Peraza, Pérez, Hernández, Gallardo, José Rodríguez and Ramos escaped from jail. Three former members of Lamparo's crew—a man of African descent named Bibián Hernández

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was lost. Although most of the pirates were captured without incident, Cofresí's second in-command Juan Portugués was shot to death in the back and dismembered by crewmember Lorenzo Camareno. Among the captives was a man identified as José Rodríguez, but Cofresí was not with his crew. Five days

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of Francisco Antonio Ortiz, stealing his cattle. The group then broke into a second estate, owned by Jacinto Texidor, stole plantains and resupplied their ship. It is now believed that Juan José Mateu gave the pirates refuge in one of his haciendas, near Jobos Bay. The next day the news reached

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In April 1824, Rincón mayor Pedro García authorized the sale of a vessel owned by Juan Bautista de Salas to Pedro Ramírez. Ramírez, who may have been a member of the Ramírez de Arellano family, lived in Pedernales and was a neighbor of Cofresí's brothers and Cristobal Pabón Davila. On April 30,

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into a naval battle. After 45 minutes, Cofresí abandoned his ship and escaped overland; he was recognized by a resident who ambushed and injured him. Cofresí was captured and imprisoned, making a last unsuccessful attempt to escape by trying to bribe an official with part of a hidden stash. The

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The myths and legends surrounding Cofresí fall into two categories: those portraying him as a generous thief or anti-hero and those describing him as overwhelmingly evil. A subcategory represents him as an adventurer, world traveler or womanizer. Reports by historians such as Tió of the pirate

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On August 17, 1821 (while Cofresí was in prison) Juana gave birth to their only daughter, Bernardina. Due to his noble status, Cofresí probably received a pass for the birth and took the opportunity to escape; in alternative theories, he broke out or was released on parole. While Cofresí was a

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and similar attacks. In private communication with Mayagüez military commander José Rivas, he asked Rivas to find someone trustworthy who could launch a mission to capture "the so-called Cofresin" and to notify him personally of the pirate's arrest. Authorizing the use of force, the governor

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from St. Thomas; a brigantine and a schooner from eastern Hispaniola; a sloop with a load of cattle in Boca del Infierno; a ship from which he stole 800 pieces of eight in Patillas, and an American schooner with a cargo worth 8,000 pieces of eight (abandoned and burned in Punta de Peñones).

1780:, the largest group of private universities in Puerto Rico. Other branches of the Cofresí family include Juan Francisco's descendants in Ponce, and Juan Ignacio's lineage persists in the western region. Internationally, the Kupferschein family remains in Trieste. Another family member was 2107:

During his lifetime his name was frequently confused, giving rise to variants including Roverto Cofresin, Roverto Cufresín, Ruberto Cofresi, Rovelto Cofusci, Cofresy, Cofrecín, Cofreci, Coupherseing, Couppersing, Koffresi, Confercin, Confersin, Cofresin, Cofrecis, Cofreín, Cufresini, and

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and a neighbor of Cofresí, was captain of the second schooner. The expedition failed, only finding a military deserter named Manuel Fernández de Córdova. Also known as Manuel Navarro, Fernández was connected to Cofresí through Lucas Branstan (a merchant from Trieste who was involved in

308:'s campaign against Spain. Historical and mythical accounts of his life have inspired songs, poems, plays, books, and films. In Puerto Rico, caves, beaches, and other alleged hideouts or locations of buried treasure have been named after Cofresí, and a resort town is named for him near 957:

and St. Thomas with the goal of destroying the base at Mona. Although Porter warned that the pirates were reportedly well-armed and -supplied, he said the crews would probably not find plunder at the base because of the proximity of eastern Puerto Rican ports. On February 8, 1824, the

1134:, and Joaquín "El Campechano" Hernández was a crew member. The pirates took most of the merchandise, leaving goods valued at 418 pesos, three reales and 26 maravedi. Governor Miguel de la Torre was visiting nearby municipalities at the time, which occupied the authorities. Cargo from 1589:

local trooper, Juan Cándido Garay, and two other members of the Puerto Rican militia spotted Cofresí. The trio ambushed the pirate, who was hit by blunderbuss fire while he was fleeing. Despite his injury, Cofresí fought back with a knife until he was subdued by militia machetes.

1118:

Guayama mayor Francisco Brenes, who quickly contacted the military and requested operations by land and sea. He was told that there were not enough weapons in the municipality for a mission of that scale. Brenes then requested supplies from Patillas, which rushed him twenty guns.

783:

named Gerónimo Goicovich who had settled in Mayagüez. Goyco returned home safely, later attempting the voyage again. The elder Goicovich had favored members of Cofresí's family, despite their association with a pirate. Goyco grew up to become a militant abolitionist, similar to

962:

arrived at Mona, conducted reconnaissance and landed. A suspicious schooner was seen, but captain John T. Newton decided not to chase her. The crew found a small settlement with an empty hut and other buildings, a chest of medicine, sails, books, an anchor and documents from

341:(a member of the Puerto Rican Genealogy Society), held that the name Kupferstein ("copper stone") may have been chosen by his family when the 18th-century European Jewish population adopted surnames. The theory was later discarded when their research uncovered a complete 1498:, to find the pirates but was unsuccessful after several days at sea. At the same time, de la Torre pressured the regional military commanders to take action against the pirates and undercover agents monitored maritime traffic in most coastal towns. The pirates docked 1214:

off the coast of Guayama as she completed a run between Guayanilla and Ponce under the command of Juan Camino. After boarding the ship they decided not to plunder her, since a larger craft was sailing towards them. The pirates fled west, intercepting a second sloop

1760:. Contemporary documents suggest that Juana Creitoff, with little or no support from Cofresí's brothers and sisters, was left with the debt. His brothers distanced themselves from the trial and their brother's legacy, and Juan Francisco left Cabo Rojo for 427:

by José de Roxas, the first priest in Cabo Rojo, when he was fifteen days old. María died when Cofresí was four years old, and an aunt assumed his upbringing. Francisco then began a relationship with María Sanabria, the mother of his last child Julián. A

423:

higher taxes and harassed by foreigners. Under these conditions, Cofresí was born to Francisco and María Germana. The youngest of four children, he had one sister (Juana) and two brothers (Juan Francisco and Juan Ignacio). Cofresí was baptized into the

614:

that when a vessel was captured, only those willing to join his crew were permitted to live. Cofresí's influence extended to a large number of civil informants and associates, forming a network which took 14 years after his death to fully dismantle.

606:. While piracy was heavily monitored and most pirates were rarely successful, Cofresí was confirmed to have plundered at least eight vessels and has been credited with over 70 captures. Unlike his predecessors, Cofresí is not known to have imposed a 1373:, which was patrolling the west coast. In position, the pirate commanded his crew (armed with sabers and muskets) to open fire and ordered the schooner to stop. When Sloat gave the order to counterattack, Cofresí sailed into the night. Although a 1316:, commanded by Charles T. Platt, navigated by John Low and carrying shopkeeper George Bedford (with a list of plundered goods, which were reportedly near Naguabo) left Saint Thomas. Platt sailed to Vieques, following a tip about a pirate sloop. 1235:

to monitor the western waters of Puerto Rico as part of an international force. The schooner located a sloop commanded by the pirates off Culebra, but it fled to Vieques and ran inland into dense vegetation; Boarman could only recover the ship.

1223:. Cofresí did not plunder her either, instead requesting information from captain Rafael Mola. That month a ship commanded by the pirates stalked the port of Fajardo, taking advantage of the lack of gunboats capable of pursuing their shallow- 1149:

In response to a tip, José Mendoza and Rivas organized an expedition to Mona. On June 22, 1824, Pedro Alacán assembled a party of eight volunteers (among them Joaquín Arroyo, possibly Mendoza's source). He loaned a small sailboat he co-owned

432:

by birth, Cofresí's education was above average; since there is no evidence of a school in Cabo Rojo at that time, Francisco may have educated his children or hired a tutor. The Cofresís, raised in a multicultural environment, probably knew

247:, and he had a preference for speed and maneuverability over firepower. He manned them with small, rotating crews which most contemporaneous documents numbered at 10 to 20. He preferred to outrun his pursuers, but his flotilla engaged the 1744:

implied that at least some of the pirates were intended to be "beheaded and quartered, and their parts sent to all the small ports around the island to be exhibited". Spanish authorities continued to arrest Cofresí associates until 1839.

1907:

honor) were named for him; in the Dominican Republic, a resort town was named after the pirate. Cofresí's name has been commercialized, with a number of products and businesses adopting it and its associated legends. Puerto Rico's first

1669:

Under pressure, he was adamant that he was unaware of the current whereabouts of the vessels or their crews and that he had never killed anyone; his testimony was corroborated by the other pirates. However, according to a letter sent to

554:, José María Ramírez de Arellano). Historians agree, since several of his friends and family members benefited from the sale of stolen goods. Cofresí may have joined to evade the authorities, honing skills he would use later in life. 1624:. The ministry rushed the Cofresí trial, denying him and his crew defense witnesses or testimony (required by trial protocol). The trial was based on the pirates' confessions, with their legitimacy or circumstances not established. 1596:(which he claimed to possess) in exchange for his freedom. Although a key component of modern myth, this is the only historical reference to Cofresí's hiding any treasure. Brenes declined the bribe. Cofresí and his crew remained in 496:

San Juan. During the next few years, the governor transferred repeat offenders to San Juan. Cabo Rojo, with its high crime rate, also dealt with civil strife, inefficient law enforcement and corrupt officials. While he was still a

1178:

left with 42 sailors commanded by captain Francisco Francheschi. After three days, the search was abandoned and the ship returned to Ponce. The governor enacted more measures to capture the pirates, including the commission of

448:

On January 14, 1815, three months after his father's death, Cofresí married Juana Creitoff in San Miguel Arcángel parish, Cabo Rojo. Contemporary documents are unclear about her birthplace; although it is also listed as

521:

for Cofresí, and in July 1821 he and the rest of his gang were captured; Bey escaped, becoming a fugitive. Cofresí and his men were tried in San Germán's courthouse, where their connection to several crimes was proven.

1247:

on September 3, 1824, as she completed a voyage from Saint Thomas to Fajardo; the pirates stole goods and cash from the passengers. The incident attracted the attention of the Danish government, which commissioned the

1194:

During the searches, the pirates stole a "sturdy, copper-plated boat" from Cabo Rojo and escaped. The ship was originally stolen in San Juan by Gregorio Pereza and Francisco Pérez (both arrested during the search for

1187:) and Juan Geraldo Bey were found in Cabo Rojo and San Germán respectively, Cofresí avoided the troops. On July 6, 1824, Cartagena resisted arrest and was killed in a shootout, with the developments again featured in 711:

s sails, meat, flour, cheese, lard, butter and candles; the pirates escaped aboard a schooner. A detachment caught Juan José Mateu and charged him with conspiracy; his confession linked Cofresí to the two hijackings.

574:

led to a court order requiring restitution, affecting the crew. At this time, Cofresí turned to piracy. Although the reasons behind his decision are unclear, several theories have been proposed by researchers. In

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Cofresí's victims were locals and foreigners, and the region was economically destabilized. When he boarded Spanish vessels he usually targeted immigrants brought by the royal decree of 1815, ignoring his fellow

1902:

or attacked by the ghost of Cofresí or a member of his crew. Rumors about the locations of hidden treasure flourish, with dozens of coves, beaches and buildings linked to pirates in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.

930:

and those aiding them, issuing medals, certificates and bounties in gold and silver as rewards. Manuel Lamparo was captured on Puerto Rico's east coast, and some of his crew joined Cofresí and other fugitives.

1722: 1477:

shipyard and they stole a cannon from a gunboat (ordered by Miguel de la Torre to pursue the pirates) which was under construction. The crew armed themselves with weapons found on the ships they boarded.

887:(angering nations who had reached an agreement about the return of ships captured by corsairs and compensation for losses). Aware that the problem had developed international overtones, Spanish-appointed 1788:

during the 1980s. Colberg made efforts to popularize Cofresí, particularly the heroic legends which followed his death. He was related to the pirate through his sister Juana, who married Germán Colberg.

1064:

and the impact of piracy on maritime commerce. This brought France into the search for Cofresí; on March 23 de la Torre authorized France to patrol the Puerto Rican coast and commissioned a frigate,

852:

reported that the following month a schooner sailed from Santo Domingo to Saona, capturing 18 pirates (including Manuel Reyes Paz) and a "considerable quantity" of leather, coffee, indigo, and cash.

1679:

events. Captain José Madrazo served as judge and prosecutor of the one-day trial. Governor Miguel de la Torre may have influenced the process, negotiating with Madrazo beforehand. On July 14, 1825,

1546:

was the last substantial pirate threat in the Caribbean. The incursion which finally ended Cofresí's operation began serendipitously. When Low arrived at his home base in Saint Thomas with news of

746:, seizing control of the ship. The vessel, repurposed as a pirate ship, began operating in the Mona Passage and was later seen at Mayagüez before disappearing from the record. Cofresí was linked to 509:

were soon robbed. A series of storms and droughts drove residents away from Cabo Rojo, worsening the already-poor economy; authorities retrained the unemployed and underemployed as night watchmen.

587:, may have influenced his decision to become a pirate after the crew's pay was threatened by the lawsuit. According to Acosta, a lack of work for privateers ultimately pushed Cofresí into piracy. 1113:

incident). In the meantime, the pirates fled toward southern Puerto Rico. Poorly supplied after his hasty retreat, Cofresí docked at Jobos Bay on June 2, 1824; about a dozen pirates invaded the

1072:

arrived three days after the operation's approval, the attempt was unsuccessful. Rivas then assigned Joaquín Arroyo, a retired Pedernales militiaman, to monitor activity near Cofresí's house.

1864:. During his life, attempts by Spanish authorities to portray him as a menacing figure by emphasizing his role as "pirate lord" and nicknaming him the "terror of the seas" planted him in the 296:-like "steal from the rich, give to the poor" philosophy which became associated with him. This portrayal has grown into legend, commonly accepted as fact in Puerto Rico and throughout the 276:

Cofresí proved too much for local authorities, who accepted international help to capture the pirate; Spain created an alliance with the West Indies Squadron and the Danish government of

487:

Political changes in Spain affected Puerto Rico's stability during the first two decades of the 19th century. Europeans and refugees from the American colonies began arriving after the

967:. Newton ordered the base and a large canoe found in the vicinity destroyed, and reported his findings to the Secretary of the Navy. According to another report, the ship sent was the 1327:

With more ships, Cofresí's activity near Culebra and Vieques peaked by November 1824. The international force reacted by sending more warships to patrol the zone; France provided the

1199:) and given to Cofresí. When the news became public, mayor José María Hurtado asked local residents for help. On August 5, 1824, Antonio de Irizarry found the boat at Punta Arenas, a 1464:", Low's crew survived and reported the assault to the governor of Saint Thomas. Low probably attracted the pirates' attention by docking near one of their hideouts; his work on the 1572:

found Cofresí the next day, and mounted a surprise attack. The sailors aboard hid while Cofresí, recognizing the ship as a local merchant vessel, gave the order to attack it. When

5357: 754:

Manuel Reyes Paz was a Cofresí associate. The confession hints that the ship was captured by Hispaniola authorities. Cofresí is recorded in eastern Hispaniola (then part of the

895:(1822–1837) made Cofresí's capture a priority. By December 1823 other nations joined the effort to combat Cofresí, sending warships to the Mona Passage. Gran Colombia sent two 1025:

the aid of official inertia. From there, other associates usually used Boquerón Bay for transportation and ensured that the loot reached stores in Cabo Rojo and nearby towns.

1312:

On October 24, Hernández Morales led a group of six pirates in the robbery of Cabot, Bailey & Company in Saint Thomas, making off with US$ 5,000. On October 26 the USS

460:

in taxes, spending most of his time at sea and earning a low wage. According to historian Walter Cardona Bonet, Cofresí probably worked in a number of fishing corrals in

1068:. The mission was led by a military commander named Mallet, who was ordered to the west coast and pursue the pirates "until he able to trap and destroy them". Although 1921:

have published the results of their research. Others inspired by the pirate include poets Cesáreo Rosa Nieves and the brothers Luis and Gustavo Palés Matos. Educators

2053: 1510:

towards Peñuelas, where the ship was recognized. Cofresí's last capture was on March 5, 1825, when he commanded the hijacking of a boat owned by Vicente Antoneti in

273:, and Europe. He never confessed to murder, but he reportedly boasted about his crimes, and 300 to 400 people died as a result of his pillaging, mostly foreigners. 1898:

and depict him as a cutthroat. Most of the hidden-treasure stories have a moral counseling against greed; those trying to find the plunder are killed, dragged to

1167:. Mendoza and the crew were also honored. Cofresí reportedly escaped in one of his ships with "Campechano" Hernández, resuming his attacks soon after the ambush. 8023: 1592:

After their capture, the pirates were held at a prison in Guayama before their transfer to San Juan. Cofresí met with mayor Francisco Brenes, offering him 4,000

603: 289:, where a brief military tribunal found them guilty and sentenced them to death. On March 29, 1825, Cofresí and most of his crew were executed by firing squad. 8013: 1424:

Guayama mayor Francisco Brenes doubled his patrol. Salovi was soon arrested, and informed on his shipmates. Hernández Morales led another sloop, intercepting

883:; this left sailors unemployed, and they gravitated towards Cofresí and piracy. On the diplomatic front, the pirates assaulted foreign ships while flying the 1710:(whose father was a member of the Regimiento de Granada) places their execution near Convento Dominico in the Baluarte de Santo Domingo (part of present-day 610:

on his crew; his leadership was enhanced by an audacious personality, a trait acknowledged even by his pursuers. According to 19th-century reports he had a

1389:

robbed the house of Juan Becerril and hid in a house in the nearby Río Abajo barrio. Two days later Cofresí again led his flotilla out to sea and targeted

692:, threatening to kill everyone aboard if they were seen at any Puerto Rican port. Despite the threat, Knight went to Mayagüez and reported the incident. 6397: 1203:

in the Joyuda barrio. The mayor quickly organized his troops, reaching the location on horseback. Aboard the ship they found three rifles, three guns, a

1040:

On February 16, 1824, de la Torre mandated a more aggressive pursuit and prosecution of pirates. In March the governor ordered a search for the schooner

1824:'s General Library and Historic Investigation Department and the Catholic Church's Parochial Archives. Outside Puerto Rico, records can be found at the 680:. Cofresí's group, consisting of seven pirates armed with sabers and muskets, stole $ 1,000 in cash, tobacco, tar and other provisions and the vessel's 9155: 1253: 9140: 8260: 1804:. Earrings said to have been worn by Cofresí were owned by Ynocencia Ramírez de Arellano, a maternal cousin. Her great-great-grandson, collector 1163:

on July 9, 1824. Alacán was honored by the Spanish government, receiving the ship recovered from the pirates as compensation for the loss of the

699:

Map of the area where Cofresí and his men usually operated: Puerto Rico, Mona, Vieques (Crab Island), Culebra, Saona, Hispaniola and Saint Thomas

394:, reportedly learning Spanish there. By 1784 he had settled in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, a harbor town recently separated from the municipality of 1369:, received intelligence placing the pirates in a schooner out of Cabo Rojo. On the evening of January 25, 1825, Cofresí sailed a sloop towards 1448:, Cofresí returned to Jobos Bay; on February 15, 1825, the pirates arrived in Fajardo. Three days later John Low picked up a six-gun sloop, 361:. After its arrival, the family became one of Trieste's early settlers. Cristoforo's son Felice was recognized as a noble in 1620, becoming 8732: 8149: 337:

In 1945, historian Enrique Ramírez Brau speculated that Cofresí may have had Jewish ancestry. A theory, held by David Cuesta and historian

9135: 1600:

in San Juan for the rest of their lives. On March 21, 1825, the pirate's reputed servant (known only as Carlos) was arrested in Guayama.

1925:

and Robert Fernández Valledor have also published on Cofresí. In mainstream media Cofresí has recently been discussed in the newspapers

1734: 1473:

from Centeno for twice Low's price, legal documents verify that the builder was paid by Low. Days later, Cofresí led his pirates to the

8980: 366:

military and municipal administration. According to Acosta, Cofresí's father Francesco Giuseppe Fortunato von Kupferschein received a

345:

prepared by Cofresí's cousin, Luigi de Jenner, indicating that their name was spelled Kupferschein (not Kupferstein). Originally from

239:, the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, and the United States. He commanded several small-draft vessels, the best known a fast six-gun 9205: 9170: 9120: 9115: 8363: 6070: 1812:

in 1997 and the institution displayed them in a section devoted to Spanish colonial history. Locally, documents are preserved in the

1408:. The merchant ship, with a cargo of fabric and provisions, was attacked while its dry goods were unloaded at dockside in Jobos Bay. 1793: 1413:

Rico, Pedro Salovi, was reportedly second-in-command during the attack. The pirates pursued and shot those who fled. Cofresí sailed

9195: 8990: 1580:

opened fire. Startled, the pirates countered with cannon and musket fire while attempting to outrun the sloop. Unable to shake off

8479: 6390: 1885:

Legends describing Cofresí as malevolent generally link him to supernatural elements acquired through witchcraft, mysticism or a

1785: 1393:, a Spanish sloop making its way back from Saint Thomas. Cofresí attacked with two sloops, ordering his crew to fire muskets and 1012:. In both cases, the sailors were beaten and imprisoned and the ships plundered. The ships were part of a convoy escorted by the 219:

pirate. He was born into a noble family, but the political and economic difficulties faced by the island as a possession of the

1680: 1562:, an unidentified vessel belonging to Pierety and a third sloop staffed by volunteers from a Colombian frigate. After sighting 9160: 9125: 8565: 5518: 795: 419: 224: 1841: 8891: 6931: 832: 248: 228:

the reason for Cofresí's change of vocation is unknown; historians speculate that he may have worked as a privateer aboard

719:. By this time, joint governmental efforts had eradicated rampant buccaneering by Anglo-French seamen (primarily based on 398:

and made the seat of an eponymous municipality, where he was accepted by the local aristocracy with the Spanish honorific

9165: 7804: 7034: 6829: 5522: 1809: 1738: 1726: 933: 835:, who sent several ships to Puerto Rico. On November 27 Cofresí sailed from his base on Mona with two sloops (armed with 384:

been related to illegal activity. Francesco's name and those of four sailors soon became linked to the murder. Convicted

38: 9200: 9175: 8033: 7834: 6383: 6228: 6018: 1792:

After Cofresí's death, items associated with him have been preserved or placed on display. His birth certificate is at

301: 1777: 1121:

However, the pirates fled the municipality and traveled west. On June 9, 1824, Cofresí led an assault on the schooner

6948: 6694: 6304: 6205: 6186: 3370: 1813: 1434: 1252:(a 16-gun brigantine commanded by Michael Klariman) to monitor the areas off Vieques and Culebra. On September 8–9 a 755: 277: 6071:"El pirata Roberto Cofresí Mi ley, la fuerza del viento o algo así. Mi única patria, la mar. ¿Otro ponche ron? Vale" 1566:

while they negotiated the involvement of the Spanish government in Puerto Rico, the task force decided to split up.

879:) faced economic problems and political unrest. To undermine the commerce of former colonies, Spain stopped issuing 811:

nations, who called him "Cofrecinas" (a mistranslated, onomatopoeic variant of his last name). Commercial agent and

9215: 8917: 8739: 8043: 7431: 7029: 6971: 1687: 672:

and captained by Daniel Knight, on its way to Mayagüez the ship was intercepted by a ten-ton schooner armed with a

492: 64: 992:, captained by Alexander Murdock, which sailed with a load of cocoa from Trinidad and was intercepted en route to 9021: 6993: 6976: 376:(probably in search of a university or legal practice). In Frankfurt he mingled with influential figures such as 350: 1911:

seaplane was named for him. Several attempts have been made to portray Cofresí's life on film, based on legend.

9190: 9150: 8448: 8275: 8270: 8243: 8103: 7421: 6349: 6323: 6285: 6266: 6247: 6167: 3658: 488: 7809: 2048: 1706:

prayed, they were shot before the silent crowd. Although San Felipe del Morro is the accepted execution site,

9145: 9130: 8818: 8456: 8290: 8285: 8162: 8154: 8123: 7814: 7516: 1829: 1641:; Vicente del Valle Carbajal of Punta Espada (or Santo Domingo, depending on the report); Vicente Ximénes of 1631: 1127: 644:(incorrectly anglicized as "Monkey Island"), a small island in the eponymous passage between Puerto Rico and 1104:

boarded a ship commanded by Sergeant Sebastián Bausá. Sailor Pedro Alacán, best known as the grandfather of

9185: 8704: 8585: 7779: 6955: 6918: 6719: 1614: 1244: 828: 731:, who landed in 1699 after fleeing with a load of gold, silver and iron. A second pirate base was found at 480:

That year, Cofresí and Juana lived in Barrio del Pueblo and paid higher taxes than the previous year: five

8178: 6074: 1951: 8347: 7993: 7586: 6553: 1171: 1075: 1268:, owned by José María Marujo. After weeks of searching, the team failed to locate anything of interest. 1057: 9210: 9031: 8420: 8234: 7988: 7094: 6988: 6729: 1945: 1861: 1825: 669: 377: 1797: 1105: 785: 395: 8760: 8492: 8469: 8170: 8068: 7983: 7978: 7376: 6711: 1821: 1702: 1597: 1523: 7336: 6613: 1781: 32: 9016: 8464: 8372: 8353: 8303: 8217: 7799: 6941: 6463: 1865: 1733:

According to several of the pirates' death certificates, they were buried on the shore next to the

1707: 1100: 1001: 800: 8323: 1817: 1748:

At this time defendants were required to pay trial expenses, and Cofresí's family was charged 643

1335:. After the Fajardo incident the United States increased its flotilla in the region, with the USS 984:

Attacks on two brigantines were reported by Renato Beluche on February 12, 1824, and published in

551: 349:, Cofresí paternal patriarch Cristoforo Kupferschein received a recognition and coat of arms from 9041: 9026: 8923: 8380: 8313: 8063: 8038: 7998: 7895: 7601: 6926: 6523: 1683: 1502:

in Jobos Bay before sunset, a pattern reported by the local militia to southern region commander

888: 812: 633: 265:. Most crew members were recruited locally, although men occasionally joined them from the other 119: 7446: 7191: 1289: 8803: 8746: 8343: 8280: 8108: 8053: 8008: 8003: 7973: 7784: 6568: 6563: 1981: 1927: 625: 472:, ferrying goods between the southern municipalities. In addition, her frequent voyages to the 60: 1852: 1638: 939:

ordered David Porter to assign ships to the Mona Passage, and the commodore sent the schooner

8896: 8886: 8781: 8520: 8186: 8098: 8083: 7824: 7576: 7536: 7506: 7451: 7441: 7251: 7211: 7024: 6844: 6814: 6789: 6687: 6573: 6533: 6423: 6129: 2038: 1918: 1899: 775: 763: 286: 82: 1503: 594:

pirate of the era. Cofresí began his new career in early 1823, filling a role vacant in the

9110: 9105: 8774: 8433: 8225: 8194: 8141: 8048: 7968: 7867: 7351: 7181: 7176: 7014: 6861: 6772: 6767: 6724: 1761: 1646: 1621: 1511: 1474: 1418: 1297: 1293: 716: 558:

employed questionable tactics later associated with the pirate, such as flying the flag of

468:, he probably worked as an able fisherman. On December 28, 1819, Cofresí was registered on 7461: 7331: 6078: 5679: 1718:

were reportedly, "I have killed hundreds with my own hands, and I know how to die. Fire!"

766:. On one excursion, the pirates were intercepted by Spanish patrol boats off the coast of 456:

Although he belonged to a prestigious family, Cofresí was not wealthy. In 1818 he paid 17

8: 8835: 8680: 8590: 8438: 8212: 8113: 7923: 7196: 7084: 6983: 6782: 6623: 3581: 1922: 1886: 1860:

Few aspects of Cofresí's life and relationships have avoided the romanticism surrounding

1847: 1650: 1220: 789: 611: 309: 181: 7171: 7089: 7059: 6021:. Sociedad Filatélica de Puerto Rico (Philatelic Society of Puerto Rico). Archived from 1832:. However, official documents relating to Cofresí's trial and execution have been lost. 954: 8995: 8985: 8952: 8697: 8605: 8560: 8550: 8443: 8407: 8398: 8328: 8265: 8199: 8078: 8028: 8018: 7546: 7531: 7396: 7381: 7301: 7241: 7206: 6543: 6538: 6518: 6448: 2002: 1967: 1893:

emphasizes his ruthlessness while alive or his unwillingness to remain dead. Cofresí's

1741: 1340: 936: 892: 759: 476:

and Cofresí's recognition by local residents indicate that he occasionally accompanied

403: 313: 305: 252: 5611: 1092:

shortly after acquiring the ship, Ramírez sold it to Cofresí (who used it as a pirate

767: 8930: 8865: 8725: 8665: 8660: 8555: 8510: 8415: 8308: 8295: 8252: 8093: 7916: 7741: 7736: 7716: 7556: 7496: 7411: 7346: 7166: 6659: 6418: 6345: 6319: 6300: 6281: 6262: 6243: 6224: 6217: 6201: 6182: 6163: 1461: 968: 816: 407: 386: 259: 1856:

Modern portrayal of Cofresí, standing on the deck of a ship and preparing for battle

1016:

off Puerto Real, Cabo Rojo, and Cofresí captained a ship identified by Beluche as a

750:

by pirate Jaime Márquez, who admitted under police questioning on Saint Thomas that

562:

so other ships would lower their guard (as she did in capturing the British frigate

9180: 9046: 8845: 8767: 8753: 8640: 8620: 8515: 8358: 8318: 8136: 8118: 8073: 7930: 7902: 7860: 7706: 7691: 7656: 7641: 7621: 7606: 7541: 7511: 7471: 7356: 7321: 7306: 6891: 6799: 6680: 6513: 6453: 6105: 2030: 1957: 1347: 1257: 1200: 947: 916: 880: 867:. The situation was complicated by several factors, most of them geopolitical. The 438: 329: 5526: 3582:"Viceministro de Educación dictará conferencia en PP; pondrá en circulación libro" 1773: 504:, food and crops. He was linked to an organization operating near the Hormigueros 9082: 9036: 9000: 8975: 8798: 8718: 8711: 8630: 8625: 8595: 8580: 8545: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8376: 7881: 7721: 7676: 7671: 7651: 7526: 7501: 7476: 7156: 7151: 7104: 7074: 6901: 6819: 6777: 6762: 6618: 6483: 6370: 2043: 1627: 1438: 1228: 1084: 724: 677: 441:. In November 1814 Francisco died, leaving a modest estate; Roberto was probably 424: 399: 270: 7416: 3375: 1939: 1532:

Early 20th-century illustration of the capture of Cofresí's flagship, the sloop

461: 8615: 8204: 7829: 7711: 7636: 7611: 7571: 7286: 7246: 7201: 7146: 7141: 6824: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6628: 6588: 6558: 6498: 6468: 6428: 1890: 1749: 1671: 1609: 1593: 1385:

were sent after the pirates, they failed to find them after a two-hour search.

1271:

Continuing to drift, Cofresí and his crew were captured after his ship reached

912: 868: 863: 640:, was boarded by pirates on June 12. The hijackers ordered the ship brought to 620: 550:, captained by José Ramón Torres and managed by his cousin (the first mayor of 501: 434: 220: 195: 8610: 5492: 1877:

sharing his loot with the needy have evolved into a detailed mythology. These

1873:

of these myths in the media has resulted in their general acceptance as fact.

1292:, the pirates bought a ship. They sailed from Hispaniola in late September to 715:

Cofresí's sudden success was an oddity, nearly a century after the end of the

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El Desterrado de París: Biografía del Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898)

6155: 5497:

Morning Star and Commercial Advertiser (Hobart Town, Tas. : 1834 - 1835)

2178:

Espinoza had previous ties with Pedro Salovi, another of Cofresí's associates

2016: 1914: 1805: 1801: 1617: 1528: 1378: 1362: 1272: 1080: 884: 848: 808: 689: 559: 518: 514: 338: 236: 6022: 590:

The timing of this decision was crucial in establishing him as the dominant

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El Marinero, Bandolero, Pirata y Contrabandista Roberto Cofresí (1819–1825)

5358:"Singularidades y posibles irregularidades en el juicio de Roberto Cofresí" 2083: 1933: 1908: 1869: 1753: 1711: 1662: 1224: 908: 728: 641: 599: 595: 481: 473: 442: 368: 235:

At the height of his career, Cofresí evaded capture by vessels from Spain,

147: 7596: 6375: 6259:

Cofresí: El pirata Cofresí mitificado por la tradición oral puertorriqueña

1029:

Colombia, he published an article critical of the situation in the press.

8850: 8825: 8813: 8675: 7661: 7591: 7386: 7366: 7316: 7231: 7221: 6998: 6548: 6493: 6458: 1878: 1721: 1485:

as his flagship. Although she is popularly believed to have been renamed

1394: 1321: 780: 607: 544: 342: 297: 216: 6365: 1757: 1260:

for pirates was actually after Cofresí. The operation used the schooner

457: 8947: 8881: 8645: 8505: 8425: 8368: 8088: 7769: 7731: 7696: 7491: 7311: 7291: 7261: 7256: 7216: 7161: 7099: 7079: 7064: 6876: 6834: 6598: 6593: 6473: 6443: 6433: 2141: 1882:

him as a rebel hero and supporter of independence from imperial power.

1772:

notable descendants was Ana González, better known by her married name

1768:

in return for future accountability. Juana Creitoff died a year later.

1715: 1690: 1433:

captured a Danish schooner belonging to W. Furniss (a company based in

1009: 940: 840: 681: 673: 649: 645: 293: 3048: 2144:, the term "pailebot" is used in Spanish to describe a small schooner. 1296:, where Portalatín disembarked. From there they went to the island of 1099:

A number of unsuccessful searches were carried out in Cabo Rojo by an

450: 8830: 7909: 7521: 7426: 7296: 7266: 6839: 6794: 6488: 2058: 1281: 1210:

On August 5, 1824, the pirate and a skeleton crew captured the sloop

1005: 993: 872: 836: 751: 695: 637: 591: 584: 391: 373: 1642: 390:, the fugitive remained in touch with his family. Francesco went to 8808: 8655: 8635: 8500: 7486: 7436: 7341: 7226: 6809: 5361: 1654: 1114: 1093: 953:. The ships were to investigate the zone, gathering information at 896: 685: 665: 527: 358: 266: 6242:. Publisher: Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico. 6160:

New Voices of Old- Five centuries of Puerto Rican Cultural History

292:

He inspired stories and myths after his death, most emphasizing a

7944: 7551: 6886: 6866: 2087: 1204: 1184: 1180: 1174:

began his own search for Cofresí. On June 30, 1824, the schooner

1060:

wrote to de la Torre on March 22, concerned about the capture of

720: 354: 151: 6101:"Jüdische Piraten in der Karibik: Mit Kippa und Totenkopfflagge" 3399:

Cabo Rojo: datos históricos, económicos, culturales y turísticos

632:. The letter reported that a brigantine, loaded with coffee and 8942: 8840: 7819: 7701: 7186: 6881: 6856: 6703: 6406: 3371:"Vive el debate de si el corsario era delincuente o benefactor" 1868:. This, combined with his boldness, transformed Cofresí into a 1658: 1227:

vessels. Shortly afterwards, the United States ordered captain

743: 505: 346: 92: 7960: 6648: 6100: 3818: 3816: 8670: 7686: 7626: 7069: 6896: 6045:

Hijacking of U.S. Planes Began with Seizure at Marathon May 1

3302: 3300: 1894: 1374: 732: 533: 362: 240: 1637:

The other pirates on trial were Manuel Aponte Monteverde of

7271: 6047:. St. Petersburg (FL) Times. August 4, 1961. pp. 16–A. 3813: 1693:

of pressuring the Spanish governor to execute the pirates.

1276: 876: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3297: 1584:

and having lost two members of his crew, Cofresí grounded

6672: 1361:. Despite unprecedented monitoring, Cofresí grew bolder. 280:. On March 5, 1825, the alliance set a trap which forced 1303: 1275:. Sentenced to six years in prison, they were sent to a 543:

By 1823 Cofresí was probably on the crew of the corsair

3504: 1725:

These earrings, worn by Cofresí, are on display at the

981:

s crew. Undeterred, Cofresí quickly resettled on Mona.

6215:

Clammer, Paul; Grosberg, Michael; Porup, Jens (2008).

1620:

in the United States for invading the municipality of

1320:

opened fire, interrupting the capture of a sloop from

807:

Cofresí's actions quickly gained the attention of the

357:. His last name was probably adapted from the town of 300:. Some of these claim that Cofresí became part of the 6179:

Cofresí y Ducoudray: Hombres al margen de la historia

6019:"Inicios del Correo Aereo en el Caribe y Puerto Rico" 5355: 3368: 6214: 3609: 1992: 6127: 5351: 3401:. Municipio Autónomo de Cabo Rojo. n.d. p. 15. 1657:; Carlos Torres of Fajardo; Juan Manuel Fuentes of 1300:, where they set up another hideout and regrouped. 579:Ramírez Brau speculates that Cofresí's time aboard 6339: 6256: 6237: 6216: 6057: 6004: 5980: 5968: 5956: 5932: 5920: 5908: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5761: 5749: 5654: 5479: 5467: 5436: 5424: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5310: 5298: 5283: 5242: 5230: 5215: 5196: 5184: 5145: 5108: 4987: 4755: 4740: 4466: 3926: 3847: 3822: 3723: 3318: 3306: 3274: 3255: 2732: 2715: 2669: 2574: 2475: 1404:On February 10, 1825, Cofresí plundered the sloop 839:cannons) and assaulted another American ship, the 500:, Cofresí led a criminal gang in San Germán which 413: 211:(June 17, 1791 – March 29, 1825), better known as 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 9097: 1653:; Agustín de Soto of San Germán; Carlos Díaz of 1004:under the command of a man named Chevanche with 875:, and her last two territories (Puerto Rico and 742:took advantage of her officers' shore leave and 5650: 5648: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5328: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3579: 2094: and the second or maternal family name is 1796:with those of other notable figures, including 1417:out of Jobos Port, a harbor in Jobos Bay (near 1170:Shortly after the Mona expedition, Ponce mayor 5585: 5583: 5202: 4727: 1489:, all official documents use her formal name. 974:; in this account, several pirates eluded the 304:and other secessionist initiatives, including 6688: 6391: 6219:Dominican Republic & Haiti. Ediz. Inglese 6195: 5944: 5832: 5830: 5725: 5635: 5633: 5574: 5559: 5547: 5409: 5385: 5322: 5271: 5172: 5133: 5093: 5076: 5059: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5004: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4960: 4943: 4931: 4912: 4895: 4883: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4823: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4767: 4721: 4706: 4685: 4666: 4645: 4626: 4614: 4595: 4576: 4561: 4546: 4531: 4519: 4504: 4487: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4427: 4415: 4403: 4384: 4369: 4352: 4335: 4314: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4252: 4240: 4225: 4210: 4191: 4176: 4153: 4113: 4096: 4081: 4064: 4047: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4013: 4001: 3982: 3965: 3950: 3938: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3888: 3876: 3859: 3807: 3788: 3773: 3748: 3711: 3699: 3682: 3636: 3567: 3540: 3519:(in Spanish). La Perla del Sur. June 27, 2012 3498: 3486: 3469: 3452: 3433: 3414: 3364: 3362: 3341: 3291: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3219: 3204: 3192: 3165: 3148: 3136: 3121: 3104: 3087: 3027: 3008: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2940: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2884: 2869: 2850: 2829: 2810: 2791: 2749: 2688: 2562: 2543: 2235: 2223: 799:Cofresí's pivot gun cannon, as documented by 333:The Kupferschein family's coat of arms (1549) 8733:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island 6240:El mito de Cofresí en la narrativa antillana 5645: 5595: 5570: 5568: 5381: 5379: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5168: 5166: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4834: 4832: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4778: 4776: 4717: 4715: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4572: 4570: 4557: 4555: 4542: 4540: 4515: 4513: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4380: 4378: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4263: 4261: 4236: 4234: 4221: 4219: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4187: 4185: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3656: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3059: 3057: 2772: 2770: 2699: 2697: 2648: 2646: 2609: 2607: 2522: 2520: 2447: 2445: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2396: 2394: 2381: 2379: 2354: 2352: 907:, under the command of former privateer and 660:Bron). That week he also led the capture of 538: 6405: 6275: 5986: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5580: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4092: 4090: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4043: 4041: 4039: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3961: 3959: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3784: 3782: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2248: 2246: 2244: 1542:By the spring of 1825, the flotilla led by 1421:), and adopted the sloop as a pirate ship. 1401:finally escaped because she was near port. 1353:in addition to the previously commissioned 773:In an article in the May 9, 1936, issue of 6695: 6681: 6398: 6384: 5827: 5731: 5694: 5630: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5420: 5418: 5391: 5360:(in Spanish). Academia.edu. Archived from 5294: 5292: 5248: 5226: 5224: 5151: 5104: 5102: 4966: 4751: 4749: 4445: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4019: 3917: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3678: 3676: 3563: 3561: 3536: 3534: 3517:"Isla de Mona: guarida del Pirata Cofresí" 3482: 3480: 3478: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3410: 3408: 3359: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3261: 3215: 3213: 3188: 3186: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3132: 3130: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2936: 2934: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2880: 2878: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2787: 2785: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2153:The Spanish referred to the vessel as the 618:The earliest document linked to Cofresí's 31: 8364:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law 6200:. Sociedad Puertorriqueña de Genealogía. 6128:Nelson Mattos Filho (September 6, 2015). 6016: 5938: 5815: 5660: 5565: 5553: 5541: 5403: 5376: 5316: 5260: 5163: 5114: 5082: 5065: 5046: 5034: 5022: 5010: 4993: 4949: 4937: 4918: 4901: 4889: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4829: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4773: 4761: 4712: 4691: 4672: 4651: 4632: 4620: 4601: 4582: 4567: 4552: 4537: 4525: 4510: 4493: 4472: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4390: 4375: 4358: 4341: 4320: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4258: 4246: 4231: 4216: 4197: 4182: 4159: 3882: 3853: 3794: 3596: 3546: 3347: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3225: 3171: 3069: 3054: 2767: 2694: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2604: 2592: 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2442: 2406: 2391: 2376: 2364: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2313: 1254:hurricane Nuestra Señora de la Monserrate 353:in December 1549 and eventually moved to 9156:People executed by Spain by firing squad 8991:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates 5706: 4144: 4102: 4087: 4070: 4053: 4036: 4007: 3988: 3971: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3894: 3865: 3779: 3754: 3729: 3705: 3645: 3324: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2301: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2241: 2203:is frequently referred to as a schooner. 1851: 1735:Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery 1720: 1626: 1527: 1441:(Dead Man's Chest) before disappearing. 1280:Portalatín and Manuel Reyes Paz, former 1087:in gold and silver for Cofresí's capture 1074: 871:had lost most of its possessions in the 855: 794: 762:), where his crew reportedly rested off 694: 380:, returning to Trieste two years later. 328: 6316:Vieques: A Photographically Illustrated 6294: 5992: 5454: 5415: 5304: 5289: 5277: 5221: 5099: 4746: 4460: 4119: 3828: 3688: 3673: 3558: 3531: 3492: 3475: 3458: 3439: 3420: 3405: 3369:Gladys Nieves Ramírez (July 28, 2007). 3280: 3210: 3198: 3183: 3154: 3142: 3127: 3110: 3093: 3081: 3014: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2946: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2890: 2875: 2856: 2835: 2816: 2797: 2782: 2738: 2675: 2549: 2532: 2217: 1985:have published articles on the pirate. 1816:'s General Archive of Puerto Rico, the 1786:House of Representatives of Puerto Rico 1603: 803:while exhibited in an Artillery Museum. 738:In November a number of sailors aboard 688:. Cofresí ordered the crew to head for 37:Monument of Roberto Cofresí located in 9141:Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent 9098: 6366:Roberto Cofresí: El pirata caborrojeño 6313: 6176: 6154: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5821: 5791: 5779: 5767: 5743: 5737: 5700: 5666: 5639: 5589: 5485: 5473: 5448: 5430: 5397: 5254: 5157: 4454: 4030: 3552: 3353: 3312: 3242: 3236: 3177: 3075: 3063: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 2776: 2761: 2703: 2658: 2652: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2598: 2586: 2568: 2526: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2463: 2451: 2436: 2417: 2400: 2385: 2370: 2358: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2229: 915:. The British assigned the brig-sloop 655:On October 28, 1823, months after the 232:, a ship owned by one of his cousins. 8150:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham 6676: 6379: 6297:Adventure Guide to Dominican Republic 5682:(in Spanish). MayaWest Magazine. 2012 5190: 3717: 2721: 2709: 2469: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2140:Despite having an etymology based on 1481:After the hijacking, Cofresí adopted 1304:Challenge to the West Indies Squadron 1189:La Gaceta del Gobierno de Puerto Rico 1161:La Gaceta del Gobierno de Puerto Rico 1044:, reportedly used in the boarding of 624:is a letter dated July 5, 1823, from 583:, or seeing a family member become a 209:Roberto Cofresí y Ramírez de Arellano 198:(hidden remnants of a larger fortune) 8892:International Talk Like a Pirate Day 6257:Fernández Valledor, Roberto (2006). 6238:Fernández Valledor, Roberto (1978). 3641:(in Spanish). Puerto Rico Ilustrado. 1701:On the morning of March 29, 1825, a 1517: 1452:(commonly known by her Spanish name 1429:to a town on the island. That week, 1033:countered, accusing him of stealing 817:Secretary of State John Quincy Adams 5523:National Museum of American History 3033: 1848:Highwayman § Robbers as heroes 1810:National Museum of American History 1739:United States Secretary of the Navy 1727:National Museum of American History 1696: 1037:and connecting him to the pirates. 934:United States Secretary of the Navy 827:. Adams relayed the information to 602:, and was the last major target of 420:Latin American wars of independence 225:Latin American wars of independence 13: 9136:People from Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico 7959: 6333: 3610:Clammer, Grosberg & Porup 2008 3584:(in Spanish). Puerto Plata Digital 2423: 1842:Roberto Cofresí in popular culture 1506:. At this time the pirates sailed 988:several days later. The first was 893:Miguel Luciano de la Torre y Pando 604:West Indies anti-piracy operations 302:Puerto Rican independence movement 85:, Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 14: 9227: 8782:Silver: Return to Treasure Island 6359: 6196:Cardona Bonet, Walter A. (1991). 6132:(in Portuguese). Tribuna do Norte 3580:Antonio Heredia (June 24, 2013). 1814:Institute of Puerto Rican Culture 1288:. After reaching the province of 735:, an island south of Hispaniola. 406:and the first royal house of the 372:education and left at age 19 for 9206:Prisoners and detainees of Haiti 9171:Deaths by firearm in Puerto Rico 9121:19th-century executions by Spain 9116:19th-century Puerto Rican people 9078: 9077: 9065: 8918:A General History of the Pyrates 8740:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman 8261:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA 6658: 6647: 6371:Puerto Rico's History: 1800–1849 6342:El Morro, testigo inconquistable 6121: 6093: 6063: 6051: 6037: 6010: 5998: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5926: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5878: 5803: 5755: 5672: 5511: 5442: 5236: 5178: 5139: 3659:"Naval and Mercantile Biography" 3639:El contendor de los gobernadores 2194: 2181: 2172: 2160: 2147: 2134: 2023: 2009: 1995: 1331:, a brigantine, and the frigate 534:"Last of the West India pirates" 493:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 161:Flotilla of unidentified vessels 65:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 9196:Escapees from Spanish detention 6318:. Sombrero Publishing Company. 6148: 6077:. July 19, 1995. Archived from 3573: 3391: 2755: 2580: 2457: 2117: 1778:Ana G. Méndez University System 1264:(owned by Nicolás Márquez) and 414:Penniless nobleman and marauder 251:twice, attacking the schooners 16:Puerto Rican pirate (1791–1825) 8276:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden 8271:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden 8024:Anti-piracy in the West Indies 5356:Luis Ascencio Camacho (2013). 2101: 2076: 1835: 1576:was within range, the crew of 489:Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 319: 1: 8132:Blockade of Charleston (Vane) 3637:Eugenio Astol (May 9, 1936). 2166:This ship was also listed as 2064: 1830:General Archive of the Indies 1598:Castillo San Felipe del Morro 1128:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition 1020:(a small schooner). Although 823:situation and the capture of 628:, which was published in the 9161:Executed Puerto Rican people 9126:19th-century Roman Catholics 8705:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea 7955:Pirate battles and incidents 3661:. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine 3049:Puerto Rican Folkloric Dance 2210: 2187:This ship was also known as 2086:, the first or paternal 831:, leader of the anti-piracy 566:and the American brigantine 7: 8104:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth 7587:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami 6554:Rahmah ibn Jabir Al Jalhami 6340:José Morales-Dorta (2006). 6276:Ojeda Reyes, Félix (2001). 6109:(in German). April 29, 2009 2123:This ship is also known as 2049:Miguel Enríquez (privateer) 1988: 1397:. Sustaining heavy damage, 1126:Ducoudray Holstein and the 10: 9232: 9166:People executed for piracy 8981:Pirate films and TV series 8421:African Slave Trade Patrol 7989:Action of 11 November 2008 6778:Barbary pirates (corsairs) 6702: 6299:. Hunter Publishing, Inc. 6295:Pariser, Harry S. (1995). 5618:(in Spanish). July 1, 2012 5519:"Spanish Colonial History" 1862:pirates in popular culture 1845: 1839: 1826:National Archives Building 1794:San Miguel Arcángel Church 1521: 378:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 324: 9201:Fugitives wanted by Spain 9176:Spanish untitled nobility 9059: 9009: 8968: 8961: 8909: 8874: 8791: 8689: 8491: 8478: 8470:Trans-Saharan slave trade 8406: 8337: 8069:Battle off Minicoy Island 8044:Battle of Cape Fear River 8014:Anti-piracy in the Aegean 7984:Action of 28 October 2007 7979:Action of 9 November 1822 7954: 7852: 7760: 7124: 7117: 7043: 7007: 6964: 6917: 6910: 6755: 6710: 6656: 6645: 6414: 6075:El Periódico de Catalunya 5525:. c. 2000. Archived from 5493:"ADVENTURE WITH A PIRATE" 3051:, Retrieved April 2, 2008 1952:El Periódico de Catalunya 1822:University of Puerto Rico 1632:Fort San Felipe del Morro 1524:Capture of the sloop Anne 756:unified Republic of Haiti 539:Establishing a reputation 202: 190: 177: 157: 141: 133: 125: 115: 107: 99: 90: 71: 46: 30: 23: 8465:Indian Ocean slave trade 8354:International piracy law 8291:Pirate attacks in Borneo 8163:Capture of the schooner 8155:Capture of the schooner 8089:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet 7815:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 5680:"Parroquía de Cabo Rojo" 2069: 1866:collective consciousness 1708:Alejandro Tapia y Rivera 1649:; Victoriano Saldaña of 1494:commanded a small boat, 1339:joined by the schooners 1058:François-Xavier Donzelot 1031:La Gaceta de Puerto Rico 922:to the region after the 9216:Piracy in the Caribbean 8924:Captain Charles Johnson 8348:1717–1718 Acts of Grace 8059:Battle of Mandab Strait 8039:Battle of Boca Teacapan 8034:Balanguingui Expedition 7999:Action of 23 March 2010 6344:. Isla Negra Editores. 6314:Singer, Gerald (2004). 6177:Acosta, Ursula (1991). 6058:Fernández Valledor 1978 6005:Fernández Valledor 1978 5981:Fernández Valledor 1978 5969:Fernández Valledor 2006 5957:Fernández Valledor 2006 5933:Fernández Valledor 2006 5921:Fernández Valledor 1978 5909:Fernández Valledor 2006 5897:Fernández Valledor 1978 5885:Fernández Valledor 1978 5873:Fernández Valledor 2006 5861:Fernández Valledor 2006 5849:Fernández Valledor 2006 5837:Fernández Valledor 1978 5810:Fernández Valledor 1978 5798:Fernández Valledor 2006 5786:Fernández Valledor 2006 5774:Fernández Valledor 2006 5762:Fernández Valledor 1978 5750:Fernández Valledor 2006 5655:Fernández Valledor 2006 5480:Fernández Valledor 2006 5468:Fernández Valledor 1978 5437:Fernández Valledor 2006 5425:Fernández Valledor 2006 5311:Fernández Valledor 2006 5299:Fernández Valledor 2006 5284:Fernández Valledor 2006 5243:Fernández Valledor 1978 5231:Fernández Valledor 1978 5216:Fernández Valledor 1978 5197:Fernández Valledor 1978 5185:Fernández Valledor 1978 5146:Fernández Valledor 1978 5109:Fernández Valledor 1978 4988:Fernández Valledor 1978 4756:Fernández Valledor 1978 4741:Fernández Valledor 1978 4467:Fernández Valledor 1978 3927:Fernández Valledor 1978 3848:Fernández Valledor 1978 3823:Fernández Valledor 1978 3724:Fernández Valledor 2006 3319:Fernández Valledor 2006 3307:Fernández Valledor 1978 3275:Fernández Valledor 1978 3256:Fernández Valledor 1978 2733:Fernández Valledor 2006 2716:Fernández Valledor 2006 2670:Fernández Valledor 1978 2575:Fernández Valledor 1978 2476:Fernández Valledor 2006 2054:Folklore of Puerto Rico 1798:Ramón Emeterio Betances 1106:Ramón Emeterio Betances 889:governor of Puerto Rico 786:Ramón Emeterio Betances 577:Orígenes portorriqueños 8281:Operation Ocean Shield 8109:Battle of Tonkin River 8054:Battle of Doro Passage 8009:Action of 5 April 2010 8004:Action of 1 April 2010 7994:Action of 9 April 2009 7974:1985 Lahad Datu ambush 7964: 7800:Jose Campuzano-Polanco 7785:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 6932:British Virgin Islands 6464:Jose Campuzano-Polanco 1857: 1782:Severo Colberg Ramírez 1730: 1655:Trinidad de Barlovento 1634: 1539: 1172:José Ortíz de la Renta 1088: 829:Commodore David Porter 804: 700: 626:Aguadilla, Puerto Rico 351:Ferdinand I of Austria 334: 9191:Puerto Rican escapees 9151:Puerto Rican folklore 8897:Pirates versus Ninjas 8324:Slave raid of Suðuroy 8286:Persian Gulf Campaign 8171:Capture of the sloop 8099:Battle of the Leotung 8084:Battle of New Orleans 7963: 7825:Richard Avery Hornsby 7577:Piet Pieterszoon Hein 7537:Moses Cohen Henriques 7507:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal 7252:Christina Anna Skytte 6790:Brethren of the Coast 6773:Baltic Slavic pirates 6720:Ancient Mediterranean 6534:Moses Cohen Henriques 3657:Freeman Hunt (1846). 2039:List of Puerto Ricans 1973:Puerto Rico Ilustrado 1919:Cayetano Coll y Toste 1855: 1818:Ateneo Puertorriqueño 1766:San José y las Animas 1724: 1645:; Antonio Delgado of 1630: 1582:San José y las Animas 1578:San José y las Animas 1570:San José y Las Animas 1560:San José y Las Animas 1554:force was made up of 1531: 1144:San José y Las Animas 1136:San José y Las Animas 1132:San José y las Animas 1123:San José y Las Animas 1078: 856:International manhunt 798: 776:Puerto Rico Ilustrado 764:Puerto Plata province 698: 332: 287:San Juan, Puerto Rico 285:pirates were sent to 9146:Puerto Rican pirates 9131:19th-century pirates 8819:skull and crossbones 8775:Mistress of the Seas 8457:Capture of the brig 8434:Atlantic slave trade 8195:Falklands Expedition 8049:Battle of Cape Lopez 7969:1582 Cagayan battles 7896:Queen Anne's Revenge 7447:José Joaquim Almeida 7432:John Newland Maffitt 7352:Hayreddin Barbarossa 7192:Bartolomeu Português 7182:Artemisia I of Caria 7177:Alexandre Exquemelin 7015:Baltic Slavic piracy 6768:Anglo-Turkish piracy 6280:. Ediciones Puerto. 6025:on December 15, 2013 2155:Princesa Buena Sofia 1971:, and the magazines 1604:Military prosecution 1290:San Pedro de Macorís 1243:was intercepted off 1056:Martinique governor 833:West Indies Squadron 815:Judah Lord wrote to 717:Golden Age of Piracy 249:West Indies Squadron 145:Barrio de Pedernales 9186:American highwaymen 8836:No purchase, no pay 8804:Davy Jones's locker 8747:The Angel's Command 8591:Guybrush Threepwood 8439:Barbary slave trade 8416:African slave trade 8213:Jiajing wokou raids 8114:Battle of Ty-ho Bay 7337:François l'Olonnais 7197:Bartholomew Roberts 7085:Republic of Pirates 6624:Bartholomew Roberts 6614:François l'Olonnais 6162:. Permanent Press. 5529:on October 30, 2001 2096:Ramírez de Arellano 1923:Juan Bernardo Huyke 1887:deal with the Devil 1808:, gave them to the 1608:Cofresí received a 946:and the brigantine 801:Ángel Rivero Méndez 790:Segundo Ruiz Belvis 598:since the death of 8996:Timeline of piracy 8953:Piracy kidnappings 8606:Jacquotte Delahaye 8561:Charlotte de Berry 8551:Captain Sabertooth 8444:Blockade of Africa 8399:Piracy Law of 1820 8329:Turkish Abductions 8266:Operation Atalanta 8200:Great Lakes Patrol 8079:Battle of Nam Quan 8029:Attack on Veracruz 7965: 7547:Nicholas van Hoorn 7532:Michel de Grammont 7397:Jacquotte Delahaye 7382:Hippolyte Bouchard 7302:Elise Eskilsdotter 7242:Charlotte de Berry 7207:Benjamin Hornigold 6544:Benjamin Hornigold 6539:Nicholas van Hoorn 6519:Michel de Grammont 6449:Hippolyte Bouchard 6181:. Editorial Edil. 6081:on August 13, 2017 5945:Cardona Bonet 1991 5726:Cardona Bonet 1991 5575:Cardona Bonet 1991 5560:Cardona Bonet 1991 5548:Cardona Bonet 1991 5410:Cardona Bonet 1991 5386:Cardona Bonet 1991 5364:on October 8, 2013 5323:Cardona Bonet 1991 5272:Cardona Bonet 1991 5199:, pp. 103–106 5173:Cardona Bonet 1991 5134:Cardona Bonet 1991 5094:Cardona Bonet 1991 5077:Cardona Bonet 1991 5060:Cardona Bonet 1991 5041:Cardona Bonet 1991 5029:Cardona Bonet 1991 5017:Cardona Bonet 1991 5005:Cardona Bonet 1991 4961:Cardona Bonet 1991 4944:Cardona Bonet 1991 4932:Cardona Bonet 1991 4913:Cardona Bonet 1991 4896:Cardona Bonet 1991 4884:Cardona Bonet 1991 4863:Cardona Bonet 1991 4851:Cardona Bonet 1991 4839:Cardona Bonet 1991 4824:Cardona Bonet 1991 4807:Cardona Bonet 1991 4795:Cardona Bonet 1991 4783:Cardona Bonet 1991 4768:Cardona Bonet 1991 4722:Cardona Bonet 1991 4707:Cardona Bonet 1991 4686:Cardona Bonet 1991 4667:Cardona Bonet 1991 4646:Cardona Bonet 1991 4627:Cardona Bonet 1991 4615:Cardona Bonet 1991 4596:Cardona Bonet 1991 4577:Cardona Bonet 1991 4562:Cardona Bonet 1991 4547:Cardona Bonet 1991 4532:Cardona Bonet 1991 4520:Cardona Bonet 1991 4505:Cardona Bonet 1991 4488:Cardona Bonet 1991 4440:Cardona Bonet 1991 4428:Cardona Bonet 1991 4416:Cardona Bonet 1991 4404:Cardona Bonet 1991 4385:Cardona Bonet 1991 4370:Cardona Bonet 1991 4353:Cardona Bonet 1991 4336:Cardona Bonet 1991 4315:Cardona Bonet 1991 4292:Cardona Bonet 1991 4280:Cardona Bonet 1991 4268:Cardona Bonet 1991 4253:Cardona Bonet 1991 4241:Cardona Bonet 1991 4226:Cardona Bonet 1991 4211:Cardona Bonet 1991 4192:Cardona Bonet 1991 4177:Cardona Bonet 1991 4154:Cardona Bonet 1991 4114:Cardona Bonet 1991 4097:Cardona Bonet 1991 4082:Cardona Bonet 1991 4065:Cardona Bonet 1991 4048:Cardona Bonet 1991 4014:Cardona Bonet 1991 4002:Cardona Bonet 1991 3983:Cardona Bonet 1991 3966:Cardona Bonet 1991 3951:Cardona Bonet 1991 3939:Cardona Bonet 1991 3912:Cardona Bonet 1991 3889:Cardona Bonet 1991 3877:Cardona Bonet 1991 3860:Cardona Bonet 1991 3808:Cardona Bonet 1991 3789:Cardona Bonet 1991 3774:Cardona Bonet 1991 3749:Cardona Bonet 1991 3712:Cardona Bonet 1991 3700:Cardona Bonet 1991 3683:Cardona Bonet 1991 3568:Cardona Bonet 1991 3541:Cardona Bonet 1991 3499:Cardona Bonet 1991 3487:Cardona Bonet 1991 3470:Cardona Bonet 1991 3453:Cardona Bonet 1991 3434:Cardona Bonet 1991 3415:Cardona Bonet 1991 3342:Cardona Bonet 1991 3292:Cardona Bonet 1991 3220:Cardona Bonet 1991 3205:Cardona Bonet 1991 3193:Cardona Bonet 1991 3166:Cardona Bonet 1991 3149:Cardona Bonet 1991 3137:Cardona Bonet 1991 3122:Cardona Bonet 1991 3105:Cardona Bonet 1991 3088:Cardona Bonet 1991 3028:Cardona Bonet 1991 3009:Cardona Bonet 1991 2988:Cardona Bonet 1991 2976:Cardona Bonet 1991 2964:Cardona Bonet 1991 2941:Cardona Bonet 1991 2926:Cardona Bonet 1991 2914:Cardona Bonet 1991 2902:Cardona Bonet 1991 2885:Cardona Bonet 1991 2870:Cardona Bonet 1991 2851:Cardona Bonet 1991 2830:Cardona Bonet 1991 2811:Cardona Bonet 1991 2792:Cardona Bonet 1991 2750:Cardona Bonet 1991 2689:Cardona Bonet 1991 2563:Cardona Bonet 1991 2544:Cardona Bonet 1991 2236:Cardona Bonet 1991 2224:Cardona Bonet 1991 2003:Puerto Rico portal 1968:The New York Times 1900:Davy Jones' Locker 1858: 1742:Samuel L. Southard 1731: 1688:Secretary of State 1635: 1540: 1504:Tomás de Renovales 1089: 937:Samuel L. Southard 805: 760:Dominican Republic 701: 634:West Indian indigo 630:St. Thomas Gazette 612:rule of engagement 570:). The capture of 445:, with no income. 404:Kingdom of Navarre 335: 314:Dominican Republic 142:Base of operations 9211:Maritime folklore 9091: 9090: 9072:Piracy portal 9055: 9054: 9032:Fictional pirates 8931:Truce of Ratisbon 8905: 8904: 8866:Walking the plank 8726:On Stranger Tides 8666:Tony Tony Chopper 8556:Captain Stingaree 8493:Fictional pirates 8309:Sack of Baltimore 8304:Raid on Cartagena 8246:Moscow University 8125:Beluga Nomination 8094:Battle of Pianosa 8019:Antelope incident 7910:Marquis of Havana 7848: 7847: 7557:Olivier Levasseur 7497:Louis-Michel Aury 7462:Klaus Störtebeker 7412:Jeanne de Clisson 7332:François Le Clerc 7167:Anne Dieu-le-Veut 7113: 7112: 7030:South China Coast 6994:Strait of Malacca 6670: 6669: 6419:Louis-Michel Aury 6223:. Lonely Planet. 5499:. August 18, 1835 1784:, speaker of the 1518:Capture and trial 1239:The Danish sloop 881:letters of marque 819:, describing the 408:Kingdom of Aragón 206: 205: 103:El Pirata Cofresí 9223: 9081: 9080: 9070: 9069: 9068: 8966: 8965: 8768:Pirate Latitudes 8761:Long John Silver 8754:Voyage of Slaves 8621:Long John Silver 8516:Captain Birdseye 8489: 8488: 8359:Letter of marque 8319:Salvador Pirates 8314:Sack of Campeche 8137:Chepo Expedition 8119:Battle of Tysami 8074:Battle off Mukah 8064:Battle of Manila 7903:Quedagh Merchant 7861:Adventure Galley 7707:Victual Brothers 7692:Thomas Cavendish 7657:Sayyida al Hurra 7642:Samuel Hall Lord 7622:Roche Braziliano 7607:Robert Culliford 7542:Nathaniel Gordon 7512:Martin Frobisher 7472:Laurens de Graaf 7442:Jørgen Jørgensen 7377:Henry Strangways 7357:Hendrick Lucifer 7307:Eustace the Monk 7172:António de Faria 7122: 7121: 7090:Republic of Salé 7060:Île Sainte-Marie 6915: 6914: 6892:Victual Brothers 6800:Cilician pirates 6697: 6690: 6683: 6674: 6673: 6662: 6651: 6574:Jørgen Jørgensen 6514:Laurens de Graaf 6454:Roche Braziliano 6400: 6393: 6386: 6377: 6376: 6355: 6329: 6310: 6291: 6272: 6253: 6234: 6222: 6211: 6192: 6173: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6106:Die Tageszeitung 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5923:, pp. 87–88 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5839:, pp. 76–77 5834: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5643: 5637: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5612:"¿Qué pasó hoy?" 5608: 5593: 5587: 5578: 5572: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 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9051: 9017:Barbary pirates 9005: 9001:Women in piracy 8957: 8901: 8870: 8799:Buried treasure 8787: 8719:Facing the Flag 8712:Treasure Island 8685: 8631:Vaas Montenegro 8626:Monkey D. Luffy 8596:Hector Barbossa 8581:Elizabeth Swann 8546:Captain Pugwash 8483: 8481: 8474: 8451:Veloz Passagera 8449:Capture of the 8402: 8333: 8142:Capture of the 7950: 7882:Flying Dutchman 7844: 7810:Miguel Enríquez 7762: 7756: 7722:William Dampier 7677:Simon Mascarino 7672:Shirahama Kenki 7652:Samuel Pallache 7617:Roberto Cofresí 7527:Mary Wolverston 7502:Mansel Alcantra 7477:Lawrence Prince 7157:Albert W. Hicks 7109: 7047: 7039: 7003: 6960: 6906: 6902:Women in piracy 6867:Sindhi corsairs 6820:French corsairs 6810:Cossack pirates 6763:Albanian piracy 6756:Types of pirate 6751: 6706: 6701: 6671: 6666: 6652: 6643: 6619:Lawrence Prince 6484:William Dampier 6479:Roberto Cofresi 6410: 6409:since the 1660s 6404: 6362: 6352: 6336: 6334:Further reading 6326: 6307: 6288: 6269: 6250: 6231: 6208: 6189: 6170: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6017:Luis González. 6015: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5707: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5596: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5558: 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1306: 1229:Charles Boarman 978: 858: 768:Samaná Province 708: 678:Desecheo Island 541: 536: 425:Catholic Church 416: 327: 322: 271:Central America 196:pieces of eight 182:Capture of the 170: 166: 162: 150: 146: 86: 80: 76: 67: 58: 52: 50: 42: 26: 25:Roberto Cofresí 17: 12: 11: 5: 9229: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9085: 9075: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9042:Piracy by year 9039: 9034: 9029: 9027:Female pirates 9024: 9022:By nationality 9019: 9013: 9011: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8972: 8970: 8963: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8616:Joshamee Gibbs 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8486: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8454: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8396: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8250: 8241: 8232: 8223: 8219:Maersk Alabama 8215: 8210: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8184: 8176: 8168: 8160: 8152: 8147: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7830:Robert Maynard 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7766: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7712:Vincenzo Gambi 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7637:Samuel Bellamy 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7612:Robert Surcouf 7609: 7604: 7602:Richard Glover 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7572:Pierre Lafitte 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7347:Grace O'Malley 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7287:Edward England 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7247:Cheung Po Tsai 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7202:Benito de Soto 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7147:Abraham Samuel 7144: 7142:Adam Baldridge 7139: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7095:Saint Augustin 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7049: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6972:Horn of Africa 6968: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6956:Gulf of Guinea 6953: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6942:Lake Nicaragua 6934: 6923: 6921: 6919:Atlantic World 6912: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6825:Jewish pirates 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6727: 6722: 6716: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6700: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6629:Benito de Soto 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6589:Pierre Lafitte 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6559:Henry Jennings 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6499:Vincenzo Gambi 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6469:Cheung Po Tsai 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6429:Samuel Bellamy 6426: 6421: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6361: 6360:External links 6358: 6357: 6356: 6350: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6324: 6311: 6305: 6292: 6286: 6273: 6267: 6261:. Casa Paoli. 6254: 6248: 6235: 6230:978174104292-4 6229: 6212: 6206: 6193: 6187: 6174: 6168: 6156:Acosta, Ursula 6150: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6120: 6092: 6073:(in Spanish). 6062: 6060:, pp. 115 6050: 6036: 6009: 6007:, pp. 116 5997: 5995:, pp. 182 5985: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5947:, pp. 274 5937: 5925: 5913: 5901: 5899:, pp. 101 5889: 5887:, pp. 106 5877: 5865: 5853: 5841: 5826: 5814: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5754: 5742: 5730: 5705: 5693: 5671: 5659: 5644: 5629: 5594: 5592:, pp. 104 5579: 5577:, pp. 267 5564: 5562:, pp. 297 5552: 5550:, pp. 294 5540: 5510: 5484: 5472: 5453: 5441: 5429: 5427:, pp. 102 5414: 5412:, pp. 226 5402: 5390: 5388:, pp. 211 5375: 5327: 5325:, pp. 231 5315: 5313:, pp. 118 5303: 5301:, pp. 117 5288: 5286:, pp. 108 5276: 5274:, pp. 189 5259: 5257:, pp. 273 5247: 5235: 5220: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5175:, pp. 175 5162: 5150: 5148:, pp. 104 5138: 5136:, pp. 171 5113: 5098: 5096:, pp. 170 5081: 5079:, pp. 168 5064: 5062:, pp. 167 5045: 5043:, pp. 166 5033: 5031:, pp. 252 5021: 5019:, pp. 164 5009: 5007:, pp. 163 4992: 4965: 4963:, pp. 161 4948: 4946:, pp. 165 4936: 4934:, pp. 159 4917: 4915:, pp. 158 4900: 4898:, pp. 233 4888: 4886:, pp. 157 4867: 4865:, pp. 152 4855: 4853:, pp. 149 4843: 4841:, pp. 146 4828: 4826:, pp. 145 4811: 4809:, pp. 154 4799: 4797:, pp. 134 4787: 4785:, pp. 250 4772: 4770:, pp. 144 4760: 4745: 4743:, pp. 105 4726: 4724:, pp. 138 4711: 4709:, pp. 141 4690: 4688:, pp. 140 4671: 4669:, pp. 135 4650: 4648:, pp. 130 4631: 4629:, pp. 131 4619: 4617:, pp. 133 4600: 4598:, pp. 129 4581: 4579:, pp. 128 4566: 4564:, pp. 245 4551: 4549:, pp. 125 4536: 4534:, pp. 124 4524: 4522:, pp. 123 4509: 4507:, pp. 122 4492: 4490:, pp. 121 4471: 4459: 4444: 4442:, pp. 116 4432: 4430:, pp. 114 4420: 4418:, pp. 230 4408: 4406:, pp. 113 4389: 4387:, pp. 111 4374: 4372:, pp. 110 4357: 4355:, pp. 109 4340: 4338:, pp. 108 4319: 4317:, pp. 107 4296: 4294:, pp. 106 4284: 4282:, pp. 102 4272: 4270:, pp. 105 4257: 4255:, pp. 220 4245: 4243:, pp. 219 4230: 4228:, pp. 103 4215: 4213:, pp. 104 4196: 4194:, pp. 101 4181: 4179:, pp. 100 4158: 4143: 4118: 4101: 4086: 4069: 4052: 4035: 4018: 4006: 3987: 3970: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3929:, pp. 127 3916: 3893: 3891:, pp. 115 3881: 3864: 3862:, pp. 304 3852: 3827: 3812: 3810:, pp. 155 3793: 3778: 3753: 3728: 3716: 3714:, pp. 279 3704: 3687: 3672: 3644: 3614: 3612:, pp. 150 3595: 3572: 3557: 3545: 3530: 3503: 3491: 3474: 3457: 3438: 3419: 3404: 3390: 3358: 3356:, pp. 295 3346: 3344:, pp. 156 3323: 3321:, pp. 125 3311: 3296: 3279: 3277:, pp. 125 3260: 3241: 3224: 3209: 3197: 3182: 3170: 3153: 3141: 3126: 3109: 3092: 3080: 3078:, pp. 258 3068: 3053: 3032: 3013: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2945: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2889: 2874: 2855: 2834: 2815: 2796: 2781: 2766: 2754: 2737: 2720: 2708: 2693: 2674: 2657: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2548: 2531: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2441: 2422: 2405: 2390: 2375: 2363: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2281: 2279:, pp. 212 2269: 2257: 2240: 2228: 2226:, pp. 202 2215: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2193: 2180: 2171: 2168:Los Dos Amigos 2159: 2146: 2133: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2100: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2020: 2006: 1990: 1987: 1891:horror fiction 1840:Main article: 1837: 1834: 1698: 1695: 1672:Hezekiah Niles 1615:David Porter's 1610:council of war 1605: 1602: 1522:Main article: 1519: 1516: 1462:walk the plank 1305: 1302: 1245:Isla Palominos 1197:Caballo Blanco 1042:Caballo Blanco 1002:Havre de Grace 1000:, sailed from 996:. The second, 913:Renato Beluche 869:Spanish Empire 857: 854: 809:Anglo-American 664:, an American 621:modus operandi 540: 537: 535: 532: 519:wanted posters 415: 412: 326: 323: 321: 318: 221:Spanish Empire 213:Pirata Cofresí 204: 203: 200: 199: 192: 188: 187: 179: 175: 174: 164:Caballo Blanco 159: 155: 154: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 88: 87: 81: 79:(aged 33) 75:March 29, 1825 73: 69: 68: 59: 48: 44: 43: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9228: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9094: 9084: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910:Miscellaneous 8908: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8875:Miscellaneous 8873: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8856:Pirate utopia 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8576:Elaine Marley 8574: 8572: 8571:Edward Kenway 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8531:Captain Flint 8529: 8527: 8526:Captain Crook 8524: 8522: 8521:Captain Blood 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8477: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8344:Acts of grace 8342: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8237:Orkim Harmony 8233: 8231: 8229: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8180:Carré d'As IV 8177: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8144:Ambrose Light 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7924:Royal Fortune 7921: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7868:Ambrose Light 7865: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7841: 7840:Woodes Rogers 7838: 7836: 7835:Thomas Warren 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7795:Julius Caesar 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7775:Chaloner Ogle 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747:Zheng Zhilong 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7632:Sadie Farrell 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7582:Princess Sela 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7562:Pedro Gilbert 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7482:Liang Daoming 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 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Bay 7053: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7045:Pirate havens 7042: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7020:Barbary Coast 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6872:Timber pirate 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6693: 6691: 6686: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6665: 6664:Piracy portal 6661: 6655: 6650: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6634:Dominique You 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6569:Edward Jordan 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6509:Pedro Gilbert 6507: 6505: 6504:Charles Gibbs 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6389: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6306:1-55650-277-X 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6213: 6209: 6207:9781933545059 6203: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6188:9780317616286 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6131: 6124: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6096: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6046: 6040: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5983:, pp. 84 5982: 5977: 5971:, pp. 44 5970: 5965: 5959:, pp. 65 5958: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5935:, pp. 34 5934: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5911:, pp. 50 5910: 5905: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5875:, pp. 22 5874: 5869: 5863:, pp. 47 5862: 5857: 5851:, pp. 89 5850: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5824:, pp. 89 5823: 5818: 5812:, pp. 51 5811: 5806: 5800:, pp. 83 5799: 5794: 5788:, pp. 46 5787: 5782: 5776:, pp. 45 5775: 5770: 5764:, pp. 39 5763: 5758: 5752:, pp. 88 5751: 5746: 5740:, pp. 21 5739: 5734: 5728:, pp. 13 5727: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5703:, pp. 96 5702: 5697: 5681: 5675: 5669:, pp. 12 5668: 5663: 5657:, pp. 11 5656: 5651: 5649: 5642:, pp. 49 5641: 5636: 5634: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5482:, pp. 37 5481: 5476: 5470:, pp. 67 5469: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5451:, pp. 84 5450: 5445: 5439:, pp. 36 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5411: 5406: 5400:, pp. 83 5399: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5295: 5293: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5256: 5251: 5245:, pp. 65 5244: 5239: 5233:, pp. 62 5232: 5227: 5225: 5218:, pp. 64 5217: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5198: 5193: 5187:, pp. 61 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5160:, pp. 94 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5111:, pp. 59 5110: 5105: 5103: 5095: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4990:, pp. 60 4989: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4769: 4764: 4758:, pp. 68 4757: 4752: 4750: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4687: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4469:, pp. 57 4468: 4463: 4457:, pp. 66 4456: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4262: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4156:, pp. 95 4155: 4150: 4148: 4140: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4116:, pp. 94 4115: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4099:, pp. 93 4098: 4093: 4091: 4084:, pp. 92 4083: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4067:, pp. 91 4066: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4050:, pp. 90 4049: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4033:, pp. 65 4032: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4016:, pp. 88 4015: 4010: 4004:, pp. 87 4003: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3985:, pp. 86 3984: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3968:, pp. 84 3967: 3962: 3960: 3953:, pp. 83 3952: 3947: 3941:, pp. 82 3940: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3914:, pp. 76 3913: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3890: 3885: 3879:, pp. 80 3878: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3861: 3856: 3850:, pp. 58 3849: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3825:, pp. 56 3824: 3819: 3817: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3791:, pp. 79 3790: 3785: 3783: 3776:, pp. 85 3775: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3751:, pp. 81 3750: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3726:, pp. 91 3725: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3702:, pp. 75 3701: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3685:, pp. 72 3684: 3679: 3677: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3640: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3583: 3576: 3570:, pp. 62 3569: 3564: 3562: 3555:, pp. 60 3554: 3549: 3543:, pp. 74 3542: 3537: 3535: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3501:, pp. 70 3500: 3495: 3489:, pp. 69 3488: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3472:, pp. 67 3471: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3455:, pp. 66 3454: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3436:, pp. 65 3435: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3417:, pp. 64 3416: 3411: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3320: 3315: 3309:, pp. 50 3308: 3303: 3301: 3294:, pp. 73 3293: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3258:, pp. 66 3257: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3239:, pp. 62 3238: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3222:, pp. 61 3221: 3216: 3214: 3207:, pp. 57 3206: 3201: 3195:, pp. 54 3194: 3189: 3187: 3180:, pp. 59 3179: 3174: 3168:, pp. 78 3167: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3151:, pp. 55 3150: 3145: 3139:, pp. 29 3138: 3133: 3131: 3124:, pp. 52 3123: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3107:, pp. 51 3106: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3090:, pp. 50 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3066:, pp. 82 3065: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3030:, pp. 49 3029: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3011:, pp. 17 3010: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2990:, pp. 44 2989: 2984: 2978:, pp. 41 2977: 2972: 2966:, pp. 45 2965: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2943:, pp. 40 2942: 2937: 2935: 2928:, pp. 39 2927: 2922: 2916:, pp. 47 2915: 2910: 2904:, pp. 36 2903: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2887:, pp. 48 2886: 2881: 2879: 2872:, pp. 33 2871: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2853:, pp. 32 2852: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2832:, pp. 34 2831: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2813:, pp. 31 2812: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2794:, pp. 30 2793: 2788: 2786: 2779:, pp. 50 2778: 2773: 2771: 2764:, pp. 58 2763: 2758: 2752:, pp. 71 2751: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2735:, pp. 81 2734: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2718:, pp. 80 2717: 2712: 2706:, pp. 57 2705: 2700: 2698: 2691:, pp. 28 2690: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2672:, pp. 49 2671: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2655:, pp. 56 2654: 2649: 2647: 2640:, pp. 45 2639: 2634: 2628:, pp. 44 2627: 2622: 2616:, pp. 47 2615: 2610: 2608: 2601:, pp. 37 2600: 2595: 2589:, pp. 91 2588: 2583: 2577:, pp. 42 2576: 2571: 2565:, pp. 27 2564: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2546:, pp. 26 2545: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2529:, pp. 35 2528: 2523: 2521: 2514:, pp. 34 2513: 2508: 2502:, pp. 43 2501: 2496: 2490:, pp. 41 2489: 2484: 2478:, pp. 92 2477: 2472: 2466:, pp. 89 2465: 2460: 2454:, pp. 36 2453: 2448: 2446: 2439:, pp. 94 2438: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2420:, pp. 33 2419: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2403:, pp. 17 2402: 2397: 2395: 2388:, pp. 32 2387: 2382: 2380: 2373:, pp. 26 2372: 2367: 2361:, pp. 31 2360: 2355: 2353: 2346:, pp. 30 2345: 2340: 2334:, pp. 29 2333: 2328: 2322:, pp. 28 2321: 2316: 2310:, pp. 13 2309: 2304: 2298:, pp. 27 2297: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2278: 2273: 2267:, pp. 16 2266: 2261: 2255:, pp. 14 2254: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2238:, pp. 25 2237: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2184: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2143: 2137: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2075: 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Méndez 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1618:court-martial 1616: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1395:blunderbusses 1392: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1365:, captain of 1364: 1363:John D. Sloat 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1273:Santo Domingo 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1101:urban militia 1097: 1095: 1086: 1083:, offering a 1082: 1081:wanted poster 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 986:El Colombiano 982: 977: 973: 972: 966: 965:William Henry 961: 956: 952: 951: 945: 944: 938: 935: 931: 927: 925: 924:William Henry 921: 920: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 885:Flag of Spain 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865: 853: 851: 850: 849:Salem Gazette 845: 844:William Henry 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 802: 797: 793: 791: 787: 782: 778: 777: 771: 769: 765: 761: 758:, modern-day 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 707: 697: 693: 691: 690:Santo Domingo 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 622: 616: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 573: 569: 565: 561: 560:Gran Colombia 557: 553: 549: 546: 531: 529: 523: 520: 516: 515:United States 510: 507: 503: 499: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 446: 444: 440: 436: 431: 426: 421: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 388: 381: 379: 375: 371: 370: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 339:Ursula Acosta 331: 317: 315: 311: 307: 306:Simón Bolívar 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 283: 279: 274: 272: 268: 264: 263: 257: 256: 250: 246: 242: 238: 237:Gran Colombia 233: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 185: 180: 176: 173: 169: 165: 160: 156: 153: 149: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 94: 89: 84: 74: 70: 66: 62: 57:June 17, 1791 49: 45: 40: 34: 29: 22: 19: 9093: 9063: 8936:Pirate Round 8916: 8887:Space pirate 8861:Treasure map 8780: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8696: 8651:Roronoa Zoro 8601:Jack Sparrow 8541:Captain Nemo 8536:Captain Hook 8458: 8450: 8426: 8296: 8253: 8245: 8236: 8227: 8218: 8205: 8188:Dai Hong Dan 8187: 8179: 8172: 8164: 8156: 8143: 8124: 7943: 7938:Whydah Gally 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7889:Ganj-i-Sawai 7887: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7859: 7853:Pirate ships 7805:Luis Fajardo 7790:James Brooke 7780:David Porter 7752:Zheng Yi Sao 7727:William Kidd 7682:Stede Bonnet 7667:Shap-ng-tsai 7647:Samuel Mason 7616: 7567:Peter Easton 7517:Mary Lindsey 7467:Lai Choi San 7457:Joseph Barss 7452:Joseph Baker 7422:John Hawkins 7417:Johanna Hård 7407:Jean Lafitte 7402:Jan Janszoon 7392:Israel Hands 7372:Henry Morgan 7362:Henri Caesar 7277:Dirk Chivers 7212:Black Caesar 7137:Abshir Boyah 7008:Other waters 6989:Persian Gulf 6977:Somali Coast 6965:Indian Ocean 6937:Spanish Main 6852:River pirate 6830:Moro pirates 6805:Child pirate 6730:21st century 6639:Zheng Yi Sao 6609:Henry Morgan 6604:Samuel Mason 6584:Jean Lafitte 6579:William Kidd 6564:Bill Johnson 6529:Israel Hands 6478: 6439:Stede Bonnet 6424:Joseph Baker 6341: 6315: 6296: 6277: 6258: 6239: 6218: 6197: 6178: 6159: 6149:Bibliography 6134:. Retrieved 6130:"Os piratas" 6123: 6111:. Retrieved 6104: 6095: 6083:. Retrieved 6079:the original 6065: 6053: 6044: 6039: 6029:December 14, 6027:. Retrieved 6023:the original 6012: 6000: 5993:Pariser 1995 5988: 5976: 5964: 5952: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5880: 5868: 5856: 5844: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5769: 5757: 5745: 5733: 5696: 5686:November 13, 5684:. Retrieved 5674: 5662: 5620:. Retrieved 5615: 5555: 5543: 5531:. Retrieved 5527:the original 5513: 5501:. Retrieved 5496: 5487: 5475: 5444: 5432: 5405: 5393: 5366:. Retrieved 5362:the original 5318: 5306: 5279: 5250: 5238: 5192: 5180: 5153: 5141: 5036: 5024: 5012: 4939: 4891: 4858: 4846: 4802: 4790: 4763: 4622: 4527: 4462: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4287: 4275: 4248: 4141:, pp. 7 4009: 3946: 3934: 3884: 3855: 3719: 3707: 3663:. Retrieved 3638: 3588:November 11, 3586:. Retrieved 3575: 3548: 3523:November 10, 3521:. Retrieved 3494: 3398: 3393: 3383:November 10, 3381:. Retrieved 3379:(in Spanish) 3376:El Nuevo Día 3374: 3349: 3314: 3200: 3173: 3144: 3083: 3071: 2983: 2971: 2921: 2909: 2757: 2711: 2633: 2621: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2366: 2339: 2327: 2315: 2303: 2272: 2260: 2231: 2219: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2183: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2154: 2149: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2084:Spanish name 2078: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1946:Primera Hora 1944: 1940:El Nuevo Día 1938: 1934:El Imparcial 1932: 1926: 1913: 1909:flag carrier 1905: 1884: 1875: 1870:swashbuckler 1859: 1791: 1770: 1765: 1747: 1732: 1712:Old San Juan 1703:firing squad 1700: 1684:Samuel Smith 1675: 1668: 1663:sailing ship 1636: 1607: 1591: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1470: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1435:Saint Thomas 1430: 1425: 1423: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1370: 1366: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1326: 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148:Isla de Mona 111:Cofrecina(s) 91: 77:(1825-03-29) 39:Boquerón Bay 18: 9111:1825 deaths 9106:1791 births 8851:Pirate code 8826:Keelhauling 8814:Jolly Roger 8676:Will Turner 8611:José Gaspar 8511:Barbe Rouge 8408:Slave trade 7662:Sister Ping 7592:Rachel Wall 7387:Huang Bamei 7367:Henry Every 7322:Fūma Kotarō 7317:Flying Gang 7232:Calico Jack 7222:Bully Hayes 7025:Falcon Lake 6999:Nosy Boraha 6857:Sea Beggars 6845:Confederate 6815:Filibusters 6549:Huang Bamei 6524:John Halsey 6494:Henry Every 6459:Calico Jack 5822:Acosta 1991 5738:Acosta 1991 5701:Acosta 1991 5667:Acosta 1991 5640:Acosta 1991 5622:November 4, 5590:Acosta 1991 5533:December 2, 5503:October 29, 5449:Singer 2004 5398:Acosta 1991 5255:Acosta 1991 5158:Acosta 1991 4455:Acosta 1991 4031:Acosta 1991 3553:Acosta 1991 3354:Acosta 1991 3237:Acosta 1991 3178:Acosta 1991 3076:Acosta 1991 3064:Acosta 1991 2777:Acosta 1991 2762:Acosta 1991 2704:Acosta 1991 2653:Acosta 1991 2638:Acosta 1991 2626:Acosta 1991 2614:Acosta 1991 2599:Acosta 1991 2587:Acosta 1987 2527:Acosta 1991 2512:Acosta 1991 2500:Acosta 1991 2488:Acosta 1991 2464:Acosta 1987 2452:Acosta 1991 2437:Acosta 1987 2418:Acosta 1991 2401:Acosta 1991 2386:Acosta 1991 2371:Acosta 1991 2359:Acosta 1991 2344:Acosta 1991 2332:Acosta 1991 2320:Acosta 1991 2308:Acosta 1991 2296:Acosta 1991 2277:Acosta 1991 2265:Acosta 1991 2253:Acosta 1991 2108:Corfucinas. 1982:Proceedings 1879:apologetics 1836:Modern view 1487:El Mosquito 1399:San Vicente 1391:San Vicente 1322:Saint Croix 1241:Jordenxiold 1231:of the USS 1217:La Voladora 781:Herceg Novi 670:Newburyport 608:pirate code 545:barquentine 387:in absentia 343:family tree 320:Early years 298:West Indies 223:during the 108:Other names 9100:Categories 9010:Categories 8986:Privateers 8948:Matelotage 8882:Air pirate 8846:Pet parrot 8698:The Pirate 8646:Nico Robin 8566:Davy Jones 8506:Tom Ayrton 8480:Pirates in 8369:Piracy Act 8338:Piracy law 8254:North Star 7917:My Revenge 7770:Angelo Emo 7732:Zheng Jing 7697:Thomas Tew 7492:Lo Hon-cho 7312:Flora Burn 7292:Edward Low 7262:Dan Seavey 7257:Chui A-poo 7217:Blackbeard 7162:Anne Bonny 7100:Saint-Malo 7080:Port Royal 7065:Libertatia 6877:Ushkuyniks 6840:Privateers 6835:Narentines 6795:Buccaneers 6725:Golden Age 6599:Edward Low 6594:Lo Hon-cho 6474:Chui A-poo 6444:Anne Bonny 6434:Blackbeard 6351:1932271791 6325:0964122049 6287:0942347471 6268:0847705560 6249:0847705560 6169:0915393204 5368:October 8, 2142:pilot boat 2065:References 1846:See also: 1716:last words 1691:Henry Clay 1355:Santa Cruz 1333:Constancia 1286:El Scipión 1250:Santa Cruz 1010:Martinique 1008:bound for 926:incident. 911:associate 841:brigantine 821:El Scipión 748:El Scipión 740:El Scipión 682:square rig 674:swivel gun 657:El Scipión 650:Robin Hood 646:Hispaniola 581:El Scipión 556:El Scipión 548:El Scipión 396:San Germán 294:Robin Hood 230:El Scipión 126:Allegiance 53:1791-06-17 8831:Marooning 8459:Brillante 8248:hijacking 8239:hijacking 8230:hijacking 8221:hijacking 7522:Mary Read 7427:John Hoar 7297:Eli Boggs 7267:Diabolito 7048:and bases 6984:Indonesia 6949:Venezuela 6927:Caribbean 6489:Diabolito 3665:April 21, 2211:Citations 2189:Esperanza 2125:Esscipión 2059:Folk hero 1496:Esperanza 1348:USS 1341:USS 1282:boatswain 1006:dry goods 994:Gibraltar 969:USS 948:USS 941:USS 917:HMS 897:corvettes 891:Lt. Gen. 873:New World 837:pivot gun 813:US Consul 752:boatswain 668:. Out of 638:La Guaira 592:Caribbean 585:privateer 458:maravedís 392:Barcelona 374:Frankfurt 260:USS 253:USS 61:Cabo Rojo 9083:Category 8809:Eyepatch 8681:Zanzibar 8656:Sandokan 8636:Mr. Smee 8501:Askeladd 8429:Incident 8299:incident 8208:incident 8190:incident 8182:incident 8127:incident 7742:Zheng Yi 7737:Zheng Qi 7717:Wang Zhi 7597:Redbeard 7487:Limahong 7437:John Pro 7342:Gan Ning 7227:Cai Qian 7035:Sulu Sea 6862:Sea Dogs 6158:(1987). 6136:June 27, 6113:June 27, 2129:Escipión 2082:In this 1989:See also 1977:Fiat Lux 1928:El Mundo 1828:and the 1758:maravedí 1686:accused 1444:Evading 1221:Morillos 1181:gunboats 1115:hacienda 1094:flagship 1018:pailebot 864:criollos 744:mutinied 686:mainsail 666:schooner 552:Mayagüez 528:fugitive 443:homeless 359:Kufstein 267:Antilles 215:, was a 158:Commands 100:Nickname 83:San Juan 9181:Fishers 9047:Pirates 8976:Pirates 8484:culture 8482:popular 8427:Amistad 8228:Zafirah 7931:Saladin 7763:hunters 7552:Ng Akew 7152:Alfhild 7125:Pirates 7105:Tortuga 6887:Vikings 6783:Algiers 6712:Periods 6407:Pirates 5616:NotiCel 2092:Cofresí 2088:surname 1889:. This 1762:Humacao 1756:and 12 1647:Humacao 1622:Fajardo 1556:Grampus 1537:(right) 1512:Salinas 1475:Humacao 1431:Neptune 1419:Fajardo 1415:Neptune 1410:Neptune 1406:Neptune 1383:Grampus 1379:cutters 1371:Grampus 1367:Grampus 1343:Grampus 1329:Gazelle 1298:Vieques 1294:Naguabo 1205:carbine 1185:mulatto 1046:Boniton 1022:Bolívar 1014:Bolívar 990:Boniton 905:Bolívar 725:Tortuga 721:Jamaica 451:Curaçao 439:Italian 355:Trieste 325:Lineage 312:in the 255:Grampus 168:Neptune 152:Vieques 137:Captain 9037:Piracy 8943:Mutiny 8841:Pegleg 8792:Tropes 8690:Novels 8586:Franky 8256:affair 7820:Pompey 7761:Pirate 7702:Veborg 7187:Awilda 7075:Mamora 6882:Uskoks 6704:Piracy 6348: 6322: 6303: 6284: 6265: 6246: 6227: 6204: 6185: 6166: 6085:May 1, 1915:Coplas 1820:, the 1754:reales 1752:, two 1659:Havana 1651:Juncos 1643:Cumaná 1639:Añasco 1466:Beagle 1458:La Ana 1446:Beagle 1426:Beagle 1337:Beagle 1318:Beagle 1314:Beagle 1262:Aurora 1233:Weasel 1219:) off 1165:Avispa 1156:Avispa 1152:Avispa 1085:bounty 976:Beagle 971:Beagle 943:Weasel 901:Bocayá 846:. The 564:Aurora 506:barrio 482:reales 478:Avispa 470:Ramona 466:Avispa 347:Prague 262:Beagle 243:named 194:4,000 191:Wealth 8969:Lists 8671:Usopp 8661:Sanji 8297:Quest 8206:Irene 8165:Fancy 8157:Bravo 7875:Fancy 7687:Teuta 7627:Rusla 7070:Lundy 6911:Areas 6897:Wokou 2070:Notes 1895:ghost 1551:' 1381:from 1375:skiff 1359:Scout 1350:Shark 1225:draft 1212:María 1176:Unión 1079:1824 1070:Flora 1066:Flora 979:' 960:Spark 950:Spark 919:Scout 733:Saona 709:' 676:near 636:from 572:Otter 568:Otter 435:Dutch 363:Edler 241:sloop 8962:Meta 8641:Nami 8393:1850 8389:1837 8385:1721 8381:1717 8377:1698 8373:1536 8173:Anne 7945:York 7272:Dido 6745:2024 6740:2023 6735:2022 6346:ISBN 6320:ISBN 6301:ISBN 6282:ISBN 6263:ISBN 6244:ISBN 6225:ISBN 6202:ISBN 6183:ISBN 6164:ISBN 6138:2016 6115:2016 6087:2015 6031:2013 5688:2013 5624:2013 5535:2013 5505:2019 5370:2013 3667:2015 3590:2013 3525:2013 3385:2013 2201:Anne 1979:and 1965:and 1800:and 1586:Anne 1574:Anne 1564:Anne 1548:Anne 1544:Anne 1534:Anne 1508:Anne 1500:Anne 1491:Anne 1483:Anne 1471:Anne 1450:Anne 1377:and 1357:and 1346:and 1277:keep 1201:cape 1048:and 903:and 877:Cuba 825:John 788:and 723:and 706:John 684:and 662:John 437:and 418:The 282:Anne 258:and 245:Anne 184:Anne 172:Anne 134:Rank 129:None 116:Type 72:Died 47:Born 8244:MV 8235:MT 8226:MT 2127:or 2090:is 1456:or 1454:Ana 1284:of 498:don 430:don 400:Don 9102:: 8391:, 8387:, 8383:, 8379:, 8375:, 6103:. 5829:^ 5708:^ 5647:^ 5632:^ 5614:. 5597:^ 5582:^ 5567:^ 5521:. 5495:. 5456:^ 5417:^ 5378:^ 5330:^ 5291:^ 5262:^ 5223:^ 5204:^ 5165:^ 5116:^ 5101:^ 5084:^ 5067:^ 5048:^ 4995:^ 4968:^ 4951:^ 4920:^ 4903:^ 4870:^ 4831:^ 4814:^ 4775:^ 4748:^ 4729:^ 4714:^ 4693:^ 4674:^ 4653:^ 4634:^ 4603:^ 4584:^ 4569:^ 4554:^ 4539:^ 4512:^ 4495:^ 4474:^ 4447:^ 4392:^ 4377:^ 4360:^ 4343:^ 4322:^ 4299:^ 4260:^ 4233:^ 4218:^ 4199:^ 4184:^ 4161:^ 4146:^ 4121:^ 4104:^ 4089:^ 4072:^ 4055:^ 4038:^ 4021:^ 3990:^ 3973:^ 3958:^ 3919:^ 3896:^ 3867:^ 3830:^ 3815:^ 3796:^ 3781:^ 3756:^ 3731:^ 3690:^ 3675:^ 3647:^ 3617:^ 3598:^ 3560:^ 3533:^ 3506:^ 3477:^ 3460:^ 3441:^ 3422:^ 3407:^ 3373:. 3361:^ 3326:^ 3299:^ 3282:^ 3263:^ 3244:^ 3227:^ 3212:^ 3185:^ 3156:^ 3129:^ 3112:^ 3095:^ 3056:^ 3035:^ 3016:^ 2995:^ 2948:^ 2933:^ 2892:^ 2877:^ 2858:^ 2837:^ 2818:^ 2799:^ 2784:^ 2769:^ 2740:^ 2723:^ 2696:^ 2677:^ 2660:^ 2645:^ 2606:^ 2551:^ 2534:^ 2519:^ 2444:^ 2425:^ 2408:^ 2393:^ 2378:^ 2351:^ 2284:^ 2243:^ 2098:. 1975:, 1961:, 1955:, 1949:, 1943:, 1937:, 1931:, 1674:' 1558:, 1514:. 1146:. 899:, 792:. 484:. 316:. 269:, 63:, 8395:) 8371:( 8350:) 8346:( 6696:e 6689:t 6682:v 6399:e 6392:t 6385:v 6354:. 6328:. 6309:. 6290:. 6271:. 6252:. 6233:. 6210:. 6191:. 6172:. 6140:. 6117:. 6089:. 6033:. 5690:. 5626:. 5537:. 5507:. 5372:. 3669:. 3592:. 3527:. 3387:. 2191:. 2157:. 2131:. 1729:. 1215:( 1150:( 55:) 51:( 41:.

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