322:. A demonstration of an open bowel anastomosis was given to the Association of Military Surgeons of the US. Although the telesurgical robot was originally intended to facilitate remotely performed surgery in the battlefield to reduce casualties and to be used in other remote environments, it turned out to be more useful for minimally invasive on-site surgery. The patents for the early prototype were sold to Intuitive Surgical in Mountain View, California. The da Vinci senses the surgeon's hand movements and translates them electronically into scaled-down micro-movements to manipulate the tiny proprietary instruments. It also detects and filters out any tremors in the surgeon's hand movements, so that they are not duplicated robotically. The camera used in the system provides a true stereoscopic picture transmitted to a surgeon's console. Compared to the ZEUS, the da Vinci robot is attached to trocars to the surgical table, and can imitate the human wrist. In 2000, the da Vinci obtained FDA approval for general laparoscopic procedures and became the first operative surgical robot in the US. Examples of using the da Vinci system include the first robotically assisted
872:
whether the purchase of such systems are worthwhile. As it stands, opinions differ dramatically. Surgeons report that, although the manufacturers of such systems provide training on this new technology, the learning phase is intensive and surgeons must perform 150 to 250 procedures to become adept in their use. During the training phase, minimally invasive operations can take up to twice as long as traditional surgery, leading to operating room tie-ups and surgical staffs keeping patients under anesthesia for longer periods. Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity, improved outcomes, reduced blood loss and less pain. Higher expectations may explain higher rates of dissatisfaction and regret.
904:
were more prone to permanent injury, nerve damage and visceral damage as well. Very minimal surgeries in a variety of specialties had to actually be converted to open or be re-operated on, but most did sustain some kind of damage or injury. For example, out of seven coronary artery bypass grafting, one patient had to go under re-operation. It is important that complications are captured, reported and evaluated to ensure the medical community is better educated on the safety of this new technology. If something was to go wrong in a robot-assisted surgery, it is difficult to identify culpability, and the safety of the practice will influence how quickly and widespread these practices are used.
238:, was used to orient a needle for a brain biopsy while under CT guidance during a neurological procedure. In the late 1980s, Imperial College in London developed PROBOT, which was then used to perform prostatic surgery. The advantages to this robot was its small size, accuracy and lack of fatigue for the surgeon. In the 1990s, computer-controlled surgical devices began to emerge, enabling greater precision and control in surgical procedures. One of the most significant advancements in this period was the da Vinci Surgical System, which was approved by the
4582:
31:
748:
912:
benefits of this type of procedure had failed to mention risks and also provided unsupported evidence. There is an issue with government and medical societies promotion a production of balanced educational material. In the US alone, many websites promotion robotic surgery fail to mention any risks associated with these types of procedures, and hospitals providing materials largely ignore risks, overestimate benefits and are strongly influenced by the manufacturer.
4563:
908:
surgeries were performed used 4 da Vinci surgical systems. There were 43 cases (2.4%) of mechanical failure, including 24 (1.3%) cases of mechanical failure or malfunction and 19 (1.1%) cases of instrument malfunction. Additionally, one open and two laparoscopic conversions (0.17%) were performed. Therefore, the chance of mechanical failure or malfunction was found to be rare, with the rate of converting to an open or laparoscopic procedure very low.
5465:
763:, the robotic platform allows for the correction of large hernia defects with specialized techniques that would traditionally only be performed via an open approach. Compared to open surgery, robotic surgery for hernia repair can reduce pain, length of hospital stay, and improve outcomes. As the robotic instruments have 6 degrees of articulation, freedom of movement and ergonomics are greatly improved compared to laparoscopy.
876:
occurring hand tremors are filtered out by the robot's computer software. Finally, the surgical robot can continuously be used by rotating surgery teams. Laparoscopic camera positioning is also significantly steadier with less inadvertent movements under robotic controls than compared to human assistance.
777:
With newer techniques such as direct access into the abdominal wall, major reconstruction of large hernias can be done without even entering the abdominal cavity. Due to its complexity, however, major reconstruction done robotically should be undertaken at advanced hernia centers such as the
Columbia
541:
Advantages of robot-assisted cochlear implantation include improved accuracy, resulting in fewer mistakes during electrode insertion and better hearing outcomes for patients. The surgeon uses image-guided surgical planning to program the robot based on the patient's individual anatomy. This helps the
401:
was launched and is a rival of the Da Vinci surgical system and claims to be more flexible and versatile, having independent modular arms which are "quick and easy to set up". The small-scale design means that it is suitable for virtually any operating room and can be operated at either a standing or
297:
ZEUS was introduced commercially in 1998, and started the idea of telerobotics or telepresence surgery where the surgeon is at a distance from the robot on a console and operates on the patient. ZEUS was first used during a gynecological surgery in 1997 to reconnect
Fallopian tubes in Cleveland Ohio,
903:
Complications related to robotic surgeries range from converting the surgery to open, re-operation, permanent injury, damage to viscera and nerve damage. From 2000 to 2011, out of 75 hysterectomies done with robotic surgery, 34 had permanent injury, and 49 had damage to the viscera. Prostatectomies
871:
The robot's costs range from $ 1 million to $ 2.5 million for each unit, and while its disposable supply cost is normally $ 1,500 per procedure, the cost of the procedure is higher. Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system. Numerous feasibility studies have been done to determine
867:
and unmanned surgery. Due to robotic use, the surgery is done with precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions; decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time. Articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification help to result in improved ergonomics. Due to these
242:
for use in surgical procedures in 2000 (Intuitive
Surgical, 2021). The da Vinci system uses robotic arms to manipulate surgical instruments, allowing surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater accuracy and control. In 1992, the ROBODOC was introduced and revolutionized orthopedic surgery by
1065:
Understand that the FDA has not cleared or approved any robotically-assisted surgical device based on cancer-related outcomes such as overall survival, recurrence, and disease-free survival.... The safety and effectiveness of robotically-assisted surgical devices for use in mastectomy procedures or
925:
takes on this challenge, showing both sides' point of view. Two
University Hospitals are competing to be the best in the Cardiac Surgery Department. One, Tojo, has the best traditional surgeons, while the other, Teika, is all about researching and implementing the most recent technology. With this,
911:
There are also current methods of robotic surgery being marketed and advertised online. Removal of a cancerous prostate has been a popular treatment through internet marketing. Internet marketing of medical devices are more loosely regulated than pharmaceutical promotions. Many sites that claim the
709:
As of 2019, the application of robotics in spine surgery has mainly been limited to pedicle screw insertion for spinal fixation. In addition, the majority of studies on robot-assisted spine surgery have investigated lumbar or lumbosacral vertebrae only. Studies on use of robotics for placing screws
333:
In 2005, a surgical technique was documented in canine and cadaveric models called the transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the da Vinci robot surgical system as it was the only FDA-approved robot to perform head and neck surgery. In 2006, three patients underwent resection of the tongue using this
588:
have been found to be associated with "longer operating time, lower estimated blood loss, a higher spleen-preservation rate, and shorter hospital stay" than laparoscopic pancreatectomies; there was "no significant difference in transfusion, conversion to open surgery, overall complications, severe
293:
AESOP was a breakthrough in robotic surgery when introduced in 1994, as it was the first laparoscopic camera holder to be approved by the FDA. NASA initially funded the company that produces AESOP, Computer Motion, due to its goal to create a robotic arm that can be used in space, but this project
605:
was published in 1999 from the
Cleveland Clinic. The adoption of robotic surgery has contributed to the increase in minimally invasive surgery for gynecologic disease. Gynecologic procedures may take longer with robot-assisted surgery and the rate of complications may be higher, but there are not
875:
Compared with other minimally invasive surgery approaches, robot-assisted surgery gives the surgeon better control over the surgical instruments and a better view of the surgical site. In addition, surgeons no longer have to stand throughout the surgery and do not get tired as quickly. Naturally
907:
One drawback of the use of robotic surgery is the risk of mechanical failure of the system and instruments. A study from July 2005 to
December 2008 was conducted to analyze the mechanical failures of the da Vinci Surgical System at a single institute. During this period, a total of 1797 robotic
346:
of 10,000 similar operations, and so, in the words of its designers, was "more than qualified to operate on any patient". In August 2007, Dr. Sijo
Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology (Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida) performed the first robotic-assisted
868:
techniques, there is a reduced duration of hospital stays, blood loss, transfusions, and use of pain medication. The existing open surgery technique has many flaws such as limited access to the surgical area, long recovery time, long hours of operation, blood loss, surgical scars, and marks.
154:
to relay control data and direct the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerized method is that the surgeon does not have to be present on campus to perform the procedure, leading to the
430:
table and provides surgeons with increased precision with the help of the intuitive motion controller. Preceyes is the only robotic instrument to be CE certified. Some other companies like
Forsight Robotics, Acusurgical that raised 5.75 M€ (France), and Horizon (US) are working in this
889:
Critics of the system, including the
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, say there is a steep learning curve for surgeons who adopt the use of the system and that there's a lack of studies that indicate long-term results are superior to results following traditional
568:
for cancer. Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility of GI surgery using the robotic devices. Specific procedures have been more fully evaluated, specifically esophageal fundoplication for the treatment of
606:
enough high-quality studies to know at the present time. In the United States, robotic-assisted hysterectomy for benign conditions was shown to be more expensive than conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy in 2015, with no difference in overall rates of complications.
883:, or touch feedback. No interaction between the instrument and the patient is felt. However, recently the Senhance robotic system by Asensus Surgical was developed with haptic feedback in order to improve the interaction between the surgeon and the tissue.
1279:
542:
implant team to predict where the contacts of the electrode array will be located within the cochlea, which can assist with audio processor fitting post-surgery. The surgical robots also allow surgeons to reach the inner ear in a minimally invasive way.
2564:
693:
screw instrumentation. Inaccuracy when placing a pedicle screw can result in neurovascular injury or construct failure. Mazor X functions by using templating imaging to locate itself to the target location of where the pedicle screw is needed.
718:
The first fully robotic kidney transplantations were performed in the late 2000s. It may allow kidney transplantations in people who are obese who could not otherwise have the procedure. Weight loss however is the preferred initial effort.
167:
Robotic surgery has been criticized for its expense, with the average costs in 2007 ranging from $ 5,607 to $ 45,914 per patient. This technique has not been approved for cancer surgery as of 2019 as the safety and usefulness is unclear.
778:
Hernia Center in New York City, NY, USA. The
American Hernia Society and the European Hernia Society are moving towards specialty designation for hernia centers who are credentialed for complex hernia surgery, including robotic surgery.
310:
performed remotely in September 2001. In 2003, ZEUS made its most prominent mark in cardiac surgery after successfully harvesting the left internal mammary arteries in 19 patients, all of which had very successful clinical outcomes.
4443:
Li K, Lin T, Fan X, Xu K, Bi L, Duan Y, et al. (October 2013). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies reporting early outcomes after robot-assisted radical cystectomy versus open radical cystectomy".
2350:
682:
Acrobot and Rio are semi-active robotic systems that are used in THA. It consists of a drill bit that is controlled by the surgeon however the robotic system does not allow any movement outside the predetermined boundaries.
3699:
Kiefer H, Löchel J, Sambo K, Leder B, Wassilew GI (20 May 2020). "Anterior pelvic plane registration accuracy and cup position measurement using ultrasound- and pointer-based navigation in primary total hip arthroplasty".
920:
Since April 2018, medical insurance coverage was expanding in Japan, so doctors were considering promoting the procedure for cardiac surgery, as it has the advantage of reducing the burden on the patient. Japanese drama
506:. Although VATS is the less expensive option, the robotic-assisted approach offers benefits such as 3D visualizations with seven degrees of freedom and improved dexterity while having equivalent perioperative outcomes.
2113:
Lee SY, Park YM, Byeon HK, Choi EC, Kim SH (August 2014). "Comparison of oncologic and functional outcomes after transoral robotic lateral oropharyngectomy versus conventional surgery for T1 to T3 tonsillar cancer".
930:(named in the drama as Darwin). Newhart Watanabe International Hospital, a pioneer in da Vinci surgery for the heart in Japan, was used as background for the drama, with Dr. Gou Watanabe providing technical support.
789:
There is inconsistent evidence of benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased costs. Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and fewer side effects from surgery for
4855:
Kim WT, Ham WS, Jeong W, Song HJ, Rha KH, Choi YD (December 2009). "Failure and malfunction of da Vinci Surgical systems during various robotic surgeries: experience from six departments at a single institute".
1243:
4350:"Systematic review and economic modelling of the relative clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery for removal of the prostate in men with localised prostate cancer"
2556:
294:
ended up becoming a camera used in laparoscopic procedures. Voice control was then added in 1996 with the AESOP 2000 and seven degrees of freedom to mimic a human hand was added in 1998 with the AESOP 3000.
823:
size in pediatric patients limits the viewing field in most urology procedures. The robotic surgical systems help surgeons overcome these limitations. Robotic technology provides assistance in performing
3209:
Shaligram A, Unnirevi J, Simorov A, Kothari VM, Oleynikov D (April 2012). "How does the robot affect outcomes? A retrospective review of open, laparoscopic, and robotic Heller myotomy for achalasia".
2320:
243:
being able to assist with hip replacement surgeries. The latter was the first surgical robot that was approved by the FDA in 2008. The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems (working closely with
334:
technique. The results were more clear visualization of the cranial nerves, lingual nerves, and lingual artery, and the patients had a faster recovery to normally swallowing. In May 2006 the first
879:
There are some issues in regards to current robotic surgery usage in clinical applications. There is a lack of haptics in some robotic systems currently in clinical use, which means there is no
2253:
886:
The robots can also be very large, have instrumentation limitations, and there may be issues with multi-quadrant surgery as current devices are solely used for single-quadrant application.
1746:
774:
repairs were performed robotically in 2009. Since then the field has rapidly expanded to include most types of reconstruction including anterior as well as posterior component separation.
4703:
Spinelli A, David G, Gidaro S, Carvello M, Sacchi M, Montorsi M, et al. (September 2017). "First experience in colorectal surgery with a new robotic platform with haptic feedback".
2966:
2346:
1045:"Safety Communications – Caution When Using Robotically-Assisted Surgical Devices in Women's Health including Mastectomy and Other Cancer-Related Surgeries: FDA Safety Communication"
4532:
2168:
426:
PRECEYES Surgical System is being used for vitreoretinal surgeries. This is a single arm robot, that is tele manipulated by a surgeon. This system attaches to the head of the
2899:
1301:
Paul HA, Bargar WL, Mittlestadt B, Musits B, Taylor RH, Kazanzides P, et al. (December 1992). "Development of a surgical robot for cementless total hip arthroplasty".
1994:
1703:
Boyd WD, Kiaii B, Kodera K, Rayman R, Abu-Khudair W, Fazel S, et al. (February 2002). "Early experience with robotically assisted internal thoracic artery harvest".
706:
starting in the mid-2000s. As of 2014, there were too few randomized clinical trials to judge whether robotic spine surgery is more or less safe than other approaches.
314:
The original telesurgery robotic system that the da Vinci was based on was developed at Stanford Research Institute International in Menlo Park with grant support from
83:
In the case of robotically assisted minimally-invasive surgery, instead of the surgeon directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of two methods to perform
4798:
642:
2935:
2826:
1610:
176:
The concept of using standard hand grips to control manipulators and cameras of various sizes down to sub-miniature was described in the Robert Heinlein story '
3540:
Wang T, Tang H, Xie Z, Deng S (October 2018). "Robotic-assisted vs. laparoscopic and abdominal myomectomy for treatment of uterine fibroids: a meta-analysis".
731:
procedures, in which the operations can be performed on any one of the four quadrants of the abdomen. Cost disadvantages are applied with procedures such as a
251:
for hip replacement. The purpose of the ROBODOC was to replace the previous method of carving out a femur for an implant, the use of a mallet and broach/rasp.
3311:
Falcone T, Goldberg J, Garcia-Ruiz A, Margossian H, Stevens L (February 1999). "Full robotic assistance for laparoscopic tubal anastomosis: a case report".
3174:
Melvin WS, Dundon JM, Talamini M, Horgan S (October 2005). "Computer-enhanced robotic telesurgery minimizes esophageal perforation during Heller myotomy".
2324:
1199:
Kwoh YS, Hou J, Jonckheere EA, Hayati S (February 1988). "A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery".
418:
is still part of the frontier for robotic-assisted surgeries. However, there are a couple of robotic systems that are capable of successfully performing
831:- alternative to the conventional open dismembered pyeloplasty (Anderson-Hynes). Pyeloplasty is the most common robotic-assisted procedures in children.
348:
1400:
1052:
2249:
4024:"Combined inguinal hernia repair with prosthetic mesh during transperitoneal robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a 4-year experience"
391:
3930:
Thomas DJ (February 2017). "3D white light interferometry assessment of robotic laser scalpel assisted surgery to minimise scar tissue formation".
5199:
5081:
3967:"Transversus abdominis release (TAR) for ventral hernia repair: open or robotic? Short-term outcomes from a systematic review with meta-analysis"
2990:"Robot-Assisted Electrode Array Insertion Becomes Available in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients: First Report and an Intra-Individual Study"
646:
1754:
2958:
3041:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of robotic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic and open resections for gastric carcinoma"
2301:
Hagn U, Nickl M, Jörg S, Tobergte A, Kübler B, Passig G, et al. (2008). "DLR MiroSurge – towards versatility in surgical robotics".
1588:
235:
3518:
326:(performed in Germany) in May 1998, and the first performed in the United States in September 1999; and the first all-robotic-assisted
3131:
Melvin WS, Needleman BJ, Krause KR, Schneider C, Ellison EC (2002). "Computer-enhanced vs. standard laparoscopic antireflux surgery".
1426:
2848:
Panara K, Shahal D, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA (August 2021). "Robotics for Cochlear Implantation Surgery: Challenges and Opportunities".
464:– the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating back into the upper heart chambers during contractions of the heart,
315:
4611:
2158:
1956:
347:
microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain. In February 2008, Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the
5029:
279:
188:
in 1984. This robot assisted in being able to manipulate and position the patient's leg on voice command. Intimately involved were
3088:
Talamini MA, Chapman S, Horgan S, Melvin WS (October 2003). "A prospective analysis of 211 robotic-assisted surgical procedures".
1636:
2891:
4142:"A novel approach using the enhanced-view totally extraperitoneal (eTEP) technique for laparoscopic retromuscular hernia repair"
1986:
526:
in 2017. Surgical robots have been developed for use at various stages of cochlear implantation, including drilling through the
5319:
2070:
Weinstein GS, O'malley BW, Hockstein NG (July 2005). "Transoral robotic surgery: supraglottic laryngectomy in a canine model".
1664:"Closed-chest coronary artery bypass grafting on the beating heart with the use of a computer-enhanced surgical robotic system"
4668:
Kavoussi LR, Moore RG, Adams JB, Partin AW (December 1995). "Comparison of robotic versus human laparoscopic camera control".
2474:
3631:
2376:
5125:
4790:
2275:
499:
227:
robot, which handed operative instruments on voice command, and a medical laboratory robotic arm. A YouTube video entitled
1085:
926:
Teika sends its technical specialist to Tojo to try to convince them to update their techniques, including the use of the
5408:
5074:
4999:
387:
35:
A robotically assisted surgical system used for prostatectomies, cardiac valve repair and gynecologic surgical procedures
2402:
5491:
4977:
4185:
4118:
4059:
2927:
2818:
371:
2200:
1614:
2504:
527:
2375:[UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations] (in Slovenian). 30 March 2011.
330:, performed in January 2009. The da Vinci Si was released in April 2009 and initially sold for $ 1.75 million.
2349:[The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature] (in Slovenian). 8 November 2010.
703:
1920:
Sung GT, Gill IS (December 2001). "Robotic laparoscopic surgery: a comparison of the DA Vinci and Zeus systems".
570:
3583:
Zanagnolo V, Garbi A, Achilarre MT, Minig L (16 January 2017). "Robot-assisted Surgery in Gynecologic Cancers".
1000:
Barbash GI, Glied SA (August 2010). "New technology and health care costs--the case of robot-assisted surgery".
5067:
4313:
Williams SB, Prado K, Hu JC (November 2014). "Economics of robotic surgery: does it make sense and for whom?".
5469:
5435:
3891:"The Evolution of Kidney Transplantation Surgery Into the Robotic Era and Its Prospects for Obese Recipients"
2557:"AcuSurgical raises €5.75 Million in Series A financing, to advance its robotic ocular microsurgery platform"
751:
A surgeon at the Columbia Hernia Center operates on a patient with a large hernia using the robotic platform.
77:
1957:"New Robot Technology Eases Kidney Transplants: N.J. Hospital Performs World's First All-Robotic Transplant"
4404:"Open Versus Laparoscopic Versus Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: The European and US Experience"
2303:
Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie; Proceedings of CURAC
1438:
1393:
1044:
965:
275:
239:
5506:
1776:
Satava RM (February 2002). "Surgical robotics: the early chronicles: a personal historical perspective".
808:. A 2013 review found less complications and better short term outcomes when compared to open technique.
216:
4893:"Direct-to-consumer Internet promotion of robotic prostatectomy exhibits varying quality of information"
1464:
McConnell PI, Schneeberger EW, Michler RE (2003). "History and development of robotic cardiac surgery".
5440:
5376:
4207:
Köckerling F, Sheen AJ, Berrevoet F, Campanelli G, Cuccurullo D, Fortelny R, et al. (April 2019).
970:
955:
896:
864:
679:(CT) scans. This allows for the surgeon to choose the optimal size and design for the replacement hip.
76:
systems. Robotically assisted surgery was developed to try to overcome the limitations of pre-existing
3965:
Bracale U, Corcione F, Neola D, Castiglioni S, Cavallaro G, Stabilini C, et al. (December 2021).
2534:
354:
On 12 May 2008, the first image-guided MR-compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure was performed at
5423:
5383:
945:
671:
ROBODOC is the first active robotic system that performs some of the surgical actions in a total hip
4581:
4140:
Belyansky I, Daes J, Radu VG, Balasubramanian R, Reza Zahiri H, Weltz AS, et al. (March 2018).
2635:
Gillinov AM, Mihaljevic T, Javadikasgari H, Suri RM, Mick SL, Navia JL, et al. (January 2018).
2227:
880:
379:
223:, featured the device. Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical
5496:
5118:
2427:
de Smet MD, Naus GJ, Faridpooya K, Mura M (May 2018). "Robotic-assisted surgery in ophthalmology".
927:
557:
548:
Surgical robots have also been shown to be useful for electrode insertion with pediatric patients.
487:
435:
263:
180:' in August 1942, which also mentioned brain surgery. The first robot to assist in surgery was the
104:
4209:"Accreditation and certification requirements for hernia centers and surgeons: the ACCESS project"
5388:
5361:
5289:
3623:
1177:
940:
755:
Over the past several decades, there have been great advances in the field of abdominal wall and
593:, severe pancreatic fistula, ICU stay, total cost, and 30-day mortality between the two groups."
363:
335:
192:
2686:"Early clinical and angiographic outcomes after robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass surgery"
5398:
5393:
5366:
467:
438:, though not specifically designed for ophthalmic procedures, uses telemanipulation to perform
375:
189:
3745:"Review of robotic-assisted surgery: what the future looks like through a spine oncology lens"
2637:"Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve surgery: Analysis of the first 1000 cases"
1662:
Boyd WD, Rayman R, Desai ND, Menkis AH, Dobkowski W, Ganapathy S, et al. (October 2000).
1584:
850:, it is not likely that a robotic procedure offers significant advantage due to its high cost.
5501:
5324:
5233:
5228:
5105:
5090:
2684:
Halkos ME, Liberman HA, Devireddy C, Walker P, Finn AV, Jaber W, et al. (January 2014).
2588:"Surgical Outcomes of Congenital Atrial Septal Defect Using da VinciTM Surgical Robot System"
798:
736:
355:
3510:
786:
Robotic surgery in the field of urology has become common, especially in the United States.
727:
With regards to robotic surgery, this type of procedure is currently best suited for single-
5371:
5334:
5314:
3797:
Shweikeh F, Amadio JP, Arnell M, Barnard ZR, Kim TT, Johnson JP, et al. (March 2014).
3265:
3254:"Robotic versus Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy: A Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Outcomes"
1450:
960:
891:
609:
This includes the use of the da Vinci surgical system in benign gynecology and gynecologic
578:
455:
108:
660:
robotic and laparoscopic surgery resulted in similar outcomes with respect to the cancer.
470:– rerouting of blood supply by bypassing blocked arteries that provide blood to the heart.
342:. The results were rated as better than an above-average human surgeon. The machine had a
8:
5428:
5403:
5172:
4601:
1964:
837:
461:
383:
303:
196:
177:
112:
92:
69:
5037:
3269:
5445:
5265:
5255:
5243:
5167:
4969:
4917:
4892:
4771:
4728:
4606:
4555:
4508:
4483:
4420:
4403:
4374:
4349:
4290:
4265:
4241:
4208:
4177:
3999:
3966:
3868:
3771:
3744:
3725:
3676:
3651:
3565:
3487:
3462:
3430:
3417:
3400:
3377:
3352:
3288:
3253:
3234:
3156:
3113:
3070:
3016:
2989:
2873:
2794:
2767:
2666:
2612:
2587:
2452:
2347:"V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju"
2139:
2095:
2083:
2044:
2017:
1990:
1897:
1872:
1845:
1820:
1801:
1728:
1640:
1565:
1516:
1477:
1370:
1361:
1345:
1326:
1271:
1224:
1143:
1118:
1025:
834:
Ureteral reimplantation - alternative to the open intravesical or extravesical surgery.
739:, but are suitable opportunities for surgeons to advance their robotic surgery skills.
728:
590:
259:
144:
132:
124:
96:
4681:
3144:
2743:
2726:
1933:
545:
Challenges that still need to be addressed include safety, time, efficiency and cost.
5272:
5260:
5238:
5221:
4961:
4922:
4873:
4837:
4763:
4720:
4685:
4650:
4646:
4513:
4461:
4425:
4379:
4330:
4295:
4246:
4228:
4169:
4161:
4110:
4102:
4051:
4043:
4004:
3986:
3947:
3912:
3872:
3860:
3820:
3776:
3729:
3717:
3681:
3652:"Computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery and robotic surgery in total hip arthroplasty"
3627:
3600:
3557:
3492:
3422:
3382:
3328:
3293:
3226:
3191:
3148:
3105:
3074:
3062:
3021:
2877:
2865:
2799:
2748:
2707:
2658:
2617:
2444:
2131:
2087:
2049:
1937:
1902:
1850:
1793:
1789:
1750:
1720:
1716:
1685:
1557:
1508:
1442:
1375:
1318:
1314:
1275:
1263:
1216:
1148:
1017:
771:
561:
327:
287:
255:
140:
4973:
4732:
4348:
Ramsay C, Pickard R, Robertson C, Close A, Vale L, Armstrong N, et al. (2012).
3238:
3117:
2143:
2099:
1805:
1732:
1613:. Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University. 6 October 1999. Archived from
1569:
1520:
1330:
1228:
1029:
5413:
5329:
5157:
5135:
4953:
4912:
4904:
4865:
4829:
4775:
4755:
4712:
4677:
4642:
4559:
4547:
4503:
4495:
4453:
4415:
4369:
4361:
4322:
4285:
4277:
4236:
4220:
4181:
4153:
4094:
4035:
3994:
3978:
3939:
3902:
3852:
3810:
3766:
3756:
3709:
3671:
3663:
3592:
3569:
3549:
3482:
3474:
3412:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3320:
3283:
3273:
3218:
3183:
3140:
3097:
3052:
3011:
3001:
2857:
2789:
2779:
2738:
2697:
2670:
2648:
2607:
2599:
2470:
2456:
2436:
2123:
2079:
2039:
2029:
1929:
1892:
1884:
1840:
1832:
1785:
1712:
1675:
1547:
1500:
1473:
1365:
1357:
1310:
1255:
1208:
1138:
1130:
1009:
950:
626:
515:
503:
4891:
Mirkin JN, Lowrance WT, Feifer AH, Mulhall JP, Eastham JE, Elkin EB (April 2012).
4869:
3553:
3434:
3160:
2372:
451:
Some examples of heart surgery being assisted by robotic surgery systems include:
5282:
5184:
5145:
3278:
2861:
2440:
767:
732:
672:
657:
650:
483:
pathologies, pulmonary pathologies and more recently complex esophageal surgery.
339:
338:
doctor-conducted unassisted robotic surgery was on a 34-year-old male to correct
307:
267:
151:
116:
4746:
Herron DM, Marohn M (February 2008). "A consensus document on robotic surgery".
3907:
3890:
2702:
2685:
2653:
2636:
2279:
498:
mass resection. This minimally invasive approach as a comparable alternative to
5418:
5194:
5189:
5152:
5140:
5113:
4833:
4457:
4039:
3982:
3943:
3856:
3596:
3187:
2603:
1078:
860:
756:
686:
585:
574:
427:
283:
156:
5007:
4908:
4759:
4633:
Gerhardus D (July–August 2003). "Robot-assisted surgery: the future is here".
4551:
4326:
4281:
4224:
4157:
4098:
3815:
3798:
3478:
3351:
Lawrie TA, Liu H, Lu D, Dowswell T, Song H, Wang L, et al. (April 2019).
3222:
3101:
3006:
2586:
Kim JE, Jung SH, Kim GS, Kim JB, Choo SJ, Chung CH, et al. (April 2013).
1888:
1259:
1167:
5485:
5450:
5216:
5162:
4402:
Finkelstein J, Eckersberger E, Sadri H, Taneja SS, Lepor H, Djavan B (2010).
4232:
4165:
4106:
4047:
3990:
2784:
2398:
1267:
791:
622:
618:
415:
4941:
4141:
4082:
4023:
3761:
3667:
3463:"Current status of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in pediatric urology"
1836:
1680:
1663:
30:
5354:
5206:
5177:
4965:
4926:
4877:
4841:
4767:
4724:
4654:
4517:
4465:
4429:
4383:
4334:
4299:
4250:
4173:
4114:
4055:
4008:
3951:
3916:
3889:
Hameed AM, Yao J, Allen RD, Hawthorne WJ, Pleass HC, Lau H (October 2018).
3824:
3780:
3721:
3685:
3604:
3561:
3496:
3426:
3386:
3332:
3324:
3297:
3230:
3195:
3152:
3109:
3066:
3025:
2869:
2803:
2752:
2711:
2662:
2621:
2448:
2190:
2135:
2091:
2053:
1941:
1906:
1854:
1797:
1724:
1689:
1561:
1446:
1379:
1152:
1021:
975:
630:
556:
Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the 'Zeus' or
398:
323:
208:
143:
at the tableside to help switch effector instruments or provide additional
4689:
4531:
O'toole MD, Bouazza-Marouf K, Kerr D, Gooroochurn M, Vloeberghs M (2009).
3864:
2496:
2034:
1512:
1322:
1220:
819:
procedures are also benefiting from robotic surgical systems. The smaller
629:, and female cancers. Using the robotic system, gynecologists can perform
458:
repair – the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart,
5349:
5344:
5277:
4484:"Robotic prostatectomy: The new standard of care or a marketing success?"
2250:"Surgeons perform world's first pediatric robotic bladder reconstruction"
2016:
Oliveira CM, Nguyen HT, Ferraz AR, Watters K, Rosman B, Rahbar R (2012).
1013:
847:
843:
828:
770:
repairs were done in conjunction with prostatectomies in 2007. The first
760:
747:
565:
523:
495:
480:
351:
performed the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction.
224:
212:
136:
120:
5059:
4530:
5309:
5211:
4716:
3713:
2988:
Jia H, Pan J, Gu W, Tan H, Chen Y, Zhang Z, et al. (7 July 2021).
2018:"Robotic surgery in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery: a review"
1552:
1535:
1504:
1134:
922:
816:
805:
634:
602:
204:
88:
84:
4957:
4499:
3799:"Robotics and the spine: a review of current and ongoing applications"
3313:
Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A
3252:
Zhou JY, Xin C, Mou YP, Xu XW, Zhang MZ, Zhou YC, et al. (2016).
2127:
1866:
1864:
1585:"ZEUS robot system reverses sterilization to enable birth of baby boy"
1042:
215:
surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months, and a 1985
51:
5339:
4365:
3057:
3040:
2223:
1873:"Outpatient Robotic surgery: Considerations for the Anesthesiologist"
656:
A 2017 review of surgical removal of the uterus and cervix for early
531:
439:
367:
366:(DLR) presented a robotic system for minimally invasive surgery, the
200:
185:
147:
or temporary tissue retraction using endoscopic grasping instruments.
80:
and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery.
4533:"A methodology for design and appraisal of surgical robotic systems"
4266:"Robotic prostatectomy: what we have learned and where we are going"
3310:
2727:"Early experience with robotic technology for thoracoscopic surgery"
2373:"UKC Ljubljana kljub finančnim omejitvam uspešen v razvoju medicine"
1242:
Andellini M, Di Mauro R, Faggiano F, Derrico P, Ritrovato M (2019).
1212:
203:
as well as a team of engineering students. The robot was used in an
5130:
2634:
2195:
2163:
1861:
1491:
Unger SW, Unger HM, Bass RT (September 1994). "AESOP robotic arm".
690:
610:
479:
Robotic surgery has become more widespread in thoracic surgery for
359:
343:
4401:
4206:
4081:
Allison N, Tieu K, Snyder B, Pigazzi A, Wilson E (February 2012).
2819:"Patient is First to Undergo Robot-Assisted Cochlear Implantation"
1344:
Lanfranco AR, Castellanos AE, Desai JP, Meyers WC (January 2004).
5030:"第5話から登場する手術支援ロボット・ダーウィン(※)。最先端の"ロボット手術"について、監修先生のお話を基に紐解いていきます。"
2159:"Autonomous Robotic Surgeon performs surgery on first live human"
1821:"Origins of Robotic Surgery: From Skepticism to Standard of Care"
1172:
820:
676:
614:
535:
419:
4942:"Proton therapy websites: information anarchy creates confusion"
4139:
1241:
4083:"Technical feasibility of robot-assisted ventral hernia repair"
3964:
3511:"FDA approves first robotic device for transvaginal procedures"
3208:
1819:
George EI, Brand TC, LaPorta A, Marescaux J, Satava RM (2018).
1343:
128:
3130:
2928:"Robo First: Bot Assists with Tricky Cochlear-Implant Surgery"
2069:
689:
X is used in spinal surgeries to assist surgeons with placing
2683:
1778:
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques
1705:
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques
1248:
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care
759:
especially when it comes to robotic-assisted surgery. Unlike
248:
73:
3582:
2724:
1463:
1119:"Review of Robotic Surgery in Gynecology-The Future Is Here"
4890:
4795:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)
4702:
4347:
3796:
3087:
2725:
Melfi FM, Menconi GF, Mariani AM, Angeletti CA (May 2002).
2526:
2321:"Beter opereren met nieuwe Nederlandse operatierobot Sofie"
2015:
1818:
1300:
1116:
1066:
prevention or treatment of cancer has not been established.
519:
491:
319:
3401:"Committee opinion no. 628: robotic surgery in gynecology"
3173:
3039:
Hyun MH, Lee CH, Kim HJ, Tong Y, Park SS (November 2013).
2847:
2823:
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
1611:"Robotics: the Future of Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery"
254:
Further development of robotic systems was carried out by
4213:
Hernia: The Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery
3971:
Hernia: The Journal of Hernias and Abdominal Wall Surgery
3617:
2592:
The Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
2426:
244:
4667:
4080:
3742:
3618:
DiGioia AM, Jaramaz B, Picard F, Nolte LP, eds. (2004).
382:. In September 2010, the first robotic operation at the
4021:
3888:
2276:"neuroArm : revolutionary procedure a world first"
1536:"Robotics in general surgery: an evidence-based review"
1198:
675:(THA). It is programmed preoperatively using data from
160:
3743:
Sayari AJ, Pardo C, Basques BA, Colman MW (May 2019).
3698:
2527:"Acusurgical is developing robots for retinal surgery"
2191:"Robot surgeon carries out 9-hour operation by itself"
302:
coronary artery bypass graft in October 1999, and the
4939:
2300:
1702:
1661:
1637:"Linbergh Operation – IRCAD/EITS Laparoscopic Center"
184:, which was developed and used for the first time in
4022:
Finley DS, Rodriguez E, Ahlering TE (October 2007).
3542:
Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies
1117:
Lauterbach R, Matanes E, Lowenstein L (April 2017).
854:
742:
710:
in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae are limited.
378:
surgical system, the first surgical robot to employ
4940:Basto M, Cooperberg MR, Murphy DG (February 2015).
3350:
2323:(in Dutch). TU/e. 27 September 2010. Archived from
150:In computer-controlled systems, the surgeon uses a
111:that allows the surgeon to operate real-time under
3792:
3790:
3620:Computer and robotic assisted hip and knee surgery
2690:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
2641:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
2065:
2063:
1668:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
859:Major advances aided by surgical robots have been
4602:"Results Unproven, Robotic Surgery Wins Converts"
2896:ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research
2768:"Robotics in general thoracic surgery procedures"
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
5483:
3843:Berni G, Cagnoli L, Lagi A (November 1975). "".
3842:
2399:"New Versius robot surgery system coming to NHS"
2112:
5200:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
4854:
4312:
3787:
3539:
3081:
2959:"The HEARO Procedure for cochlear implantation"
2422:
2420:
2060:
797:In 2000, the first robot-assisted laparoscopic
647:natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery
349:University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital
119:. The robot is docked next to the patient, and
3645:
3643:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3038:
1490:
1168:"Arthrobot - the world's first surgical robot"
1103:
995:
993:
991:
846:and heminephrectomy - Traditionally done with
840:- alternative to the transperitoneal approach.
5075:
4397:
4395:
4393:
2585:
1696:
4745:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3533:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3251:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2417:
1201:IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
1043:Center for Devices and Radiological Health.
999:
900:tend to report on one surgeon's experience.
229:Arthrobot – the world's first surgical robot
207:surgical procedure on 12 March 1984, at the
4739:
4034:(4 Pt 1): 1296–1299, discussion 1299–1300.
3640:
3357:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3339:
2987:
2731:European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
1582:
988:
645:is aimed to provide a robotic platform for
5464:
5082:
5068:
5006:(in Japanese). 11 May 2018. Archived from
4442:
4390:
3884:
3882:
2278:. ucalgary.ca. 16 May 2008. Archived from
1303:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
804:Robotic surgery has also been utilized in
278:. The first robotic surgery took place at
29:
5089:
4916:
4632:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4507:
4419:
4373:
4289:
4240:
3998:
3906:
3831:
3814:
3770:
3760:
3675:
3486:
3441:
3416:
3376:
3287:
3277:
3056:
3015:
3005:
2914:
2793:
2783:
2765:
2742:
2701:
2652:
2611:
2365:
2339:
2043:
2033:
1896:
1870:
1844:
1679:
1551:
1369:
1142:
247:) could mill out precise fittings in the
115:from a control console separate from the
4477:
4475:
3585:Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology
2471:"PRECEYES Surgical System – Preceyes BV"
1919:
1346:"Robotic surgery: a current perspective"
746:
280:The Ohio State University Medical Center
231:illustrates some of these in operation.
4788:
4488:Canadian Urological Association Journal
3879:
3460:
3353:"Robot-assisted surgery in gynaecology"
1533:
1424:
1394:"ROBODOC: Surgical Robot Success Story"
915:
668:Robots are used in orthopedic surgery.
613:. Robotic surgery can be used to treat
601:The first report of robotic surgery in
123:carry out endoscopy-like maneuvers via
5484:
5320:Differential technological development
4820:"Robotic Surgery: Risks vs. Rewards".
4599:
4588:
3929:
3649:
2252:. Esciencenews.com. 20 November 2008.
2221:
1775:
1591:from the original on 20 September 2017
1427:"Computer-assisted surgery: an update"
1406:from the original on 29 September 2013
1091:from the original on 23 September 2015
702:Robotic devices started to be used in
442:repairs and ex-vivo corneal surgeries.
78:minimally-invasive surgical procedures
5063:
4980:from the original on 9 September 2023
4569:from the original on 27 February 2024
4481:
4472:
4315:The Urologic Clinics of North America
4188:from the original on 23 February 2024
4121:from the original on 23 February 2024
4062:from the original on 23 February 2024
3503:
2956:
2405:from the original on 5 September 2018
2256:from the original on 22 November 2010
2230:from the original on 27 February 2024
2171:from the original on 30 November 2022
2156:
1954:
1244:"PP187 Robotic Surgery, Any Updates?"
1180:from the original on 21 December 2021
713:
534:and inserting the electrode into the
358:by Dr. Garnette Sutherland using the
107:) is a system of remotely controlled
5126:Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation
4801:from the original on 5 February 2015
3521:from the original on 20 January 2022
2925:
2816:
2507:from the original on 19 October 2022
2379:from the original on 5 November 2011
1997:from the original on 21 October 2013
514:The first successful robot-assisted
500:video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
127:inserted through specially designed
5409:Future-oriented technology analysis
4263:
3133:Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
2969:from the original on 6 October 2021
2938:from the original on 6 October 2021
2902:from the original on 6 October 2021
2829:from the original on 6 October 2021
2766:Latif MJ, Park BJ (11 April 2017).
2353:from the original on 20 August 2011
1583:Versweyveld L (29 September 1999).
1540:Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery
1165:
1002:The New England Journal of Medicine
551:
388:University Medical Centre Ljubljana
13:
4754:(2): 313–325, discussion 311–312.
3418:10.1097/01.AOG.0000461761.47981.07
3182:(4): 553–558, discussion 558–559.
2537:from the original on 26 April 2023
2477:from the original on 10 April 2021
2084:10.1097/01.MLG.0000170848.76045.47
1871:Tameze Y, Low YH (December 2022).
1587:. Virtual Medical Worlds Monthly.
1478:10.1097/01.sgs.0000081182.03671.6e
1362:10.1097/01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d
1282:from the original on 19 April 2023
1055:from the original on 31 March 2019
722:
372:Eindhoven University of Technology
163:-assisted or automated procedures.
14:
5518:
5055:
4614:from the original on 9 April 2023
2567:from the original on 7 April 2022
1123:Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal
855:Comparison to traditional methods
743:Hernia and abdominal wall surgery
374:announced the development of the
5463:
5022:
5000:"『ブラックペアン』ドラマ史上初、手術支援ロボ・ダビンチが登場"
4647:10.1097/00115514-200307000-00008
4635:Journal of Healthcare Management
4580:
3932:International Journal of Surgery
3749:Annals of Translational Medicine
2429:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
2203:from the original on 6 June 2011
1790:10.1097/00129689-200202000-00002
1717:10.1097/00019509-200202000-00009
1315:10.1097/00003086-199212000-00010
894:. Articles in the newly created
704:minimally invasive spine surgery
410:
4992:
4933:
4884:
4848:
4813:
4782:
4696:
4661:
4626:
4524:
4436:
4341:
4306:
4257:
4200:
4133:
4074:
4015:
3958:
3923:
3736:
3692:
3611:
3576:
3461:Song SH, Kim KS (August 2014).
3393:
3304:
3245:
3202:
3167:
3124:
3032:
2981:
2950:
2892:"Robotic Cochlear Implantation"
2884:
2841:
2810:
2759:
2718:
2677:
2628:
2579:
2549:
2519:
2489:
2463:
2391:
2313:
2294:
2268:
2242:
2215:
2183:
2150:
2106:
2009:
1979:
1948:
1913:
1812:
1769:
1739:
1655:
1629:
1603:
1576:
1527:
1484:
1457:
1418:
1386:
399:Versius Surgical Robotic System
99:, or through computer control.
4791:"Statement on Robotic Surgery"
3369:10.1002/14651858.CD011422.pub2
3139:(1): 11–15, discussion 15–16.
3045:The British Journal of Surgery
1337:
1294:
1235:
1192:
1159:
1071:
1036:
286:, Ohio under the direction of
1:
5436:Technology in science fiction
5036:(in Japanese). Archived from
4870:10.1016/j.urology.2009.05.071
4682:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66715-6
4600:Kolata G (13 February 2010).
3845:Recenti Progressi in Medicina
3656:Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery
3554:10.1080/13645706.2018.1442349
3145:10.1016/S1091-255X(01)00032-4
2772:Journal of Visualized Surgery
2744:10.1016/S1010-7940(02)00102-1
1987:"da Vinci Si Surgical System"
1934:10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01423-6
982:
811:
596:
262:with the introduction of the
5034:TBS Black Pean official site
4789:Breeden JT (14 March 2013).
4354:Health Technology Assessment
3279:10.1371/journal.pone.0151189
2862:10.1097/MAO.0000000000003165
2441:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000476
1534:Baek SJ, Kim SH (May 2014).
1439:Food and Drug Administration
966:Stereolithography (medicine)
276:ZEUS robotic surgical system
219:video on industrial robots,
103:A telemanipulator (e.g. the
44:Robotically-assisted surgery
7:
4828:(2): 186–157. August 2017.
3908:10.1097/TP.0000000000002328
2957:Vedat T (3 December 2020).
2703:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.09.010
2654:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.07.037
1466:Problems in General Surgery
933:
474:
10:
5523:
5441:Technology readiness level
5377:Technological unemployment
4834:10.1016/j.aorn.2017.05.007
4482:Estey EP (December 2009).
4458:10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.11.007
4040:10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.154
3983:10.1007/s10029-021-02487-5
3944:10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.12.037
3857:10.1007/s11701-019-00983-6
3702:Technology and Health Care
3597:10.1016/j.jmig.2017.01.006
3411:(3): 760–767. March 2015.
3188:10.1016/j.surg.2005.07.025
2604:10.5090/kjtcs.2013.46.2.93
2022:Minimally Invasive Surgery
971:Surgical Segment Navigator
956:Minimally invasive surgery
897:Journal of Robotic Surgery
865:minimally invasive surgery
781:
518:in a person took place in
171:
5492:Computer-assisted surgery
5459:
5424:Technological singularity
5384:Technological convergence
5302:
5104:
5097:
4909:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0329
4760:10.1007/s00464-007-9727-5
4552:10.1017/S0263574709990658
4327:10.1016/j.ucl.2014.07.013
4282:10.3349/ymj.2009.50.2.177
4225:10.1007/s10029-018-1873-2
4158:10.1007/s00464-017-5840-2
4099:10.1007/s00268-011-1389-8
3816:10.3171/2014.1.focus13526
3479:10.4111/kju.2014.55.8.499
3467:Korean Journal of Urology
3405:Obstetrics and Gynecology
3223:10.1007/s00464-011-1994-5
3102:10.1007/s00464-002-8853-3
3007:10.3389/fsurg.2021.695728
2926:Choi CQ (15 March 2017).
2850:Otology & Neurotology
2401:. BBC. 3 September 2018.
1889:10.1016/j.aan.2022.06.001
1260:10.1017/S0266462319002757
946:Computer-assisted surgery
560:robot systems, including
370:. In September 2010, the
195:, Geof Auchinleck, a UBC
72:that are performed using
48:
40:
28:
23:
5119:Microgravity bioprinting
4446:Cancer Treatment Reviews
4087:World Journal of Surgery
2963:ENT & Audiology News
2817:Song J (15 March 2017).
2785:10.21037/jovs.2017.03.14
1955:Gomez M (22 June 2009).
1166:Day B (8 January 2014).
697:
502:(VATS) and the standard
446:
436:da Vinci Surgical System
264:da Vinci Surgical System
105:da Vinci Surgical System
5389:Technological evolution
5362:Exploratory engineering
5290:Whole genome sequencing
3762:10.21037/atm.2019.04.69
3668:10.4055/cios.2013.5.1.1
3650:Sugano N (March 2013).
3624:Oxford University Press
2157:Blass E (19 May 2006).
1837:10.4293/JSLS.2018.00039
1681:10.1067/mtc.2000.109541
941:Bone segment navigation
663:
571:gastroesophageal reflux
405:
364:German Aerospace Centre
336:artificial intelligence
221:The Robotics Revolution
139:are often still needed
5399:Technology forecasting
5394:Technological paradigm
5367:Proactionary principle
5251:Robot-assisted surgery
4670:The Journal of Urology
4270:Yonsei Medical Journal
4028:The Journal of Urology
3515:Medical Device Network
3325:10.1089/lap.1999.9.107
1877:Advances in Anesthesia
1079:"Medical Post 23:1985"
752:
639:Hominis robotic system
509:
468:Coronary artery bypass
211:in Vancouver. Over 60
62:Robot-assisted surgery
24:Robot-assisted surgery
5325:Disruptive innovation
5234:Regenerative medicine
5229:Personalized medicine
5091:Emerging technologies
4264:Lee DI (April 2009).
2898:. 19 September 2017.
2224:"Robotic Infertility"
1747:"Telerobotic Surgery"
799:radical prostatectomy
750:
577:for the treatment of
516:cochlear implantation
504:open thoracic surgery
386:was performed at the
356:University of Calgary
234:In 1985 a robot, the
5372:Technological change
5315:Collingridge dilemma
3626:. pp. 127–156.
2994:Frontiers in Surgery
2563:. 18 February 2021.
1014:10.1056/nejmp1006602
961:Patient registration
916:Use in popular media
892:laparoscopic surgery
806:radical cystectomies
761:laparoscopic surgery
653:through the vagina.
633:, myomectomies, and
617:, abnormal periods,
456:Atrial septal defect
402:a sitting position.
362:. In June 2008, the
5429:Technology scouting
5404:Accelerating change
5173:Genetic engineering
3803:Neurosurgical Focus
3270:2016PLoSO..1151189Z
2035:10.1155/2012/286563
1757:on 19 November 2016
838:Ureteroureterostomy
677:computer tomography
462:Mitral valve repair
384:femoral vasculature
304:Lindbergh Operation
217:National Geographic
197:engineering physics
190:biomedical engineer
113:stereoscopic vision
70:surgical procedures
5507:Health informatics
5446:Technology roadmap
5266:Synthetic genomics
5256:Relational biology
5244:Tissue engineering
5168:Generative biology
4748:Surgical Endoscopy
4717:10.1111/codi.13882
4705:Colorectal Disease
4607:The New York Times
4408:Reviews in Urology
4146:Surgical Endoscopy
3714:10.3233/THC-191888
3211:Surgical Endoscopy
3090:Surgical Endoscopy
1991:Intuitive Surgical
1831:(4): e2018.00039.
1553:10.1111/ases.12087
1505:10.1007/BF00705739
1493:Surgical Endoscopy
1425:Meadows M (2005).
1135:10.5041/rmmj.10296
766:The first robotic
753:
714:Transplant surgery
643:Momentis Surgical™
591:pancreatic fistula
488:da Vinci Xi system
260:Intuitive Surgical
236:Unimation Puma 200
133:surgical assistant
16:Surgical procedure
5479:
5478:
5298:
5297:
5261:Synthetic biology
5239:Stem-cell therapy
5222:engineered uterus
5136:Artificial organs
4958:10.1111/bju.12667
4946:BJU International
4500:10.5489/cuaj.1182
3901:(10): 1650–1665.
3633:978-0-19-850943-1
3096:(10): 1521–1524.
3051:(12): 1566–1578.
2501:Forsight Robotics
2128:10.1002/hed.23424
1751:SRI International
1350:Annals of Surgery
562:bariatric surgery
390:by a team led by
328:kidney transplant
288:Robert E. Michler
256:SRI International
95:, using a direct
68:are any types of
59:
58:
5514:
5467:
5466:
5414:Horizon scanning
5330:Ephemeralization
5158:Brain transplant
5102:
5101:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4920:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4864:(6): 1234–1237.
4852:
4846:
4845:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4676:(6): 2134–2136.
4665:
4659:
4658:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4597:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4537:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4399:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4366:10.3310/hta16410
4345:
4339:
4338:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4293:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4152:(3): 1525–1532.
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3977:(6): 1471–1480.
3962:
3956:
3955:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3840:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3764:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3517:. 2 March 2021.
3507:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3458:
3439:
3438:
3420:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3348:
3337:
3336:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3281:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3217:(4): 1047–1050.
3206:
3200:
3199:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3060:
3058:10.1002/bjs.9242
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3009:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2923:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2856:(7): e825–e835.
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2787:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2656:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2122:(8): 1138–1145.
2110:
2104:
2103:
2078:(7): 1315–1319.
2072:The Laryngoscope
2067:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1967:on 4 August 2009
1963:. Archived from
1952:
1946:
1945:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1753:. Archived from
1743:
1737:
1736:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1617:on 28 March 2002
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1555:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1453:on 1 March 2009.
1449:. Archived from
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1033:
997:
951:Diagnostic robot
627:uterine prolapse
586:pancreatectomies
552:Gastrointestinal
530:, accessing the
340:heart arrhythmia
155:possibility for
52:edit on Wikidata
33:
21:
20:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5497:Surgical robots
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5455:
5294:
5283:Oncolytic virus
5185:Head transplant
5093:
5088:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5040:on 13 June 2024
5028:
5027:
5023:
5013:
5011:
5010:on 13 June 2024
4998:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4938:
4934:
4889:
4885:
4853:
4849:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4787:
4783:
4744:
4740:
4701:
4697:
4666:
4662:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4598:
4589:
4579:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4480:
4473:
4441:
4437:
4400:
4391:
4346:
4342:
4311:
4307:
4262:
4258:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4020:
4016:
3963:
3959:
3928:
3924:
3895:Transplantation
3887:
3880:
3841:
3832:
3795:
3788:
3741:
3737:
3697:
3693:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3616:
3612:
3581:
3577:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3459:
3442:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3363:(4): CD011422.
3349:
3340:
3309:
3305:
3264:(3): e0151189.
3250:
3246:
3207:
3203:
3172:
3168:
3129:
3125:
3086:
3082:
3037:
3033:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2932:livescience.com
2924:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2815:
2811:
2764:
2760:
2723:
2719:
2682:
2678:
2647:(1): 82–91.e2.
2633:
2629:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2425:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2327:on 24 July 2011
2319:
2318:
2314:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2199:. 19 May 2006.
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2155:
2151:
2116:Head & Neck
2111:
2107:
2068:
2061:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1949:
1918:
1914:
1869:
1862:
1817:
1813:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1701:
1697:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1643:on 21 July 2011
1635:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1581:
1577:
1532:
1528:
1489:
1485:
1462:
1458:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1342:
1338:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1240:
1236:
1213:10.1109/10.1354
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1164:
1160:
1115:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1058:
1056:
1041:
1037:
998:
989:
985:
980:
936:
918:
857:
814:
801:was performed.
784:
768:inguinal hernia
745:
733:cholecystectomy
725:
723:General surgery
716:
700:
666:
658:cervical cancer
599:
589:complications,
584:Robot-assisted
554:
512:
477:
449:
413:
408:
308:cholecystectomy
268:Computer Motion
174:
152:computer system
117:operating table
97:telemanipulator
66:robotic surgery
55:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5520:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5195:Life extension
5192:
5190:Isolated brain
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5153:Biofabrication
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5141:Organ printing
5133:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5114:3D bioprinting
5110:
5108:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5057:
5056:External links
5054:
5052:
5051:
5021:
4991:
4952:(2): 183–185.
4932:
4903:(4): 760–769.
4897:Health Affairs
4883:
4847:
4812:
4781:
4738:
4711:(3): 228–235.
4695:
4660:
4641:(4): 242–251.
4625:
4587:
4546:(2): 297–310.
4523:
4494:(6): 488–490.
4471:
4452:(6): 551–560.
4435:
4389:
4340:
4321:(4): 591–596.
4305:
4276:(2): 177–181.
4256:
4219:(2): 185–203.
4199:
4132:
4093:(2): 447–452.
4073:
4014:
3957:
3922:
3878:
3851:(5): 465–478.
3830:
3786:
3735:
3708:(3): 315–323.
3691:
3639:
3632:
3610:
3591:(3): 379–396.
3575:
3548:(5): 249–264.
3532:
3502:
3473:(8): 499–504.
3440:
3392:
3338:
3319:(1): 107–113.
3303:
3244:
3201:
3166:
3123:
3080:
3031:
2980:
2949:
2913:
2883:
2840:
2809:
2758:
2737:(5): 864–868.
2717:
2696:(1): 179–185.
2676:
2627:
2578:
2548:
2518:
2488:
2462:
2435:(3): 248–253.
2416:
2390:
2364:
2338:
2312:
2293:
2267:
2241:
2222:Parekattil S.
2214:
2182:
2149:
2105:
2059:
2008:
1978:
1947:
1928:(6): 893–898.
1912:
1860:
1811:
1768:
1738:
1695:
1674:(4): 807–809.
1654:
1628:
1602:
1575:
1546:(2): 117–123.
1526:
1483:
1456:
1417:
1385:
1336:
1309:(285): 57–66.
1293:
1234:
1207:(2): 153–160.
1191:
1158:
1102:
1070:
1035:
1008:(8): 701–704.
986:
984:
981:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
937:
935:
932:
928:Da Vinci robot
917:
914:
881:force feedback
861:remote surgery
856:
853:
852:
851:
841:
835:
832:
813:
810:
783:
780:
772:ventral hernia
757:hernia surgery
744:
741:
737:fundoplication
724:
721:
715:
712:
699:
696:
665:
662:
637:biopsies. The
631:hysterectomies
623:ovarian tumors
598:
595:
575:Heller myotomy
553:
550:
511:
508:
476:
473:
472:
471:
465:
459:
448:
445:
444:
443:
432:
428:operating room
412:
409:
407:
404:
380:force feedback
306:, which was a
173:
170:
165:
164:
157:remote surgery
148:
57:
56:
49:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5519:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5472:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5452:
5451:Transhumanism
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5217:Organ culture
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5163:De-extinction
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4583:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4360:(41): 1–313.
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2421:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2282:on 2 May 2019
2281:
2277:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
987:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
931:
929:
924:
913:
909:
905:
901:
899:
898:
893:
887:
884:
882:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
849:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
818:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
792:prostatectomy
787:
779:
775:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
749:
740:
738:
734:
730:
720:
711:
707:
705:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
678:
674:
669:
661:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
641:developed by
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:endometriosis
616:
612:
607:
604:
594:
592:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
567:
563:
559:
549:
546:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
453:
452:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
423:
421:
417:
416:Ophthalmology
411:Ophthalmology
403:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
345:
341:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
309:
305:
301:
300:beating heart
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Dr. Brian Day
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
169:
162:
158:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:end-effectors
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
53:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5502:Telemedicine
5468:
5355:Robot ethics
5250:
5207:Nanomedicine
5178:Gene therapy
5042:. Retrieved
5038:the original
5033:
5024:
5012:. Retrieved
5008:the original
5003:
4994:
4982:. Retrieved
4949:
4945:
4935:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4861:
4857:
4850:
4825:
4822:AORN Journal
4821:
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4794:
4784:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4605:
4571:. Retrieved
4543:
4539:
4526:
4491:
4487:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4414:(1): 35–43.
4411:
4407:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4190:. Retrieved
4149:
4145:
4135:
4123:. Retrieved
4090:
4086:
4076:
4064:. Retrieved
4031:
4027:
4017:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3898:
3894:
3848:
3844:
3806:
3802:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3659:
3655:
3619:
3613:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3514:
3505:
3470:
3466:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3360:
3356:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3048:
3044:
3034:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2962:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2931:
2904:. Retrieved
2895:
2886:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2822:
2812:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2598:(2): 93–97.
2595:
2591:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2561:Businesswire
2560:
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2530:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2500:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2465:
2432:
2428:
2407:. Retrieved
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2325:the original
2315:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2280:the original
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2194:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2162:
2152:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2075:
2071:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2001:30 September
1999:. Retrieved
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:the original
1960:
1950:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1883:(1): 15–32.
1880:
1876:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1761:30 September
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1741:
1711:(1): 52–57.
1708:
1704:
1698:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1578:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1472:(2): 20–30.
1469:
1465:
1459:
1451:the original
1434:
1431:FDA Consumer
1430:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1388:
1356:(1): 14–21.
1353:
1349:
1339:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1251:
1247:
1237:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1171:
1161:
1129:(2): e0019.
1126:
1122:
1093:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1057:. Retrieved
1048:
1038:
1005:
1001:
976:Telemedicine
919:
910:
906:
902:
895:
888:
885:
878:
874:
870:
858:
815:
803:
796:
788:
785:
776:
765:
754:
726:
717:
708:
701:
685:
681:
673:arthroplasty
670:
667:
655:
649:(NOTES) for
638:
608:
600:
583:
555:
547:
544:
540:
528:mastoid bone
513:
490:is used for
485:
478:
450:
414:
397:In 2019 the
396:
392:Borut Geršak
353:
332:
324:heart bypass
313:
299:
296:
292:
271:
253:
233:
228:
220:
213:arthroscopic
209:UBC Hospital
193:James McEwen
181:
175:
166:
121:robotic arms
109:manipulators
82:
65:
61:
60:
18:
5419:Moore's law
5350:Neuroethics
5345:Cyberethics
5278:Virotherapy
5212:Nanosensors
4192:23 February
4125:23 February
4066:23 February
3938:: 117–118.
3755:(10): 224.
3525:19 February
2531:ACUSURGICAL
2286:14 November
2260:29 November
2175:30 November
1784:(1): 6–16.
1621:29 November
1499:(9): 1131.
1049:www.fda.gov
848:laparoscopy
844:Nephrectomy
829:Pyeloplasty
566:gastrectomy
524:Switzerland
496:mediastinal
481:mediastinal
225:scrub nurse
205:orthopaedic
137:scrub nurse
41:Other names
5486:Categories
5310:Automation
5106:Biomedical
4805:5 February
4573:6 December
3809:(3): E10.
3662:(1): 1–9.
3000:: 695728.
2511:19 October
2331:10 October
2309:: 143–146.
2234:11 October
2028:: 286563.
1647:19 January
1595:17 October
1254:(S1): 72.
1095:3 December
983:References
923:Black Pean
812:Pediatrics
651:myomectomy
635:lymph node
603:gynecology
597:Gynecology
199:grad, and
89:hemostasis
85:dissection
5340:Bioethics
5273:Tricorder
4233:1248-9204
4166:1432-2218
4107:1432-2323
4048:0022-5347
3991:1248-9204
3873:195695119
3730:204952537
3075:205514054
2973:6 October
2942:6 October
2906:6 October
2878:234747381
2833:6 October
2409:8 October
1441:: 16–17.
1276:214168249
1268:0266-4623
821:abdominal
817:Pediatric
579:achalasia
532:inner ear
440:pterygium
420:surgeries
368:MiroSurge
270:with the
186:Vancouver
182:Arthrobot
159:and even
93:resection
5131:Ampakine
4984:9 August
4978:Archived
4974:10565914
4966:25756133
4927:22492893
4878:19716587
4842:28755672
4799:Archived
4768:18163170
4733:11253068
4725:28905524
4655:12908224
4618:11 March
4612:Archived
4564:Archived
4540:Robotica
4518:20019980
4466:23273846
4430:20428292
4384:23127367
4335:25306170
4300:19430547
4251:30671899
4186:Archived
4174:28916960
4119:Archived
4115:22194031
4060:Archived
4056:17698133
4009:34491460
3952:28027996
3917:29916987
3825:24580002
3781:31297389
3722:31658073
3686:23467021
3605:28104497
3562:29490530
3519:Archived
3497:25132942
3427:25730256
3387:30985921
3333:10194702
3298:26974961
3258:PLOS ONE
3239:22756808
3231:22038167
3196:16269282
3153:11986012
3118:25327137
3110:12915974
3067:24264778
3026:34307444
2967:Archived
2936:Archived
2900:Archived
2870:33993143
2827:Archived
2804:29078607
2753:12062276
2712:24172691
2663:28893396
2622:23614093
2565:Archived
2541:26 April
2535:Archived
2505:Archived
2497:"ORYOM™"
2481:23 March
2475:Archived
2449:29553953
2403:Archived
2377:Archived
2351:Archived
2254:Archived
2228:Archived
2201:Archived
2196:Phys.Org
2169:Archived
2164:Engadget
2144:25773206
2136:23836492
2100:30860198
2092:15995528
2054:22567225
1995:Archived
1961:CBS News
1942:11744453
1907:36333045
1855:30524184
1806:45163715
1798:12008765
1733:42287712
1725:12008763
1690:11003767
1589:Archived
1570:29441809
1562:24877247
1521:40064513
1447:16252396
1401:Archived
1380:14685095
1331:25245838
1286:19 April
1280:Archived
1229:31260974
1184:14 April
1178:Archived
1153:28467761
1086:Archived
1053:Archived
1030:15596885
1022:20818872
934:See also
729:quadrant
615:fibroids
611:oncology
558:da Vinci
475:Thoracic
360:NeuroArm
344:database
284:Columbus
274:and the
141:scrubbed
5044:13 June
5014:13 June
4918:3897330
4858:Urology
4776:6880837
4690:7500476
4560:8279869
4509:2792423
4421:2859140
4375:4780976
4291:2678689
4242:6456484
4182:3299412
4000:8613152
3865:1243701
3772:6595200
3677:3582865
3570:3618672
3488:4131076
3378:6464707
3289:4790929
3266:Bibcode
3176:Surgery
3017:8294934
2795:5637743
2671:8495890
2613:3631797
2571:7 April
2457:4574073
2383:1 April
2357:1 April
2207:21 July
2045:3337488
1922:Urology
1898:9626246
1846:6261744
1513:7992194
1410:25 June
1371:1356187
1323:1446455
1221:3280462
1173:YouTube
1144:5415365
1059:6 March
782:Urology
691:pedicle
536:cochlea
172:History
145:suction
129:trocars
74:robotic
5335:Ethics
5303:Topics
5098:Fields
5004:Oricon
4972:
4964:
4925:
4915:
4876:
4840:
4774:
4766:
4731:
4723:
4688:
4653:
4558:
4516:
4506:
4464:
4428:
4418:
4382:
4372:
4333:
4298:
4288:
4249:
4239:
4231:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4113:
4105:
4054:
4046:
4007:
3997:
3989:
3950:
3915:
3871:
3863:
3823:
3779:
3769:
3728:
3720:
3684:
3674:
3630:
3603:
3568:
3560:
3495:
3485:
3435:886451
3433:
3425:
3385:
3375:
3331:
3296:
3286:
3237:
3229:
3194:
3161:678863
3159:
3151:
3116:
3108:
3073:
3065:
3024:
3014:
2876:
2868:
2802:
2792:
2778:: 44.
2751:
2710:
2669:
2661:
2620:
2610:
2455:
2447:
2142:
2134:
2098:
2090:
2052:
2042:
1971:8 July
1940:
1905:
1895:
1853:
1843:
1804:
1796:
1731:
1723:
1688:
1568:
1560:
1519:
1511:
1445:
1378:
1368:
1329:
1321:
1274:
1266:
1227:
1219:
1151:
1141:
1028:
1020:
431:field.
135:and a
4970:S2CID
4772:S2CID
4729:S2CID
4567:(PDF)
4556:S2CID
4536:(PDF)
4178:S2CID
3869:S2CID
3726:S2CID
3566:S2CID
3431:S2CID
3235:S2CID
3157:S2CID
3114:S2CID
3071:S2CID
2874:S2CID
2667:S2CID
2453:S2CID
2140:S2CID
2096:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1729:S2CID
1566:S2CID
1517:S2CID
1437:(4).
1404:(PDF)
1397:(PDF)
1327:S2CID
1272:S2CID
1225:S2CID
1089:(PDF)
1082:(PDF)
1026:S2CID
698:Spine
687:Mazor
447:Heart
376:Sofie
316:DARPA
272:AESOP
249:femur
178:Waldo
50:[
5470:List
5146:Womb
5046:2024
5016:2024
4986:2023
4962:PMID
4923:PMID
4874:PMID
4838:PMID
4807:2015
4764:PMID
4721:PMID
4686:PMID
4651:PMID
4620:2010
4575:2023
4514:PMID
4462:PMID
4426:PMID
4380:PMID
4331:PMID
4296:PMID
4247:PMID
4229:ISSN
4194:2024
4170:PMID
4162:ISSN
4127:2024
4111:PMID
4103:ISSN
4068:2024
4052:PMID
4044:ISSN
4005:PMID
3987:ISSN
3948:PMID
3913:PMID
3861:PMID
3821:PMID
3777:PMID
3718:PMID
3682:PMID
3628:ISBN
3601:PMID
3558:PMID
3527:2022
3493:PMID
3423:PMID
3383:PMID
3329:PMID
3294:PMID
3227:PMID
3192:PMID
3149:PMID
3106:PMID
3063:PMID
3022:PMID
2975:2021
2944:2021
2908:2021
2866:PMID
2835:2021
2800:PMID
2749:PMID
2708:PMID
2659:PMID
2618:PMID
2573:2022
2543:2023
2513:2022
2483:2021
2445:PMID
2411:2018
2385:2011
2359:2011
2333:2010
2288:2012
2262:2011
2236:2012
2209:2009
2177:2022
2132:PMID
2088:PMID
2050:PMID
2026:2012
2003:2013
1973:2009
1938:PMID
1903:PMID
1851:PMID
1825:JSLS
1794:PMID
1763:2013
1721:PMID
1686:PMID
1649:2011
1623:2011
1597:2007
1558:PMID
1509:PMID
1443:PMID
1412:2013
1376:PMID
1319:PMID
1288:2023
1264:ISSN
1217:PMID
1186:2019
1149:PMID
1097:2014
1061:2019
1018:PMID
735:and
664:Bone
573:and
564:and
520:Bern
494:and
492:lung
486:The
434:The
406:Uses
320:NASA
318:and
266:and
258:and
131:. A
91:and
4954:doi
4950:115
4913:PMC
4905:doi
4866:doi
4830:doi
4826:106
4756:doi
4713:doi
4678:doi
4674:154
4643:doi
4548:doi
4504:PMC
4496:doi
4454:doi
4416:PMC
4370:PMC
4362:doi
4323:doi
4286:PMC
4278:doi
4237:PMC
4221:doi
4154:doi
4095:doi
4036:doi
4032:178
3995:PMC
3979:doi
3940:doi
3903:doi
3899:102
3853:doi
3811:doi
3767:PMC
3757:doi
3710:doi
3672:PMC
3664:doi
3593:doi
3550:doi
3483:PMC
3475:doi
3413:doi
3409:125
3373:PMC
3365:doi
3321:doi
3284:PMC
3274:doi
3219:doi
3184:doi
3180:138
3141:doi
3098:doi
3053:doi
3049:100
3012:PMC
3002:doi
2858:doi
2790:PMC
2780:doi
2739:doi
2698:doi
2694:147
2649:doi
2645:155
2608:PMC
2600:doi
2437:doi
2124:doi
2080:doi
2076:115
2040:PMC
2030:doi
1930:doi
1893:PMC
1885:doi
1841:PMC
1833:doi
1786:doi
1713:doi
1676:doi
1672:120
1548:doi
1501:doi
1474:doi
1366:PMC
1358:doi
1354:239
1311:doi
1307:285
1256:doi
1209:doi
1139:PMC
1131:doi
1010:doi
1006:363
510:ENT
298:a
282:in
245:IBM
240:FDA
64:or
5488::
5032:.
5002:.
4976:.
4968:.
4960:.
4948:.
4944:.
4921:.
4911:.
4901:31
4899:.
4895:.
4872:.
4862:74
4860:.
4836:.
4824:.
4797:.
4793:.
4770:.
4762:.
4752:22
4750:.
4727:.
4719:.
4709:20
4707:.
4684:.
4672:.
4649:.
4639:48
4637:.
4610:.
4604:.
4590:^
4562:.
4554:.
4544:28
4542:.
4538:.
4512:.
4502:.
4490:.
4486:.
4474:^
4460:.
4450:39
4448:.
4424:.
4412:12
4410:.
4406:.
4392:^
4378:.
4368:.
4358:16
4356:.
4352:.
4329:.
4319:41
4317:.
4294:.
4284:.
4274:50
4272:.
4268:.
4245:.
4235:.
4227:.
4217:23
4215:.
4211:.
4184:.
4176:.
4168:.
4160:.
4150:32
4148:.
4144:.
4117:.
4109:.
4101:.
4091:36
4089:.
4085:.
4058:.
4050:.
4042:.
4030:.
4026:.
4003:.
3993:.
3985:.
3975:25
3973:.
3969:.
3946:.
3936:38
3934:.
3911:.
3897:.
3893:.
3881:^
3867:.
3859:.
3849:59
3847:.
3833:^
3819:.
3807:36
3805:.
3801:.
3789:^
3775:.
3765:.
3751:.
3747:.
3724:.
3716:.
3706:28
3704:.
3680:.
3670:.
3658:.
3654:.
3642:^
3622:.
3599:.
3589:24
3587:.
3564:.
3556:.
3546:27
3544:.
3513:.
3491:.
3481:.
3471:55
3469:.
3465:.
3443:^
3429:.
3421:.
3407:.
3403:.
3381:.
3371:.
3359:.
3355:.
3341:^
3327:.
3315:.
3292:.
3282:.
3272:.
3262:11
3260:.
3256:.
3233:.
3225:.
3215:26
3213:.
3190:.
3178:.
3155:.
3147:.
3135:.
3112:.
3104:.
3094:17
3092:.
3069:.
3061:.
3047:.
3043:.
3020:.
3010:.
2996:.
2992:.
2965:.
2961:.
2934:.
2930:.
2916:^
2894:.
2872:.
2864:.
2854:42
2852:.
2825:.
2821:.
2798:.
2788:.
2774:.
2770:.
2747:.
2735:21
2733:.
2729:.
2706:.
2692:.
2688:.
2665:.
2657:.
2643:.
2639:.
2616:.
2606:.
2596:46
2594:.
2590:.
2559:.
2533:.
2529:.
2503:.
2499:.
2473:.
2451:.
2443:.
2433:29
2431:.
2419:^
2305:.
2226:.
2193:.
2167:.
2161:.
2138:.
2130:.
2120:36
2118:.
2094:.
2086:.
2074:.
2062:^
2048:.
2038:.
2024:.
2020:.
1993:.
1989:.
1959:.
1936:.
1926:58
1924:.
1901:.
1891:.
1881:40
1879:.
1875:.
1863:^
1849:.
1839:.
1829:22
1827:.
1823:.
1800:.
1792:.
1782:12
1780:.
1749:.
1727:.
1719:.
1709:12
1707:.
1684:.
1670:.
1666:.
1564:.
1556:.
1542:.
1538:.
1515:.
1507:.
1495:.
1470:20
1468:.
1435:39
1433:.
1429:.
1399:.
1374:.
1364:.
1352:.
1348:.
1325:.
1317:.
1305:.
1278:.
1270:.
1262:.
1252:35
1250:.
1246:.
1223:.
1215:.
1205:35
1203:.
1176:.
1170:.
1147:.
1137:.
1125:.
1121:.
1105:^
1084:.
1063:.
1051:.
1047:.
1024:.
1016:.
1004:.
990:^
863:,
794:.
625:,
621:,
581:.
538:.
522:,
422:.
394:.
290:.
161:AI
87:,
5083:e
5076:t
5069:v
5048:.
5018:.
4988:.
4956::
4929:.
4907::
4880:.
4868::
4844:.
4832::
4809:.
4778:.
4758::
4735:.
4715::
4692:.
4680::
4657:.
4645::
4622:.
4577:.
4550::
4520:.
4498::
4492:3
4468:.
4456::
4432:.
4386:.
4364::
4337:.
4325::
4302:.
4280::
4253:.
4223::
4196:.
4156::
4129:.
4097::
4070:.
4038::
4011:.
3981::
3954:.
3942::
3919:.
3905::
3875:.
3855::
3827:.
3813::
3783:.
3759::
3753:7
3732:.
3712::
3688:.
3666::
3660:5
3636:.
3607:.
3595::
3572:.
3552::
3529:.
3499:.
3477::
3437:.
3415::
3389:.
3367::
3361:4
3335:.
3323::
3317:9
3300:.
3276::
3268::
3241:.
3221::
3198:.
3186::
3163:.
3143::
3137:6
3120:.
3100::
3077:.
3055::
3028:.
3004::
2998:8
2977:.
2946:.
2910:.
2880:.
2860::
2837:.
2806:.
2782::
2776:3
2755:.
2741::
2714:.
2700::
2673:.
2651::
2624:.
2602::
2575:.
2545:.
2515:.
2485:.
2459:.
2439::
2413:.
2387:.
2361:.
2335:.
2307:7
2290:.
2264:.
2238:.
2211:.
2179:.
2146:.
2126::
2102:.
2082::
2056:.
2032::
2005:.
1975:.
1944:.
1932::
1909:.
1887::
1857:.
1835::
1808:.
1788::
1765:.
1735:.
1715::
1692:.
1678::
1651:.
1625:.
1599:.
1572:.
1550::
1544:7
1523:.
1503::
1497:8
1480:.
1476::
1414:.
1382:.
1360::
1333:.
1313::
1290:.
1258::
1231:.
1211::
1188:.
1155:.
1133::
1127:8
1099:.
1032:.
1012::
54:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.