27:
165:. This was initially caused by the country's demand for electricity outstripping supply, and as time progressed, later exacerbated by ageing power infrastructure, poor maintenance, and the slow completion of new power stations. It was recently revealed by Eskom's former spokesperson Sikhonathi Mantshantsh, that widespread tender corruption and the sabotage of power infrastructure by employees is one of the primary reasons for continuing load shedding. This has caused severe damage to the South African economy and has played a large part in limiting the country's economic growth.
541:
1773:
2352:
555:
412:
shining less. Natural disasters can also abruptly reduce supply by damaging power plants. A lack of fuel makes some types of power plant useless. Industrial accidents and poor maintenance can also take generation capacity offline. Conflict can disrupt fuel supply, as well as damage or destroy generating and delivery infrastructure.
378:
Intermittent access to electricity causes major economic problems for businesses, which incur costs in the form of lost resources, reduced patronage, or curtailed production if electrical equipment—for example refrigeration, lighting, or machinery—abruptly stops working. Businesses in areas that are
207:
In summer 2023, with the unprecedented heatwave that hit the country, the
Egyptian government announced it will start a scheduled blackout across all major cities for 1 hour every day until the heat wave ended. However the blackouts remained well into the winter and were increased to 2 hours a day.
411:
In some countries, generating capacity is chronically below demand. Assorted factors may prevent adequate investment in generation. Alternately, generating capacity may temporarily decrease below demand due to power station outages or loss of renewable capacity due to the wind dropping or the sun
83:
if the demand for electricity exceeds the power supply capability of the network. Rolling blackouts may be localised to a specific part of the electricity network, or they may be more widespread and affect entire countries and continents. Rolling blackouts generally result from two causes:
115:
is poorly managed. In well managed under-capacity systems blackouts are planned and schedules are published in advance to allow people to work around them. In poorly managed systems they happen without warning, typically whenever the transmission frequency falls below the 'safe' limit.
208:
In summer 2024, the temperatures rose even higher and the schedule changed to 3 hours every day with reports of unplanned cuts in
Alexandria, Cairo and other cities where some places faced over 6 hours without electricity for 3 consecutive days.
1304:
415:
In electricity grids where power generators are paid a flexible market rate, power suppliers sometimes deliberately keep the generating capacity too low, or fake accidents that take capacity offline, to jack up prices.
666:
402:
Emergency plan for national grid safety) does not permit a controlled blackout longer than 90 minutes. In Canada, blackouts have been rolled so that no area had to spend more than one hour without power.
134:
In summer 2024 July the government started 4 hour per day blackouts affecting homes and industries despite 40 degree temperature heat wave. With power shortages becoming worse than worst case scenario.
1312:
1214:
908:
264:
implemented rolling blackouts. Its service area were divided to five blocks and blackouts were implemented from 6:20 to 22:00. The schedule from 15 to 18 March 2011 was as follows:
1442:
1067:
762:
143:
Remote areas or off-grid areas are the most vulnerable to power supply issues. Areas placed with under yellow and red alerts are subject to rolling blackouts.
1194:
1378:
237:
1290:
1433:
420:
68:
is stopped for non-overlapping periods of time over different parts of the distribution region. Rolling blackouts are a last-resort measure used by an
1575:
1222:
788:
383:
to avoid these costs, but power backup is itself a cost because generators must be purchased and maintained and fuel must be regularly replenished.
509:
570:
1624:
245:
1154:
1469:
2297:
737:
1527:
842:
595:
1334:
423:
may introduce rolling blackouts in anticipation of demand spikes, based on often arbitrary minimum thresholds of electricity reserves.
394:
The speed at which blackouts roll may be adjusted so that no blackout lasts longer than a certain limit. For instance, in Italy, the
710:
1593:
647:
621:
1408:
971:
1026:
1269:
1092:
257:
2355:
1772:
869:
221:
1352:
2194:
2302:
1617:
1922:
947:
684:
180:
174:
2085:
2010:
1881:
892:
1386:
1040:
157:
Since 2007, South Africa has experienced multiple periods of rolling blackouts which are locally referred to as
95:
Rolling blackouts are also used as a response strategy to cope with reduced output beyond reserve capacity from
2257:
2189:
2179:
2055:
1955:
1610:
26:
2110:
2070:
1647:
1173:
261:
1572:
455:
123:
describes the widespread expectations for intermittent unexpected power outages due to rolling blackouts.
2337:
2332:
2050:
2025:
2015:
1991:
1986:
1692:
152:
1546:
1000:
2252:
1970:
1940:
1717:
1251:
119:
These have wide-ranging impacts, and can effect the expectations of communities. For example, in Ghana
927:
887:
2307:
1796:
1757:
431:
1118:
2282:
2090:
2030:
1687:
1068:"Many customers throughout North Alabama experiencing power outages, TVA cancels rolling blackouts"
395:
89:
813:
2221:
2211:
2201:
1460:
233:
1236:
2376:
2142:
2005:
1788:
1677:
1132:
430:, failing and aged infrastructure, lack of maintenance and alleged corruption in the country's
419:
Demand spikes can also cause blackouts. Unusually hot or cold weather can cause demand spikes.
380:
85:
542:"نماینده مجلس : کمبود برق به جایی رسیده در دمای بالای ۴۵ درجه ، برق خانگی را قطع میکنند"
2277:
2045:
2040:
2020:
232:, rolling blackouts occurred in June 2000, January, March and May 2001, and August 2020. The
61:
1573:
Situation Report No. 4 – Tajikistan – Cold Wave/Compound crisis (25 February 2008)
1513:
220:
sometimes occur due to economic forces at the expense of system reliability (such as in the
1871:
1633:
738:"Intensified Russian attacks on Ukraine infrastructure unlikely to achieve Kremlin's goals"
467:
65:
8:
2242:
2075:
1975:
1950:
1903:
1712:
1702:
1667:
763:"Another mass attack on Monday morning: Russia hits energy infrastructure across Ukraine"
471:
2116:
1727:
483:
108:
2267:
2147:
1752:
943:
939:
487:
217:
20:
2216:
1861:
1856:
1833:
1742:
1682:
1528:"SA heatwave forces blackouts to cope with electricity demand, angering Government"
935:
475:
69:
972:"California is less likely to experience rolling blackouts in 2023, officials say"
528:"قطع بیسابقه برق در خیابان میرزای شیرازی/ مسئولان پاسخ روشن نمیدهند - خبرآنلاین"
2247:
2206:
2184:
2065:
2035:
2000:
1960:
1762:
1579:
1486:
1437:
1093:"Thousands of Middle Tennesseans impacted by power outages during dangerous cold"
80:
479:
2272:
2262:
2060:
1672:
1473:
1446:
112:
2370:
2292:
2080:
1965:
1945:
1876:
1866:
1823:
1707:
1662:
1434:
Ukraine turns off reactor at its most powerful nuclear plant after 'accident'
241:
96:
199:. Rolling blackouts were introduced in all Ukrainian regions on October 25.
2312:
2287:
2152:
2121:
1935:
1737:
685:"Russia targets Ukraine energy and water infrastructure in missile attacks"
527:
510:"Massive blackouts have hit Iran. The government is blaming bitcoin mining"
427:
73:
1119:"Implementation Plan of Rolling Blackout on and After Tue, March 15, 2011"
2137:
2105:
1898:
1886:
1806:
1732:
1722:
1652:
1451:
391:
When blackouts are scheduled in advance, they are easier to work around.
196:
1452:
Coal import to help avoid rolling blackouts in
Ukraine — energy minister
2100:
2095:
1908:
1891:
1747:
1602:
1551:
1215:"Rolling electricity blackouts strike Edmonton and across the province"
789:"Rolling blackouts Kyiv city and oblast intended to stabilize the grid"
229:
434:-led government in the running of their primary electricity provider,
1816:
1811:
1697:
1657:
1455:
1305:"ERCOT may initiate more blackouts Wednesday night, Thursday morning"
596:"'Red Alert Strikes Back' Luzon grid may endure rotational brownouts"
225:
1547:"Tajikistan: Energy shortages, extreme cold create crisis situation"
1443:
Ukraine
Briefly Cuts Power to Crimea Amid Feud With Russia Over NATO
556:"توانیر: مصرف برق از بدبینانهترین سناریوی پیشبینی شده هم عبور کرد"
107:
Rolling blackouts are a common or even a normal daily event in many
1930:
1464:
843:"Rolling blackouts implemented in all Ukrainian regions on Oct. 25"
814:"Rolling blackouts start in Kyiv as Ukrainians urged to save power"
1582:
United
Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
648:"'You are sabotaging us ahead of 2024 elections,' ANC tells Eskom"
1851:
1841:
456:"Distributing power limits: Mitigating blackout through brownout"
188:
1846:
1487:"Ukraine war: Kyiv set for longer power cuts after air strikes"
1195:"Newfoundland outages worsen amid sudden 'generation problems'"
711:"Ukraine Reports More Russian Strikes on Energy Infrastructure"
184:
120:
1291:"Mail and Guardian – Govt chose guns over power stations"
571:"Rotational brownouts to hit 1.3 million houses in 2023 — DOE"
1379:"Eskom admits another coal-storage silo at Majuba is cracked"
1121:(Press release). Tokyo Electric Power Company. 14 March 2011.
435:
162:
131:
In 2021 Iran regularly conducted large blackouts nationwide.
1470:
Ukraine to Import Coal From ‘Far Away’ as War
Curtails Mines
1001:"Rolling Blackouts in California Have Power Experts Stumped"
909:"Rolling Blackouts Ordered as Adelaide Swelters in Heatwave"
1801:
192:
30:
A room during load shedding at night in West Bengal, India.
1335:"SA power: What is load shedding and why is it happening?"
400:
Piano di
Emergenza per la Sicurezza del Sistema Electrico,
248:
resulted in rolling blackouts in parts of the eastern US.
111:, where electricity generation capacity is underfunded or
1461:
Rolling blackouts in
Ukraine after nuclear plant accident
1270:"India offers Pakistan electricity to curb load-shedding"
1066:
Williams, Javon; Montgomery, Charles (23 December 2022).
1027:"What's Happening in Texas With the State's Power Grid"
187:
conducted multiple attacks on energy infrastructure of
92:
infrastructure to deliver power to where it is needed.
837:
835:
1041:"MLGW: No rolling blackouts after TVA rescinds order"
191:. On October 23 rolling blackouts were introduced in
1544:
1353:"Tripped coal stations add to load shedding burden"
1252:"India Faulted for Failure to Improve Power Supply"
1237:"Electricity and power shortage holding India back"
832:
453:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1065:
454:Agarwal, Anshul; Khandeparkar, Kedar (June 2021).
16:Intentionally engineered electrical power shutdown
2368:
1174:"Unscheduled loadshedding irks people in Punjab"
238:February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm
1511:
1189:
1187:
1161:
1594:"Outages Suspended, But Conservation Critical"
1155:"The Powerlessness of Nigeria's Tech Startups"
907:Harvy, Ben; Shepherd, Tory (8 February 2017).
667:"Eskom sabotage of 'catastrophic proportions'"
246:Late December 2022 North American winter storm
1618:
906:
1184:
1142:(in Japanese). Tokyo Electric Power Company.
622:"Concerns raised over looming energy crisis"
438:, is the direct cause of rolling blackouts.
1409:"This is a catastrophe: electricity expert"
1025:Walsh, Dominic Anthony (16 February 2021).
379:subject to regular blackouts may invest in
1625:
1611:
1285:
1283:
1208:
1206:
1204:
102:
1152:
251:
236:involved rolling blackouts caused by the
211:
1632:
619:
25:
1545:Farangis Najibullah (13 January 2008).
1280:
1243:
1201:
969:
224:), or during natural disasters such as
2369:
1212:
1138:[Weekly Planned Outage Image]
994:
992:
867:
735:
664:
620:Mercurio, Richmond (23 January 2023).
568:
507:
460:Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks
1606:
1591:
1249:
1024:
925:
870:"How California's Power Crisis Works"
998:
645:
1153:McDonnell, Tim (24 November 2019).
989:
79:Rolling blackouts are a measure of
19:For the album by The Go! Team, see
13:
2303:Renewable energy commercialization
1385:. 21 November 2014. Archived from
934:. Elsevier Inc. pp. 465–475.
569:Galvez, Daphne (31 January 2023).
508:Berger, Miriam (16 January 2021).
447:
258:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
161:by the state-owned energy company
14:
2388:
1311:. 2 February 2011. Archived from
1250:Range, Jackie (28 October 2008).
60:, is an intentionally engineered
2351:
2350:
1771:
1592:Heinz, Frank (2 February 2011).
928:"Obstacles to Energy Efficiency"
736:Sukhov, Oleg (19 October 2022).
222:2000–01 California energy crisis
175:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1585:
1566:
1538:
1520:
1512:Lauren Johnston (2 June 2004).
1505:
1479:
1427:
1401:
1371:
1345:
1327:
1297:
1262:
1229:
1146:
1125:
1111:
1097:News Channel 5 Nashville (WTVF)
1085:
1059:
1033:
1018:
963:
919:
900:
880:
861:
806:
781:
755:
729:
703:
677:
658:
646:Koko, Khaya (17 January 2023).
146:
1133:"Shūkan Keikaku Teishi Imēji"
940:10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00172-8
665:Jacobs, Shaun (12 June 2023).
639:
613:
588:
562:
548:
534:
520:
501:
138:
1:
2298:Renewable Energy Certificates
2258:Cost of electricity by source
2180:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
2056:High-voltage shore connection
1514:"Enron tapes anger lawmakers"
1213:Gerein, Keith (9 July 2012).
999:Penn, Ivan (16 August 2020).
970:Howland, Lena (27 May 2023).
441:
386:
2313:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
2111:Transmission system operator
2071:Mains electricity by country
1648:Automatic generation control
421:Independent system operators
262:Tokyo Electric Power Company
99:taken offline unexpectedly.
7:
2338:List of electricity sectors
2333:Electric energy consumption
2051:High-voltage direct current
2026:Electric power transmission
2016:Electric power distribution
1693:Energy return on investment
480:10.1016/j.segan.2021.100451
153:South African energy crisis
10:
2393:
2253:Carbon offsets and credits
1971:Three-phase electric power
1596:. NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth.
926:Brown, Marilyn A. (2004).
373:
172:
168:
150:
18:
2346:
2321:
2308:Renewable Energy Payments
2231:
2168:
2130:
1984:
1921:
1832:
1797:Fossil fuel power station
1787:
1780:
1769:
1640:
1239:. Free-press-release.com.
575:Philippine Daily Inquirer
432:African National Congress
406:
72:company to avoid a total
2091:Single-wire earth return
2031:Electrical busbar system
1688:Energy demand management
1134:
202:
181:2022 invasion of Ukraine
46:rotational load shedding
2222:Residual-current device
2212:Power system protection
2202:Generator interlock kit
1309:The Dallas Morning News
1256:The Wall Street Journal
888:"The California Crisis"
652:The Mail & Guardian
381:backup power generation
234:2021 Texas power crisis
126:
103:In developing countries
88:capacity or inadequate
2006:Distributed generation
1678:Electric power quality
932:Encyclopedia of Energy
868:Bonsor, Kevin (2001).
252:2011 Tōhoku earthquake
212:In developed countries
40:, also referred to as
31:
2278:Fossil fuel phase-out
2046:Electricity retailing
2041:Electrical substation
2021:Electric power system
216:Rolling blackouts in
76:of the power system.
29:
1634:Electricity delivery
847:The Kyiv Independent
767:The Kyiv Independent
742:The Kyiv Independent
109:developing countries
66:electricity delivery
2243:Availability factor
2195:Sulfur hexafluoride
2076:Overhead power line
1976:Virtual power plant
1951:Induction generator
1904:Sustainable biofuel
1713:Home energy storage
1703:Grid energy storage
1668:Droop speed control
1578:21 May 2011 at the
1516:. CBS Evening News.
1458:(December 31, 2014)
1389:on 11 December 2014
1274:The Express Tribune
626:The Philippine Star
514:The Washington Post
472:2021SEGN...2600451A
218:developed countries
2117:Transmission tower
1728:Nameplate capacity
1534:. 9 February 2017.
1440:(28 December 2014)
1341:. 9 February 2017.
1099:. 23 December 2022
1047:. 23 December 2022
1005:The New York Times
976:ABC7 San Francisco
64:shutdown in which
50:rota disconnection
32:
2364:
2363:
2268:Environmental tax
2148:Cascading failure
1917:
1916:
1753:Utility frequency
1493:. 29 October 2022
1415:. 6 December 2014
1383:Business day live
1359:. 5 December 2014
1357:Business day live
1219:The Vancouver Sun
1197:. 5 January 2014.
1180:. 2 October 2011.
849:. 25 October 2022
820:. 20 October 2022
769:. 31 October 2022
717:. 27 October 2022
691:. 31 October 2022
371:
370:
21:Rolling Blackouts
2384:
2354:
2353:
2263:Energy subsidies
2217:Protective relay
2158:Rolling blackout
1785:
1784:
1775:
1743:Power-flow study
1683:Electrical fault
1627:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1483:
1477:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1276:. 20 April 2011.
1266:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1225:on 18 July 2012.
1221:. Archived from
1210:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
996:
987:
986:
984:
982:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
923:
917:
916:
904:
898:
897:
884:
878:
877:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
839:
830:
829:
827:
825:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
733:
727:
726:
724:
722:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
681:
675:
674:
662:
656:
655:
643:
637:
636:
634:
632:
617:
611:
610:
608:
606:
592:
586:
585:
583:
581:
566:
560:
559:
552:
546:
545:
538:
532:
531:
524:
518:
517:
505:
499:
498:
496:
494:
451:
267:
266:
70:electric utility
62:electrical power
38:rolling blackout
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2342:
2326:
2324:
2317:
2248:Capacity factor
2236:
2234:
2227:
2207:Numerical relay
2185:Circuit breaker
2173:
2171:
2164:
2126:
2066:Load management
2036:Electrical grid
2001:Demand response
1994:
1989:
1980:
1961:Microgeneration
1913:
1828:
1776:
1767:
1763:Vehicle-to-grid
1636:
1631:
1601:
1590:
1586:
1580:Wayback Machine
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1543:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1449:(DEC. 24, 2014)
1441:
1438:The Independent
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
997:
990:
980:
978:
968:
964:
954:
952:
950:
924:
920:
905:
901:
886:
885:
881:
866:
862:
852:
850:
841:
840:
833:
823:
821:
818:Financial Times
812:
811:
807:
797:
795:
787:
786:
782:
772:
770:
761:
760:
756:
746:
744:
734:
730:
720:
718:
709:
708:
704:
694:
692:
683:
682:
678:
663:
659:
644:
640:
630:
628:
618:
614:
604:
602:
600:Manila Bulletin
594:
593:
589:
579:
577:
567:
563:
554:
553:
549:
540:
539:
535:
526:
525:
521:
506:
502:
492:
490:
452:
448:
444:
426:In the case of
409:
389:
376:
254:
214:
205:
177:
171:
155:
149:
141:
129:
105:
81:demand response
58:rotating outage
54:feeder rotation
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2323:Statistics and
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Feed-in tariff
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2228:
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1467:(Dec 03, 2014)
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2288:Net metering
2235:and policies
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2153:Power outage
2122:Utility pole
2086:Pumped hydro
1992:distribution
1987:Transmission
1936:Cogeneration
1738:Power factor
1587:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
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2138:Black start
2106:Transformer
1807:Natural gas
1758:Variability
1733:Peak demand
1723:Merit order
1653:Backfeeding
1497:11 November
1293:. Mg.co.za.
1103:23 December
1077:23 December
1051:23 December
913:news.com.au
853:11 November
798:11 November
773:11 November
747:11 November
721:11 November
695:11 November
355:18:20–22:00
338:15:20–19:00
321:12:20–16:00
139:Philippines
2325:production
2170:Protective
2101:Super grid
2096:Smart grid
1923:Generation
1857:Geothermal
1748:Repowering
1558:8 February
1552:EurasiaNet
1419:6 December
1393:6 December
1363:6 December
1319:2 February
1178:The Nation
1135:週間計画停止イメージ
466:: 100451.
442:References
387:Scheduling
304:9:20–13:00
287:6:20–10:00
256:After the
230:California
226:heat waves
86:generation
2233:Economics
1956:Micro CHP
1834:Renewable
1817:Petroleum
1812:Oil shale
1698:Grid code
1658:Base load
1456:ITAR-TASS
893:Frontline
488:233918608
282:18 March
2371:Category
2356:Category
2143:Brownout
1931:AC power
1641:Concepts
1576:Archived
1532:ABC News
1491:BBC News
1465:Mashable
1413:Moneyweb
1339:ABC News
1045:WREG.com
367:Block 5
350:Block 4
333:Block 3
316:Block 2
299:Block 1
279:17 March
276:16 March
273:15 March
195:and its
74:blackout
2172:devices
1882:Thermal
1877:Osmotic
1872:Current
1852:Biomass
1842:Biofuel
1824:Nuclear
1781:Sources
955:14 June
824:6 April
631:19 June
605:19 June
580:19 June
493:14 June
468:Bibcode
374:Effects
364:Block 4
361:Block 3
358:Block 2
347:Block 3
344:Block 2
341:Block 1
330:Block 2
327:Block 1
324:Block 5
313:Block 1
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