1033:(ANN)-based control. When implemented in real-time, such techniques can potentially improve the stability and performance of robots operating in unknown or uncertain environments by enabling the control systems to learn and adapt to environmental changes. There are several examples of reference architectures for robot controllers, and also examples of successful implementations of actual robot controllers developed from them. One example of a generic reference architecture and associated interconnected, open-architecture robot and controller implementation was used in a number of research and development studies, including prototype implementation of novel advanced and intelligent control and environment mapping methods in real-time.
2055:. Even though the current state of robotics cannot meet the standards of these robots from science-fiction, robotic media characters (e.g., Wall-E, R2-D2) can elicit audience sympathies that increase people's willingness to accept actual robots in the future. Acceptance of social robots is also likely to increase if people can meet a social robot under appropriate conditions. Studies have shown that interacting with a robot by looking at, touching, or even imagining interacting with the robot can reduce negative feelings that some people have about robots before interacting with them. However, if pre-existing negative sentiments are especially strong, interacting with a robot can increase those negative feelings towards robots.
258:. A program is how a robot decides when or how to do something. In the caterpillar track example, a robot that needs to move across a muddy road may have the correct mechanical construction and receive the correct amount of power from its battery, but would not be able to go anywhere without a program telling it to move. Programs are the core essence of a robot, it could have excellent mechanical and electrical construction, but if its program is poorly structured, its performance will be very poor (or it may not perform at all). There are three different types of robotic programs: remote control, artificial intelligence, and hybrid. A robot with
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is typically seen as a long-term investment for benefactors. A study found that 47 percent of US jobs are at risk to automation "over some unspecified number of years". These claims have been criticized on the ground that social policy, not AI, causes unemployment. In a 2016 article in The
Guardian, Stephen Hawking stated "The automation of factories has already decimated jobs in traditional manufacturing, and the rise of artificial intelligence is likely to extend this job destruction deep into the middle classes, with only the most caring, creative or supervisory roles remaining". The rise of robotics is thus often used as an argument for
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replacing human workers performing dirty, dull or unsafe tasks, thus avoiding workers' exposures to hazardous agents and conditions and reducing physical, ergonomic and psychosocial risks. For example, robots are already used to perform repetitive and monotonous tasks, to handle radioactive material or to work in explosive atmospheres. In the future, many other highly repetitive, risky or unpleasant tasks will be performed by robots in a variety of sectors like agriculture, construction, transport, healthcare, firefighting or cleaning services.
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deformation can be adjusted to maximize flight efficiency depending on the flight gait. An example of a raptor inspired BFR is the prototype by
Savastano et al. The prototype has fully deformable flapping wings and is capable of carrying a payload of up to 0.8 kg while performing a parabolic climb, steep descent, and rapid recovery. The gull inspired prototype by Grant et al. accurately mimics the elbow and wrist rotation of gulls, and they find that lift generation is maximized when the elbow and wrist deformations are opposite but equal.
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485:, can also be used. However, such designs are often mechanically complex and need fuel, require heat dissipation, and are relatively heavy. A tether connecting the robot to a power supply would remove the power supply from the robot entirely. This has the advantage of saving weight and space by moving all power generation and storage components elsewhere. However, this design does come with the drawback of constantly having a cable connected to the robot, which can be difficult to manage. Potential power sources could be:
2449:. Those that perform worst are removed from the population and replaced by a new set, which have new behaviors based on those of the winners. Over time the population improves, and eventually a satisfactory robot may appear. This happens without any direct programming of the robots by the researchers. Researchers use this method both to create better robots, and to explore the nature of evolution. Because the process often requires many generations of robots to be simulated, this technique may be run entirely or mostly in
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1631:". According to Yeung, the gecko robot could rapidly climb up and down a variety of building walls, navigate through ground and wall fissures, and walk upside-down on the ceiling. It was also able to adapt to the surfaces of smooth glass, rough, sticky or dusty walls as well as various types of metallic materials. It could also identify and circumvent obstacles automatically. Its flexibility and speed were comparable to a natural gecko. A third approach is to mimic the motion of a snake climbing a pole.
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185:. Many robots are built to do jobs that are hazardous to people, such as finding survivors in unstable ruins, and exploring space, mines and shipwrecks. Others replace people in jobs that are boring, repetitive, or unpleasant, such as cleaning, monitoring, transporting, and assembling. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes.
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2207:, the programming of these artificial emotions is complex and requires a large amount of human observation. To simplify this programming in the movie, presets were created together with a special software program. This decreased the amount of time needed to make the film. These presets could possibly be transferred for use in real-life robots. An example of a robot with artificial emotions is Robin the Robot developed by an
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2097:. Nevertheless, great strides have been made in the field since Davis, Biddulph, and Balashek designed the first "voice input system" which recognized "ten digits spoken by a single user with 100% accuracy" in 1952. Currently, the best systems can recognize continuous, natural speech, up to 160 words per minute, with an accuracy of 95%. With the help of artificial intelligence, machines nowadays can use people's voice to
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Mechanical
Engineering Department at Texas A&M University. Many other robots have been built that walk on more than two legs, due to these robots being significantly easier to construct. Walking robots can be used for uneven terrains, which would provide better mobility and energy efficiency than other locomotion methods. Typically, robots on two legs can walk well on flat floors and can occasionally walk up
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complete welding systems with the robot i.e. the welding equipment along with other material handling facilities like turntables, etc. as an integrated unit. Such an integrated robotic system is called a "welding robot" even though its discrete manipulator unit could be adapted to a variety of tasks. Some robots are specifically designed for heavy load manipulation, and are labeled as "heavy-duty robots".
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interpreter. Body postures and gestures, facial expressions, hand and head movements are all part of nonverbal behavior and communication. Robots are no exception when it comes to human-robot interaction. Therefore, humans use their verbal and nonverbal behaviors to communicate their defining characteristics. Similarly, social robots need this coordination to perform human-like behaviors.
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include familiarization of relevant undergraduate level subject matter from each of them, followed by specialist study in pure robotics topics which build upon them. As an interdisciplinary subject, robotics graduate programmes tend to be especially reliant on students working and learning together and sharing their knowledge and skills from their home discipline first degrees.
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3116:. Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs, and to grip and transport objects with its hands, using tactile sensors. Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors, artificial eyes, and ears. And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese, with an artificial mouth.
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instructed to perform their jobs, and especially how they will be told to stop will be of critical importance. The people who interact with them may have little or no training in robotics, and so any interface will need to be extremely intuitive. Science fiction authors also typically assume that robots will eventually be capable of communicating with humans through
1722:. Since the propulsion of sailboat robots uses the wind, the energy of the batteries is only used for the computer, for the communication and for the actuators (to tune the rudder and the sail). If the robot is equipped with solar panels, the robot could theoretically navigate forever. The two main competitions of sailboat robots are
2224:, something which may or may not be desirable in the commercial robots of the future. Nevertheless, researchers are trying to create robots which appear to have a personality: i.e. they use sounds, facial expressions, and body language to try to convey an internal state, which may be joy, sadness, or fear. One commercial example is
1431:(UAVs). They can be smaller and lighter without a human pilot on board, and fly into dangerous territory for military surveillance missions. Some can even fire on targets under command. UAVs are also being developed which can fire on targets automatically, without the need for a command from a human. Other flying robots include
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within the core. When the artificial skin touches an object the fluid path around the electrodes is deformed, producing impedance changes that map the forces received from the object. The researchers expect that an important function of such artificial fingertips will be adjusting the robotic grip on held objects.
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reduce the impact of landing, shock absorbers can be implemented along the wings. Alternatively, the BFR can pitch up and increase the amount of drag it experiences. By increasing the drag force, the BFR will decelerate and minimize the impact upon grounding. Different land gait patterns can also be implemented.
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to provide a complete understanding of the image formation process. Robots can also be equipped with multiple vision sensors to be better able to compute the sense of depth in the environment. Like human eyes, robots' "eyes" must also be able to focus on a particular area of interest, and also adjust
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Bird inspired BFRs can take inspiration from raptors, gulls, and everything in-between. Bird inspired BFRs can be feathered to increase the angle of attack range over which the prototype can operate before stalling. The wings of bird inspired BFRs allow for in-plane deformation, and the in-plane wing
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Mammal inspired BFRs typically take inspiration from bats, but the flying squirrel has also inspired a prototype. Examples of bat inspired BFRs include Bat Bot and the DALER. Mammal inspired BFRs can be designed to be multi-modal; therefore, they're capable of both flight and terrestrial movement. To
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of soft suction end-effectors can enable a robot to be more robust in the presence of imperfect robotic perception. As an example: consider the case of a robot vision system that estimates the position of a water bottle but has 1 centimeter of error. While this may cause a rigid mechanical gripper to
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Series elastic actuation (SEA) relies on the idea of introducing intentional elasticity between the motor actuator and the load for robust force control. Due to the resultant lower reflected inertia, series elastic actuation improves safety when a robot interacts with the environment (e.g., humans or
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are used as a power source. Many different types of batteries can be used as a power source for robots. They range from lead–acid batteries, which are safe and have relatively long shelf lives but are rather heavy compared to silver–cadmium batteries which are much smaller in volume and are currently
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As more and more robots are designed for specific tasks, this method of classification becomes more relevant. For example, many robots are designed for assembly work, which may not be readily adaptable for other applications. They are termed "assembly robots". For seam welding, some suppliers provide
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programming has a preexisting set of commands that it will only perform if and when it receives a signal from a control source, typically a human being with remote control. It is perhaps more appropriate to view devices controlled primarily by human commands as falling in the discipline of automation
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Robotics industry careers then follow the same pattern, with most roboticists working as part of interdisciplinary teams of specialists from these home disciplines followed by the robotics graduate degrees which enable them to work together. Workers typically continue to identify as members of their
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Great user experience predicts the needs, experiences, behaviors, language and cognitive abilities, and other factors of each user group. It then uses these insights to produce a product or solution that is ultimately useful and usable. For robots, user experience begins with an understanding of the
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Robotics is an essential component in many modern manufacturing environments. As factories increase their use of robots, the number of robotics–related jobs grow and have been observed to be steadily rising. The employment of robots in industries has increased productivity and efficiency savings and
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Insect inspired BFRs typically take inspiration from beetles or dragonflies. An example of a beetle inspired BFR is the prototype by Phan and Park, and a dragonfly inspired BFR is the prototype by Hu et al. The flapping frequency of insect inspired BFRs are much higher than those of other BFRs; this
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Modern commercial robotic control systems are highly complex, integrate multiple sensors and effectors, have many interacting degrees-of-freedom (DOF) and require operator interfaces, programming tools and real-time capabilities. They are oftentimes interconnected to wider communication networks and
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Sensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement of the environment, or internal components. This is essential for robots to perform their tasks, and act upon any changes in the environment to calculate the appropriate response. They are used for various forms of measurements,
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elements, vibrating many thousands of times per second, cause linear or rotary motion. There are different mechanisms of operation; one type uses the vibration of the piezo elements to step the motor in a circle or a straight line. Another type uses the piezo elements to cause a nut to vibrate or to
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In the future, cooperation between robots and humans will be diversified, with robots increasing their autonomy and human-robot collaboration reaching completely new forms. Current approaches and technical standards aiming to protect employees from the risk of working with collaborative robots will
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Moreover, there are certain skills to which humans will be better suited than machines for some time to come and the question is how to achieve the best combination of human and robot skills. The advantages of robotics include heavy-duty jobs with precision and repeatability, whereas the advantages
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would aid the verbal descriptions. In the first case, the robot would be recognizing gestures made by the human, and perhaps repeating them for confirmation. In the second case, the robot police officer would gesture to indicate "down the road, then turn right". It is likely that gestures will make
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that get their power mainly from petrol still require an electric current to start the combustion process which is why most petrol-powered machines like cars, have batteries. The electrical aspect of robots is used for movement (through motors), sensing (where electrical signals are used to measure
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The greatest OSH benefits stemming from the wider use of robotics should be substitution for people working in unhealthy or dangerous environments. In space, defense, security, or the nuclear industry, but also in logistics, maintenance, and inspection, autonomous robots are particularly useful in
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BFRs take inspiration from flying mammals, birds, or insects. BFRs can have flapping wings, which generate the lift and thrust, or they can be propeller actuated. BFRs with flapping wings have increased stroke efficiencies, increased maneuverability, and reduced energy consumption in comparison to
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exist which assist developers of robot control software and hardware to move beyond traditional, earlier notions of 'closed' robot control systems have been proposed. Open architecture controllers are said to be better able to meet the growing requirements of a wide range of robot users, including
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that mimics the mechanical properties and touch receptors of human fingertips. The sensor array is constructed as a rigid core surrounded by conductive fluid contained by an elastomeric skin. Electrodes are mounted on the surface of the rigid core and are connected to an impedance-measuring device
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and other subjects. The usual way to build a career in robotics is to complete an undergraduate degree in one of these established subjects, followed by a graduate (masters') degree in
Robotics. Graduate degrees are typically joined by students coming from all of the contributing disciplines, and
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Robotics engineers design robots, maintain them, develop new applications for them, and conduct research to expand the potential of robotics. Robots have become a popular educational tool in some middle and high schools, particularly in parts of the USA, as well as in numerous youth summer camps,
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IT company Expper
Technologies, which uses AI-based peer-to-peer interaction. Its main task is achieving emotional well-being, i.e. overcome stress and anxiety. Robin was trained to analyze facial expressions and use his face to display his emotions given the context. The robot has been tested by
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and humans sharing a common workspace more closely and led to the development of new approaches and standards to guarantee the safety of the "man-robot merger". Some
European countries are including robotics in their national programs and trying to promote a safe and flexible cooperation between
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The state of the art in sensory intelligence for robots will have to progress through several orders of magnitude if we want the robots working in our homes to go beyond vacuum-cleaning the floors. If robots are to work effectively in homes and other non-industrial environments, the way they are
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Tracks provide even more traction than a six-wheeled robot. Tracked wheels behave as if they were made of hundreds of wheels, therefore are very common for outdoor off-road robots, where the robot must drive on very rough terrain. However, they are difficult to use indoors such as on carpets and
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framework as it ensures the safety of interaction with unstructured environments. Despite its remarkable stability and robustness, this framework suffers from the stringent limitations imposed on the controller which may trade-off performance. The reader is referred to the following survey which
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is an approach to the coordination of multiple robots as a system which consist of large numbers of mostly simple physical robots. ″In a robot swarm, the collective behavior of the robots results from local interactions between the robots and between the robots and the environment in which they
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A more advanced way for a robot to walk is by using a dynamic balancing algorithm, which is potentially more robust than the Zero Moment Point technique, as it constantly monitors the robot's motion, and places the feet in order to maintain stability. This technique was recently demonstrated by
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published in 1914, Leonardo Torres
Quevedo proposed a machine that makes "judgments" using sensors that capture information from the outside, parts that manipulate the outside world like arms, power sources such as batteries and air pressure, and most importantly, captured information and past
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It defines that communication as the transmission of information through signals, which are elements perceived through touch, sound, smell and sight. The author states that the signal connects the sender to the receiver and consists of three parts: the signal itself, what it refers to, and the
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research seeks standards for defining, and methods for designing and building, robots so that they can easily be reproduced by anyone. Research includes legal and technical definitions; seeking out alternative tools and materials to reduce costs and simplify builds; and creating interfaces and
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and internal models may first be used to estimate parameters of interest (e.g. the position of the robot's gripper) from noisy sensor data. An immediate task (such as moving the gripper in a certain direction until an object is detected with a proximity sensor) is sometimes inferred from these
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One of the most common types of end-effectors are "grippers". In its simplest manifestation, it consists of just two fingers that can open and close to pick up and let go of a range of small objects. Fingers can, for example, be made of a chain with a metal wire running through it. Hands that
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Walking is a difficult and dynamic problem to solve. Several robots have been made which can walk reliably on two legs, however, none have yet been made which are as robust as a human. There has been much study on human-inspired walking, such as AMBER lab which was established in 2008 by the
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In each area mentioned above, researchers strive to develop new concepts and strategies, improve existing ones, and improve the interaction between these areas. To do this, criteria for "optimal" performance and ways to optimize design, structure, and control of robots must be developed and
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proves suboptimal as a communication medium, making it necessary to develop the emotional component of robotic voice through various techniques. An advantage of diphonic branching is the emotion that the robot is programmed to project, can be carried on the voice tape, or phoneme, already
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robots have been successfully developed. Mimicking the way real snakes move, these robots can navigate very confined spaces, meaning they may one day be used to search for people trapped in collapsed buildings. The
Japanese ACM-R5 snake robot can even navigate both on land and in water.
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Robotics careers are widely predicted to grow in the 21st century, as robots replace more manual and intellectual human work. Some workers who lose their jobs to robotics may be well-placed to retrain to build and maintain these robots, using their domain-specific knowledge and skills.
1153:. Some researchers have tried to create more complex wheeled robots with only one or two wheels. These can have certain advantages such as greater efficiency and reduced parts, as well as allowing a robot to navigate in confined places that a four-wheeled robot would not be able to.
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into movement. By far the most popular actuators are electric motors that rotate a wheel or gear, and linear actuators that control industrial robots in factories. There are some recent advances in alternative types of actuators, powered by electricity, chemicals, or compressed air.
1025:. In addition to utilizing many established features of robot controllers, such as position, velocity and force control of end effectors, they also enable IoT interconnection and the implementation of more advanced sensor fusion and control techniques, including adaptive control,
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The processing phase can range in complexity. At a reactive level, it may translate raw sensor information directly into actuator commands (e.g. firing motor power electronic gates based directly upon encoder feedback signals to achieve the required torque/velocity of the shaft).
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is the science and technology of machines that see. As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images. The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences and views from cameras.
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software package, then tested on real robots once the evolved algorithms are good enough. Currently, there are about 10 million industrial robots toiling around the world, and Japan is the top country having high density of utilizing robots in its manufacturing industry.
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Though a significant percentage of robots in commission today are either human controlled or operate in a static environment, there is an increasing interest in robots that can operate autonomously in a dynamic environment. These robots require some combination of
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capable of outperforming real carangiform fish in terms of average maximum velocity (measured in body lengths/ second) and endurance, the duration that top speed is maintained. This build attained swimming speeds of 11.6BL/s (i.e. 3.7 m/s). The first build,
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An autonomous robot may go without human interaction for extended periods of time . Higher levels of autonomy do not necessarily require more complex cognitive capabilities. For example, robots in assembly plants are completely autonomous but operate in a fixed
2876:, a radio-based control system with different operational states, for testing airships without risking human lives. He conduct the initial test controlling a tricycle almost 100 feet away, being the first example of a radio-controlled unmanned ground vehicle.
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refers to the opposite case in which required joint values are calculated for given end effector values, as done in path planning. Some special aspects of kinematics include handling of redundancy (different possibilities of performing the same movement),
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robots have been developed, one of which is a multi-mode walking and skating device. It has four legs, with unpowered wheels, which can either step or roll. Another robot, Plen, can use a miniature skateboard or roller-skates, and skate across a desktop.
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Various types of linear actuators move in and out instead of by spinning, and often have quicker direction changes, particularly when very large forces are needed such as with industrial robotics. They are typically powered by compressed and oxidized air
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interact with their environment on their own without a control source, and can determine reactions to objects and problems they encounter using their preexisting programming. A hybrid is a form of programming that incorporates both AI and RC functions in
232:. Origami inspired robots can sense and analyze in extreme environments. The mechanical aspect of the robot is mostly the creator's solution to completing the assigned task and dealing with the physics of the environment around it. Form follows function.
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hand. Mechanical grippers can come in various types, including friction and encompassing jaws. Friction jaws use all the force of the gripper to hold the object in place using friction. Encompassing jaws cradle the object in place, using less friction.
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home disciplines who work in robotics, rather than as 'roboticists'. This structure is reinforced by the nature of some engineering professions, which grant chartered engineer status to members of home disciplines rather than to robotics as a whole.
1105:. Most robot arms have replaceable end-effectors, each allowing them to perform some small range of tasks. Some have a fixed manipulator that cannot be replaced, while a few have one very general-purpose manipulator, for example, a humanoid hand.
1655:, and produce less noise and water disturbance. Therefore, many researchers studying underwater robots would like to copy this type of locomotion. Notable examples are the Robotic Fish G9, and Robot Tuna built to analyze and mathematically model
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and shock absorption (mechanical filtering) while reducing excessive wear on the transmission and other mechanical components. This approach has successfully been employed in various robots, particularly advanced manufacturing robots and walking
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EAPs or EPAMs are a plastic material that can contract substantially (up to 380% activation strain) from electricity, and have been used in facial muscles and arms of humanoid robots, and to enable new robots to float, fly, swim or walk.
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According to a GlobalData
September 2021 report, the robotics industry was worth $ 45bn in 2020, and by 2030, it will have grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 29% to $ 568bn, driving jobs in robotics and related industries.
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give information about the environment or the robot itself (e.g. the position of its joints or its end effector). This information is then processed to be stored or transmitted and to calculate the appropriate signals to the actuators
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Food processing. Commercial examples of kitchen automation are Flippy (burgers), Zume Pizza (pizza), Cafe X (coffee), Makr Shakr (cocktails), Frobot (frozen yogurts), Sally (salads), salad or food bowl robots manufactured by Dexai (a
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A one-wheeled balancing robot is an extension of a two-wheeled balancing robot so that it can move in any 2D direction using a round ball as its only wheel. Several one-wheeled balancing robots have been designed recently, such as
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1337:. As the robot falls to one side, it would jump slightly in that direction, in order to catch itself. Soon, the algorithm was generalised to two and four legs. A bipedal robot was demonstrated running and even performing
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architectures, namely velocity-sourced SEA. This work is of particular importance as it drives the non-conservative passivity bounds in an SEA scheme for the first time which allows a larger selection of control gains.
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Several attempts have been made in robots that are completely inside a spherical ball, either by spinning a weight inside the ball, or by rotating the outer shells of the sphere. These have also been referred to as an
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1309:(force causing the robot to rotate and fall over). However, this is not exactly how a human walks, and the difference is obvious to human observers, some of whom have pointed out that ASIMO walks as if it needs the
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Robots need to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, move or otherwise have an effect. Thus the functional end of a robot arm intended to make the effect (whether a hand, or tool) are often referred to as
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and moving each limb in turn to gain leverage. An example of this is
Capuchin, built by Ruixiang Zhang at Stanford University, California. Another approach uses the specialized toe pad method of wall-climbing
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Otake, Mihoko; Kagami, Yoshiharu; Ishikawa, Kohei; Inaba, Masayuki; Inoue, Hirochika (6 April 2001). Wilson, Alan R.; Asanuma, Hiroshi (eds.). "Shape design of gel robots made of electroactive polymer gel".
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as well as to control vehicle attitude and direction. Waste gas from the propulsion system not only facilitates the blown wing aerodynamics, but also serves to create ultrasonic emissions like that of a
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in order to traverse their environment. In particular, unforeseen events (e.g. people and other obstacles that are not stationary) can cause problems or collisions. Some highly advanced robots such as
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Muscle wire, also known as shape memory alloy, Nitinol® or Flexinol® wire, is a material that contracts (under 5%) when electricity is applied. They have been used for some small robot applications.
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US data, in 2016 the automotive industry was the main customer of industrial robots with 52% of total sales. In the auto industry, they can amount for more than half of the "labor". There are even "
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Roozing, Wesley; Li, Zhibin; Tsagarakis, Nikos; Caldwell, Darwin (2016). "Design Optimisation and Control of Compliant Actuation Arrangements in Articulated Robots for Improved Energy Efficiency".
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is not commonly thought of as a robot, it can be thought of as a component of a robot, when used as such Segway refer to them as RMP (Robotic Mobility Platform). An example of this use has been as
2047:. Although speech would be the most natural way for the human to communicate, it is unnatural for the robot. It will probably be a long time before robots interact as naturally as the fictional
1985:, are capable of sensing the environment well and subsequently making navigational decisions based on this information, including by a swarm of autonomous robots. Most of these robots employ a
613:) Linear actuators can also be powered by electricity which usually consists of a motor and a leadscrew. Another common type is a mechanical linear actuator such as a rack and pinion on a car.
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Facial expressions can provide rapid feedback on the progress of a dialog between two humans, and soon may be able to do the same for humans and robots. Robotic faces have been constructed by
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to detect how much a robot is falling and then drive the wheels proportionally in the same direction, to counterbalance the fall at hundreds of times per second, based on the dynamics of an
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First multitasking, the parallel programming language used for robot control. It was the Event Driven Language (EDL) on the IBM/Series/1 process computer, with the implementation of both
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refers to the calculation of the actuator forces necessary to create a prescribed end-effector acceleration. This information can be used to improve the control algorithms of a robot.
748:/cm for metal nanotubes. Human biceps could be replaced with an 8 mm diameter wire of this material. Such compact "muscle" might allow future robots to outrun and outjump humans.
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controlled electric industrial robot, IRB 6 from ASEA, was delivered to a small mechanical engineering company in southern Sweden. The design of this robot had been patented in 1972.
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Pneumatic artificial muscles also known as air muscles, are special tubes that expand (typically up to 42%) when air is forced inside them. They are used in some robot applications.
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would need some kind of power to move the tracker treads. That power comes in the form of electricity, which will have to travel through a wire and originate from a battery, a basic
2734:(1023–957 BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. The latter allegedly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork.
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Arámbula Cosío, F.; Hibberd, R. D.; Davies, B. L. (July 1997). "Electromagnetic compatibility aspects of active robotic systems for surgery: the robotic prostatectomy experience".
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Wullenkord, Ricarda; Fraune, Marlena R.; Eyssel, Friederike; Sabanovic, Selma (2016). "Getting in Touch: How imagined, actual, and physical contact affect evaluations of robots".
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are generally used to convert the higher-level tasks into individual commands that drive the actuators, most often using kinematic and dynamic models of the mechanical structure.
1012:-enabled and mobile. Progress towards open architecture, layered, user-friendly and 'intelligent' sensor-based interconnected robots has emerged from earlier concepts related to
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Walters, M. L.; Syrdal, D. S.; Koay, K. L.; Dautenhahn, K.; Te Boekhorst, R. (2008). "Human approach distances to a mechanical-looking robot with different robot voice styles".
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In most practical computer vision applications, the computers are pre-programmed to solve a particular task, but methods based on learning are now becoming increasingly common.
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propeller actuated BFRs. Mammal and bird inspired BFRs share similar flight characteristics and design considerations. For instance, both mammal and bird inspired BFRs minimize
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1208:'s "BallIP". Because of the long, thin shape and ability to maneuver in tight spaces, they have the potential to function better than other robots in environments with people.
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Tosun, Fatih Emre; Patoglu, Volkan (June 2020). "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Passivity of Impedance Rendering With Velocity-Sourced Series Elastic Actuation".
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information. It was defined as an organism that can control reactions in response to external information and adapt to changes in the environment to change its behavior.
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for obstacle avoidance. The Entomopter and other biologically-inspired robots leverage features of biological systems, but do not attempt to create mechanical analogs.
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One can imagine, in the future, explaining to a robot chef how to make a pastry, or asking directions from a robot police officer. In both of these cases, making hand
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Cheng Lin, Kuan; Huang, Tien-Chi; Hung, Jason C.; Yen, Neil Y.; Ju Chen, Szu (7 June 2013). "Facial emotion recognition towards affective computing-based learning".
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A definition of robotic manipulation has been provided by Matt Mason as: "manipulation refers to an agent's control of its environment through selective contact".
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Mechanical construction: a frame, form or shape designed to achieve a particular task. For example, a robot designed to travel across heavy dirt or mud might use
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by increasing the rigidity of the wing edge and wingtips. Mammal and insect inspired BFRs can be impact resistant, making them useful in cluttered environments.
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Calanca, Andrea; Muradore, Riccardo; Fiorini, Paolo (November 2017). "Impedance control of series elastic actuators: Passivity and acceleration-based control".
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102:, which landed on Mars in 1997 as part of the Mars Pathfinder Project. On the left is a Mars Exploration Rover (MER) test vehicle that is a working sibling to
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can control the plane for each stage of the journey, including takeoff, normal flight, and even landing. Other flying robots are uninhabited and are known as
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to propel themselves. Using this technique, a robot need only supply a small amount of motor power to walk along a flat surface or a little more to walk up a
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Several different approaches have been used to develop robots that have the ability to climb vertical surfaces. One approach mimics the movements of a human
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upon these movements. Direct dynamics refers to the calculation of accelerations in the robot once the applied forces are known. Direct dynamics is used in
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Pratt, Jerry E.; Krupp, Benjamin T. (2004). "Series Elastic Actuators for legged robots". In Gerhart, Grant R; Shoemaker, Chuck M; Gage, Douglas W (eds.).
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standards for designs to work together. Human usability research also investigates how to best document builds through visual, text or video instructions.
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techniques may be used to figure out how to act. For example, a planner may figure out how to achieve a task without hitting obstacles, falling over, etc.
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Leg Laboratory, successfully demonstrated very dynamic walking. Initially, a robot with only one leg, and a very small foot could stay upright simply by
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Park, S.; Sharlin, Ehud; Kitamura, Y.; Lau, E. (29 April 2005). Synthetic Personality in Robots and its Effect on Human-Robot Relationship (Report).
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Clockwork Prayer that had machinal feet built under its robes that imitated walking. The robot's eyes, lips, and head all move in lifelike gestures.
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robot's intended task and environment, while considering any possible social impact the robot may have on human operations and interactions with it.
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Descriptions of more than 100 machines and automata, including a fire engine, a wind organ, a coin-operated machine, and a steam-powered engine, in
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1313:. ASIMO's walking algorithm is not static, and some dynamic balancing is used (see below). However, it still requires a smooth surface to walk on.
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2118:. Leachim was able to convert digital memory to rudimentary verbal speech on pre-recorded computer discs. It was programmed to teach students in
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817:, play piano, and perform other fine movements. The prosthesis has sensors which enable the patient to sense real feelings in its fingertips.
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1848:, at different levels of complexity. Also, some of the learning-based methods developed within computer vision have a background in biology.
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Operator-assist modes have the operator commanding medium-to-high-level tasks, with the robot automatically figuring out how to achieve them.
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Collins, Steve; Ruina, Andy; Tedrake, Russ; Wisse, Martijn (18 February 2005). "Efficient Bipedal Robots Based on Passive-Dynamic Walkers".
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The first object-level robot programming language, RAPT, allowing robots to handle variations in object position, shape, and sensor noise.
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and the more recent addition, Nexi can produce a range of facial expressions, allowing it to have meaningful social exchanges with humans.
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1443:. Robots such as the Air Penguin, Air Ray, and Air Jelly have lighter-than-air bodies, are propelled by paddles, and are guided by sonar.
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2156:. Whether the person is happy, frightened, or crazy-looking affects the type of interaction expected of the robot. Likewise, robots like
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Randell, Brian (October 1982). "From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush".
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Pick and place robots for electronic components and for large objects like car windscreens, often use very simple vacuum end-effectors.
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1544:(Manduca sexta), but flaps them in a non-traditional "opposed x-wing fashion" while "blowing" the surface to enhance lift based on the
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try to represent the robot, the world, and how the two interact. Pattern recognition and computer vision can be used to track objects.
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puncture the water bottle, the soft suction end-effector may just bend slightly and conform to the shape of the water bottle surface.
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resolution, speed, and available force for their size. These motors are already available commercially and being used on some robots.
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Some advanced robots are beginning to use fully humanoid hands, like the Shadow Hand, MANUS, and the Schunk hand. They have powerful
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Proceedings 1995 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Human-Robot Interaction and Cooperative Robots
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kids in US clinics, and observations show that Robin increased the appetite and cheerfulness of children after meeting and talking.
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system developers, end users and research scientists, and are better positioned to deliver the advanced robotic concepts related to
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Suction end-effectors, powered by vacuum generators, are very simple astrictive devices that can hold very large loads provided the
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Frey, Carl Benedikt; Osborne, Michael A. (January 2017). "The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?".
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robots and operators to achieve better productivity. For example, the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (
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up a part of the interaction between humans and robots. A great many systems have been developed to recognize human hand gestures.
2144:, allowing a large number of facial expressions due to the elasticity of the rubber facial coating and embedded subsurface motors (
1492:. Insect inspired BFRs are much smaller than those inspired by mammals or birds, so they are more suitable for dense environments.
8211:. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Southeast Regional Conference of the Association for Computing Machinery. ACM. pp. 361–362.
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of humans include creativity, decision-making, flexibility, and adaptability. This need to combine optimal skills has resulted in
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swimming motion which was found to increase swimming speed by 27% over the traditional approach of a posterior confined waveform.
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Elastic nanotubes are a promising artificial muscle technology in early-stage experimental development. The absence of defects in
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machines. These motors are often preferred in systems with lighter loads, and where the predominant form of motion is rotational.
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Wettels, Nicholas; Santos, Veronica J.; Johansson, Roland S.; Loeb, Gerald E. (January 2008). "Biomimetic Tactile Sensor Array".
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Li, Zhibin; Tsagarakis, Nikos; Caldwell, Darwin (2013). "Walking Pattern Generation for a Humanoid Robot with Compliant Joints".
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The mechanical structure of a robot must be controlled to perform tasks. The control of a robot involves three distinct phases –
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Waldherr, Stefan; Romero, Roseli; Thrun, Sebastian (1 September 2000). "A Gesture Based Interface for Human-Robot Interaction".
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Jaulin, Luc; Le Bars, Fabrice (February 2013). "An Interval Approach for Stability Analysis: Application to Sailboat Robotics".
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intelligence, professor Moravec predicts, would become possible, he does not predict this happening before around 2040 or 2050.
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Sailboat robots have also been developed in order to make measurements at the surface of the ocean. A typical sailboat robot is
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to give the robots warnings about safety or malfunctions, and to provide real-time information about the task it is performing.
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measures the distance to a target by illuminating the target with laser light and measuring the reflected light with a sensor.
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much more expensive. Designing a battery-powered robot needs to take into account factors such as safety, cycle lifetime, and
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Leonardo Torres Quevedo builds the first truly autonomous machine capable of playing chess. As opposed to the human-operated
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Computer vision systems rely on image sensors that detect electromagnetic radiation which is typically in the form of either
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Supervisory. A human specifies general moves or position changes and the machine decides specific movements of its actuators.
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To describe the level of advancement of a robot, the term "Generation Robots" can be used. This term is coined by Professor
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Using six wheels instead of four wheels can give better traction or grip in outdoor terrain such as on rocky dirt or grass.
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Norberto Pires, J. (December 2005). "Robot-by-voice: experiments on commanding an industrial robot using the human voice".
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highlights how the spread of robotics presents both opportunities and challenges for occupational safety and health (OSH).
17:
5421:"Carnegie Mellon Researchers Develop New Type of Mobile Robot That Balances and Moves on a Ball Instead of Legs or Wheels"
2246:, alternative ways to think about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture them. Other investigations, such as MIT's
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Fournier, Randolph Scott; Schmidt, B. June (1995). "Voice input technology: Learning style and attitude toward its use".
2445:, a large population of robots is allowed to compete in some way, or their ability to perform a task is measured using a
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pre-programmed onto the voice media. One of the earliest examples is a teaching robot named Leachim developed in 1974 by
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There is a subfield within computer vision where artificial systems are designed to mimic the processing and behavior of
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At longer time scales or with more sophisticated tasks, the robot may need to build and reason with a "cognitive" model.
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Tijsma, H.A.; Liefhebber, F.; Herder, J.L. (2005). "Evaluation of New User Interface Features for the MANUS Robot Arm".
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A class of robots that are biologically inspired, but which do not attempt to mimic biology, are creations such as the
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Autor, David H. (1 August 2015). "Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation".
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5596:"Senior Design Projects | College of Engineering & Applied Science| University of Colorado at Boulder"
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is the study of personal space, and HRI systems may try to model and work with its concepts for human interactions.
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1616:, which can run on smooth surfaces such as vertical glass. Examples of this approach include Wallbot and Stickybot.
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Electrical Engineering Hall of Fame. Early Developments of Wireless Remote Control: The Telekino of Torres-Quevedo
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Sfakiotakis, M.; Lane, D.M.; Davies, J.B.C. (April 1999). "Review of fish swimming modes for aquatic locomotion".
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1404:. This technique promises to make walking robots at least ten times more efficient than ZMP walkers, like ASIMO.
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enables these filaments to deform elastically by several percent, with energy storage levels of perhaps 10
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can also be generated, composed of a sequence of facial expressions or gestures. As can be seen from the movie
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hand in 2009, called SmartHand, which functions like a real one —allowing patients to write with it, type on a
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to the '50 best robots ever', a mix of robots in fiction (Hal, R2D2, K9) to real robots (Roomba, Mobot, Aibo).
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apply the physiology and methods of locomotion of animals to the design of robots. For example, the design of
1305:(the force of the floor pushing back on the robot's foot). In this way, the two forces cancel out, leaving no
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Robotics and Mechatronics: Proceedings of the 4th IFToMM International Symposium on Robotics and Mechatronics
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5642:
5097:"Adaptive and Nonlinear Fuzzy Force Control Techniques Applied to Robots Operating in Uncertain Environments"
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Furnémont, Raphaël; Mathijssen, Glenn; Verstraten, Tom; Lefeber, Dirk; Vanderborght, Bram (27 January 2016).
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uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water.
296:" factories such as an IBM keyboard manufacturing factory in Texas that was fully automated as early as 2003.
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2355:. Direct kinematics or forward kinematics refers to the calculation of end effector position, orientation,
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110:, which landed on Mars in 2004. On the right is a test rover for the Mars Science Laboratory, which landed
6188:"Development and experiments of a bio-inspired robot with multi-mode in aerial and terrestrial locomotion"
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Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new
2109:
Other hurdles exist when allowing the robot to use voice for interacting with humans. For social reasons,
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Another classification takes into account the interaction between human control and the machine motions.
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Pauletto, Sandra; Bowles, Tristan (2010). "Designing the emotional content of a robotic speech signal".
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4648:"Annotated Mythbusters: Episode 78: Ninja Myths – Walking on Water, Catching a Sword, Catching an Arrow"
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efficiency greater than 90%. Furthermore, they can accelerate and maneuver far better than any man-made
1396:. It has been shown that totally unpowered humanoid mechanisms can walk down a gentle slope, using only
141:, robotics focuses on robotic automation algorithms. Other disciplines contributing to robotics include
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7061:"iSplash-I: High Performance Swimming Motion of a Carangiform Robotic Fish with Full-Body Coordination"
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Two robot snakes. The left one has 64 motors (with 2 degrees of freedom per segment), the right one 10.
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Task-level autonomy. The operator specifies only the task and the robot manages itself to complete it.
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8396:"Focal Points Seminar on review articles in the future of work – Safety and health at work – EU-OSHA"
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972:), which move the mechanical structure to achieve the required co-ordinated motion or force actions.
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Energy applications including cleanup of nuclear contaminated areas; and cleaning solar panel arrays.
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R. J. Popplestone; A. P. Ambler; I. Bellos (1978). "RAPT: A language for describing assemblies".
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Handbook of Digital Human Modeling: Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering
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Proceedings of the 5th Audio Mostly Conference on a Conference on Interaction with Sound - AM '10
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avoidance. Once all relevant positions, velocities, and accelerations have been calculated using
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spinoff, operating on military bases), and integrated food bowl assembly systems manufactured by
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RO-MAN 2008 - the 17th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication
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robots, Moravec predicted in 1997, should have an intellectual capacity comparable to perhaps a
1663:. The Aqua Ray and Aqua Jelly emulate the locomotion of manta ray, and jellyfish, respectively.
1623:
reported on 15 November 2008, that Li Hiu Yeung and his research group of New Concept Aircraft (
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things like heat, sound, position, and energy status), and operation (robots need some level of
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Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967). "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments".
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6634:"Flow visualization and force measurement of the clapping effect in bio-inspired flying robots"
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Collins, S.H.; Ruina, A. (2005). "A Bipedal Walking Robot with Efficient and Human-Like Gait".
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Madden, John D. (16 November 2007). "Mobile Robots: Motor Challenges and Materials Solutions".
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Bozinovski, S. (1994). "Parallel programming for mobile robot control: Agent-based approach".
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Hands-on Learning of Programming Concepts Using Robotics for Middle and High School Students
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Li, Ling Hua; Du, Ji Fang (December 2012). "Visual Based Hand Gesture Recognition Systems".
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2016 25th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)
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Full autonomy. The machine will create and complete all its tasks without human interaction.
1783:. A human controls each movement, each machine actuator change is specified by the operator.
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9276:"Will robots automate your job away? Full employment, basic income, and economic democracy"
8295:"Will robots automate your job away? Full employment, basic income, and economic democracy"
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or teleoperated devices, and the human has nearly complete control over the robot's motion.
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1263:. None can walk over rocky, uneven terrain. Some of the methods which have been tried are:
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4406:"Robot Hand with Fingers Using Vibration-Type Ultrasonic Motors (Driving Characteristics)"
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had an integrated automaton built to play chess without human guidance. It only played an
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Daler, Ludovic; Mintchev, Stefano; Stefanini, Cesare; Floreano, Dario (19 January 2015).
4663:(Discovery Channel's Mythbusters making mechanical gripper from the chain and metal wire)
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There has been some research into whether robotics algorithms can be run more quickly on
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137:, robotics is the design and construction of the physical structures of robots, while in
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7632:"cyberneticzoo.com - Page 135 of 194 - a history of cybernetic animals and early robots"
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6477:"Flight Dynamics of a Morphing Aircraft Utilizing Independent Multiple-Joint Wing Sweep"
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Kilian, Lukas; Shahid, Farzeen; Zhao, Jing-Shan; Nayeri, Christian Navid (1 July 2022).
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First installed industrial robot. The first digitally operated and programmable robot,
288:. Robots have been increasingly used in manufacturing since the 1960s. According to the
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Electrical components that power and control the machinery. For example, the robot with
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raising interest in programming, artificial intelligence, and robotics among students.
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The main venues for robotics research are the international conferences ICRA and IROS.
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1659:. The Aqua Penguin, copies the streamlined shape and propulsion by front "flippers" of
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Suction is a highly used type of end-effector in industry, in part because the natural
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supplied to their motors and sensors in order to activate and perform basic operations)
240:
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7358:"Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology: 1.2: Speech Recognition"
6525:
6430:"High-Performance Morphing Wing for Large-Scale Bio-Inspired Unmanned Aerial Vehicles"
2152:. A robot should know how to approach a human, judging by their facial expression and
634:
The controller design of a series elastic actuator is most often performed within the
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3929:"Bi-directional series-parallel elastic actuator and overlap of the actuation layers"
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1832:. The process by which light propagates and reflects off surfaces is explained using
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summarizes the common controller architectures for SEA along with the corresponding
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8232:"Outlook for robotics and Automation for 2011 and beyond are excellent says expert"
8212:
8052:
8015:"Experimental Evolution In Robots Probes The Emergence Of Biological Communication"
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4358:
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718:
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344:
285:
138:
7361:
4330:"Electroactive Polymers (EAP) as Artificial Muscles (EPAM) for Robot Applications"
4051:
2576:
A robot technician builds small all-terrain robots (courtesy: MobileRobots, Inc.).
2288:
and become available by 2020, with the intelligence maybe comparable to that of a
2081:. The same word, spoken by the same person may sound different depending on local
1545:
930:
Experimental planar robot arm and sensor-based, open-architecture robot controller
11206:
11151:
11094:
11079:
10642:
9937:
9922:
9825:
9815:
9807:
9672:
9545:
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9513:
9076:
9067:
8887:
8710:
8056:
7944:
7664:
7388:
4938:
4673:
4194:
Tondu, Bertrand (2012). "Modelling of the McKibben artificial muscle: A review".
3113:
2987:
2895:
2731:
2454:
2110:
2077:, is a difficult task for a computer, mostly because of the great variability of
1974:
1970:
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1217:
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989:
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735:
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50:
8854:
Ensayos sobre Automática - Su definicion. Extension teórica de sus aplicaciones,
8546:"Current Researches and Future Development Trend of Intelligent Robot: A Review"
7599:
6056:
Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation
5744:
5061:
5036:
3393:"Origami-Inspired Robots Can Sense, Analyze and Act in Challenging Environments"
884:
11360:
11226:
11168:
11146:
10598:
10583:
10547:
10055:
9871:
9861:
9783:
9726:
9667:
9606:
9601:
9586:
9518:
8881:
Essais sur l'Automatique - Sa définition. Etendue théorique de ses applications
8602:
8545:
8450:"Draft Standard for Intelligent Assist Devices — Personnel Safety Requirements"
7463:
7298:
7237:"Optimus Primed: Media Cultivation of Robot Mental Models and Social Judgments"
6657:
6600:
6588:
6429:
6390:
6252:
6212:
6187:
6143:
6128:"Bio-inspired flapping wing robots with foldable or deformable wings: a review"
6063:
5013:
4787:
3245:
3050:
2929:
2837:
2485:
2474:
2157:
2145:
2023:
1978:
1746:
1608:
1590:
1583:
1432:
1353:, and bound. For a full list of these robots, see the MIT Leg Lab Robots page.
1302:
982:
969:
946:
776:
575:
569:
453:
431:
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startup Hyphen. Other examples may include manufacturing technologies based on
402:
312:
259:
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8561:
7738:
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7440:
7343:
6982:
6841:
6824:
6807:
6264:
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4043:
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2339:
1966:
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11392:
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10007:
9962:
9646:
9641:
9616:
9611:
8569:
8530:
7253:
7114:
6665:
6557:
6526:"Mechanisms of collision recovery in flying beetles and flapping-wing robots"
6502:
6493:
6476:
6453:
6445:
6398:
6332:
6251:
Ramezani, Alireza; Shi, Xichen; Chung, Soon-Jo; Hutchinson, Seth (May 2016).
6221:
6151:
5928:
5172:
5120:
5070:
5021:
4907:
4580:
4207:
4128:
3887:
3856:
3670:
3320:
3153:
2907:
2532:
High temperature crucibles allow robotic systems to automate sample analysis.
2243:
2153:
1780:
1489:
1367:
1071:
1066:
977:
919:
915:
519:
394:
360:
333:. Construction robots can be separated into three types: traditional robots,
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8831:
8306:
8216:
8154:
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6549:
6024:
4546:
4512:
4422:
4405:
1350:
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11211:
11124:
10725:
9771:
9746:
9731:
9704:
9694:
9555:
9466:
7833:
7272:
7030:"iSplash-II: Realizing Fast Carangiform Swimming to Outperform a Real Fish"
6673:
6633:
6565:
6406:
6367:"Bioinspired morphing wings: mechanical design and wind tunnel experiments"
6366:
6340:
6229:
6159:
6127:
6032:
5311:
4520:
3963:
3325:
3300:
3275:
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3061:
2919:
2915:
2858:
2360:
2254:
2019:
1998:
1683:
1416:
1366:
Dexter Robot, which is so stable, it can even jump. Another example is the
1322:
1298:
1121:
1022:
794:
449:
427:
419:
8607:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2, History of Scientific Thought
7545:. Proceedings of the 7th Sound and Music Computing Conference. Barcelona.
3678:
3514:
11459:
11291:
11286:
11178:
11056:
11041:
11031:
10522:
10134:
9793:
9719:
9709:
9699:
9662:
9579:
9540:
9491:
9333:
9039:
8892:
Revue Génerale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées, vol.2, pp.601-611, 1915.
6587:
Hu, Zheng; McCauley, Raymond; Schaeffer, Steve; Deng, Xinyan (May 2009).
5667:
4780:
9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, 2005. ICORR 2005
3305:
3216:(WAIT/POST) and mutual exclusion (ENQ/DEQ) mechanisms for robot control.
3091:
3045:
3040:
3010:
2911:
2879:
2470:
2430:
2149:
2090:
1026:
853:
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information than the human hand. Recent research has developed a tactile
782:
495:
334:
196:
181:
The goal of most robotics is to design machines that can help and assist
170:
158:
10974:
10799:
9364:
8880:
8856:
Revista de la Academia de Ciencias Exacta, Revista 12, pp.391-418, 1914.
8507:"Present and future robot control development—An industrial perspective"
7800:"Armenian Robin the Robot to comfort kids at U.S. clinics starting July"
4074:
3895:
3375:
International classification system of the German National Library (GND)
2572:
2437:
to help design robots, especially the body form, or motion and behavior
839:
uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects.
11251:
11136:
10537:
9342:
9324:
8651:
8481:"ISO/TS 15066:2016 – Robots and robotic devices – Collaborative robots"
7284:
7282:
6428:
Savastano, E.; Perez-Sanchez, V.; Arrue, B.C.; Ollero, A. (July 2022).
3662:
3295:
3198:
2630:) organises annual workshops on the topic "human-robot collaboration".
2450:
2377:
2348:
2317:
2247:
1666:
1509:
1436:
1338:
1334:
874:
831:
Other common forms of sensing in robotics use lidar, radar, and sonar.
810:
398:
373:. The use of robots in agriculture is closely linked to the concept of
351:
98:
robots. Front and center is the flight spare for the first Mars rover,
95:
56:
Specifically, the article goes in too much detail on specific types of
9182:
7841:
7704:
7403:"History of Speech & Voice Recognition and Transcription Software"
6890:
5799:"Robot Shows Prime Minister How to Loosen Up > > A drunk robot?"
5112:
4602:
4459:
4008:
126:
study and practice of the design, construction, operation, and use of
11281:
11099:
10831:
10348:
9957:
9851:
9550:
9196:
8794:
History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction
8750:
7631:
3193:
2923:
2789:
2767:
2514:
2442:
2369:
2228:, a toy robot dinosaur, which can exhibit several apparent emotions.
2187:
2082:
2052:
1969:
have particularly good robot navigation hardware and software. Also,
1750:
1691:-I (2014) was the first robotic platform to apply a full-body length
1652:
1541:
1424:
1342:
1224:
1162:
723:
541:
501:
489:
324:
303:
8643:
7600:"The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts on June 23, 1974 · 132"
7279:
6257:
2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)
3926:
1895:
1277:
The zero moment point (ZMP) is the algorithm used by robots such as
11183:
11104:
10872:
10862:
9997:
9947:
8425:"Robotics: Redefining crime prevention, public safety and security"
7008:
5037:"Internet of Robotic Things: Concept, Technologies, and Challenges"
4998:"A generic controller architecture for intelligent robotic systems"
4702:
3541:
3349:, contains information on almost 500 existing robotic technologies.
2356:
2277:
2086:
1627:) Co., Ltd. had successfully developed a bionic gecko robot named "
1604:
1389:
1260:
1178:
938:
857:
628:
531:
255:
244:
6934:. Human Centred Robotics Group at Essex University. Archived from
5638:
3878:
Pratt, G.A.; Williamson, M.M. (1995). "Series elastic actuators".
2834:
Mechanical duck that was able to eat, flap its wings, and excrete
1500:
1330:
717:. These work on a fundamentally different principle, whereby tiny
11455:
11074:
9927:
9508:
7166:"Synthiam Exosphere combines AI, human operators to train robots"
6986:
6427:
4754:"astrictive definition – English definition dictionary – Reverso"
3097:
3087:
3071:
2992:
2610:
2466:
2208:
2175:
2141:
2036:
1660:
1475:
1397:
1294:
1286:
1201:
1052:
464:
220:
Robotics usually combines three aspects of design work to create
6186:
Shin, Won Dong; Park, Jaejun; Park, Hae-Won (1 September 2019).
3792:"Robots in the kitchen? Local engineers are making it a reality"
2093:, etc.. It becomes even harder when the speaker has a different
1866:
1169:. Many different balancing robots have been designed. While the
622:
workpieces) or during collisions. Furthermore, it also provides
498:(using the sun's energy and converting it into electrical power)
9982:
9533:
9528:
9368:
7288:
6475:
Grant, Daniel T.; Abdulrahim, Mujahid; Lind, Rick (June 2010).
5423:(Press release). Carnegie Mellon. 9 August 2006. Archived from
5147:"Environment classification using Kohonen self-organizing maps"
2726:
2297:
2269:
2032:
1833:
1718:
1709:
1624:
1532:
for covert terrestrial missions as well as flight in the lower
1420:
1310:
1170:
1139:
1135:
964:
552:
478:
182:
10103:
9212:
14th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
6696:
6632:
Balta, Miquel; Deb, Dipan; Taha, Haithem E (26 October 2021).
6298:
5803:
The Temple of VTEC – Honda and Acura Enthusiasts Online Forums
4845:
3060:
First commercial robot, from the Unimation company founded by
2965:
First fictional automatons called "robots" appear in the play
2784:
Robot band, hand-washing automaton, automated moving peacocks
2598:
9952:
9500:
8359:
6593:
2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation
5297:
G.J. Monkman, S. Hesse, R. Steinmann & H. Schunk (2007).
3172:
Programmable universal manipulation arm, a Unimation product
2899:
2852:
Nikola Tesla demonstrates the first radio-controlled vessel.
2520:
2385:
2305:
2289:
2264:
in describing the near future evolution of robot technology.
2070:
2048:
1994:
1990:
1962:
1875:
1742:
1613:
1570:
1561:
1536:
atmosphere, the Entomopter flight propulsion system uses low
1513:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1204:" which is the approximate height and width of a person, and
1146:
1070:
Baxter, a modern and versatile industrial robot developed by
922:, a robot-manipulated marionette with complex control systems
861:
840:
836:
832:
790:
745:
221:
127:
57:
8735:(pdf) vol. 96, No. 1, January 2008, Proceedings of the IEEE.
8043:Žlajpah, Leon (15 December 2008). "Simulation in robotics".
4255:"lf205, Hardware: Building a Linux-controlled walking robot"
2782:
Created early humanoid automata, programmable automaton band
2724:
One of the earliest descriptions of automata appears in the
2655:
Robotics is an interdisciplinary field, combining primarily
1703:
1244:
smooth floors. Examples include NASA's Urban Robot "Urbie".
1131:
996:
techniques can be used to build maps of the world. Finally,
212:
9987:
9391:
9373:
8869:, pp. 575-583, Revista de Obras Públicas, 19 November 1914.
8867:
Automática: Complemento de la Teoría de las Máquinas, (pdf)
7885:"New Scientist: A good robot has personality but not looks"
7453:
5365:
4279:
3842:
3765:
3648:
3142:
3090:, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a
2627:
2225:
1851:
1648:
1533:
1517:
1401:
1346:
1301:
and deceleration of walking), exactly opposed by the floor
1174:
1045:
934:
860:
hand. Hands that are of a mid-level complexity include the
7196:
6250:
4625:
4623:
4566:
1757:
Control systems may also have varying levels of autonomy.
1738:
1727:
1451:
11453:
5598:. Engineering.colorado.edu. 30 April 2008. Archived from
5235:
4543:"Syntouch LLC: BioTac(R) Biomimetic Tactile Sensor Array"
3162:
1986:
1871:
1550:
1356:
1326:
1009:
587:
586:
in portable robots or AC motors in industrial robots and
9275:
9069:
Robots: From Science Fiction to Technological Revolution
8917:"Sabbatini, RME: An Imitation of Life: The First Robots"
8294:
7200:
Search and foraging:individual motion and swarm dynamics
6126:
Zhang, Jun; Zhao, Ning; Qu, Feiyang (15 November 2022).
6002:
4436:
418:
Robot sports for entertainment and education, including
7192:
7190:
6586:
5545:
4884:. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics. Vol. 118.
4620:
3440:
Smart Robots: A Handbook of Intelligent Robotic Systems
3112:
First full-scale humanoid intelligent robot, and first
2555:
2296:
robot should have intelligence comparable to that of a
1285:. The robot's onboard computer tries to keep the total
643:
passivity conditions. One recent study has derived the
374:
8544:
Wang, Tian-Miao; Tao, Yong; Liu, Hui (17 April 2018).
7827:
6765:"Commercialized Quadruped Walking Vehicle "TITAN VII""
6364:
6253:"Bat Bot (B2), a biologically inspired flying machine"
5957:
5474:
4777:
4729:"TU Delft ontwikkelt goedkope, voorzichtige robothand"
4196:
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
4087:
3599:"Construction Robotics Industry Set to Double by 2023"
2710:
A wooden, steam-propelled bird, which was able to fly
2505:. This area has been referred to as quantum robotics.
2089:, the previous word, whether or not the speaker has a
1495:
7701:"Kismet: Robot at MIT's AI Lab Interacts With Humans"
7626:
7624:
7426:
6858:
6589:"Aerodynamics of dragonfly flight and robotic design"
1993:, sometimes combined with other sensory data such as
852:
resemble and work more like a human hand include the
8996:
8595:
7187:
7066:. Robotics Group at Essex University. Archived from
7035:. Robotics Group at Essex University. Archived from
6524:
Phan, Hoang Vu; Park, Hoon Cheol (4 December 2020).
6301:"A bioinspired multi-modal flying and walking robot"
4029:
1878:, are all combined to provide proper navigation and
1333:. The movement is the same as that of a person on a
27:
Design, construction, use, and application of robots
7935:conversation with Professor Moravec, October 1997.
7856:"Robot Receptionist Dishes Directions and Attitude"
7724:
6474:
8905:The Origins of Digital Computers, pp.89-107, 1982.
7909:"Playtime with Pleo, your robotic dinosaur friend"
7621:
1446:
722:drive a screw. The advantages of these motors are
9382:– Robots that mimic human behaviors and gestures.
9254:
9032:
8943:"Masters of Manufacturing: Joseph F. Engelberger"
8550:International Journal of Automation and Computing
7539:Emotions in the Voice: Humanising a Robotic Voice
5259:
2272:and should become available by 2010. Because the
1504:Visualization of entomopter flying on Mars (NASA)
11738:
8676:Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics
8338:"This is the most dangerous time for our planet"
3651:Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing
647:passivity conditions for one of the most common
468:lander with solar panels deployed in a cleanroom
8895:
7374:
6955:
6767:. Hirose Fukushima Robotics Lab. Archived from
6740:"Swimming snake robot (commentary in Japanese)"
6259:. Stockholm, Sweden: IEEE. pp. 3219–3226.
5094:
4937:Lee, K. S. Fu, Ralph Gonzalez, C S. G. (1987).
4193:
3877:
2363:when the corresponding joint values are known.
2148:). The coating and servos are built on a metal
1733:
1455:A flapping wing BFR generating lift and thrust.
1184:
1156:
7535:
7494:
7329:
6791:"Plen, the robot that skates across your desk"
6360:
6358:
5002:Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
4067:The control of dynamically interacting systems
3762:"Robots are coming to a burger joint near you"
3732:"How corporate giants are automating the farm"
3023:Simple robots exhibiting biological behaviors
2986:Humanoid robot exhibited at the 1939 and 1940
1726:, which takes place every year in Europe, and
11439:
10990:
10119:
9407:
8744:
7090:
6960:. Institute of Field Robotics. Archived from
6294:
6292:
5095:Burn, K.; Short, M.; Bicker, R. (July 2003).
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4152:"Air Muscle actuators, going further, page 6"
3804:
3789:
3632:D&D Knowledge Management Information Tool
3415:"AI & Robotics: The Role of AI in Robots"
2220:Many of the robots of science fiction have a
1989:navigation device with waypoints, along with
1145:For simplicity, most mobile robots have four
6932:"Robotic fish powered by Gumstix PC and PIC"
6631:
6185:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6053:
5090:
5088:
4996:Short, Michael; Burn, Kevin (1 April 2011).
4974:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4149:
4114:
3505:"Fully automated factories approach reality"
891:
877:surface is smooth enough to ensure suction.
438:
281:Current and potential applications include:
8258:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
8255:
8206:
7778:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.263-266.2422
6481:International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles
6355:
6125:
4932:
4930:
4928:
3569:"AI-driven robot makes 'perfect' flatbread"
2599:Occupational safety and health implications
1924:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1836:. Sophisticated image sensors even require
616:
11446:
11432:
11406:
10997:
10983:
10126:
10112:
9414:
9400:
9209:
8940:
8872:
8846:
8722:
8543:
7536:Bowles, Tristan; Pauletto, Sandra (2010).
6289:
5521:"Rolling Orbital Bluetooth Operated Thing"
5446:"Spherical Robot Can Climb Over Obstacles"
5145:Burn, Kevin; Home, Geoffrey (1 May 2008).
4982:
4866:
3998:
3706:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
3537:"'Boris' the robot can load up dishwasher"
2926:the black king moved by a human opponent.
2730:text, on a much earlier encounter between
2461:
2311:
2026:can produce a range of facial expressions.
2008:
1607:on a wall with protrusions; adjusting the
11004:
9332:
9273:
8784:
8292:
8269:
8200:
8071:"Evolution trains robot teams TRN 051904"
7262:
7252:
7104:
6911:
6880:
6492:
6211:
6174:
5621:"JPL Robotics: System: Commercial Rovers"
5162:
5085:
5060:
4995:
4636:. Vienna, Austria: I-Tech and Publishing.
4595:
4502:
4421:
4403:
3136:with six electromechanically driven axes
2544:
2005:for better navigation between waypoints.
1944:Learn how and when to remove this message
1423:robot, with two humans to manage it. The
1384:Perhaps the most promising approach uses
910:
683:
8790:
8775:Nov. 7, 1905: Remote Control Wows Public
8504:
7983:
6523:
5263:Kinematic Analysis of Robot Manipulators
5144:
4925:
4629:
2571:
2554:
2421:
2347:The study of motion can be divided into
2018:
1865:
1852:Environmental interaction and navigation
1737:
1702:
1665:
1589:
1560:
1499:
1474:
1450:
1130:
1076:
1065:
1062:Puma, one of the first industrial robots
1057:
1040:
933:
925:
914:
868:
535:
457:
211:
203:
195:
89:
8820:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
8817:
8747:Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II
8672:
8601:
8335:
8126:"Can a robot make you a 'superworker'?"
8123:
8045:Mathematics and Computers in Simulation
8042:
7689:on 2008-11-02 – via www.time.com.
5981:. YouTube. 1 March 2007. Archived from
4818:
4064:
3759:
3596:
3007:First general-purpose digital computer
2508:
2403:
2284:robot would be an improvement over the
1211:
14:
11739:
11561:Electrical and electronics engineering
11546:Developmental and reproductive biology
11262:Differential technological development
10906:Electrical and electronics engineering
8629:
8098:
7984:Sandhana, Lakshmi (5 September 2002).
6788:
5571:"The Ball Bot : Johnnytronic@Sun"
5389:
4821:"Anthropomorphic hand is almost human"
4480:
3729:
3566:
2868:Leonardo Torres Quevedo presented the
2257:, Principal Research Scientist at the
2193:
1392:of swinging limbs is used for greater
1357:Dynamic balancing (controlled falling)
1321:Several robots, built in the 1980s by
1101:, while the "arm" is referred to as a
846:
555:" of a robot, the parts which convert
263:rather than robotics. Robots that use
11427:
10978:
10107:
9821:Simultaneous localization and mapping
9395:
9341:
9310:
9088:
8124:Dragani, Rachelle (8 November 2018).
7234:
7197:Kagan, Eugene; Ben-Gal, Irad (2015).
5260:Crane, Carl D.; Joseph Duffy (1998).
5193:
4877:
4001:Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology VI
3699:
3502:
3222:Stevo Bozinovski and Mihail Sestakov
2477:was based on the way kangaroos jump.
2280:, however, Moravec predicts that the
2250:project, are almost wholly academic.
2058:
1634:
1230:
1016:(FMS), and several 'open or 'hybrid'
709:Recent alternatives to DC motors are
10939:
9374:IEEE Robotics and Automation Society
8207:Saad, Ashraf; Kroutil, Ryan (2012).
8103:. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
7759:
6914:"What is the market for robot fish?"
6434:IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters
4410:Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics
4230:"TALKING ELECTRONICS Nitinol Page-1"
4003:. Vol. 5422. pp. 135–144.
3845:IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters
3534:
3433:
2492:
2231:
2125:
2069:Interpreting the continuous flow of
1922:adding citations to reliable sources
1889:
1841:to variations in light intensities.
729:
29:
11351:Future-oriented technology analysis
10949:
9274:McGaughey, Ewan (16 October 2019).
9089:Duffy, Vincent G. (19 April 2016).
8997:Zeghloul, Saïd; Laribi, Med Amine;
8336:Hawking, Stephen (1 January 2016).
8293:McGaughey, Ewan (16 October 2019).
8229:
7986:"A Theory of Evolution, for Robots"
7963:. Rastogi Publications. p. 2.
7956:
6861:IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
5337:"nBot, a two wheel balancing robot"
5238:. ATI Industrial Automation. 2007.
5034:
4936:
4726:
4150:www.imagesco.com, Images SI Inc -.
3810:
3567:Corner, Stuart (23 November 2017).
3535:Eyre, Michael (12 September 2014).
3412:
2559:The SCORBOT-ER 4u educational robot
2140:using their elastic polymer called
1496:Biologically-inspired flying robots
1373:
1181:that has been mounted on a Segway.
941:can manually resolve Rubik's cubes.
593:
272:
191:
24:
11110:High-temperature superconductivity
9248:
8947:Society of Manufacturing Engineers
8791:Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017).
6694:
4102:10.1016/j.mechatronics.2017.08.010
3347:United States Department of Energy
2774:, Heron of Alexandria, and others
2637:
2053:Data of Star Trek, Next Generation
1345:was also demonstrated which could
1081:Lefty, first checker playing robot
898:robot dexterity intelligence (RDI)
563:
25:
11758:
11591:Genetics and evolutionary biology
9358:
8505:Brogårdh, Torgny (January 2007).
7685:. 29 October 2008. Archived from
6789:Pachal, Peter (23 January 2007).
5747:. Pooter Geek. 28 December 2004.
5664:"Micromagic Systems Robotics Lab"
5392:"A Robot That Balances on a Ball"
5236:"What is a robotic end-effector?"
5196:Mechanics of Robotic Manipulation
3882:. Vol. 1. pp. 399–406.
3790:Scott Kirsner (27 January 2023).
3442:. Chapman and Hall. p. 141.
2998:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
2480:
2204:Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within
1828:. The sensors are designed using
1247:
1238:
1161:Balancing robots generally use a
1126:
904:and hundreds of tactile sensors.
481:. Generators, often some type of
11405:
11222:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
10958:
10948:
10938:
10929:
10928:
10798:
10085:
10074:
10073:
9490:
9313:Journal of Economic Perspectives
9203:
9176:
9145:
9120:
9082:
9061:
8990:
8961:
8934:
8908:
8859:
8811:
8767:
8738:
8697:
8666:
8623:
8537:
8498:
8473:
8442:
8417:
8388:
8329:
8286:
8249:
8223:
8171:
8147:
8117:
8092:
8063:
8036:
8007:
7977:
7950:
7926:
7901:
7877:
7848:
7821:
7792:
7753:
7718:
7693:
7679:"Best Inventions of 2008 – TIME"
7671:
7653:
7592:
7563:
7529:
7488:
7447:
7420:
7395:
7368:
7350:
7323:
7228:
7158:
7137:"A Ping-Pong-Playing Terminator"
7129:
7084:
7053:
7022:
6993:
6975:
6949:
6924:
6905:
6852:
6835:
6818:
6801:
6782:
6757:
6732:
6714:
6688:
6638:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
6625:
6371:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
6305:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
6192:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
6132:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
5809:from the original on 2020-04-30.
5164:10.1111/j.1468-0394.2008.00441.x
4257:. Ibiblio.org. 1 November 2001.
3936:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
3813:"Power Sources for Small Robots"
3638:from the original on 2020-08-06.
3381:from the original on 2020-08-19.
3316:Self-reconfiguring modular robot
2539:
2384:are used to study the effect of
2334:
2104:
1959:navigation hardware and software
1894:
1266:
574:The vast majority of robots use
34:
11595:Cellular and molecular biology
10133:
10086:
9347:"Democracy and Its Discontents"
9128:"KUKA Industrial Robot FAMULUS"
9109:from the original on 2023-03-15
9050:from the original on 2005-11-25
9021:from the original on 2023-03-15
8979:from the original on 2017-09-01
8923:from the original on 2009-07-20
8914:
8584:from the original on 2023-03-15
8523:10.1016/j.arcontrol.2007.01.002
8487:from the original on 2016-10-10
8462:from the original on 2020-11-25
8431:from the original on 2017-10-09
8406:from the original on 2020-01-25
8377:from the original on 2021-09-28
8348:from the original on 2021-01-31
8238:from the original on 2012-01-27
8189:from the original on 2015-01-21
8136:from the original on 2020-08-06
8081:from the original on 2016-06-23
8025:from the original on 2018-11-16
7996:from the original on 2014-03-29
7915:from the original on 2019-01-20
7866:from the original on 2020-12-01
7810:from the original on 2021-05-13
7762:Applied Mechanics and Materials
7642:from the original on 2020-08-06
7610:from the original on 2020-01-10
7581:from the original on 2020-07-05
7552:from the original on 2023-02-10
7409:from the original on 2015-08-13
7217:from the original on 2023-03-15
7176:from the original on 2020-10-06
7147:from the original on 2021-01-22
6703:from the original on 2011-08-17
6580:
6517:
6468:
6421:
6244:
6119:
6108:from the original on 2018-12-15
6088:
6047:
5996:
5971:
5942:
5913:
5902:from the original on 2020-08-07
5888:
5877:from the original on 2011-08-23
5863:
5852:from the original on 2011-09-26
5838:
5827:from the original on 2018-07-25
5821:"3D One-Leg Hopper (1983–1984)"
5813:
5791:
5780:from the original on 2011-07-24
5762:
5751:from the original on 2011-09-28
5737:
5726:from the original on 2011-11-08
5712:
5701:from the original on 2016-08-17
5681:
5656:
5645:from the original on 2020-11-25
5631:
5613:
5588:
5573:. Blogs.sun.com. Archived from
5563:
5552:from the original on 2021-01-26
5538:
5527:from the original on 2012-03-28
5513:
5502:from the original on 2012-05-16
5488:
5463:
5452:from the original on 2012-03-28
5438:
5413:
5402:from the original on 2023-02-10
5390:Guizzo, Erico (29 April 2010).
5383:
5354:
5343:from the original on 2021-01-26
5329:
5318:from the original on 2020-07-08
5304:
5291:
5280:from the original on 2020-04-02
5253:
5242:from the original on 2020-12-17
5228:
5187:
5138:
5127:from the original on 2022-11-26
5028:
4957:from the original on 2023-03-15
4914:from the original on 2022-10-20
4855:from the original on 2013-05-10
4838:
4812:
4771:
4760:from the original on 2020-04-30
4746:
4735:from the original on 2017-03-13
4720:
4691:
4680:from the original on 2020-02-22
4666:
4654:from the original on 2020-11-12
4640:
4609:from the original on 2015-03-03
4560:
4535:
4474:
4430:
4404:Nishibori; et al. (2003).
4397:
4386:from the original on 2007-10-07
4372:
4347:
4322:
4311:from the original on 2015-09-24
4297:
4286:from the original on 2017-01-20
4280:"WW-EAP and Artificial Muscles"
4272:
4261:from the original on 2016-03-03
4247:
4236:from the original on 2020-01-18
4222:
4187:
4169:
4158:from the original on 2020-11-14
4143:
4108:
4081:
4058:
4023:
3992:
3981:from the original on 2022-10-01
3920:
3871:
3836:
3825:from the original on 2020-11-25
3783:
3772:from the original on 2020-12-05
3753:
3742:from the original on 2021-01-10
3730:Thomas, Jim (1 November 2017).
3723:
3693:
3642:
3620:
3609:from the original on 2020-08-07
3579:from the original on 2020-11-24
3549:from the original on 2020-12-21
3485:from the original on 2020-11-23
3456:from the original on 2023-03-15
3345:One database, developed by the
3339:
2914:, automatically moving a white
2748:First century A.D. and earlier
2721:Third century B.C. and earlier
2609:A discussion paper drawn up by
1761:Direct interaction is used for
1682:-II was developed as the first
1526:Georgia Tech Research Institute
1447:Biomimetic flying robots (BFRs)
1036:
698:
669:
472:At present, mostly (lead–acid)
443:
11115:High-temperature superfluidity
9153:"History of Industrial Robots"
8609:. Cambridge University Press.
8367:"Robotics – Thematic Research"
8280:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019
6843:Stanford University: Stickybot
5266:. Cambridge University Press.
5204:10.7551/mitpress/4527.001.0001
4940:Robotics: Control Sensing. Vis
4179:. Shadow Robot. Archived from
3818:. Carnegie Mellon University.
3597:Pollock, Emily (7 June 2018).
3590:
3560:
3528:
3496:
3479:Robotic Industries Association
3475:"Robot density rises globally"
3467:
3427:
3406:
3385:
3363:
2215:
1707:The autonomous sailboat robot
1540:wings similar to those of the
1014:Flexible Manufacturing Systems
655:
290:Robotic Industries Association
71:and remove irrelevant content.
13:
1:
11378:Technology in science fiction
9040:"Historical Android Projects"
7405:. Dragon Naturally Speaking.
7093:IEEE Transactions on Robotics
6793:. SCI FI Tech. Archived from
6325:10.1088/1748-3190/10/1/016005
5950:"Anything, Anytime, Anywhere"
5473:. Rotundus.se. Archived from
4117:IEEE Transactions on Robotics
3956:10.1088/1748-3190/11/1/016005
3760:Kolodny, Lora (4 July 2017).
3503:Pinto, Jim (1 October 2003).
3413:Raj, Aditi (26 August 2024).
3356:
3039:Formulation of principles of
2799:Designs for a humanoid robot
2567:
2340:How the BB-8 Sphero Toy Works
1490:aerodynamics of insect flight
1466:pressure-induced wingtip curl
1111:
367:designed and used in clinics.
350:Space exploration, including
69:relocate relevant information
10156:List of engineering branches
9421:
9353:. Vol. 66, no. 10.
9351:The New York Review of Books
8941:Waurzyniak, Patrick (2006).
8915:PhD, Renato M.E. Sabbatini.
8057:10.1016/j.matcom.2008.02.017
7661:"Frubber facial expressions"
7241:Frontiers in Robotics and AI
6985:. 17 April 2009 – via
4881:Robotics, Vision and Control
3628:"Technology Advanced Search"
2380:, methods from the field of
2276:robot would be incapable of
2182:
2101:such as satisfied or angry.
1882:(vehicle developed for 2007
1734:Computational robotics areas
1441:Epson micro helicopter robot
1185:One-wheeled balancing robots
1157:Two-wheeled balancing robots
951:Principles of motion sensing
662:Pneumatic artificial muscles
525:
53:on an aspect of the subject.
7:
9831:Vision-guided robot systems
9259:. New York: Prentice Hall.
8230:Toy, Tommy (29 June 2011).
8179:"Career: Robotics Engineer"
7703:. Sam Ogden. Archived from
5498:. BotJunkie. 11 July 2007.
5062:10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2647747
5035:Ray, Partha Pratim (2016).
4823:. Machinery. Archived from
4380:"Squiggle Motors: Overview"
4065:Colgate, J. Edward (1988).
3228:
3214:inter-process communication
3068:, based on Devol's patents
2163:
1639:It is calculated that when
1598:
1008:in many cases are now both
981:estimates. Techniques from
10:
11763:
11696:Probability and statistics
11383:Technology readiness level
11319:Technological unemployment
10051:Technological unemployment
9255:R. Andrew Russell (1990).
8969:"Humanoid History -WABOT-"
8865:Torres Quevedo, Leonardo.
8704:al-Jazari (Islamic artist)
7464:10.1109/ROMAN.2008.4600750
7299:10.1109/ROMAN.2016.7745228
6601:10.1109/ROBOT.2009.5152760
6064:10.1109/ROBOT.2005.1570404
5896:"MIT Leg Lab Robots- Main"
5720:"Achieving Stable Walking"
5362:"ROBONAUT Activity Report"
5194:Mason, Matthew T. (2001).
5101:Journal of Robotic Systems
5014:10.1016/j.rcim.2010.07.013
4788:10.1109/ICORR.2005.1501097
4232:. Talkingelectronics.com.
3271:Index of robotics articles
2683:
2679:
2650:
2602:
2582:Technological unemployment
2579:
2548:
2407:
2315:
2259:Carnegie Mellon University
2235:
2167:
2129:
2062:
2012:
1855:
1803:
1698:
1594:Capuchin, a climbing robot
1577:
1556:
1377:
1316:
1270:
1251:
1215:
1198:Carnegie Mellon University
1188:
1115:
1084:
959:, processing, and action (
944:
819:
774:
755:
751:
733:
702:
687:
673:
659:
597:
567:
529:
483:internal combustion engine
447:
11466:
11401:
11366:Technological singularity
11326:Technological convergence
11244:
11197:
11142:Multi-function structures
11065:
11019:
11012:
10924:
10871:
10855:
10807:
10796:
10571:
10513:
10432:
10357:
10284:
10177:
10164:
10141:
10069:
10039:Workplace robotics safety
10021:
9915:
9839:
9802:
9757:
9655:
9499:
9488:
9429:
9220:10.1109/ICDCS.1994.302412
9116:– via Google Books.
9028:– via Google Books.
8973:www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp
8673:Rosheim, Mark E. (1994).
8562:10.1007/s11633-018-1115-1
8511:Annual Reviews in Control
7441:10.1108/07378831311329068
7344:10.1108/01439910510629244
7001:"High-Speed Robotic Fish"
6265:10.1109/ICRA.2016.7487491
5339:. Geology.heroy.smu.edu.
4890:10.1007/978-3-319-54413-7
4044:10.1007/s10514-013-9330-7
3371:"German National Library"
2972:Rossum's Universal Robots
2740:
2605:Workplace robotics safety
2333:
2328:
2003:inertial guidance systems
1981:, and the entries in the
1799:
1410:
1031:Artificial Neural Network
892:General purpose effectors
512:organic garbage (through
439:Mechanical robotics areas
323:, dishwasher loading and
11157:Molecular nanotechnology
11120:Linear acetylenic carbon
8099:Tandon, Prateek (2017).
8075:Technology Research News
7571:"World of 2-XL: Leachim"
7377:Delta Pi Epsilon Journal
7254:10.3389/frobt.2020.00062
7203:. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
7115:10.1109/TRO.2012.2217794
6658:10.1088/1748-3190/ac2b00
6494:10.1260/1756-8293.2.2.91
6446:10.1109/LRA.2022.3185389
6391:10.1088/1748-3190/ac72e1
6213:10.1088/1748-3190/ab2ab7
6144:10.1088/1748-3190/ac9ef5
4819:Allcock, Andrew (2006).
4603:"What is The SmartHand?"
4581:10.1163/156855308X314533
4332:. Hizook. Archived from
4208:10.1177/1045389X11435435
4129:10.1109/TRO.2019.2962332
3888:10.1109/IROS.1995.525827
3857:10.1109/LRA.2016.2521926
3434:Hunt, V. Daniel (1985).
3332:
2874:Paris Academy of Science
2501:than they can be run on
2435:evolutionary computation
2073:coming from a human, in
1643:some fish can achieve a
1429:unmanned aerial vehicles
1206:Tohoku Gakuin University
826:
801:Scientists from several
770:
645:necessary and sufficient
617:Series elastic actuators
11491:Artificial intelligence
11331:Technological evolution
11304:Exploratory engineering
10817:Bachelor of Engineering
10659:Engineering mathematics
9887:Human–robot interaction
8832:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10042
8716:Encyclopædia Britannica
8679:. Wiley-IEEE. pp.
8632:Music Educators Journal
8217:10.1145/2184512.2184605
7804:Public Radio of Armenia
7739:10.1023/A:1008918401478
7505:10.1145/1859799.1859804
6550:10.1126/science.abd3285
6025:10.1126/science.1107799
5871:"Quadruped (1984–1987)"
5496:"OrbSwarm Gets A Brain"
4633:Automation and Robotics
4630:Arreguin, Juan (2008).
4513:10.1126/science.1146351
4423:10.20965/jrm.2003.p0588
3702:"Agricultural Robotics"
3700:Grift, Tony E. (2004).
3236:Artificial intelligence
2956:Leonardo Torres Quevedo
2935:Leonardo Torres Quevedo
2885:Leonardo Torres Quevedo
2523:(collaborative robots).
2462:Bionics and biomimetics
2312:Dynamics and kinematics
2099:identify their emotions
2015:Human-robot interaction
2009:Human-robot interaction
1522:United States Air Force
1479:Dragonfly inspired BFR.
1254:Mantis the spider robot
1191:Self-balancing unicycle
1138:in the Robot museum in
1018:reference architectures
1002:artificial intelligence
508:flywheel energy storage
317:robotic vacuum cleaners
265:artificial intelligence
94:Roboticists with three
11721:Structural engineering
11661:Mechanical engineering
11634:Western and South Asia
11341:Technology forecasting
11336:Technological paradigm
11309:Proactionary principle
10916:Structural engineering
10911:Mechanical engineering
10654:Engineering management
8745:H. R. Everett (2015).
8427:. SourceSecurity.com.
8130:Verizon Communications
7960:Elements of Physics XI
7764:. 263–266: 2422–2425.
6595:. pp. 3061–3066.
6101:. Boeing. p. 29.
6058:. pp. 1983–1988.
5873:. MIT Leg Laboratory.
5848:. MIT Leg Laboratory.
5846:"3D Biped (1989–1995)"
5823:. MIT Leg Laboratory.
5770:"ASIMO's Pimp Shuffle"
5689:"AMRU-5 hexapod robot"
5368:. 2004. Archived from
2739:Yan Shi (Chinese:
2665:electronic engineering
2657:mechanical engineering
2589:universal basic income
2577:
2560:
2545:Education and training
2441:. In a similar way to
2045:command-line interface
2027:
1887:
1754:
1713:
1675:
1595:
1566:
1528:and patented by Prof.
1505:
1480:
1456:
1142:
1082:
1074:
1063:
1055:
942:
931:
923:
911:Control robotics areas
690:Electroactive polymers
684:Electroactive polymers
548:
469:
365:Robot-assisted surgery
243:. Even petrol-powered
217:
209:
201:
135:mechanical engineering
115:
11586:Environmental science
11471:Aerospace engineering
11267:Disruptive innovation
11130:Metamaterial cloaking
11006:Emerging technologies
10896:Aerospace engineering
10809:Engineering education
9993:Starship Technologies
9288:10.31228/osf.io/udbj8
9257:Robot Tactile Sensing
9001:(21 September 2015).
8903:Essays on Automatics,
8307:10.31228/osf.io/udbj8
7911:. 25 September 2008.
7235:Banks, Jaime (2020).
6983:"Festo - AquaPenguin"
6956:Witoon Juwarahawong.
4878:Corke, Peter (2017).
4605:. SmartHand Project.
4355:"Piezo LEGS – -09-26"
3256:Evolutionary robotics
2952:Essays on Automatics
2716:Archytas of Tarentum
2575:
2558:
2422:Evolutionary robotics
2408:Further information:
2316:Further information:
2236:Further information:
2168:Further information:
2130:Further information:
2022:
1983:DARPA Grand Challenge
1884:DARPA Urban Challenge
1869:
1741:
1706:
1669:
1593:
1564:
1503:
1478:
1454:
1252:Further information:
1134:
1085:Further information:
1080:
1069:
1061:
1044:
945:Further information:
937:
929:
918:
900:, with as many as 20
869:Suction end-effectors
820:Further information:
734:Further information:
539:
461:
448:Further information:
379:precision agriculture
215:
207:
199:
93:
11314:Technological change
11257:Collingridge dilemma
10837:Graduate certificate
9943:Energid Technologies
9214:. pp. 202–208.
8021:. 24 February 2007.
7834:10.11575/PRISM/31041
7458:. pp. 707–712.
7293:. pp. 980–985.
6096:"Testing the Limits"
5979:"Dexter Jumps video"
4782:. pp. 258–263.
4282:. Eap.jpl.nasa.gov.
3736:New Internationalist
3266:Glossary of robotics
2946:Essays on Automatics
2843:Jacques de Vaucanson
2825:Gianello della Torre
2663:but also drawing on
2634:have to be revised.
2623:collaborative robots
2551:Educational robotics
2509:Other research areas
2415:Open source robotics
2410:Open source robotics
2404:Open source robotics
2390:computer simulations
2322:Dynamics (mechanics)
2304:robots, robots with
1971:self-controlled cars
1918:improve this section
1289:(the combination of
1212:Spherical orb robots
300:Autonomous transport
18:Robotic manipulation
11371:Technology scouting
11346:Accelerating change
11217:Powered exoskeleton
11174:Programmable matter
11052:Smart manufacturing
11047:Molecular assembler
11027:3D microfabrication
10822:Bachelor of Science
10664:Engineering physics
10648:Engineering drawing
10170:Interdisciplinarity
10034:Powered exoskeleton
8999:Gazeau, Jean-Pierre
8953:(1). Archived from
8878:L. Torres Quevedo.
8852:L. Torres Quevedo.
7770:2012AMM...263.2422L
6873:1999IJOE...24..237S
6699:. snakerobots.com.
6650:2021BiBi...16f6020B
6542:2020Sci...370.1214P
6536:(6521): 1214–1219.
6383:2022BiBi...17d6019K
6317:2015BiBi...10a6005D
6204:2019BiBi...14e6009S
6017:2005Sci...307.1082C
6011:(5712): 1082–1085.
5722:. Honda Worldwide.
5053:2016IEEEA...4.9489R
4495:2007Sci...318.1094M
4489:(5853): 1094–1097.
4452:2001SPIE.4234..194O
4305:"Empa – a117-2-eap"
3948:2016BiBi...11a6005F
3481:. 8 February 2018.
3286:Outline of robotics
3092:die casting machine
3030:William Grey Walter
2761:Heron of Alexandria
2427:Evolutionary robots
2199:Artificial emotions
2194:Artificial emotions
2170:Gesture recognition
2132:Emotion recognition
2120:The Bronx, New York
1830:solid-state physics
1753:at Tokyo IREX 2009.
1530:Robert C. Michelson
847:Mechanical grippers
705:Piezoelectric motor
584:brushless DC motors
551:Actuators are the "
514:anaerobic digestion
371:Agricultural robots
339:robotic exoskeleton
331:Construction robots
321:robotic lawn mowers
302:including airplane
47:a different subject
11388:Technology roadmap
11090:Conductive polymer
10424:Telecommunications
10329:Naval architecture
10003:Universal Robotics
9978:Intuitive Surgical
9968:Harvest Automation
9933:Barrett Technology
9715:Robotic spacecraft
9561:Audio-Animatronics
9325:10.1257/jep.29.3.3
9075:2023-03-15 at the
8886:2023-02-10 at the
8781:, 7 November 2011.
8753:. pp. 91–95.
8709:2008-05-07 at the
8234:. PBT Consulting.
7943:2017-08-02 at the
5921:"About the Robots"
5805:. 25 August 2003.
5776:. 9 January 2007.
3663:10.1007/BF02534105
3311:Robotic governance
3281:Multi-agent system
3251:Cognitive robotics
3152:The world's first
3066:Joseph Engelberger
2772:Philo of Byzantium
2578:
2561:
2365:Inverse kinematics
2262:Robotics Institute
2116:Michael J. Freeman
2065:Speech recognition
2059:Speech recognition
2041:facial expressions
2028:
1888:
1880:obstacle avoidance
1862:Robotic navigation
1755:
1714:
1676:
1635:Swimming (Piscine)
1596:
1582:A small number of
1567:
1506:
1488:is because of the
1481:
1457:
1417:passenger airliner
1231:Six-wheeled robots
1143:
1087:Mobile manipulator
1083:
1075:
1064:
1056:
943:
932:
924:
902:degrees of freedom
803:European countries
676:Shape memory alloy
611:hydraulic actuator
607:pneumatic actuator
549:
492:(compressed gases)
470:
241:electrical circuit
237:caterpillar tracks
230:caterpillar tracks
218:
210:
202:
116:
11734:
11733:
11716:Scientific naming
11706:Quantum computing
11536:Computer hardware
11531:Clinical research
11526:Civil engineering
11421:
11420:
11240:
11239:
11189:Synthetic diamond
11085:Artificial muscle
11067:Materials science
10972:
10971:
10901:Civil engineering
10847:Licensed engineer
10842:Engineer's degree
10794:
10793:
10626:Building services
10609:Health technology
10470:Chemical reaction
10419:Signal processing
10101:
10100:
10044:Robotic tech vest
9973:Honeybee Robotics
9789:Electric unicycle
9742:remotely-operated
9378:Investigation of
9266:978-0-13-781592-0
8760:978-0-262-02922-3
8690:978-0-471-02622-8
8616:978-0-521-05800-1
8159:American Elements
7970:978-81-7133-911-2
7727:Autonomous Robots
7636:cyberneticzoo.com
7514:978-1-4503-0046-9
7473:978-1-4244-2212-8
7308:978-1-5090-3929-6
6891:10.1109/48.757275
6610:978-1-4244-2788-8
6274:978-1-4673-8026-3
5314:. Mtoussaint.de.
5273:978-0-521-57063-3
5113:10.1002/rob.10093
4950:978-0-07-026510-3
4899:978-3-319-54412-0
4569:Advanced Robotics
4460:10.1117/12.424407
4032:Autonomous Robots
4009:10.1117/12.548000
3449:978-1-4613-2533-8
3226:
3225:
3203:Robin Popplestone
3123:Waseda University
2808:Leonardo da Vinci
2803:Mechanical Knight
2686:History of robots
2527:Autonomous drones
2503:digital computers
2499:quantum computers
2493:Quantum computing
2443:natural evolution
2345:
2344:
2302:fourth generation
2282:second generation
2238:Areas of robotics
2232:Research robotics
2126:Facial expression
1954:
1953:
1946:
1846:biological system
1838:quantum mechanics
1657:thunniform motion
1629:Speedy Freelander
1419:is essentially a
1273:Zero moment point
1167:inverted pendulum
1151:continuous tracks
961:robotic paradigms
822:Sensory-motor map
789:receive far less
730:Elastic nanotubes
715:ultrasonic motors
649:impedance control
624:energy efficiency
424:Autonomous racing
391:Draper Laboratory
308:self-driving cars
250:electrical energy
208:Electrical aspect
200:Mechanical aspect
163:telecommunication
124:interdisciplinary
86:
85:
62:product placement
16:(Redirected from
11754:
11541:Computer science
11448:
11441:
11434:
11425:
11424:
11409:
11408:
11356:Horizon scanning
11272:Ephemeralization
11232:Uncrewed vehicle
11152:Carbon nanotubes
11017:
11016:
10999:
10992:
10985:
10976:
10975:
10962:
10952:
10951:
10942:
10941:
10932:
10931:
10802:
10389:Electromechanics
10175:
10174:
10128:
10121:
10114:
10105:
10104:
10089:
10088:
10077:
10076:
10061:Fictional robots
10029:Critique of work
9678:Unmanned vehicle
9494:
9416:
9409:
9402:
9393:
9392:
9354:
9338:
9336:
9307:
9270:
9242:
9241:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9197:10.1108/eb004501
9185:Industrial Robot
9180:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9164:
9158:. Archived from
9157:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9139:
9130:. Archived from
9124:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9114:
9086:
9080:
9065:
9059:
9058:
9056:
9055:
9044:androidworld.com
9036:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
8994:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8984:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8938:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8912:
8906:
8899:
8893:
8876:
8870:
8863:
8857:
8850:
8844:
8843:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8788:
8782:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8742:
8736:
8726:
8720:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8599:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8541:
8535:
8534:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8483:. 8 March 2016.
8477:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8461:
8454:
8446:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8363:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8273:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8183:Princeton Review
8175:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8101:Quantum Robotics
8096:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8011:
8005:
8004:
8002:
8001:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7954:
7948:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7890:. Archived from
7889:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7712:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7663:. Archived from
7657:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7628:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7606:. 23 June 1974.
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7575:www.2xlrobot.com
7567:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7551:
7544:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7499:. pp. 1–8.
7492:
7486:
7485:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7360:. Archived from
7354:
7348:
7347:
7332:Industrial Robot
7327:
7321:
7320:
7286:
7277:
7276:
7266:
7256:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7194:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7170:The Robot Report
7162:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7108:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7072:
7065:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7041:
7034:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7007:. Archived from
7005:iSplash-Robotics
6997:
6991:
6990:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6916:. Archived from
6909:
6903:
6902:
6884:
6856:
6850:
6844:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6742:. Archived from
6736:
6730:
6729:
6724:. Archived from
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6496:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6440:(3): 8076–8083.
6425:
6419:
6418:
6362:
6353:
6352:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6215:
6183:
6172:
6171:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6107:
6100:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5956:. Archived from
5946:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5927:. Archived from
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5700:
5693:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5666:. Archived from
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5623:. Archived from
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5548:. Orbswarm.com.
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5308:
5302:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5166:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5064:
5032:
5026:
5025:
4993:
4980:
4979:
4973:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4934:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4875:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4854:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4705:. Archived from
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4545:. Archived from
4539:
4533:
4532:
4506:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4357:. Archived from
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4027:
4021:
4020:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3933:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3851:(2): 1110–1117.
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3811:Dowling, Kevin.
3808:
3802:
3801:
3797:The Boston Globe
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3708:. Archived from
3697:
3691:
3690:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3513:. Archived from
3510:Automation World
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3367:
3350:
3343:
3291:Quantum robotics
3241:Autonomous robot
3181:Victor Scheinman
3143:KUKA Robot Group
3134:industrial robot
3094:and stack them.
3026:Elsie and Elmer
3015:Multiple people
2820:Clockwork Prayer
2742:
2690:
2689:
2661:computer science
2447:fitness function
2394:Inverse dynamics
2338:
2337:
2326:
2325:
2294:third generation
2274:first generation
2266:First-generation
2043:, rather than a
1949:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1898:
1890:
1621:Technology Daily
1386:passive dynamics
1380:Passive dynamics
1374:Passive dynamics
1118:Robot locomotion
1049:industrial robot
990:Cognitive models
787:prosthetic hands
742:carbon nanotubes
594:Linear actuators
407:3D Food Printing
345:Automated mining
325:flatbread baking
273:Applied robotics
192:Robotics aspects
139:computer science
114:on Mars in 2012.
81:
78:
72:
38:
37:
30:
21:
11762:
11761:
11757:
11756:
11755:
11753:
11752:
11751:
11737:
11736:
11735:
11730:
11629:Hebrew toponyms
11624:Arabic toponyms
11462:
11452:
11422:
11417:
11397:
11236:
11193:
11095:Femtotechnology
11080:Amorphous metal
11061:
11008:
11003:
10973:
10968:
10920:
10867:
10851:
10827:Master's degree
10803:
10790:
10704:Instrumentation
10567:
10509:
10475:Electrochemical
10428:
10414:Radio frequency
10353:
10280:
10244:Municipal/Urban
10168:
10166:
10160:
10137:
10132:
10102:
10097:
10065:
10017:
9938:Boston Dynamics
9923:Amazon Robotics
9911:
9835:
9826:Visual odometry
9816:Motion planning
9798:
9753:
9673:Continuum robot
9656:Classifications
9651:
9514:Anthropomorphic
9495:
9486:
9482:AI competitions
9425:
9420:
9361:
9345:(6 June 2019).
9280:LawArXiv Papers
9267:
9251:
9249:Further reading
9246:
9245:
9230:
9208:
9204:
9181:
9177:
9168:
9166:
9162:
9155:
9151:
9150:
9146:
9137:
9135:
9126:
9125:
9121:
9112:
9110:
9103:
9087:
9083:
9077:Wayback Machine
9066:
9062:
9053:
9051:
9038:
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9024:
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9015:
8995:
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8982:
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8967:
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8924:
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8909:
8900:
8896:
8888:Wayback Machine
8877:
8873:
8864:
8860:
8851:
8847:
8816:
8812:
8805:
8789:
8785:
8773:Randy Alfred, "
8772:
8768:
8761:
8743:
8739:
8727:
8723:
8711:Wayback Machine
8702:
8698:
8691:
8671:
8667:
8644:10.2307/3391092
8628:
8624:
8617:
8603:Needham, Joseph
8600:
8596:
8587:
8585:
8542:
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8394:
8393:
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8380:
8378:
8365:
8364:
8360:
8351:
8349:
8334:
8330:
8299:LawArXiv Papers
8291:
8287:
8254:
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8228:
8224:
8205:
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8192:
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8026:
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7982:
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7945:Wayback Machine
7931:
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7429:Library Hi Tech
7425:
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7195:
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7179:
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7164:
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7141:Popular Science
7135:
7134:
7130:
7106:10.1.1.711.7180
7089:
7085:
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6981:
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6925:
6912:Richard Mason.
6910:
6906:
6882:10.1.1.459.8614
6857:
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6706:
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6695:Miller, Gavin.
6693:
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5774:Popular Science
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5388:
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5360:
5359:
5355:
5346:
5344:
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5330:
5321:
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5309:
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5301:. Berlin: Wiley
5296:
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5093:
5086:
5033:
5029:
4994:
4983:
4967:
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4960:
4958:
4951:
4943:. McGraw-Hill.
4935:
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4738:
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4725:
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4710:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4683:
4681:
4674:"Robonaut hand"
4672:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4646:
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4628:
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4612:
4610:
4601:
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4561:
4552:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4504:10.1.1.395.4635
4479:
4475:
4440:Smart Materials
4435:
4431:
4402:
4398:
4389:
4387:
4378:
4377:
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4364:
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3997:
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3715:
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3698:
3694:
3647:
3643:
3626:
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3621:
3612:
3610:
3603:engineering.com
3595:
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3398:
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3369:
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3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3231:
3199:Patricia Ambler
3194:Freddy I and II
3163:ABB Robot Group
2821:
2783:
2732:King Mu of Zhou
2688:
2682:
2653:
2640:
2638:User experience
2607:
2601:
2584:
2570:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2511:
2495:
2483:
2464:
2455:robot simulator
2424:
2412:
2406:
2372:avoidance, and
2335:
2329:External videos
2324:
2314:
2244:types of robots
2240:
2234:
2218:
2196:
2185:
2172:
2166:
2138:Hanson Robotics
2134:
2128:
2111:synthetic voice
2107:
2067:
2061:
2017:
2011:
1975:Ernst Dickmanns
1950:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1915:
1899:
1864:
1858:Robotic mapping
1856:Main articles:
1854:
1826:infra-red light
1811:Computer vision
1808:
1806:Computer vision
1802:
1796:
1736:
1701:
1637:
1601:
1580:
1559:
1538:Reynolds number
1498:
1462:edge fluttering
1449:
1433:cruise missiles
1413:
1407:
1382:
1376:
1359:
1319:
1287:inertial forces
1275:
1269:
1256:
1250:
1241:
1233:
1227:or a ball bot.
1220:
1218:Spherical robot
1214:
1193:
1187:
1159:
1149:or a number of
1129:
1124:
1116:Main articles:
1114:
1108:
1089:
1051:operating in a
1039:
998:motion planning
953:
913:
907:
894:
871:
849:
829:
824:
779:
773:
764:
762:Robotic sensors
758:Robotic sensing
756:Main articles:
754:
738:
736:Carbon nanotube
732:
707:
701:
692:
686:
678:
672:
664:
658:
619:
602:
600:Linear actuator
596:
576:electric motors
572:
566:
564:Electric motors
534:
528:
456:
446:
441:
413:Military robots
313:Domestic robots
275:
216:Software aspect
194:
188:
180:
118:
82:
76:
73:
66:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11760:
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11729:
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11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11681:Nanotechnology
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11651:Machine vision
11648:
11643:
11638:
11637:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11608:
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11606:
11601:
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11508:
11503:
11498:
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11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11454:Glossaries of
11451:
11450:
11443:
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11402:
11399:
11398:
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11259:
11254:
11248:
11246:
11242:
11241:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11234:
11229:
11227:Swarm robotics
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11203:
11201:
11195:
11194:
11192:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11169:Picotechnology
11166:
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11147:Nanotechnology
11144:
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10956:
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10925:
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10913:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10892:
10891:
10886:
10877:
10875:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10859:
10857:
10856:Related topics
10853:
10852:
10850:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10813:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10776:Sustainability
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
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10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10645:
10640:
10638:Geoengineering
10635:
10634:
10633:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10619:Rehabilitation
10616:
10614:Pharmaceutical
10611:
10606:
10601:
10599:Bioinformatics
10591:
10586:
10581:
10575:
10573:
10569:
10568:
10566:
10565:
10560:
10558:Semiconductors
10555:
10550:
10548:Nanotechnology
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10519:
10517:
10511:
10510:
10508:
10507:
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10497:
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10264:Transportation
10261:
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10056:Terrainability
10053:
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9722:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9691:
9690:
9685:
9675:
9670:
9668:Cloud robotics
9665:
9659:
9657:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9649:
9644:
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9449:
9444:
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9418:
9411:
9404:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9383:
9376:
9371:
9360:
9359:External links
9357:
9356:
9355:
9339:
9308:
9271:
9265:
9250:
9247:
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9243:
9228:
9202:
9191:(3): 131–137.
9175:
9144:
9119:
9101:
9081:
9060:
9031:
9013:
8989:
8960:
8957:on 2011-11-09.
8933:
8907:
8894:
8871:
8858:
8845:
8826:(4): 327–341.
8810:
8803:
8783:
8766:
8759:
8737:
8721:
8696:
8689:
8665:
8622:
8615:
8594:
8556:(5): 525–546.
8536:
8497:
8472:
8441:
8416:
8400:osha.europa.eu
8387:
8358:
8328:
8285:
8271:10.1.1.395.416
8248:
8222:
8199:
8170:
8146:
8116:
8110:978-1627059138
8109:
8091:
8062:
8051:(4): 879–897.
8035:
8006:
7976:
7969:
7957:Agarwal, P.K.
7949:
7925:
7900:
7897:on 2006-09-29.
7876:
7847:
7820:
7791:
7752:
7733:(2): 151–173.
7717:
7692:
7670:
7667:on 2009-02-07.
7652:
7620:
7604:Newspapers.com
7591:
7562:
7528:
7513:
7487:
7472:
7446:
7435:(2): 294–307.
7419:
7394:
7367:
7364:on 2007-11-11.
7349:
7338:(6): 505–511.
7322:
7307:
7278:
7227:
7209:
7186:
7157:
7128:
7099:(1): 282–287.
7083:
7052:
7021:
6992:
6974:
6948:
6923:
6920:on 2009-07-04.
6904:
6867:(2): 237–252.
6851:
6834:
6817:
6800:
6797:on 2007-10-11.
6781:
6756:
6731:
6728:on 2011-10-11.
6713:
6697:"Introduction"
6687:
6624:
6609:
6579:
6516:
6467:
6420:
6354:
6288:
6273:
6243:
6173:
6118:
6087:
6072:
6046:
5995:
5970:
5941:
5912:
5887:
5862:
5837:
5812:
5790:
5761:
5736:
5711:
5680:
5655:
5630:
5627:on 2006-06-15.
5612:
5587:
5562:
5537:
5512:
5487:
5462:
5437:
5412:
5382:
5353:
5328:
5303:
5299:Robot Grippers
5290:
5272:
5252:
5227:
5212:
5186:
5151:Expert Systems
5137:
5107:(7): 391–400.
5084:
5027:
5008:(2): 292–305.
4981:
4949:
4924:
4898:
4865:
4837:
4811:
4796:
4770:
4745:
4719:
4690:
4665:
4639:
4619:
4594:
4575:(8): 829–849.
4559:
4534:
4473:
4429:
4416:(6): 588–595.
4396:
4371:
4346:
4321:
4296:
4271:
4246:
4221:
4202:(3): 225–253.
4186:
4183:on 2007-09-27.
4168:
4142:
4123:(3): 757–772.
4107:
4080:
4057:
4022:
3991:
3919:
3904:
3870:
3835:
3803:
3782:
3752:
3722:
3692:
3657:(4): 436–440.
3641:
3619:
3589:
3559:
3527:
3495:
3466:
3448:
3436:"Smart Robots"
3426:
3405:
3384:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Cloud robotics
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:Norbert Wiener
3048:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2930:El Ajedrecista
2927:
2904:El Ajedrecista
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2855:Teleautomaton
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2838:Digesting Duck
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:Flying pigeon
2711:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2681:
2678:
2652:
2649:
2639:
2636:
2603:Main article:
2600:
2597:
2580:Main article:
2569:
2566:
2549:Main article:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2494:
2491:
2486:Swarm robotics
2482:
2481:Swarm robotics
2479:
2475:BionicKangaroo
2463:
2460:
2423:
2420:
2405:
2402:
2392:of the robot.
2343:
2342:
2331:
2330:
2313:
2310:
2233:
2230:
2217:
2214:
2195:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2165:
2162:
2127:
2124:
2106:
2103:
2063:Main article:
2060:
2057:
2013:Main article:
2010:
2007:
1979:driverless car
1952:
1951:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1853:
1850:
1804:Main article:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1747:humanoid robot
1735:
1732:
1700:
1697:
1670:Robotic Fish:
1636:
1633:
1609:center of mass
1600:
1597:
1579:
1576:
1558:
1555:
1497:
1494:
1448:
1445:
1412:
1409:
1378:Main article:
1375:
1372:
1368:TU Delft Flame
1358:
1355:
1318:
1315:
1303:reaction force
1271:Main article:
1268:
1265:
1249:
1248:Walking robots
1246:
1240:
1239:Tracked robots
1237:
1232:
1229:
1216:Main article:
1213:
1210:
1189:Main article:
1186:
1183:
1158:
1155:
1128:
1127:Rolling robots
1125:
1113:
1110:
1038:
1035:
983:control theory
947:Control system
912:
909:
893:
890:
870:
867:
848:
845:
828:
825:
777:Tactile sensor
775:Main article:
772:
769:
753:
750:
731:
728:
703:Main article:
700:
697:
688:Main article:
685:
682:
674:Main article:
671:
668:
660:Main article:
657:
654:
618:
615:
598:Main article:
595:
592:
570:Electric motor
568:Main article:
565:
562:
530:Main article:
527:
524:
523:
522:
517:
510:
505:
499:
493:
454:Energy storage
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
435:
432:FIRST Robotics
416:
410:
403:Silicon Valley
386:
368:
361:Medical robots
358:
355:
348:
342:
328:
310:
297:
274:
271:
270:
269:
260:remote control
253:
233:
193:
190:
177:engineering.
84:
83:
45:may relate to
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11759:
11748:
11745:
11744:
11742:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11611:
11609:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11566:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11468:
11465:
11461:
11457:
11449:
11444:
11442:
11437:
11435:
11430:
11429:
11426:
11414:
11413:
11404:
11403:
11400:
11394:
11393:Transhumanism
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11343:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11320:
11317:
11316:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11279:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11247:
11243:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11204:
11202:
11200:
11196:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11163:
11162:Nanomaterials
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11149:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11131:
11128:
11127:
11126:
11125:Metamaterials
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11072:
11070:
11068:
11064:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11037:3D publishing
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11024:
11022:
11020:Manufacturing
11018:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11000:
10995:
10993:
10988:
10986:
10981:
10980:
10977:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10955:
10947:
10945:
10937:
10935:
10927:
10926:
10923:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10874:
10870:
10864:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10854:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10810:
10806:
10801:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10632:
10629:
10628:
10627:
10624:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10570:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10520:
10518:
10516:
10512:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10450:
10449:
10446:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10435:
10431:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10362:
10360:
10356:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10319:Manufacturing
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10309:Biomechanical
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10291:
10289:
10287:
10283:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10209:
10208:
10207:Environmental
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10187:Architectural
10185:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10163:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10140:
10136:
10129:
10124:
10122:
10117:
10115:
10110:
10109:
10106:
10094:
10093:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10072:
10071:
10068:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10045:
10042:
10041:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10008:Wolf Robotics
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9963:Foster-Miller
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9914:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9882:Developmental
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9838:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9778:
9775:
9774:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9756:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9739:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9721:
9718:
9717:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9660:
9658:
9654:
9648:
9647:Soft robotics
9645:
9643:
9642:BEAM robotics
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9597:Entertainment
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9581:
9578:
9577:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9557:
9554:
9553:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9498:
9493:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9430:Main articles
9428:
9424:
9417:
9412:
9410:
9405:
9403:
9398:
9397:
9394:
9387:
9386:Wired's guide
9384:
9381:
9380:social robots
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9366:
9363:
9362:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9335:
9334:1721.1/109476
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9272:
9268:
9262:
9258:
9253:
9252:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9229:0-8186-5840-1
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9206:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9179:
9165:on 2012-12-24
9161:
9154:
9148:
9134:on 2009-02-20
9133:
9129:
9123:
9108:
9104:
9102:9781420063523
9098:
9095:. CRC Press.
9094:
9093:
9085:
9078:
9074:
9071:
9070:
9064:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9035:
9020:
9016:
9014:9783319223681
9010:
9006:
9005:
9000:
8993:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8964:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8937:
8922:
8918:
8911:
8904:
8898:
8891:
8889:
8885:
8882:
8875:
8868:
8862:
8855:
8849:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8814:
8806:
8804:9781317503811
8800:
8797:. CRC Press.
8796:
8795:
8787:
8780:
8776:
8770:
8762:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8741:
8734:
8732:
8728:A. P. Yuste.
8725:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8708:
8705:
8700:
8692:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8677:
8669:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8626:
8618:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8598:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8540:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8501:
8486:
8482:
8476:
8458:
8451:
8445:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8362:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8332:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8289:
8281:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8252:
8237:
8233:
8226:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8203:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8174:
8160:
8156:
8150:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8120:
8112:
8106:
8102:
8095:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8039:
8024:
8020:
8019:Science Daily
8016:
8010:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7980:
7972:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7893:
7886:
7880:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7851:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7824:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7795:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7756:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7721:
7707:on 2007-10-12
7706:
7702:
7696:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7674:
7666:
7662:
7656:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7625:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7595:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7548:
7541:
7540:
7532:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7491:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7450:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7408:
7404:
7398:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7371:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7326:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7283:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7231:
7216:
7212:
7210:9781482242102
7206:
7202:
7201:
7193:
7191:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7087:
7073:on 2015-09-30
7069:
7062:
7056:
7042:on 2015-09-30
7038:
7031:
7025:
7011:on 2020-03-11
7010:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6978:
6964:on 2007-11-04
6963:
6959:
6952:
6938:on 2011-08-14
6937:
6933:
6927:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6849:
6845:
6838:
6832:
6828:
6821:
6815:
6811:
6804:
6796:
6792:
6785:
6771:on 2007-11-06
6770:
6766:
6760:
6746:on 2012-02-08
6745:
6741:
6735:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6702:
6698:
6691:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6644:(6): 066020.
6643:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6583:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6520:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6487:(2): 91–106.
6486:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6424:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6377:(4): 046019.
6376:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6359:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6311:(1): 016005.
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6293:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6198:(5): 056009.
6197:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6138:(1): 011002.
6137:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6104:
6097:
6091:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6073:0-7803-8914-X
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5985:on 2021-10-30
5984:
5980:
5974:
5960:on 2007-10-27
5959:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5931:on 2007-09-09
5930:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5697:
5690:
5684:
5670:on 2017-06-01
5669:
5665:
5659:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5602:on 2011-07-23
5601:
5597:
5591:
5577:on 2011-08-24
5576:
5572:
5566:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5526:
5523:. BotJunkie.
5522:
5516:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5477:on 2011-08-26
5476:
5472:
5466:
5451:
5448:. BotJunkie.
5447:
5441:
5427:on 2007-06-09
5426:
5422:
5416:
5401:
5397:
5396:IEEE Spectrum
5393:
5386:
5372:on 2007-08-20
5371:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5300:
5294:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5256:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5213:9780262256629
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5157:(2): 98–114.
5156:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5089:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5047:: 9489–9500.
5046:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4977:
4971:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4827:on 2007-09-28
4826:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4797:0-7803-9003-2
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4709:on 2012-02-03
4708:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4624:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4549:on 2009-10-03
4548:
4544:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4361:on 2008-01-30
4360:
4356:
4350:
4336:on 2020-08-06
4335:
4331:
4325:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4177:"Air Muscles"
4172:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3942:(1): 016005.
3941:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3905:0-8186-7108-4
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3712:on 2007-05-04
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3578:
3574:
3573:iothub.com.au
3570:
3563:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3517:on 2011-10-01
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3416:
3409:
3394:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Soft robotics
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:microcomputer
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3109:1967 to 1972
3108:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:World's Fairs
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:In his paper
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:Significance
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2540:Human factors
2537:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2400:implemented.
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:body language
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2105:Robotic voice
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:video cameras
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1948:
1945:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1903:This section
1901:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:visible light
1818:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:Teleoperation
1779:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1575:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1546:Coandă effect
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1267:ZMP technique
1264:
1262:
1255:
1245:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1182:
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1098:end effectors
1092:
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1079:
1073:
1072:Rodney Brooks
1068:
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1047:
1043:
1034:
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1028:
1027:Fuzzy control
1024:
1019:
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1005:
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991:
986:
984:
979:
978:Sensor fusion
973:
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920:Puppet Magnus
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614:
612:
609:) or an oil (
608:
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558:
557:stored energy
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397:(acquired by
396:
395:Spyce Kitchen
392:
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63:
60:and includes
59:
54:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
11565:Engineering
11516:Cell biology
11486:Architecture
11410:
11297:Robot ethics
11212:Nanorobotics
11198:
11179:Quantum dots
10880:Engineering
10726:Mechatronics
10720:
10579:Agricultural
10229:Geotechnical
10197:Construction
10090:
10078:
9847:Evolutionary
9794:Robotic fins
9747:Robotic fish
9732:Telerobotics
9705:Nanorobotics
9695:Mobile robot
9632:Food service
9627:Agricultural
9477:Competitions
9462:Hall of Fame
9422:
9350:
9316:
9312:
9279:
9256:
9211:
9205:
9188:
9184:
9178:
9167:. Retrieved
9160:the original
9147:
9136:. Retrieved
9132:the original
9122:
9111:. Retrieved
9091:
9084:
9068:
9063:
9052:. Retrieved
9043:
9034:
9023:. Retrieved
9007:. Springer.
9003:
8992:
8981:. Retrieved
8972:
8963:
8955:the original
8950:
8946:
8936:
8925:. Retrieved
8910:
8902:
8901:B. Randell.
8897:
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8638:(2): 45–49.
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8342:The Guardian
8341:
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7024:
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7009:the original
7004:
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6977:
6966:. Retrieved
6962:the original
6958:"Fish Robot"
6951:
6940:. Retrieved
6936:the original
6926:
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5745:"Funny Walk"
5739:
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4707:the original
4699:"Delft hand"
4693:
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4668:
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4171:
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4145:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4093:
4090:Mechatronics
4089:
4083:
4075:1721.1/14380
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3710:the original
3695:
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3602:
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3572:
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3515:the original
3508:
3498:
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3469:
3458:. Retrieved
3439:
3429:
3418:. Retrieved
3408:
3397:. Retrieved
3387:
3374:
3365:
3341:
3326:Telerobotics
3301:Robot rights
3276:Mechatronics
3261:Fog robotics
3103:George Devol
3077:George Devol
3062:George Devol
2966:
2945:
2912:chess pieces
2903:
2869:
2859:Nikola Tesla
2756:
2752:
2725:
2707:c. 420 B.C.
2674:
2670:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2632:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2593:
2585:
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2425:
2413:
2398:
2361:acceleration
2346:
2301:
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2281:
2273:
2265:
2255:Hans Moravec
2252:
2241:
2219:
2202:
2197:
2186:
2173:
2135:
2108:
2068:
2029:
1955:
1940:
1931:
1916:Please help
1904:
1843:
1819:
1816:
1809:
1795:
1775:
1756:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1688:
1684:robotic fish
1679:
1677:
1671:
1638:
1620:
1618:
1602:
1581:
1568:
1512:. Funded by
1507:
1486:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1414:
1406:
1383:
1360:
1323:Marc Raibert
1320:
1299:acceleration
1276:
1257:
1242:
1234:
1221:
1194:
1160:
1144:
1122:Mobile robot
1107:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1037:Manipulation
1023:Industry 4.0
1006:
987:
974:
954:
906:
895:
882:
879:
872:
850:
830:
809:developed a
800:
795:sensor array
780:
765:
739:
719:piezoceramic
711:piezo motors
708:
699:Piezo motors
693:
679:
670:Wire muscles
665:
644:
640:
633:
620:
603:
573:
550:
471:
463:
450:Power supply
444:Power source
428:drone racing
420:Robot combat
280:
276:
219:
187:
179:
132:
119:
117:
111:
107:
103:
99:
87:
74:
67:Please help
55:
51:undue weight
44:
11686:Ornithology
11671:Meteorology
11656:Mathematics
11646:Ichthyology
11481:Archaeology
11476:Agriculture
11460:engineering
11361:Moore's law
11292:Neuroethics
11287:Cyberethics
11057:Utility fog
11042:Claytronics
11032:3D printing
10954:Wikiproject
10709:and Control
10699:Information
10523:Biomaterial
10453:Bioresource
10444:/Bioprocess
10442:Biochemical
10394:Electronics
10165:Specialties
10135:Engineering
9867:Open-source
9720:Space probe
9710:Necrobotics
9700:Microbotics
9663:Biorobotics
9592:Educational
9575:Articulated
9556:Animatronic
9541:Claytronics
9343:Tooze, Adam
9319:(3): 3–30.
8264:: 254–280.
7938:NOVA Online
7383:(1): 1–12.
5639:"AMBER Lab"
5041:IEEE Access
4446:: 194–202.
4307:. Empa.ch.
4038:(1): 1–14.
3306:Robotic art
3046:cybernetics
3041:cybernetics
2977:Karel Čapek
2910:with three
2699:Robot name
2471:biomimetics
2439:controllers
2431:methodology
2374:singularity
2222:personality
2216:Personality
1967:Meinü robot
1693:carangiform
1339:somersaults
1103:manipulator
854:Shadow Hand
656:Air muscles
546:air muscles
544:powered by
542:robotic leg
496:Solar power
352:Mars rovers
335:robotic arm
171:mechatronic
155:information
108:Opportunity
77:August 2024
11701:Psychiatry
11610:Geography
11581:Entomology
11252:Automation
11137:Metal foam
10873:Glossaries
10694:Industrial
10674:Facilities
10669:Explosives
10594:Biomedical
10589:Automation
10538:Metallurgy
10448:Biological
10399:Microwaves
10359:Electrical
10304:Automotive
10286:Mechanical
10259:Structural
10224:Geological
10212:Ecological
10202:Earthquake
9907:Ubiquitous
9897:Perceptual
9804:Navigation
9759:Locomotion
9737:Underwater
9622:Disability
9570:Industrial
9169:2012-10-27
9138:2008-01-10
9113:2017-09-10
9079:, page 130
9054:2017-05-06
9025:2017-09-10
8983:2017-05-06
8927:2023-03-15
8588:2023-03-15
8491:2016-06-01
8466:2016-06-01
8435:2016-09-16
8410:2016-04-19
8381:2021-09-22
8371:GlobalData
8352:2019-11-22
8242:2012-01-27
8193:2012-01-27
8164:2023-04-10
8155:"Robotics"
8140:2018-12-03
8085:2009-01-22
8029:2007-10-28
8000:2007-10-28
7919:2014-12-14
7870:2018-04-05
7842:1880/45619
7814:2021-05-13
7711:2007-10-28
7646:2019-05-28
7614:2019-05-28
7585:2019-05-28
7556:2023-03-15
7413:2007-10-27
7389:1297783046
7221:2020-08-26
7180:2020-04-29
7151:2010-12-19
7077:2015-09-29
7046:2015-09-29
7015:2017-01-07
6968:2007-10-25
6942:2007-10-25
6775:2007-10-23
6750:2007-10-28
6707:2007-10-22
6112:2008-04-09
5989:2007-10-23
5964:2007-10-23
5935:2007-10-23
5906:2007-10-28
5881:2007-10-28
5856:2007-10-28
5831:2007-10-22
5784:2007-10-22
5755:2007-10-22
5730:2007-10-22
5705:2009-04-29
5674:2009-04-29
5649:2012-01-23
5606:2010-11-27
5581:2010-11-27
5556:2010-11-27
5531:2010-11-27
5506:2010-11-27
5481:2010-11-27
5471:"Rotundus"
5456:2010-11-27
5431:2007-10-20
5406:2023-03-15
5376:2007-10-20
5347:2010-11-27
5322:2010-11-27
5284:2007-10-16
5246:2007-10-16
5131:2023-03-15
4961:2023-03-15
4918:2023-03-15
4859:2007-10-28
4831:2007-10-17
4764:2008-01-06
4739:2011-11-21
4713:2011-11-21
4684:2011-11-21
4658:2010-02-13
4613:2011-02-04
4553:2009-08-10
4390:2007-10-08
4365:2007-10-28
4340:2010-11-27
4315:2010-11-27
4290:2010-11-27
4265:2010-11-27
4240:2010-11-27
4162:2010-05-24
4069:(Thesis).
3985:2023-03-15
3829:2012-05-11
3776:2018-12-03
3746:2018-12-03
3716:2018-12-03
3613:2018-12-03
3583:2018-12-03
3553:2018-12-03
3521:2018-12-03
3489:2018-12-03
3460:2018-12-04
3420:2024-08-29
3399:2023-04-10
3357:References
3296:Roboethics
2753:Pneumatica
2684:See also:
2568:Employment
2515:Nanorobots
2453:, using a
2451:simulation
2433:that uses
2378:kinematics
2349:kinematics
2318:Kinematics
2248:cyberflora
1645:propulsive
1524:, and the
1510:Entomopter
1439:, and the
1437:Entomopter
1394:efficiency
1388:where the
1335:pogo stick
1112:Locomotion
1000:and other
957:perception
885:compliance
875:prehension
811:prosthetic
641:sufficient
502:hydraulics
399:Sweetgreen
377:-assisted
315:including
294:lights off
159:electronic
143:electrical
96:Mars rover
11556:Economics
11521:Chemistry
11496:Astronomy
11282:Bioethics
11100:Fullerene
10832:Doctorate
10746:Packaging
10716:Logistics
10689:Geomatics
10650:/graphics
10543:Molecular
10533:Corrosion
10515:Materials
10495:Petroleum
10485:Molecular
10367:Broadcast
10349:Tribology
10299:Aerospace
10234:Hydraulic
9958:Figure AI
9916:Companies
9892:Paradigms
9877:Adaptable
9857:Simulator
9551:Automaton
9546:Companion
9457:Geography
9296:243172487
8751:MIT Press
8660:190524140
8578:126037910
8570:1476-8186
8531:1367-5788
8315:243172487
8266:CiteSeerX
7101:CiteSeerX
6877:CiteSeerX
6682:238217893
6666:1748-3182
6574:227257247
6558:0036-8075
6511:110577545
6503:1756-8293
6462:250008824
6454:2377-3766
6415:249045806
6399:1748-3182
6333:1748-3190
6238:195066183
6222:1748-3182
6168:253246037
6152:1748-3182
5312:"T.O.B.B"
5173:0266-4720
5121:0741-2223
5071:2169-3536
5022:0736-5845
4970:cite book
4908:1610-7438
4846:"Welcome"
4727:M&C.
4499:CiteSeerX
4216:136854390
4137:212907787
4096:: 37–48.
3671:1741-0444
3219:ADRIEL I
3011:Whirlwind
2924:checkmate
2790:Al-Jazari
2768:Ctesibius
2702:Inventor
2370:collision
2300:. Though
2188:Proxemics
2183:Proxemics
2083:acoustics
2075:real time
1934:July 2009
1905:does not
1751:ping pong
1749:, played
1678:In 2014,
1653:submarine
1542:hawk moth
1425:autopilot
1415:A modern
1343:quadruped
1163:gyroscope
724:nanometer
636:passivity
526:Actuation
504:(liquids)
490:pneumatic
474:batteries
304:autopilot
224:systems:
175:materials
112:Curiosity
100:Sojourner
11747:Robotics
11741:Category
11726:Virology
11711:Robotics
11676:Mycology
11666:Medicine
11511:Calculus
11207:Domotics
11199:Robotics
11184:Silicene
11105:Graphene
10934:Category
10863:Engineer
10771:Software
10766:Security
10741:Ontology
10731:Military
10721:Robotics
10684:Forensic
10604:Clinical
10563:Surfaces
10553:Polymers
10528:Ceramics
10505:Reaction
10434:Chemical
10372:Computer
10294:Acoustic
10249:Offshore
10217:Sanitary
10080:Category
9998:Symbotic
9948:FarmWise
9902:Situated
9872:Software
9840:Research
9784:Climbing
9607:Military
9602:Juggling
9587:Domestic
9519:Humanoid
9442:Glossary
9423:Robotics
9365:Robotics
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